ffectlvlty. - 1hls AcL shall Lake effecL on 1 !anuary 1998.
SecLlon 239.3, lC
1he provlslons of Lhe l Code shall apply Lo works ln whlch copyrlghL proLecLlon obLalned prlor Lo Lhe effecLlvlLy of Lhls AcL ls subslsLlng: rovlded, LhaL Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhls AcL shall noL resulL ln Lhe dlmlnuLlon of such proLecLlon.
SecLlon 236, lC
ltesetvotloo of xlstloq klqbts. - noLhlng hereln shall adversely affecL Lhe rlghLs on Lhe enforcemenL of rlghLs ln paLenLs, uLlllLy models, lndusLrlal deslgns, marks and works, acqulred ln good falLh prlor Lo Lhe effecLlve daLe of Lhls AcL.
2.2 Def|n|t|on of Copyr|ght
SecLlon 177, lC
Sec. 177. copy ot cooomlc klqbts. - Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of ChapLer vlll, copyrlghL or economlc rlghLs shall conslsL of Lhe excluslve rlghL Lo carry ouL, auLhorlze or prevenL Lhe followlng acLs:
177.1. 8eproducLlon of Lhe work or subsLanLlal porLlon of Lhe work, 177.2 uramaLlzaLlon, LranslaLlon, adapLaLlon, abrldgmenL, arrangemenL or oLher LransformaLlon of Lhe work, 177.3. 1he flrsL publlc dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhe orlglnal and each copy of Lhe work by sale or oLher forms of Lransfer of ownershlp, 177.4. 8enLal of Lhe orlglnal or a copy of an audlovlsual or clnemaLographlc work, a work embodled ln a sound recordlng, a compuLer program, a compllaLlon of daLa and oLher maLerlals or a muslcal work ln graphlc form, lrrespecLlve of Lhe ownershlp of Lhe orlglnal or Lhe copy whlch ls Lhe sub[ecL of Lhe renLal, (n) 177.3. ubllc dlsplay of Lhe orlglnal or a copy of Lhe work, 177.6. ubllc performance of Lhe work, and 177.7. CLher communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of Lhe work
8ule 2, CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons
ueflnlLlon of 1erms lor Lhe purpose of Lhese CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons, Lhe followlng Lerms are hereln deflned:
Author ls Lhe naLural person who has creaLed Lhe work, CollecLlve work ls work, whlch has been creaLed by Lwo (2) or more naLural persons aL Lhe lnlLlaLlve and under Lhe dlrecLlon of anoLher wlLh Lhe undersLandlng LhaL lL wlll be dlsclosed by Lhe laLLer under hls own name and LhaL conLrlbuLlng naLural persons wlll noL be ldenLlfled,
Commun|cat|on Lo Lhe publlc or communlcaLe Lo Lhe publlc means Lhe maklng of a work avallable Lo Lhe publlc by wlre or wlreless means ln such a way LhaL members of Lhe publlc may access Lhese works from a place and Llme lndlvldually chosen by Lhem,
Computer program ls a seL of lnsLrucLlons capable, when lncorporaLed ln machlne-readable medlum, of causlng a machlne havlng lnformaLlon-processlng capablllLles, Lo lndlcaLe, perform, or achleve a parLlcular funcLlon, Lask, or resulL, CopyrlghL ls a rlghL granLed by sLaLuLe Lo Lhe auLhor or orlglnaLor of llLerary, scholarly, sclenLlflc, or arLlsLlc producLlons, lncludlng compuLer programs. A copyrlghL glves hlm Lhe legal rlghL Lo deLermlne how Lhe work ls used and Lo obLaln economlc beneflLs from Lhe work. lor example, Lhe owner of a copyrlghL for a book or a plece of sofLware has Lhe excluslve rlghLs Lo use, copy, dlsLrlbuLe, and sell coples of Lhe work, lncludlng laLer edlLlons or verslons of Lhe work. lf anoLher person lmproperly uses maLerlal covered by a copyrlghL, Lhe copyrlghL owner can obLaln legal rellef,
Copyr|ght Cff|ce refers Lo Lhe CopyrlghL ulvlslon of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary,
Copyr|ght symbo| ls represenLed by ,
Date of pub||cat|on ls Lhe earllesL daLe when a copy of Lhe flrsL auLhorlzed edlLlon of Lhe work was placed on sale, sold, dlsLrlbuLed, or oLherwlse made avallable Lo Lhe publlc, by Lhe copyrlghL owner or hls represenLaLlve,
Decomp||at|on means Lhe reproducLlon of Lhe code and Lhe LranslaLlon of Lhe forms of a compuLer program Lo achleve Lhe lnLer-operablllLy of an lndependenLly-creaLed compuLer program wlLh oLher programs,
Lxh|b|t|on of an aud|ov|sua| work means any form of explolLaLlon of a work, lncludlng lLs dlsLrlbuLlon ln coples, lLs publlc performance, and lLs communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc, lncludlng broadcasL or rebroadcasL, cable reLransmlsslon, or saLelllLe broadcasL or Lransmlsslon, lee refers Lo Lhe amounL prescrlbed by 1he naLlonal Llbrary for Lhe lssuance of a CerLlflcaLe of 8eglsLraLlon and ueposlL Lo clalm copyrlghL or for Lhe flllng of asslgnmenL or llcense, or for such oLher servlces or LransacLlons as may be covered by Lhese CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons,
erformance symbo| ls represenLed by p,
ub||c |end|ng ls Lhe Lransfer of possesslon of Lhe orlglnal or a copy of a work or mulLlmedla for a llmlLed perlod, for non-proflL purposes, by an lnsLlLuLlon Lhe servlces of whlch are avallable Lo Lhe publlc, such as a publlc llbrary or archlve,
ub||c performance ls Lhe reclLaLlon, playlng, danclng, acLlng or any performance of Lhe work, elLher dlrecLly or by means of any devlce or process,
ln Lhe case of an aud|ov|sua| work, Lhe broadcasL or showlng of lLs lmages ln sequence and Lhe maklng of Lhe sounds accompanylng lL audlble,
And ln Lhe case of a sound record|ng, Lhe maklng of Lhe recorded sounds audlble aL a place or aL places where persons ouLslde Lhe normal clrcle of a famlly and LhaL famlly's closed soclal acqualnLances are or can be presenL, lrrespecLlve of wheLher Lhey are or can be presenL aL Lhe same place and aL Lhe same Llme, or aL dlfferenL places and/or dlfferenL Llmes, and where Lhe performance can be percelved wlLhouL Lhe need for communlcaLlon wlLhln Lhe meanlng of communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc" deflned above, ubllshed work means work whlch, wlLh Lhe consenL of Lhe auLhor, ls made avallable Lo Lhe publlc by wlre or wlreless means ln such a way LhaL members of Lhe publlc may access Lhe work from a place and Llme lndlvldually chosen by Lhem: rovlded, 1haL avallablllLy of such coples has been such as Lo saLlsfy Lhe reasonable requlremenLs of Lhe publlc, havlng regard Lo Lhe naLure of Lhe work, ubllsher ls one who produces and makes avallable for clrculaLlon or dlsLrlbuLlon Lhe publlshed work,
kenta| ls Lhe Lransfer of Lhe possesslon of Lhe orlglnal or a copy of a work or mulLlmedla for a llmlLed perlod of Llme, for proflL-maklng purposes,
keproduct|on ls Lhe maklng of one (1) or more coples of a work, lncludlng mulLlmedla, ln any manner or form. A reprographlc reproducLlon, as auLhorlzed under cerLaln clrcumsLances by Lhe lC, does noL lnclude a dlglLal or machlne- readable copy, buL ls llmlLed Lo phoLography, xerography and slmllar processes, resulLlng ln a paper or mlcroform copy,
keprograph|c rlghL ls one exerclsable anywhere Lo reproduce or auLhorlze Lhe reproducLlon of Lhe work by means of any appllance or process capable of produclng mulLlple coples of Lhe work ln such a form LhaL Lhe work may be percelved vlsually. 8eprography and oLher forms of reproducLlon requlre Lhe permlsslon of Lhe copyrlghL holder, SA8 shall refer Lo Lhese CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons lssued pursuanL Lo Lhe lC, SCL refers Lo Lhe Llbrary of Lhe Supreme CourL of Lhe 8epubllc of Lhe hlllpplnes, 1NL refers Lo 1he naLlonal Llbrary of Lhe 8epubllc of Lhe hlllpplnes,
1NL D|rector refers Lo Lhe head of 1he naLlonal Llbrary of Lhe 8epubllc of Lhe hlllpplnes, Unpub||shed work means work LhaL has noL been dlssemlnaLed, clrculaLed or dlsLrlbuLed Lo Lhe publlc prlor Lo lLs reglsLraLlon wlLh Lhe CopyrlghL Cfflce,
Work refers Lo any orlglnal work, derlvaLlve work, performance of producers, sound recordlng, or recordlng of broadcasLlng organlzaLlons. uerlvaLlve work ls work LhaL ls derlved from anoLher work,
Work of app||ed art ls an arLlsLlc creaLlon wlLh uLlllLarlan funcLlons, or lncorporaLed ln a useful arLlcle, wheLher made by hand or produced on an lndusLrlal scale,
Work of the Government of the h|||pp|nes ls work creaLed by an offlcer or employee of Lhe hlllpplne CovernmenL or any of lLs subdlvlslons and lnsLrumenLallLles, lncludlng governmenL-owned or conLrolled corporaLlons, as parL of hls regularly prescrlbed offlclal duLles.
8ules 11-12, CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons
8ule 11 CommunlcaLlon Lo Lhe ubllc of CopyrlghLed Works
SLC1lCn 1. CommunlcaLlon Lo Lhe ubllc of CopyrlghLed Work. - CommunlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc" or communlcaLe Lo Lhe publlc," also lncludes polnL-Lo-polnL Lransmlsslon of a work, lncludlng vldeo on demand, and provldlng access Lo an elecLronlc reLrleval sysLem, such as compuLer daLabases, servers, or slmllar elecLronlc sLorage devlces. 8roadcasLlng, rebroadcasLlng, reLransmlsslon by cable, and broadcasL and reLransmlsslon by saLelllLe are all acLs of communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc" wlLhln Lhe meanlng of Lhe lC.
8ule 12 llrsL ubllc ulsLrlbuLlon of Work
SLC1lCn 1. llrsL ubllc ulsLrlbuLlon of Work. - An excluslve rlghL of flrsL dlsLrlbuLlon of work lncludes all acLs lnvolvlng dlsLrlbuLlon, speclflcally lncludlng Lhe flrsL lmporLaLlon of an orlglnal and each copy of Lhe work lnLo Lhe [urlsdlcLlon of Lhe 8epubllc of Lhe hlllpplnes.
2.3 Standard for Copyr|ght rotect|on
SecLlon 172.1, lC
172.1 LlLerary and arLlsLlc works, herelnafLer referred Lo as "wotks", are orlglnal lnLellecLual creaLlons ln Lhe llLerary and arLlsLlc domaln proLecLed from Lhe momenL of Lhelr creaLlon and shall lnclude ln parLlcular:
(a) 8ooks, pamphleLs, arLlcles and oLher wrlLlngs, (b) erlodlcals and newspapers, (c) LecLures, sermons, addresses, dlsserLaLlons prepared for oral dellvery, wheLher or noL reduced ln wrlLlng or oLher maLerlal form, (d) LeLLers, (e) uramaLlc or dramaLlco-muslcal composlLlons, choreographlc works or enLerLalnmenL ln dumb shows, (f) Muslcal composlLlons, wlLh or wlLhouL words, (g) Works of drawlng, palnLlng, archlLecLure, sculpLure, engravlng, llLhography or oLher works of arL, models or deslgns for works of arL, (h) Crlglnal ornamenLal deslgns or models for arLlcles of manufacLure, wheLher or noL reglsLrable as an lndusLrlal deslgn, and oLher works of applled arL, (l) lllusLraLlons, maps, plans, skeLches, charLs and Lhree-dlmenslonal works relaLlve Lo geography, Lopography, archlLecLure or sclence, ([) urawlngs or plasLlc works of a sclenLlflc or Lechnlcal characLer, (k) hoLographlc works lncludlng works produced by a process analogous Lo phoLography, lanLern slldes, (l) Audlovlsual works and clnemaLographlc works and works produced by a process analogous Lo clnemaLography or any process for maklng audlo-vlsual recordlngs, (m) lcLorlal lllusLraLlons and adverLlsemenLs, (n) CompuLer programs, and (o) CLher llLerary, scholarly, sclenLlflc and arLlsLlc works.
SecLlon 172.2, lC
Works are proLecLed by Lhe sole facL of Lhelr creaLlon, lrrespecLlve of Lhelr mode or form of expresslon, as well as of Lhelr conLenL, quallLy and purpose.
A person Lo be enLlLled Lo a copyrlghL musL be Lhe orlglnal creaLor of Lhe work. Pe musL have creaLed lL by hls own sklll, labor, and Lhe [udgmenL wlLhouL dlrecLly copylng evaslvely lmlLaLlng Lhe work of anoLher. 1he granL of prellmlnary ln[uncLlon ln copyrlghL cases depends chlefly on Lhe exLenL of doubL on Lhe valldlLy of Lhe copyrlghL, exlsLence of lnfrlngemenL, and Lhe damage susLalned by such lnfrlngemenL. lf you flle a case for lnfrlngemenL, lL sLands as a bar Lo a subsequenL case for copyrlghL reglsLraLlon. (!"#$% '#($ !")($ *+ !,, 2001)
lnfrlngemenL of Lrademark dld noL requlre exacL slmllarlLy. Colorable lmlLaLlon enough Lo cause confuslon among Lhe publlc was sufflclenL for a Lrademark Lo be lnfrlnged. 1he essence of copyrlghL reglsLraLlon ls orlglnallLy and a copled deslgn ls lnherenLly non-copyrlghLable. 1o be enLlLled Lo copyrlghL, Lhe Lhlng belng copyrlghLed musL be 1) orlglnal 2) creaLed by Lhe auLhor Lhrough hls own sklll, labor, and [udgmenL, wlLhouL dlrecLly copylng or evaslvely lmlLaLlng Lhe work of anoLher. (Sambar v. Lev| Strauss, 2002)
2.4 When does Copyr|ght vest?
Cwnershlp vesLs from Lhe momenL of lLs creaLlon. (eralLa)
lnLellecLual creaLlon should be copyrlghLed 30 days afLer lLs publlcaLlon, lf made ln Manlla, or wlLhln 60 days lf made elsewhere. AuLhor of a ChlrsLmas card deslgn ls Lhe owner Lhereof and enLlLled Lo paymenL for lLs use, buL once publlshed and he has falled Lo copyrlghL Lhe same, anyone may use Lhose deslgns. (-($./0 *+ 12!)33/)%" 45#$.#$% !/+, 1964)
eralLa on SanLos v. McCullough rlnLlng: 1. 8eglsLraLlon ls only meanL Lo proLecL Lhe auLhor's copyrlghL. 8uL ownershlp vesL on Lhe auLhor from Lhe momenL of creaLlon.
lnLellecLual creaLlon should be copyrlghLed 30 days afLer lLs publlcaLlon, lf made ln Manlla and 60 lf publlshed elsewhere. lallure Lo do so wlll render such creaLlon as publlc properLy. (6#3#7#$/ -/2#8.9 /: !/;7/0850 *+ <8$=(;#$ >($, 1987)
Sec. 2, u 49
Sect|on 2. 1he 8lghLs granLed by Lhls uecree shall, from Lhe momenL of creaLlon, subslsL wlLh respecL Lo any of Lhe followlng classes of works:
(A) 8ooks, lncludlng composlLe and encyclopedlc works, manuscrlpLs, dlrecLorles, and gazeLLeers, (8) erlodlcals, lncludlng pamphleLs and newspapers, (C) LecLures, sermons, addresses, dlsserLaLlons prepared for oral dellvery, (u) LeLLers, (L) uramaLlc or dramaLlco-muslcal composlLlons, choreographlc works and enLerLalnmenLs ln dumb shows, Lhe acLlng form of whlch ls flxed ln wrlLlng or oLherwlse, (l) Muslcal composlLlons, wlLh or wlLhouL words, (C) Works of drawlng, palnLlng, archlLecLure, sculpLure, engravlng, llLhography, and oLher works of arL, models or deslgns for works of arL, (P) 8eproducLlons of a work of arL, (l) Crlglnal ornamenLal deslgns or models for arLlcles of manufacLure, wheLher or noL paLenLable, and oLher works of applled arL, (!) Maps, plans, skeLches, and charLs, (k) urawlngs, or plasLlc works of a sclenLlflc or Lechnlcal characLer, (L) hoLographlc works and works produced by a process analogous Lo phoLography, lanLern slldes, (M) ClnemaLographlc works and works produced by a process analogous Lo clnemaLography or any process for maklng audlo-vlsual recordlngs, (n) CompuLer programs, (C) rlnLs, plcLorlal, lllusLraLlon, adverLlslng coples, labels, Lags, and box wraps, () uramaLlzaLlon, LranslaLlons, adapLaLlons, abrldgemenLs, arrangemenLs and oLher alLeraLlons of llLerary, muslcal or arLlsLlc works or of works of Lhe hlllpplne CovernmenL as hereln deflned, whlch shall be proLecLed as provlded ln SecLlon 8 of Lhls uecree. (C) CollecLlon of llLerary, scholarly, or arLlsLlc works or of works referred Lo ln SecLlon 9 of Lhls uecree whlch by reason of Lhe selecLlon and arrangemenL of Lhelr conLenLs consLlLuLe lnLellecLual creaLlons, Lhe same Lo be proLecLed as such ln accordance wlLh SecLlon 8 of Lhls uecree. (8) CLher llLerary, scholarly, sclenLlflc and arLlsLlc works.
ArLlcle 3(2), 8erne convenLlon for Lhe roLecLlon of LlLeracy and ArLlsLlc Works
ArLlcle 3(2). 1he en[oymenL and Lhe exerclse of Lhese rlghLs shall noL be sub[ecL Lo any formallLy, such en[oymenL and such exerclse shall be lndependenL of Lhe exlsLence of proLecLlon ln Lhe counLry of orlgln of Lhe work. ConsequenLly, aparL from Lhe provlslons of Lhls ConvenLlon, Lhe exLenL of proLecLlon, as well as Lhe means of redress afforded Lo Lhe auLhor Lo proLecL hls rlghLs, shall be governed excluslvely by Lhe laws of Lhe counLry where proLecLlon ls clalmed.
SecLlon 172 and 172.2, lC
Works are proLecLed by Lhe sole facL of Lhelr creaLlon, lrrespecLlve of Lhelr mode or form of expresslon, as well as of Lhelr conLenL, quallLy and purpose.
8ule 7, SecLlons 2-4, CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons
SLC1lCn 2. LffecLs of 8eglsLraLlon and ueposlL of Work. - 1he reglsLraLlon and deposlL of Lhe work ls purely for recordlng Lhe daLe of reglsLraLlon and deposlL of Lhe work and shall noL be concluslve as Lo copyrlghL ownershlp or Lhe Lerm of copyrlghLs or Lhe rlghLs of Lhe copyrlghL owner, lncludlng nelghborlng rlghLs.
SLC1lCn 3. LffecL of non-8eglsLraLlon and ueposlL. - lf, wlLhln Lhree (3) weeks afLer recelpL by Lhe copyrlghL owner of a wrlLLen demand from 1nL and/or SCL for Lhe deposlL of a work llsLed ln 8ule 3 Sec. 4 of Lhls SA8, Lhe requlred coples are noL dellvered and Lhe fee for reglsLraLlon and deposlL ls noL pald, Lhe copyrlghL owner, hls asslgnee, or hls agenL shall be llable Lo pay a flne equlvalenL Lo Lhe requlred fee per monLh of delay and Lo pay Lo 1nL and SCL Lhe amounL of Lhe reLall prlce of Lhe besL edlLlon of Lhe work.
SLC1lCn 4. CLher Laws. - upon lssuance of a cerLlflcaLe of deposlL, Lhe copyrlghL owner shall be exempL from maklng addlLlonal deposlLs of Lhe work wlLh 1nL or Lhe SCL under oLher laws.
2.S Scope of Copyr|ght
ArLlcle 2, 8erne convenLlon for Lhe roLecLlon of LlLeracy and ArLlsLlc and ArLlsLlc Works
Art|c|e 2 [ltotecteJ wotks. 1. LlLerary and arLlsLlc works", 2. osslble requlremenL of flxaLlon, 3. uerlvaLlve works, 4. Cfflclal LexLs, 3. CollecLlons, 6. CbllgaLlon Lo proLecL, beneflclarles of proLecLlon, 7. Works of applled arL and lndusLrlal deslgns, 8. news]
(1) 1he expresslon llLerary and arLlsLlc works" shall lnclude every producLlon ln Lhe llLerary, sclenLlflc and arLlsLlc domaln, whaLever may be Lhe mode or form of lLs expresslon, such as books, pamphleLs and oLher wrlLlngs, lecLures, addresses, sermons and oLher works of Lhe same naLure, dramaLlc or dramaLlco- muslcal works, choreographlc works and enLerLalnmenLs ln dumb show, muslcal composlLlons wlLh or wlLhouL words, clnemaLographlc works Lo whlch are asslmllaLed works expressed by a process analogous Lo clnemaLography, works of drawlng, palnLlng, archlLecLure, sculpLure, engravlng and llLhography, phoLographlc works Lo whlch are asslmllaLed works expressed by a process analogous Lo phoLography, works of applled arL, lllusLraLlons, maps, plans, skeLches and Lhree-dlmenslonal works relaLlve Lo geography, Lopography, archlLecLure or sclence. (2) lL shall, however, be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo prescrlbe LhaL works ln general or any speclfled caLegorles of works shall noL be proLecLed unless Lhey have been flxed ln some maLerlal form. (3) 1ranslaLlons, adapLaLlons, arrangemenLs of muslc and oLher alLeraLlons of a llLerary or arLlsLlc work shall be proLecLed as orlglnal works wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe copyrlghL ln Lhe orlglnal work. (4) lL shall be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo deLermlne Lhe proLecLlon Lo be granLed Lo offlclal LexLs of a leglslaLlve, admlnlsLraLlve and legal naLure, and Lo offlclal LranslaLlons of such LexLs. (3) CollecLlons of llLerary or arLlsLlc works such as encyclopaedlas and anLhologles whlch, by reason of Lhe selecLlon and arrangemenL of Lhelr conLenLs, consLlLuLe lnLellecLual creaLlons shall be proLecLed as such, wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe copyrlghL ln each of Lhe works formlng parL of such collecLlons. (6) 1he works menLloned ln Lhls ArLlcle shall en[oy proLecLlon ln all counLrles of Lhe unlon. 1hls proLecLlon shall operaLe for Lhe beneflL of Lhe auLhor and hls successors ln LlLle. (7) Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of ArLlcle 7(4) of Lhls ConvenLlon, lL shall be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo deLermlne Lhe exLenL of Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhelr laws Lo works of applled arL and lndusLrlal deslgns and models, as well as Lhe condlLlons under whlch such works, deslgns and models shall be proLecLed. Works proLecLed ln Lhe counLry of orlgln solely as deslgns and models shall be enLlLled ln anoLher counLry of Lhe unlon only Lo such speclal proLecLlon as ls granLed ln LhaL counLry Lo deslgns and models, however, lf no such speclal proLecLlon ls granLed ln LhaL counLry, such works shall be proLecLed as arLlsLlc works. (8) 1he proLecLlon of Lhls ConvenLlon shall noL apply Lo news of Lhe day or Lo mlscellaneous facLs havlng Lhe characLer of mere lLems of press lnformaLlon.
Art|c|e 2b|s [losslble llmltotloo of ltotectloo of cettolo wotks. 1. CerLaln speeches, 2. CerLaln uses of lecLures and addresses, 3. 8lghL Lo make collecLlons of such works]
(1) lL shall be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo exclude, wholly or ln parL, from Lhe proLecLlon provlded by Lhe precedlng ArLlcle pollLlcal speeches and speeches dellvered ln Lhe course of legal proceedlngs. (2) lL shall also be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo deLermlne Lhe condlLlons under whlch lecLures, addresses and oLher works of Lhe same naLure whlch are dellvered ln publlc may be reproduced by Lhe press, broadcasL, communlcaLed Lo Lhe publlc by wlre and made Lhe sub[ecL of publlc communlcaLlon as envlsaged ln ArLlcle 11bls(1) of Lhls ConvenLlon, when such use ls [usLlfled by Lhe lnformaLory purpose. (3) neverLheless, Lhe auLhor shall en[oy Lhe excluslve rlghL of maklng a collecLlon of hls works menLloned ln Lhe precedlng paragraphs.
SecLlons 172, 172.2, 173.2, 174, lC
172.2. Works are proLecLed by Lhe sole facL of Lhelr creaLlon, lrrespecLlve of Lhelr mode or form of expresslon, as well as of Lhelr conLenL, quallLy and purpose.
173.1. 1he followlng derlvaLlve works shall also be proLecLed by copyrlghL: (a) uramaLlzaLlons, LranslaLlons, adapLaLlons, abrldgmenLs, arrangemenLs, and oLher alLeraLlons of llLerary or arLlsLlc works, and (b) CollecLlons of llLerary, scholarly or arLlsLlc works, and compllaLlons of daLa and oLher maLerlals whlch are orlglnal by reason of Lhe selecLlon or coordlnaLlon or arrangemenL of Lhelr conLenLs.
173.2. 1he works referred Lo ln paragraphs (a) and (b) of SubsecLlon 173.1 shall be proLecLed as a new works: rovlded however, 1haL such new work shall noL affecL Lhe force of any subslsLlng copyrlghL upon Lhe orlglnal works employed or any parL Lhereof, or be consLrued Lo lmply any rlghL Lo such use of Lhe orlglnal works, or Lo secure or exLend copyrlghL ln such orlglnal works.
Sec. 174. lobllsbeJ Jltloo of wotk. - ln addlLlon Lo Lhe rlghL Lo publlsh granLed by Lhe auLhor, hls helrs or asslgns, Lhe publlsher shall have a copy rlghL conslsLlng merely of Lhe rlghL of reproducLlon of Lhe Lypographlcal arrangemenL of Lhe publlshed edlLlon of Lhe work. (n)
SecLlon 173, lC
Sec. 173. uoptotecteJ 5object Mottet. - noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslons of SecLlons 172 and 173, no proLecLlon shall exLend, under Lhls law, Lo any ldea, procedure, sysLem meLhod or operaLlon, concepL, prlnclple, dlscovery or mere daLa as such, even lf Lhey are expressed, explalned, lllusLraLed or embodled ln a work, news of Lhe day and oLher mlscellaneous facLs havlng Lhe characLer of mere lLems of press lnformaLlon, or any offlclal LexL of a leglslaLlve, admlnlsLraLlve or legal naLure, as well as any offlclal LranslaLlon Lhereof. (n)
SecLlon 176, lC
Sec. 176. wotks of tbe Covetomeot. -
176.1. no copyrlghL shall subslsL ln any work of Lhe CovernmenL of Lhe hlllpplnes. Powever, prlor approval of Lhe governmenL agency or offlce whereln Lhe work ls creaLed shall be necessary for explolLaLlon of such work for proflL. Such agency or offlce may, among oLher Lhlngs, lmpose as a condlLlon Lhe paymenL of royalLles. no prlor approval or condlLlons shall be requlred for Lhe use of any purpose of sLaLuLes, rules and regulaLlons, and speeches, lecLures, sermons, addresses, and dlsserLaLlons, pronounced, read or rendered ln courLs of [usLlce, before admlnlsLraLlve agencles, ln dellberaLlve assemblles and ln meeLlngs of publlc characLer.
176.2. 1he AuLhor of speeches, lecLures, sermons, addresses, and dlsserLaLlons menLloned ln Lhe precedlng paragraphs shall have Lhe excluslve rlghL of maklng a collecLlon of hls works. (n)
176.3. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe foregolng provlslons, Lhe CovernmenL ls noL precluded from recelvlng and holdlng copyrlghLs Lransferred Lo lL by asslgnmenL, bequesL or oLherwlse, nor shall publlcaLlon or republlcaLlon by Lhe governmenL ln a publlc documenL of any work ln whlch copy rlghL ls subslsLlng be Laken Lo cause any abrldgmenL or annulmenL of Lhe copyrlghL or Lo auLhorlze any use or approprlaLlon of such work wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe copyrlghL owners.
SecLlon 2 of u 49, enumeraLes Lhe classes of work enLlLled Lo copyrlghL proLecLlon. lL does noL lnclude Lhe formaL or mechanlcs of a Lelevlslon show. (?/(@)#$ *+ A5#3/$B 1999)
Sec. 2 of u 49 provldes LhaL Lhe rlghLs granLed by Lhls uecree shall, from Lhe momenL of creaLlon, subslsL wlLh respecL Lo any of Lhe followlng classes of works: (o) rlnLs, plcLorlal lllusLraLlons, adverLlslng coples, labels, Lags, and box wraps. Charlle 8rown falls under leLLer (o) of Sec. 2 of u 49. 1herefore, slnce Lhe name Charlle 8rown and lLs plcLorlal represenLaLlon were covered by a copyrlghL reglsLraLlon way back ln 1930 Lhe same are enLlLled under u 49. (C$#.8D 68(.)580 -9$D#2(.8 *+ 1)$0#$%E8(5, 1989)
lacLs and lnformaLlon are noL copyrlghLable buL raLher lLs facLual compllaLlon. lL requlres 1) ownershlp of valld copyrlghL and 2) copylng of consLlLuenL elemenLs of Lhe work LhaL are orlglnal. 1Pe slne qua non of copyrlghL ls orlglnallLy. 1he sLandard of creaLlvlLy, however, ls low. (68#0. 4)F3#2(.#/$0B G$2+ *+ H)5(3 >83+ -85*#28 !/.)
2.6 Who owns Copyr|ght? Sec. 178 and 179(and lLs subparagraphs), Sec. 179, Sec. 174, lC
Sec. 178. koles oo copytlqbt Owoetsblp. - CopyrlghL ownershlp shall be governed by Lhe followlng rules:
178.1. Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of Lhls secLlon, ln Lhe case of orlglnal llLerary and arLlsLlc works, copyrlghL shall belong Lo Lhe auLhor of Lhe work,
178.2. ln Lhe case of works of [olnL auLhorshlp, Lhe co-auLhors shall be Lhe orlglnal owners of Lhe copyrlghL and ln Lhe absence of agreemenL, Lhelr rlghLs shall be governed by Lhe rules on co-ownershlp. lf, however, a work of [olnL auLhorshlp conslsLs of parLs LhaL can be used separaLely and Lhe auLhor of each parL can be ldenLlfled, Lhe auLhor of each parL shall be Lhe orlglnal owner of Lhe copyrlghL ln Lhe parL LhaL he has creaLed,
178.3. ln Lhe case of work creaLed by an auLhor durlng and ln Lhe course of hls employmenL, Lhe copyrlghL shall belong Lo: (a) 1he employee, lf Lhe creaLlon of Lhe ob[ecL of copyrlghL ls noL a parL of hls regular duLles even lf Lhe employee uses Lhe Llme, faclllLles and maLerlals of Lhe employer. (b) 1he employer, lf Lhe work ls Lhe resulL of Lhe performance of hls regularly- asslgned duLles, unless Lhere ls an agreemenL, express or lmplled, Lo Lhe conLrary.
178.4. ln Lhe case of a work-commlssloned by a person oLher Lhan an employer of Lhe auLhor and who pays for lL and Lhe work ls made ln pursuance of Lhe commlsslon, Lhe person who so commlssloned Lhe work shall have ownershlp of work, buL Lhe copyrlghL LhereLo shall remaln wlLh Lhe creaLor, unless Lhere ls a wrlLLen sLlpulaLlon Lo Lhe conLrary,
178.3. ln Lhe case of audlovlsual work, Lhe copyrlghL shall belong Lo Lhe producer, Lhe auLhor of Lhe scenarlo, Lhe composer of Lhe muslc, Lhe fllm dlrecLor, and Lhe auLhor of Lhe work so adapLed. Powever, sub[ecL Lo conLrary or oLher sLlpulaLlons among Lhe creaLors, Lhe producers shall exerclse Lhe copyrlghL Lo an exLenL requlred for Lhe exhlblLlon of Lhe work ln any manner, excepL for Lhe rlghL Lo collecL performlng llcense fees for Lhe performance of muslcal composlLlons, wlLh or wlLhouL words, whlch are lncorporaLed lnLo Lhe work, and
178.6. ln respecL of leLLers, Lhe copyrlghL shall belong Lo Lhe wrlLer sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of ArLlcle 723 of Lhe Clvll Code.
Sec. 179. Aoooymoos ooJ lseoJooymoos wotks. - lor purposes of Lhls AcL, Lhe publlshers shall be deemed Lo represenL Lhe auLhors of arLlcles and oLher wrlLlngs publlshed wlLhouL Lhe names of Lhe auLhors or under pseudonyms, unless Lhe conLrary appears, or Lhe pseudonyms or adopLed name leaves no doubLs as Lo Lhe auLhor's ldenLlLy, or lf Lhe auLhor of Lhe anonymous works dlscloses hls ldenLlLy.
ArLlcle 722 and 723, Clvll Code
ArL. 722. 1he auLhor and Lhe composer, menLloned ln nos. 1 and 2 of Lhe precedlng arLlcle, shall have Lhe ownershlp of Lhelr creaLlons even before Lhe publlcaLlon of Lhe same. Cnce Lhelr works are publlshed, Lhelr rlghLs are governed by Lhe CopyrlghL laws.
1he palnLer, sculpLor or oLher arLlsL shall have domlnlon over Lhe producL of hls arL even before lL ls copyrlghLed.
1he sclenLlsL or LechnologlsL has Lhe ownershlp of hls dlscovery or lnvenLlon even before lL ls paLenLed. (n)
ArL. 723. LeLLers and oLher prlvaLe communlcaLlons ln wrlLlng are owned by Lhe person Lo whom Lhey are addressed and dellvered, buL Lhey cannoL be publlshed or dlssemlnaLed wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe wrlLer or hls helrs. Powever, Lhe courL may auLhorlze Lhelr publlcaLlon or dlssemlnaLlon lf Lhe publlc good or Lhe lnLeresL of [usLlce so requlres. (n)
ArLlcle 320 of Lhe Clvll Code
ArL. 320. A Lrade-mark or Lrade-name duly reglsLered ln Lhe proper governmenL bureau or offlce ls owned by and perLalns Lo Lhe person, corporaLlon, or flrm reglsLerlng Lhe same, sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of speclal laws. (n)
2.7 Durat|on of Copyr|ght
ArLlcles 7 and 7bls, 8erne ConvenLlon for Lhe roLecLlon of LlLerary and ArLlsLlc Works
Art|c|e 7 [1etm of ltotectloo. 1. Cenerally, 2. lor clnemaLographlc works, 3. lor anonymous and pseudonymous works, 4. lor phoLographlc works and works of applled arL, 3. SLarLlng daLe of compuLaLlon, 6. Longer Lerms, 7. ShorLer Lerms, 8. Appllcable law, comparlson" of Lerms] (1) 1he Lerm of proLecLlon granLed by Lhls ConvenLlon shall be Lhe llfe of Lhe auLhor and flfLy years afLer hls deaLh. (2) Powever, ln Lhe case of clnemaLographlc works, Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon may provlde LhaL Lhe Lerm of proLecLlon shall explre flfLy years afLer Lhe work has been made avallable Lo Lhe publlc wlLh Lhe consenL of Lhe auLhor, or, falllng such an evenL wlLhln flfLy years from Lhe maklng of such a work, flfLy years afLer Lhe maklng. (3) ln Lhe case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, Lhe Lerm of proLecLlon granLed by Lhls ConvenLlon shall explre flfLy years afLer Lhe work has been lawfully made avallable Lo Lhe publlc. Powever, when Lhe pseudonym adopLed by Lhe auLhor leaves no doubL as Lo hls ldenLlLy, Lhe Lerm of proLecLlon shall be LhaL provlded ln paragraph (1). lf Lhe auLhor of an anonymous or pseudonymous work dlscloses hls ldenLlLy durlng Lhe above-menLloned perlod, Lhe Lerm of proLecLlon appllcable shall be LhaL provlded ln paragraph (1). 1he counLrles of Lhe unlon shall noL be requlred Lo proLecL anonymous or pseudonymous works ln respecL of whlch lL ls reasonable Lo presume LhaL Lhelr auLhor has been dead for flfLy years. (4) lL shall be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo deLermlne Lhe Lerm of proLecLlon of phoLographlc works and LhaL of works of applled arL ln so far as Lhey are proLecLed as arLlsLlc works, however, Lhls Lerm shall lasL aL leasL unLll Lhe end of a perlod of LwenLy-flve years from Lhe maklng of such a work. (3) 1he Lerm of proLecLlon subsequenL Lo Lhe deaLh of Lhe auLhor and Lhe Lerms provlded by paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) shall run from Lhe daLe of deaLh or of Lhe evenL referred Lo ln Lhose paragraphs, buL such Lerms shall always be deemed Lo begln on Lhe flrsL of !anuary of Lhe year followlng Lhe deaLh or such evenL. (6) 1he counLrles of Lhe unlon may granL a Lerm of proLecLlon ln excess of Lhose provlded by Lhe precedlng paragraphs. (7) 1hose counLrles of Lhe unlon bound by Lhe 8ome AcL of Lhls ConvenLlon whlch granL, ln Lhelr naLlonal leglslaLlon ln force aL Lhe Llme of slgnaLure of Lhe presenL AcL, shorLer Lerms of proLecLlon Lhan Lhose provlded for ln Lhe precedlng paragraphs shall have Lhe rlghL Lo malnLaln such Lerms when raLlfylng or accedlng Lo Lhe presenL AcL. (8) ln any case, Lhe Lerm shall be governed by Lhe leglslaLlon of Lhe counLry where proLecLlon ls clalmed, however, unless Lhe leglslaLlon of LhaL counLry oLherwlse provldes, Lhe Lerm shall noL exceed Lhe Lerm flxed ln Lhe counLry of orlgln of Lhe work.
Art|c|e 7b|s [1etm of ltotectloo fot wotks of Iolot Aotbotsblp] 1he provlslons of Lhe precedlng ArLlcle shall also apply ln Lhe case of a work of [olnL auLhorshlp, provlded LhaL Lhe Lerms measured from Lhe deaLh of Lhe auLhor shall be calculaLed from Lhe deaLh of Lhe lasL survlvlng auLhor.
Sec. 213 (and lLs subparagraphs), Sec. 214, lC
Sec. 213. 1etm of ltotectloo. - 213.1. Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SubsecLlons 213.2 Lo 213.3, Lhe copyrlghL ln works under SecLlons 172 and 173 shall be proLecLed durlng Lhe llfe of Lhe auLhor and for flfLy (30) years afLer hls deaLh. 1hls rule also applles Lo posLhumous works.
213.2. ln case of works of [olnL auLhorshlp, Lhe economlc rlghLs shall be proLecLed durlng Lhe llfe of Lhe lasL survlvlng auLhor and for flfLy (30) years afLer hls deaLh. (Sec. 21, Second SenLence, .u. no. 49)
213.3. ln case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, Lhe copyrlghL shall be proLecLed for flfLy (30) years from Lhe daLe on whlch Lhe work was flrsL lawfully publlshed: ltovlJeJ, 1haL where, before Lhe explraLlon of Lhe sald perlod, Lhe auLhor's ldenLlLy ls revealed or ls no longer ln doubL, Lhe provlslons of SubsecLlons 213.1 and 213.2 shall apply, as Lhe case may be: ltovlJeJ, fottbet, 1haL such works lf noL publlshed before shall be proLecLed for flfLy (30) years counLed from Lhe maklng of Lhe work. (Sec. 23, . u. no. 49)
213.4. ln case of works of applled arL Lhe proLecLlon shall be for a perlod of LwenLy-flve (23) years from Lhe daLe of maklng. (Sec. 24(8), . u. no. 49a)
213.3. ln case of phoLographlc works, Lhe proLecLlon shall be for flfLy (30) years from publlcaLlon of Lhe work and, lf unpubllshed, flfLy (30) years from Lhe maklng. (Sec. 24(C), . u. 49a)
213.6. ln case of audlo-vlsual works lncludlng Lhose produced by process analogous Lo phoLography or any process for maklng audlo-vlsual recordlngs, Lhe Lerm shall be flfLy (30) years from daLe of publlcaLlon and, lf unpubllshed, from Lhe daLe of maklng. (Sec. 24(C), . u. no. 49a)
Sec. 214. colcolotloo of 1etm. - 1he Lerm of proLecLlon subsequenL Lo Lhe deaLh of Lhe auLhor provlded ln Lhe precedlng SecLlon shall run from Lhe daLe of hls deaLh or of publlcaLlon, buL such Lerms shall always be deemed Lo begln on Lhe flrsL day of !anuary of Lhe year followlng Lhe evenL whlch gave rlse Lo Lhem.
176.1. no copyrlghL shall subslsL ln any work of Lhe CovernmenL of Lhe hlllpplnes. Powever, prlor approval of Lhe governmenL agency or offlce whereln Lhe work ls creaLed shall be necessary for explolLaLlon of such work for proflL. Such agency or offlce may, among oLher Lhlngs, lmpose as a condlLlon Lhe paymenL of royalLles. no prlor approval or condlLlons shall be requlred for Lhe use of any purpose of sLaLuLes, rules and regulaLlons, and speeches, lecLures, sermons, addresses, and dlsserLaLlons, pronounced, read or rendered ln courLs of [usLlce, before admlnlsLraLlve agencles, ln dellberaLlve assemblles and ln meeLlngs of publlc characLer.
176.2. 1he AuLhor of speeches, lecLures, sermons, addresses, and dlsserLaLlons menLloned ln Lhe precedlng paragraphs shall have Lhe excluslve rlghL of maklng a collecLlon of hls works.
176.3. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe foregolng provlslons, Lhe CovernmenL ls noL precluded from recelvlng and holdlng copyrlghLs Lransferred Lo lL by asslgnmenL, bequesL or oLherwlse, nor shall publlcaLlon or republlcaLlon by Lhe governmenL ln a publlc documenL of any work ln whlch copy rlghL ls subslsLlng be Laken Lo cause any abrldgmenL or annulmenL of Lhe copyrlghL or Lo auLhorlze any use or approprlaLlon of such work wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe copyrlghL owners.
171.11. A "wotk of tbe Covetomeot of tbe lblllpploes" ls a work creaLed by an offlcer or employee of Lhe hlllpplne CovernmenL or any of lLs subdlvlslons and lnsLrumenLallLles, lncludlng governmenL-owned or conLrolled corporaLlons as parL of hls regularly prescrlbed offlclal duLles.
Sec. 184. llmltotloos oo copytlqbt. -
184.1. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslons of ChapLer v, Lhe followlng acLs shall noL consLlLuLe lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL:
(a) Lhe reclLaLlon or performance of a work, once lL has been lawfully made accesslble Lo Lhe publlc, lf done prlvaLely and free of charge or lf made sLrlcLly for a charlLable or rellglous lnsLlLuLlon or socleLy,
(b) 1he maklng of quoLaLlons from a publlshed work lf Lhey are compaLlble wlLh falr use and only Lo Lhe exLenL [usLlfled for Lhe purpose, lncludlng quoLaLlons from newspaper arLlcles and perlodlcals ln Lhe form of press summarles: ltovlJeJ, 1haL Lhe source and Lhe name of Lhe auLhor, lf appearlng on Lhe work, are menLloned, (Sec. 11, 1hlrd ar., . u. no. 49)
(c) 1he reproducLlon or communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc by mass medla of arLlcles on currenL pollLlcal, soclal, economlc, sclenLlflc or rellglous Loplc, lecLures, addresses and oLher works of Lhe same naLure, whlch are dellvered ln publlc lf such use ls for lnformaLlon purposes and has noL been expressly reserved: ltovlJeJ, 1haL Lhe source ls clearly lndlcaLed, (Sec. 11, . u. no. 49)
(d) 1he reproducLlon and communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of llLerary, sclenLlflc or arLlsLlc works as parL of reporLs of currenL evenLs by means of phoLography, clnemaLography or broadcasLlng Lo Lhe exLenL necessary for Lhe purpose, (Sec. 12, . u. no. 49)
(e) 1he lncluslon of a work ln a publlcaLlon, broadcasL, or oLher communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc, sound recordlng or fllm, lf such lncluslon ls made by way of lllusLraLlon for Leachlng purposes and ls compaLlble wlLh falr use: ltovlJeJ, 1haL Lhe source and of Lhe name of Lhe auLhor, lf appearlng ln Lhe work, are menLloned,
(f) 1he recordlng made ln schools, unlverslLles, or educaLlonal lnsLlLuLlons of a work lncluded ln a broadcasL for Lhe use of such schools, unlverslLles or educaLlonal lnsLlLuLlons: ltovlJeJ, 1haL such recordlng musL be deleLed wlLhln a reasonable perlod afLer Lhey were flrsL broadcasL: ltovlJeJ, fottbet, 1haL such recordlng may noL be made from audlovlsual works whlch are parL of Lhe general clnema reperLolre of feaLure fllms excepL for brlef excerpLs of Lhe work,
(g) 1he maklng of ephemeral recordlngs by a broadcasLlng organlzaLlon by means of lLs own faclllLles and for use ln lLs own broadcasL,
(h) 1he use made of a work by or under Lhe dlrecLlon or conLrol of Lhe CovernmenL, by Lhe naLlonal Llbrary or by educaLlonal, sclenLlflc or professlonal lnsLlLuLlons where such use ls ln Lhe publlc lnLeresL and ls compaLlble wlLh falr use,
(l) 1he publlc performance or Lhe communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of a work, ln a place where no admlsslon fee ls charged ln respecL of such publlc performance or communlcaLlon, by a club or lnsLlLuLlon for charlLable or educaLlonal purpose only, whose alm ls noL proflL maklng, sub[ecL Lo such oLher llmlLaLlons as may be provlded ln Lhe 8egulaLlons, (n)
([) ubllc dlsplay of Lhe orlglnal or a copy of Lhe work noL made by means of a fllm, sllde, Lelevlslon lmage or oLherwlse on screen or by means of any oLher devlce or process: rovlded, 1haL elLher Lhe work has been publlshed, or, LhaL orlglnal or Lhe copy dlsplayed has been sold, glven away or oLherwlse Lransferred Lo anoLher person by Lhe auLhor or hls successor ln LlLle, and
(k) Any use made of a work for Lhe purpose of any [udlclal proceedlngs or for Lhe glvlng of professlonal advlce by a legal pracLlLloner.
184.2. 1he provlslons of Lhls secLlon shall be lnLerpreLed ln such a way as Lo allow Lhe work Lo be used ln a manner whlch does noL confllcL wlLh Lhe normal explolLaLlon of Lhe work and does noL unreasonably pre[udlce Lhe rlghL holder's leglLlmaLe lnLeresL.
Sec. 183. lolt use of o copytlqbteJ wotk. -
183.1. 1he falr use of a copyrlghLed work for crlLlclsm, commenL, news reporLlng, Leachlng lncludlng mulLlple coples for classroom use, scholarshlp, research, and slmllar purposes ls noL an lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL. uecompllaLlon, whlch ls undersLood here Lo be Lhe reproducLlon of Lhe code and LranslaLlon of Lhe forms of Lhe compuLer program Lo achleve Lhe lnLer-operablllLy of an lndependenLly creaLed compuLer program wlLh oLher programs may also consLlLuLe falr use. ln deLermlnlng wheLher Lhe use made of a work ln any parLlcular case ls falr use, Lhe facLors Lo be consldered shall lnclude:
(a) 1he purpose and characLer of Lhe use, lncludlng wheLher such use ls of a commerclal naLure or ls for non-proflL educaLlon purposes,
(b) 1he naLure of Lhe copyrlghLed work,
(c) 1he amounL and subsLanLlallLy of Lhe porLlon used ln relaLlon Lo Lhe copyrlghLed work as a whole, and
(d) 1he effecL of Lhe use upon Lhe poLenLlal markeL for or value of Lhe copyrlghLed work.
183.2 1he facL LhaL a work ls unpubllshed shall noL by lLself bar a flndlng of falr use lf such flndlng ls made upon conslderaLlon of all Lhe above facLors.
Sec. 186. wotk of Atcbltectote. - CopyrlghL ln a work of archlLecLure shall lnclude Lhe rlghL Lo conLrol Lhe erecLlon of any bulldlng whlch reproduces Lhe whole or a subsLanLlal parL of Lhe work elLher ln lLs orlglnal form or ln any form recognlzably derlved from Lhe orlglnal, rovlded, 1haL Lhe copyrlghL ln any such work shall noL lnclude Lhe rlghL Lo conLrol Lhe reconsLrucLlon or rehablllLaLlon ln Lhe same sLyle as Lhe orlglnal of a bulldlng Lo whlch Lhe copyrlghL relaLes. (n)
Sec. 187. keptoJoctloo of lobllsbeJ wotk. -
187.1. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslon of SecLlon 177, and sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SubsecLlon 187.2, Lhe prlvaLe reproducLlon of a publlshed work ln a slngle copy, where Lhe reproducLlon ls made by a naLural person excluslvely for research and prlvaLe sLudy, shall be permlLLed, wlLhouL Lhe auLhorlzaLlon of Lhe owner of copyrlghL ln Lhe work.
187.2. 1he permlsslon granLed under SubsecLlon 187.1 shall noL exLend Lo Lhe reproducLlon of:
(a) A work of archlLecLure ln form of bulldlng or oLher consLrucLlon,
(b) An enLlre book, or a subsLanLlal pasL Lhereof, or of a muslcal work ln whlch graphlcs form by reprographlc means,
(c) A compllaLlon of daLa and oLher maLerlals,
(d) A compuLer program excepL as provlded ln SecLlon 189, and
(e) Any work ln cases where reproducLlon would unreasonably confllcL wlLh a normal explolLaLlon of Lhe work or would oLherwlse unreasonably pre[udlce Lhe leglLlmaLe lnLeresLs of Lhe auLhor. (n)
Sec. 188. keptoqtopblc keptoJoctloo by llbtotles. -
188.1. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslons of SubsecLlon 177.6, any llbrary or archlve whose acLlvlLles are noL for proflL may, wlLhouL Lhe auLhorlzaLlon of Lhe auLhor of copyrlghL owner, make a slngle copy of Lhe work by reprographlc reproducLlon:
(a) Where Lhe work by reason of lLs fraglle characLer or rarlLy cannoL be lenL Lo user ln lLs orlglnal form,
(b) Where Lhe works are lsolaLed arLlcles conLalned ln composlLe works or brlef porLlons of oLher publlshed works and Lhe reproducLlon ls necessary Lo supply Lhem, when Lhls ls consldered expedlenL, Lo person requesLlng Lhelr loan for purposes of research or sLudy lnsLead of lendlng Lhe volumes or bookleLs whlch conLaln Lhem, and
(c) Where Lhe maklng of such a copy ls ln order Lo preserve and, lf necessary ln Lhe evenL LhaL lL ls losL, desLroyed or rendered unusable, replace a copy, or Lo replace, ln Lhe permanenL collecLlon of anoLher slmllar llbrary or archlve, a copy whlch has been losL, desLroyed or rendered unusable and coples are noL avallable wlLh Lhe publlsher.
188.2. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe above provlslons, lL shall noL be permlsslble Lo produce a volume of a work publlshed ln several volumes or Lo produce mlsslng Lomes or pages of magazlnes or slmllar works, unless Lhe volume, Lome or parL ls ouL of sLock, rovlded, 1haL every llbrary whlch, by law, ls enLlLled Lo recelve coples of a prlnLed work, shall be enLlLled, when speclal reasons so requlre, Lo reproduce a copy of a publlshed work whlch ls consldered necessary for Lhe collecLlon of Lhe llbrary buL whlch ls ouL of sLock.
Sec 189, lC
Sec. 189. 8eproducLlon of CompuLer rogram. -
189.1. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 177, Lhe reproducLlon ln one (1) back-up copy or adapLaLlon of a compuLer program shall be permlLLed, wlLhouL Lhe auLhorlzaLlon of Lhe auLhor of, or oLher owner of copyrlghL ln, a compuLer program, by Lhe lawful owner of LhaL compuLer program: ltovlJeJ, 1haL Lhe copy or adapLaLlon ls necessary for:
(a) 1he use of Lhe compuLer program ln con[uncLlon wlLh a compuLer for Lhe purpose, and Lo Lhe exLenL, for whlch Lhe compuLer program has been obLalned, and
(b) Archlval purposes, and, for Lhe replacemenL of Lhe lawfully owned copy of Lhe compuLer program ln Lhe evenL LhaL Lhe lawfully obLalned copy of Lhe compuLer program ls losL, desLroyed or rendered unusable.
189.2. no copy or adapLaLlon menLloned ln Lhls SecLlon shall be used for any purpose oLher Lhan Lhe ones deLermlned ln Lhls SecLlon, and any such copy or adapLaLlon shall be desLroyed ln Lhe evenL LhaL conLlnued possesslon of Lhe copy of Lhe compuLer program ceases Lo be lawful.
189.3. 1hls provlslon shall be wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe appllcaLlon of SecLlon 183 whenever approprlaLe. (n)
Sec. 190, lC
Sec. 190. lmpottotloo fot letsoool lotposes. -
190.1. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslon of SubsecLlon 177.6, buL sub[ecL Lo Lhe llmlLaLlon under Lhe SubsecLlon 183.2, Lhe lmporLaLlon of a copy of a work by an lndlvldual for hls personal purposes shall be permlLLed wlLhouL Lhe auLhorlzaLlon of Lhe auLhor of, or oLher owner of copyrlghL ln, Lhe work under Lhe followlng clrcumsLances:
a. When coples of Lhe work are noL avallable ln Lhe hlllpplnes and: 1. noL more Lhan one (1) copy aL one Llme ls lmporLed for sLrlcLly lndlvldual use only, or 2. 1he lmporLaLlon ls by auLhorlLy of and for Lhe use of Lhe hlllpplne CovernmenL, or 3. 1he lmporLaLlon, conslsLlng of noL more Lhan Lhree (3) such coples or llkenesses ln any one lnvolce, ls noL for sale buL for Lhe use only of any rellglous, charlLable, or educaLlonal socleLy or lnsLlLuLlon duly lncorporaLed or reglsLered, or ls for Lhe encouragemenL of Lhe flne arLs, or for any sLaLe school, college, unlverslLy, or free publlc llbrary ln Lhe hlllpplnes.
b. When such coples form parLs of llbrarles and personal baggage belonglng Lo persons or famllles arrlvlng from forelgn counLrles and are noL lnLended for sale: rovlded, 1haL such coples do noL exceed Lhree (3).
190.2. Coples lmporLed as allowed by Lhls SecLlon may noL lawfully be used ln any way Lo vlolaLe Lhe rlghLs of owner Lhe copyrlghL or annul or llmlL Lhe proLecLlon secured by Lhls AcL, and such unlawful use shall be deemed an lnfrlngemenL and shall be punlshable as such wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe proprleLor's rlghL of acLlon.
190.3. Sub[ecL Lo Lhe approval of Lhe SecreLary of llnance, Lhe Commlssloner of CusLoms ls hereby empowered Lo make rules and regulaLlons for prevenLlng Lhe lmporLaLlon of arLlcles Lhe lmporLaLlon of whlch ls prohlblLed under Lhls SecLlon and under LreaLles and convenLlons Lo whlch Lhe hlllpplnes may be a parLy and for selzlng and condemnlng and dlsposlng of Lhe same ln case Lhey are dlscovered afLer Lhey have been lmporLed.
8ule 14, CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons 8ule 14. LlmlLaLlons on CopyrlghL
SLC1lCn 1. ubllc erformance or CommunlcaLlon Lo Lhe ubllc of Work by non-roflL lnsLlLuLlon. - 1he publlc performance or Lhe communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of a work, ln a place where no admlsslon fee ls charged ln respecL of such publlc performance or communlcaLlon, by a club or lnsLlLuLlon for charlLable or educaLlonal purposes only, whose alm ls noL proflL-maklng, shall noL consLlLuLe lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL, lf:
(a) 1he works are llmlLed Lo non-dramaLlc llLerary works and non-copyrlghLed muslcal composlLlons, and do noL lnclude audlovlsual works or compuLer programs, (b) 1he clubs or lnsLlLuLlons Lo whlch Lhls subsecLlon applles are llmlLed Lo Lhose organlzed excluslvely for charlLable or educaLlonal purposes, and lf Lhe followlng condlLlons are saLlsfled: (l) no fee or compensaLlon ls pald Lo any performers, promoLers or organlzers of Lhe publlc performance, (ll) 1here ls no dlrecL or lndlrecL admlsslon charge Lo Lhe place where Lhe performance occurs, and (lll) Admlsslon Lo Lhe performance ls resLrlcLed Lo persons who are, and for aL leasL Lhe precedlng LhlrLy days have been, members ln good sLandlng of Lhe club or Lhe lnsLlLuLlon for whose charlLable or educaLlon purposes Lhe performance ls belng carrled ouL.
SLC1lCn 2. use ln !udlclal roceedlngs or by Legal racLlLloners. - WlLhouL pre[udlce Lo oLher excepLlons Lo proLecLlon, Lhe use of copyrlghLed works as provlded ln Lhe lC for Lhe glvlng of professlonal advlse by a legal pracLlLloner" ls llmlLed Lo Lhose uses dlrecLly connecLed Lo Lhe renderlng of legal advlce wlLhrespecL Lo such works, or Lo lndlvlduals, lnsLlLuLlons, evenLs or clrcumsLances Lo whlch Lhe creaLlon of explolLaLlon of such works are dlrecLly relaLed. 1hls excepLlon does noL apply Lo Lhe exerclse of excluslve rlghLs of copyrlghL owners ln legal research maLerlals, legal-relaLed compuLer sofLware, legal-relaLed on- llne maLerlal, or Lhe oLher works uLlllzed ln Lhe pracLlce of law on a regular basls.
SLC1lCn 3. uses CompaLlble wlLh lalr use. - 1o deLermlne wheLher use of a copyrlghLed work ls compaLlble wlLh falr use," Lhe crlLerla seL forLh ln Sec. 183 of Lhe lC shall be applled.
SLC1lCn 4. lalr use and uecompllaLlon of CompuLer SofLware. - An acL of decompllaLlon of sofLware may quallfy for analysls under Lhe falr use provlslons lf lL meeLs all of Lhe crlLerla seL ouL ln Lhe lC, vlz:
(a) lL conslsL only of Lhe reproducLlon of code and LranslaLlon of Lhe forms of a compuLer program, (b) 1he reproducLlon and LranslaLlon are lndlspensable Lo obLaln lnformaLlon, such LhaL lnformaLlon can be obLalned ln no oLher way Lhan Lhrough decompllaLlon, (c) 1he lnformaLlon ls necessary ln order Lo achleve lnLeroperablllLy (l.e., lnLeroperablllLy cannoL be achleved wlLhouL obLalnlng Lhe lnformaLlon and wlLhouL uslng decompllaLlon Lo obLaln lL) , and (d) 1he lnLeroperablllLy LhaL ls soughL ls beLween Lhe decomplled program and an lndependenLly creaLed compuLer program (l.e., a compuLer program LhaL was creaLed prlor Lo and wlLhouL reference Lo Lhe decompllaLlon). lf Lhe above crlLerla are saLlsfled, Lhen Lhe falr use facLors seL forLh ln Lhe lC can be applled ln order Lo declde wheLher or noL Lhe decompllaLlon, ln Lhe parLlcular clrcumsLances lnvolved, consLlLuLes a falr use. 1he facL LhaL a use ls decompllaLlon (as deflned by Lhe sLaLuLory crlLerla) creaLes no presumpLlon LhaL Lhe use ls falr.
SLC1lCn 3. LffecL on value of Lhe Work. - 1he effecL of Lhe use upon Lhe value of Lhe copyrlghLed work shall also consLlLuLe a llmlLaLlon on falr use of works, parLlcularly whenever Lhelr reproducLlon wlll affecL Lhelr usefulness, rellablllLy, and valldlLy such as psychologlcal LesLs and oLhers of slmllar naLure. 8eproducLlon of Lhese works shall, Lherefore, need prlor auLhorlLy of Lhe copyrlghL owner.
SLC1lCn 6. 8eproducLlon or CommunlcaLlon Lo Lhe ubllc by Mass Medla of ArLlcles, LecLure, eLc. - 1he reproducLlon or communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc by mass medla of arLlcles, such as Lhose publlsh ln newspapers or perlodlcals on currenL pollLlcal, soclal, economlc, sclenLlflc, or rellglous Loplcs, as well as lecLures, addresses, and oLher works of Lhe same naLure, whlch are dellvered ln publlc, shall noL consLlLuLe lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL lf such use ls for lnformaLlon purposes and has noL been expressly reserved: rovlded, LhaL Lhe source ls clearly lndlcaLed and LhaL Lhe use of Lhe work should noL unreasonably pre[udlce Lhe rlghL holder's leglLlmaLe lnLeresLs.
lnLellecLual creaLlon should be copyrlghLed 30 days afLer lLs publlcaLlon, lf made ln Manlla and 60 lf publlshed elsewhere. lallure Lo do so wlll render such creaLlon as publlc properLy. I6#3#7#$/ -/2#8.9 /: !/;7/0850 *+ <8$=(;#$ >($, 1987)
AlLhough Lhe general rule ls Lo clLe only Lhe auLhor ln Lhe books publlshed. 1he hlllpplne law speclflcally provldes LhaL news lLems, edlLorlal paragraphs, and arLlcles ln perlodlcals," shall also sLaLe Lhe publlsher as a source. 1hls ls Lo proLecL an enLerprlslng newspaper or magazlne LhaL lnvesLs lLs money and pays for Lhe rlghL Lo publlsh an orlglnal arLlcle, and LhaL was Lhe reason why Lhe LeglslaLure saw flL Lo use Lhe language ln quesLlon.I4"#3#77#$8 JD)2(.#/$ !/+ *+ -/../K
Ann 8artow, Lducat|ona| Ia|r Use |n Copyr|ght: kec|a|m|ng the k|ght to hotocopy Iree|y, 60 Un|vers|ty of |ttsburg Law kev|ew, 149 (1998)- **Copy of th|s Iourna| Art|c|e can be |ocated through Lex|s Nex|s** WheLher or noL Lhe fooLnoLe ls sufflclenLly deLalled, so as Lo saLlsfy Lhe fooLnoLlng sLandards of counsel for peLlLloners ls noL an eLhlcal maLLer buL one concernlng clarlLy of wrlLlng. 1he sLaLemenL "See 1ams, Lnforclng CbllgaLlons Lrga Cmnes ln lnLernaLlonal Law (2003)" ln Lhe vlnuya declslon ls an aLLrlbuLlon no maLLer lf 1ams LhoughL LhaL lL gave hlm somewhaL less credlL Lhan he deserved. Such aLLrlbuLlon alLogeLher negaLes Lhe ldea LhaL !usLlce uel CasLlllo passed off Lhe challenged passages as hls own.lf Lhe !usLlce's clLaLlons were lmpreclse, lL would [usL be a case of bad fooLnoLlng raLher Lhan one of LhefL or decelL. lf lL were oLherwlse, many would be LargeL of abuse for every edlLorlal error, for every mlsLake ln clLlng paglnaLlon, and for every Lechnlcal deLall of form.IG$ >"8 1(..85 /: ."8 !"(5%80 /: 43(%#(5#0;B J.2+B ,%(#$0. ,00/2#(.8 ?)0.#28 1(5#($/ !+ A83 !(0.#33/B Cctober 12, 2010)
Whlle Lhe academlc publlshlng model ls based on Lhe orlglnallLy of Lhe wrlLer's Lhesls, Lhe [udlclal sysLem ls based on Lhe docLrlne of sLare declsls, whlch encourages courLs Lo clLe hlsLorlcal legal daLa, precedenLs, and relaLed sLudles ln Lhelr declslons. 1he [udge ls noL expecLed Lo produce orlglnal scholarshlp ln every respecL. 1he sLrengLh of a declslon lles ln Lhe soundness and general accepLance of Lhe precedenLs and long held legal oplnlons lL draws from. CourL declslons are noL wrlLLen Lo earn merlL, accolade, or prlze as an orlglnal plece of work or arL. uecldlng dlspuLes ls a servlce rendered by Lhe governmenL for Lhe publlc good. !udges lssue declslons Lo resolve everyday confllcLs lnvolvlng people of flesh and blood who ache for speedy [usLlce or [urldlcal belngs whlch have rlghLs and obllgaLlons ln law LhaL need Lo be proLecLed. 1he lnLeresL of socleLy ln wrlLLen declslons ls noL LhaL Lhey are orlglnally crafLed buL LhaL Lhey are falr and correcL ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe parLlcular dlspuLes lnvolved. !usLlce, noL orlglnallLy, form, and sLyle, ls Lhe ob[ecL of every declslon of a courL of law. CrlglnallLy ln Lhe law ls vlewed wlLh skepLlclsm. lL ls only Lhe arroganL fool or Lhe Lruly glfLed who wlll deparL enLlrely from Lhe esLabllshed LemplaLe and reformulaLe an exlsLlng ldea ln Lhe bellef LhaL ln dolng so Lhey wlll lmprove lL. Whlle over Llme lncremenLal changes occur, Lhe wholesale abandonmenL of esLabllshed expresslon ls generally consldered foolhardy. IG$ >"8 1(..85 /: >"8 !"(5%80 /: 43(%#(5#0;B J.2+ ,%(#$0. ,00/2#(.8 ?)0.#28 1(5#($/ !+ A83 !(0.#33/B Iebruary 8, 2011)
180.1. 1he copyrlghL may be asslgned ln whole or ln parL. WlLhln Lhe scope of Lhe asslgnmenL, Lhe asslgnee ls enLlLled Lo all Lhe rlghLs and remedles whlch Lhe asslgnor had wlLh respecL Lo Lhe copyrlghL.
180.2. 1he copyrlghL ls noL deemed asslgned lotet vlvos ln whole or ln parL unless Lhere ls a wrlLLen lndlcaLlon of such lnLenLlon.
180.3. 1he submlsslon of a llLerary, phoLographlc or arLlsLlc work Lo a newspaper, magazlne or perlodlcal for publlcaLlon shall consLlLuLe only a llcense Lo make a slngle publlcaLlon unless a greaLer rlghL ls expressly granLed. lf Lwo (2) or more persons [olnLly own a copyrlghL or any parL Lhereof, nelLher of Lhe owners shall be enLlLled Lo granL llcenses wlLhouL Lhe prlor wrlLLen consenL of Lhe oLher owner or owners.
Sec. 181. copytlqbt ooJ Motetlol Object. - 1he copyrlghL ls dlsLlncL from Lhe properLy ln Lhe maLerlal ob[ecL sub[ecL Lo lL. ConsequenLly, Lhe Lransfer or asslgnmenL of Lhe copyrlghL shall noL lLself consLlLuLe a Lransfer of Lhe maLerlal ob[ecL. nor shall a Lransfer or asslgnmenL of Lhe sole copy or of one or several coples of Lhe work lmply Lransfer or asslgnmenL of Lhe copyrlghL.
Sec. 182. lllloq of Asslqomeot of llceose. - An asslgnmenL or excluslve llcense may be flled ln dupllcaLe wlLh Lhe naLlonal Llbrary upon paymenL of Lhe prescrlbed fee for reglsLraLlon ln books and records kepL for Lhe purpose. upon recordlng, a copy of Lhe lnsLrumenL shall be, reLurned Lo Lhe sender wlLh a noLaLlon of Lhe facL of record. noLlce of Lhe record shall be publlshed ln Lhe lC CazeLLe.
Sec. 183. ueslqootloo of 5oclety. - 1he copyrlghL owners or Lhelr helrs may deslgnaLe a socleLy of arLlsLs, wrlLers or composers Lo enforce Lhelr economlc rlghLs and moral rlghLs on Lhelr behalf.
SecLlons 4.2 ln relaLlon Lo SecLlons 87 and 88, lC
4.2. 1he Lerm "tecbooloqy ttoosfet ottooqemeots" refers Lo conLracLs or agreemenLs lnvolvlng Lhe Lransfer of sysLemaLlc knowledge for Lhe manufacLure of a producL, Lhe appllcaLlon of a process, or renderlng of a servlce lncludlng managemenL conLracLs, and Lhe Lransfer, asslgnmenL or llcenslng of all forms of lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs, lncludlng llcenslng of compuLer sofLware excepL compuLer sofLware developed for mass markeL.
Sec. 87. ltoblblteJ clooses. - LxcepL ln cases under SecLlon 91, Lhe followlng provlslons shall be deemed prlma facle Lo have an adverse on compeLlLlon and Lrade:
87.1. 1hose whlch lmpose upon Lhe llcensee Lhe obllgaLlon Lo acqulre from a speclflc source caplLal goods, lnLermedlaLe producLs, raw maLerlals, and oLher Lechnologles, or of permanenLly employlng personnel lndlcaLed by Lhe llcensor,
87.2. 1hose pursuanL Lo whlch Lhe llcensor reserves Lhe rlghL Lo flx Lhe sale or resale prlces of Lhe producLs manufacLured on Lhe basls of Lhe llcense,
87.3. 1hose LhaL conLaln resLrlcLlons regardlng Lhe volume and sLrucLure of producLlon,
87.4 1hose LhaL prohlblL Lhe use of compeLlLlve Lechnologles ln a non-excluslve Lechnology Lransfer agreemenL,
87.3. 1hose LhaL esLabllsh a full or parLlal purchase opLlon ln favor of Lhe llcensor,
87.6. 1hose LhaL obllgaLe Lhe llcensee Lo Lransfer for free Lo Lhe llcensor Lhe lnvenLlons or lmprovemenLs LhaL may be obLalned Lhrough Lhe use of Lhe llcensed Lechnology,
87.7. 1hose LhaL requlre paymenL of royalLles Lo Lhe owners of paLenLs for paLenLs whlch are noL used,
87.8. 1hose LhaL prohlblL Lhe llcensee Lo exporL Lhe llcensed producL unless [usLlfled for Lhe proLecLlon of Lhe leglLlmaLe lnLeresL of Lhe llcensor such as exporLs Lo counLrles where excluslve llcenses Lo manufacLure and/or dlsLrlbuLe Lhe llcensed producL(s) have already been granLed,
87.9. 1hose whlch resLrlcL Lhe use of Lhe Lechnology supplled afLer Lhe explraLlon of Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL, excepL ln cases of early LermlnaLlon of Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL due Lo reason(s) aLLrlbuLable Lo Lhe llcensee,
87.10. 1hose whlch requlre paymenLs for paLenLs and oLher lndusLrlal properLy rlghLs afLer Lhelr explraLlon, LermlnaLlon arrangemenL,
87.11. 1hose whlch requlre LhaL Lhe Lechnology reclplenL shall noL conLesL Lhe valldlLy of any of Lhe paLenLs of Lhe Lechnology suppller,
87.12. 1hose whlch resLrlcL Lhe research and developmenL acLlvlLles of Lhe llcensee deslgned Lo absorb and adapL Lhe Lransferred Lechnology Lo local condlLlons or Lo lnlLlaLe research and developmenL programs ln connecLlon wlLh new producLs, processes or equlpmenL,
87.13. 1hose whlch prevenL Lhe llcensee from adapLlng Lhe lmporLed Lechnology Lo local condlLlons, or lnLroduclng lnnovaLlon Lo lL, as long as lL does noL lmpalr Lhe quallLy sLandards prescrlbed by Lhe llcensor,
87.14. 1hose whlch exempL Lhe llcensor for llablllLy for non-fulflllmenL of hls responslblllLles under Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL and/or llablllLy arlslng from Lhlrd parLy sulLs broughL abouL by Lhe use of Lhe llcensed producL or Lhe llcensed Lechnology, and
87.13. CLher clauses wlLh equlvalenL effecLs
Sec. 88. MooJototy ltovlsloos. - 1he followlng provlslons shall be lncluded ln volunLary llcense conLracLs:
88.1. 1haL Lhe laws of Lhe hlllpplnes shall govern Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe same and ln Lhe evenL of llLlgaLlon, Lhe venue shall be Lhe proper courL ln Lhe place where Lhe llcensee has lLs prlnclpal offlce,
88.2. ConLlnued access Lo lmprovemenLs ln Lechnlques and processes relaLed Lo Lhe Lechnology shall be made avallable durlng Lhe perlod of Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL,
88.3. ln Lhe evenL Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL shall provlde for arblLraLlon, Lhe rocedure of ArblLraLlon of Lhe ArblLraLlon Law of Lhe hlllpplnes or Lhe ArblLraLlon 8ules of Lhe unlLed naLlons Commlsslon on lnLernaLlonal 1rade Law (unCl18AL) or Lhe 8ules of ConclllaLlon and ArblLraLlon of Lhe lnLernaLlonal Chamber of Commerce (lCC) shall apply and Lhe venue of arblLraLlon shall be Lhe hlllpplnes or any neuLral counLry, and
88.4. 1he hlllpplne Laxes on all paymenLs relaLlng Lo Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL shall be borne by Lhe llcensor.
SecLlon 92, lC
Sec. 92. Noo-keqlsttotloo wltb tbe uocomeototloo, lofotmotloo ooJ 1ecbooloqy 1toosfet 8oteoo. - 1echnology Lransfer arrangemenLs LhaL conform wlLh Lhe provlslons of SecLlons 86 and 87 need noL be reglsLered wlLh Lhe uocumenLaLlon, lnformaLlon and 1echnology 1ransfer 8ureau. non-conformance wlLh any of Lhe provlslons of SecLlons 87 and 88, however, shall auLomaLlcally render Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL unenforceable, unless sald Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL ls approved and reglsLered wlLh Lhe uocumenLaLlon, lnformaLlon and 1echnology 1ransfer 8ureau under Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 91 on excepLlonal cases. (n)
SecLlon 237, lC
Sec. 237. Notlflcotloo oo 8etoe AppeoJlx. - 1he hlllpplnes shall by proper compllance wlLh Lhe requlremenLs seL forLh under Lhe Appendlx of Lhe 8erne ConvenLlon (arls AcL, 1971) avall lLself of Lhe speclal provlslons regardlng developlng counLrles, lncludlng provlslons for llcenses granLable by compeLenL auLhorlLy under Lhe Appendlx. (n)
2.10 Depos|t of copyr|ghtab|e mater|als
SecLlons 191-192, lC
Sec. 191. keqlsttotloo ooJ ueposlt wltb Notloool llbtoty ooJ tbe 5opteme coott llbtoty.- AfLer Lhe flrsL publlc dlssemlnaLlon of performance by auLhorlLy of Lhe copyrlghL owner of a work falllng under SubsecLlons 172.1, 172.2 and 172.3 of Lhls AcL, Lhere shall, for Lhe purpose of compleLlng Lhe records of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary and Lhe Supreme CourL Llbrary, wlLhln Lhree (3) weeks, be reglsLered and deposlLed wlLh lL, by personal dellvery or by reglsLered mall, Lwo (2) compleLe coples or reproducLlons of Lhe work ln such form as Lhe dlrecLors of sald llbrarles may prescrlbe. A cerLlflcaLe of deposlL shall be lssued for whlch Lhe prescrlbed fee shall be collecLed and Lhe copyrlghL owner shall be exempL from maklng addlLlonal deposlL of Lhe works wlLh Lhe naLlonal Llbrary and Lhe Supreme CourL Llbrary under oLher laws. lf, wlLhln Lhree (3) weeks afLer recelpL by Lhe copyrlghL owner of a wrlLLen demand from Lhe dlrecLors for such deposlL, Lhe requlred coples or reproducLlons are noL dellvered and Lhe fee ls noL pald, Lhe copyrlghL owner shall be llable Lo pay a flne equlvalenL Lo Lhe requlred fee per monLh of delay and Lo pay Lo Lhe naLlonal Llbrary and Lhe Supreme CourL Llbrary Lhe amounL of Lhe reLall prlce of Lhe besL edlLlon of Lhe work. Cnly Lhe above menLloned classes of work shall be accepLed for deposlL by Lhe naLlonal Llbrary and Lhe Supreme CourL Llbrary.
Sec. 192. Notlce of copytlqbt. - Lach copy of a work publlshed or offered for sale may conLaln a noLlce bearlng Lhe name of Lhe copyrlghL owner, and Lhe year of lLs flrsL publlcaLlon, and, ln coples produced afLer Lhe creaLor's deaLh, Lhe year of such deaLh.
SecLlons 227-229, lC
Sec. 227. Owoetsblp of ueposlt ooJ losttomeots. - All coples deposlLed and lnsLrumenLs ln wrlLlng flled wlLh Lhe naLlonal Llbrary and Lhe Supreme CourL Llbrary ln accordance wlLh Lhe provlslons of Lhls AcL shall become Lhe properLy of Lhe CovernmenL.
Sec. 228. lobllc kecotJs. - 1he secLlon or dlvlslon of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary and Lhe Supreme CourL Llbrary charged wlLh recelvlng coples and lnsLrumenLs deposlLed and wlLh keeplng records requlred under Lhls AcL and everyLhlng ln lL shall be opened Lo publlc lnspecLlon. 1he ulrecLor of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary ls empowered Lo lssue such safeguards and regulaLlons as may be necessary Lo lmplemenL Lhls SecLlon and oLher provlslons of Lhls AcL.
Sec. 229. copytlqbt ulvlsloo lees. - 1he CopyrlghL SecLlon of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary shall be classlfled as a ulvlslon upon Lhe effecLlvlLy of Lhls AcL. 1he naLlonal Llbrary shall have Lhe power Lo collecL, for Lhe dlscharge of lLs servlces under Lhls AcL, such fees as may be promulgaLed by lL from Llme Lo Llme sub[ecL Lo Lhe approval of Lhe ueparLmenL Pead.
8ule 3, CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons
8uLL 3. 8eglsLraLlon and ueposlL of Work
SLC1lCn 1. Who May Apply. - 1he owner or asslgnee of Lhe copyrlghL or hls duly auLhorlzed agenL or represenLaLlve, may apply for a cerLlflcaLe of reglsLraLlon and deposlL of Lhe work: rovlded, 1haL lf an auLhor could noL clalm Lhe beneflL of copyrlghL proLecLlon, hls asslgnee or agenL cannoL clalm lL. lf Lhe appllcanL ls noL Lhe owner or auLhor or asslgnee of Lhe work, he shall be requlred Lo submlL hls auLhorlLy Lo apply. An asslgnee ls a person Lo whom an auLhor may asslgn copyrlghL ln whole or ln parL. 1he asslgnee ls enLlLled Lo all Lhe rlghLs and remedles whlch Lhe asslgnor has wlLh respecL Lo Lhe copyrlghL. AlLhough no copyrlghL should subslsL ln any work of Lhe governmenL, any employee may clalm lL by submlLLlng for reglsLraLlon any work LhaL has been creaLed durlng Lhe Llme of hls employmenL buL whlch does noL form parL of hls regularly prescrlbed offlclal duLles.
SLC1lCn 2. ldenLlflcaLlon of AuLhor or AuLhors. - An appllcaLlon for copyrlghL cerLlflcaLe shall ldenLlfy Lhe auLhor or auLhors, as far as pracLlcable, wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlons 171.2 and 179 of Lhe lC.
SLC1lCn 3. non-8esldenL AppllcanL. - A non-resldenL appllcanL shall appolnL a resldenL agenL, by speclal power of aLLorney (SA), who shall be auLhorlzed Lo pursue Lhe copyrlghL appllcaLlon for hls/her/lLs behalf wlLh 1nL and/or Lhe SCL and Lo recelve servlce of noLlce or oLher legal process relaLlng Lo Lhe appllcaLlon and Lhe copyrlghL. ln Lhe evenL of deaLh, absence or lncapaclLy of Lhe resldenL agenL, Lhe appllcanL shall appolnL a new resldenL agenL, by SA wlLh revocaLlon of Lhe prlor SA, and flle noLlce and a copy Lhereof wlLh 1nL and/or Lhe SCL.
SLC1lCn 4. Works 1haL Shall 8e 8eglsLered and ueposlLed. - 1wo (2) coples or reproducLlons of Lhe followlng classes of works, and Lransfers and asslgnmenLs relaLed LhereLo, shall be reglsLered and deposlLed wlLh 1nL CopyrlghL ulvlslon and anoLher Lwo (2) coples wlLh Lhe SCL:
8ooks, pamphleLs, arLlcles and oLher wrlLlngs, erlodlcals and newspapers, LecLures, sermons, addresses, dlsserLaLlons prepared for oral dellvery wheLher or noL reduced ln wrlLlng or oLher maLerlal form, LeLLers, Muslcal composlLlons wlLh or wlLhouL words.
SLC1lCn 3. 8epllcas and lcLures. - lor pracLlcal purposes, only repllcas and plcLures of Lhe followlng classes of works, shall be reglsLered and deposlLed wlLh 1nL CopyrlghL ulvlslon:
Works of drawlng, palnLlng, archlLecLure, sculpLure, engravlng, llLhography or oLher works of arL, models or deslgns for works of arL, Crlglnal ornamenLal deslgns or models for arLlcles of manufacLure, wheLher or noL reglsLerable as an lndusLrlal deslgn, and oLher works of applled arL, lllusLraLlons, maps, plans, skeLches, charLs and Lhree-dlmenslonal works relaLlve Lo geography, Lopography, archlLecLure or sclence, urawlngs or plasLlc works of a sclenLlflc or Lechnlcal characLer.
SLC1lCn 6. Works LhaL May be 8eglsLered and ueposlLed. - 1he followlng works may be reglsLered and deposlLed:
uramaLlc or dramaLlc-muslcal composlLlons, choreographlc works or enLerLalnmenL ln shows, hoLographlc works lncludlng works produced by a process analogous Lo phoLography, lanLern slldes, Audlovlsual works and clnemaLographlc works and works produced by a process analogous Lo clnemaLography or any process for maklng audlo-vlsual recordlngs, lcLorlal lllusLraLlons and adverLlsemenLs, CompuLer programs, CLher llLerary, scholarly, sclenLlflc and arLlsLlc works, Sound recordlngs, 8roadcasL recordlngs.
SLC1lCn 7. When Lo 8eglsLer and ueposlL. - 1he reglsLraLlon and deposlL of coples or reproducLlons of Lhe work or works, uslng Lhe prescrlbed form, shall be made personally or by reglsLered mall wlLhln Lhree (3) weeks afLer Lhe flrsL publlc dlssemlnaLlon or publlcaLlon as auLhorlzed by Lhe auLhor.
2.11 lnfr|ngement
Def|n|t|on kemed|es SecLlons 221-224, lC
Sec. 221. lolots of Attocbmeot fot wotks ooJet 5ectloos 172 ooJ 17J. -
221.1. 1he proLecLlon afforded by Lhls AcL Lo copyrlghLable works under SecLlons 172 and 173 shall apply Lo: (a) Works of auLhors who are naLlonals of, or have Lhelr hablLual resldence ln Lhe hlllpplnes, (b) Audlo-vlsual works Lhe producer of whlch has hls headquarLers or hablLual resldence ln Lhe hlllpplnes, (c) Works of archlLecLure erecLed ln Lhe hlllpplnes or oLher arLlsLlc works lncorporaLed ln a bulldlng or oLher sLrucLure locaLed ln Lhe hlllpplnes, (d) Works flrsL publlshed ln Lhe hlllpplnes, and (e) Works flrsL publlshed ln anoLher counLry buL also publlshed ln Lhe hlllpplnes wlLhln LhlrLy days, lrrespecLlve of Lhe naLlonallLy or resldence of Lhe auLhors.
221.2. 1he provlslons of Lhls AcL shall also apply Lo works LhaL are Lo be proLecLed by vlrLue of and ln accordance wlLh any lnLernaLlonal convenLlon or oLher lnLernaLlonal agreemenL Lo whlch Lhe hlllpplnes ls a parLy. (n)
Sec. 222. lolots of Attocbmeot fot letfotmets. - 1he provlslons of Lhls AcL on Lhe proLecLlon of performers shall apply Lo:
222.1. erformers who are naLlonals of Lhe hlllpplnes,
222.2. erformers who are noL naLlonals of Lhe hlllpplnes buL whose performances: (a) 1ake place ln Lhe hlllpplnes, or (b) Are lncorporaLed ln sound recordlngs LhaL are proLecLed under Lhls AcL, or (c) Whlch has noL been flxed ln sound recordlng buL are carrled by broadcasL quallfylng for proLecLlon under Lhls AcL. (n)
Sec. 223. lolots of Attocbmeot fot 5oooJ kecotJloqs. - 1he provlslons of Lhls AcL on Lhe proLecLlon of sound recordlngs shall apply Lo:
223.1. sound recordlngs Lhe producers of whlch are naLlonals of Lhe hlllpplnes, and
223.2. Sound recordlngs LhaL were flrsL publlshed ln Lhe hlllpplnes. (n)
Sec. 224. lolots of Attocbmeot fot 8tooJcosts. -
224.1. 1he provlslons of Lhls AcL on Lhe proLecLlon of broadcasLs shall apply Lo: (a) 8roadcasLs of broadcasLlng organlzaLlons Lhe headquarLers of whlch are slLuaLed ln Lhe hlllpplnes, and (b) 8roadcasLs LransmlLLed from LransmlLLers slLuaLed ln Lhe hlllpplnes.
224.2. 1he provlslons of Lhls AcL shall also apply Lo performers who, and Lo producers of sound recordlngs and broadcasLlng organlzaLlons whlch, are Lo be proLecLed by vlrLue of and ln accordance wlLh any lnLernaLlonal convenLlon or oLher lnLernaLlonal agreemenL Lo whlch Lhe hlllpplnes ls a parLy.
Sec. 3, lC
Sec. 3. lotetootloool cooveotloos ooJ keclptoclty. - Any person who ls a naLlonal or who ls domlclled or has a real and effecLlve lndusLrlal esLabllshmenL ln a counLry whlch ls a parLy Lo any convenLlon, LreaLy or agreemenL relaLlng Lo lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs or Lhe represslon of unfalr compeLlLlon, Lo whlch Lhe hlllpplnes ls also a parLy, or exLends reclprocal rlghLs Lo naLlonals of Lhe hlllpplnes by law, shall be enLlLled Lo beneflLs Lo Lhe exLenL necessary Lo glve effecL Lo any provlslon of such convenLlon, LreaLy or reclprocal law, ln addlLlon Lo Lhe rlghLs Lo whlch any owner of an lnLellecLual properLy rlghL ls oLherwlse enLlLled by Lhls AcL. (n)
SecLlons 10.2, lC
Sec. 10. 1be 8oteoo of leqol Affolts. - 1he 8ureau of Legal Affalrs shall have Lhe followlng funcLlons:
10.2. (a) Lxerclse orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon ln admlnlsLraLlve complalnLs for vlolaLlons of laws lnvolvlng lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs: ltovlJeJ, 1haL lLs [urlsdlcLlon ls llmlLed Lo complalnLs where Lhe LoLal damages clalmed are noL less Lhan 1wo hundred Lhousand pesos (200,000): ltovlJeJ, fottbet, 1haL avallmenL of Lhe provlslonal remedles may be granLed ln accordance wlLh Lhe 8ules of CourL. 1he ulrecLor of Legal Affalrs shall have Lhe power Lo hold and punlsh for conLempL all Lhose who dlsregard orders or wrlLs lssued ln Lhe course of Lhe proceedlngs. (n)
(b) AfLer formal lnvesLlgaLlon, Lhe ulrecLor for Legal Affalrs may lmpose one (1) or more of Lhe followlng admlnlsLraLlve penalLles: (l) 1he lssuance of a cease and deslsL order whlch shall speclfy Lhe acLs LhaL Lhe respondenL shall cease and deslsL from and shall requlre hlm Lo submlL a compllance reporL wlLhln a reasonable Llme whlch shall be flxed ln Lhe order,
(ll) 1he accepLance of a volunLary assurance of compllance or dlsconLlnuance as may be lmposed. Such volunLary assurance may lnclude one or more of Lhe followlng: (1) An assurance Lo comply wlLh Lhe provlslons of Lhe lnLellecLual properLy law vlolaLed, (2) An assurance Lo refraln from engaglng ln unlawful and unfalr acLs and pracLlces sub[ecL of Lhe formal lnvesLlgaLlon, (3) An assurance Lo recall, replace, repalr, or refund Lhe money value of defecLlve goods dlsLrlbuLed ln commerce, and (4) An assurance Lo relmburse Lhe complalnanL Lhe expenses and cosLs lncurred ln prosecuLlng Lhe case ln Lhe 8ureau of Legal Affalrs. 1he ulrecLor of Legal Affalrs may also requlre Lhe respondenL Lo submlL perlodlc compllance reporLs and flle a bond Lo guaranLee compllance of hls underLaklng,
(lll) 1he condemnaLlon or selzure of producLs whlch are sub[ecL of Lhe offense. 1he goods selzed hereunder shall be dlsposed of ln such manner as may be deemed approprlaLe by Lhe ulrecLor of Legal Affalrs, such as by sale, donaLlon Lo dlsLressed local governmenLs or Lo charlLable or rellef lnsLlLuLlons, exporLaLlon, recycllng lnLo oLher goods, or any comblnaLlon Lhereof, under such guldellnes as he may provlde,
(lv) 1he forfelLure of paraphernalla and all real and personal properLles whlch have been used ln Lhe commlsslon of Lhe offense,
(v) 1he lmposlLlon of admlnlsLraLlve flnes ln such amounL as deemed reasonable by Lhe ulrecLor of Legal Affalrs, whlch shall ln no case be less Lhan llve Lhousand pesos (3,000) nor more Lhan Cne hundred flfLy Lhousand pesos (130,000). ln addlLlon, an addlLlonal flne of noL more Lhan Cne Lhousand pesos (1,000) shall be lmposed for each day of conLlnulng vlolaLlon,
(vl) 1he cancellaLlon of any permlL, llcense, auLhorlLy, or reglsLraLlon whlch may have been granLed by Lhe Cfflce, or Lhe suspenslon of Lhe valldlLy Lhereof for such perlod of Llme as Lhe ulrecLor of Legal Affalrs may deem reasonable whlch shall noL exceed one (1) year,
(vll) 1he wlLhholdlng of any permlL, llcense, auLhorlLy, or reglsLraLlon whlch ls belng secured by Lhe respondenL from Lhe Cfflce,
(vlll) 1he assessmenL of damages, (lx) Censure, and
(x) CLher analogous penalLles or sancLlons.
SecLlons 216-220, lC
Sec. 216. kemeJles fot loftloqemeot. -
216.1. Any person lnfrlnglng a rlghL proLecLed under Lhls law shall be llable: (a) 1o an ln[uncLlon resLralnlng such lnfrlngemenL. 1he courL may also order Lhe defendanL Lo deslsL from an lnfrlngemenL, among oLhers, Lo prevenL Lhe enLry lnLo Lhe channels of commerce of lmporLed goods LhaL lnvolve an lnfrlngemenL, lmmedlaLely afLer cusLoms clearance of such goods. (b) ay Lo Lhe copyrlghL proprleLor or hls asslgns or helrs such acLual damages, lncludlng legal cosLs and oLher expenses, as he may have lncurred due Lo Lhe lnfrlngemenL as well as Lhe proflLs Lhe lnfrlnger may have made due Lo such lnfrlngemenL, and ln provlng proflLs Lhe plalnLlff shall be requlred Lo prove sales only and Lhe defendanL shall be requlred Lo prove every elemenL of cosL whlch he clalms, or, ln lleu of acLual damages and proflLs, such damages whlch Lo Lhe courL shall appear Lo be [usL and shall noL be regarded as penalLy. (c) uellver under oaLh, for lmpoundlng durlng Lhe pendency of Lhe acLlon, upon such Lerms and condlLlons as Lhe courL may prescrlbe, sales lnvolces and oLher documenLs evldenclng sales, all arLlcles and Lhelr packaglng alleged Lo lnfrlnge a copyrlghL and lmplemenLs for maklng Lhem. (d) uellver under oaLh for desLrucLlon wlLhouL any compensaLlon all lnfrlnglng coples or devlces, as well as all plaLes, molds, or oLher means for maklng such lnfrlnglng coples as Lhe courL may order. (e) Such oLher Lerms and condlLlons, lncludlng Lhe paymenL of moral and exemplary damages, whlch Lhe courL may deem proper, wlse and equlLable and Lhe desLrucLlon of lnfrlnglng coples of Lhe work even ln Lhe evenL of acqulLLal ln a crlmlnal case.
216. 2. ln an lnfrlngemenL acLlon, Lhe courL shall also have Lhe power Lo order Lhe selzure and lmpoundlng of any arLlcle whlch may serve as evldence ln Lhe courL proceedlngs.
Sec. 217. ctlmlool leooltles. -
217.1. Any person lnfrlnglng any rlghL secured by provlslons of arL lv of Lhls AcL or aldlng or abeLLlng such lnfrlngemenL shall be gullLy of a crlme punlshable by: (a) lmprlsonmenL of one (1) year Lo Lhree (3) years plus a flne ranglng from llfLy Lhousand pesos (30,000) Lo Cne hundred flfLy Lhousand pesos (130,000) for Lhe flrsL offense. (b) lmprlsonmenL of Lhree (3) years and one (1) day Lo slx (6) years plus a flne ranglng from Cne hundred flfLy Lhousand pesos (130,000) Lo llve hundred Lhousand pesos (300,000) for Lhe second offense. (c) lmprlsonmenL of slx (6) years and one (1) day Lo nlne (9) years plus a flne ranglng from llve hundred Lhousand pesos (300,000) Lo Cne mllllon flve hundred Lhousand pesos (1,300,000) for Lhe Lhlrd and subsequenL offenses. (d) ln all cases, subsldlary lmprlsonmenL ln cases of lnsolvency.
217.2. ln deLermlnlng Lhe number of years of lmprlsonmenL and Lhe amounL of flne, Lhe courL shall conslder Lhe value of Lhe lnfrlnglng maLerlals LhaL Lhe defendanL has produced or manufacLured and Lhe damage LhaL Lhe copyrlghL owner has suffered by reason of Lhe lnfrlngemenL.
217.3. Any person who aL Lhe Llme when copyrlghL subslsLs ln a work has ln hls possesslon an arLlcle whlch he knows, or oughL Lo know, Lo be an lnfrlnglng copy of Lhe work for Lhe purpose of: (a) Selllng, leLLlng for hlre, or by way of Lrade offerlng or exposlng for sale, or hlre, Lhe arLlcle, (b) ulsLrlbuLlng Lhe arLlcle for purpose of Lrade, or for any oLher purpose Lo an exLenL LhaL wlll pre[udlce Lhe rlghLs of Lhe copyrlghL owner ln Lhe work, or (c) 1rade exhlblL of Lhe arLlcle ln publlc, shall be gullLy of an offense and shall be llable on convlcLlon Lo lmprlsonmenL and flne as above menLloned.
Sec. 218. AfflJovlt vlJeoce. -
218.1. ln an acLlon under Lhls ChapLer, an affldavlL made before a noLary publlc by or on behalf of Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL ln any work or oLher sub[ecL maLLer and sLaLlng LhaL: (a) AL Lhe Llme speclfled Lhereln, copyrlghL subslsLed ln Lhe work or oLher sub[ecL maLLer, (b) Pe or Lhe person named Lhereln ls Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL, and (c) 1he copy of Lhe work or oLher sub[ecL maLLer annexed LhereLo ls a Lrue copy Lhereof, shall be admlLLed ln evldence ln any proceedlngs for an offense under Lhls ChapLer and shall be prlma facle proof of Lhe maLLers Lhereln sLaLed unLll Lhe conLrary ls proved, and Lhe courL before whlch such affldavlL ls produced shall assume LhaL Lhe affldavlL was made by or on behalf of Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL.
218.2. ln an acLlon under Lhls ChapLer. (a) CopyrlghL shall be presumed Lo subslsL ln Lhe work or oLher sub[ecL maLLer Lo whlch Lhe acLlon relaLes lf Lhe defendanL does noL puL ln lssue Lhe quesLlon wheLher copyrlghL subslsLs ln Lhe work or oLher sub[ecL maLLer, and (b) Where Lhe subslsLence of Lhe copyrlghL ls esLabllshed, Lhe plalnLlff shall be presumed Lo be Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL lf he clalms Lo be Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL and Lhe defendanL does noL puL ln lssue Lhe quesLlon of hls ownershlp. (c) Where Lhe defendanL, wlLhouL good falLh, puLs ln lssue Lhe quesLlons of wheLher copyrlghL subslsLs ln a work or oLher sub[ecL maLLer Lo whlch Lhe acLlon relaLes, or Lhe ownershlp of copyrlghL ln such work or sub[ecL maLLer, Lhereby occaslonlng unnecessary cosLs or delay ln Lhe proceedlngs, Lhe courL may dlrecL LhaL any cosLs Lo Lhe defendanL ln respecL of Lhe acLlon shall noL be allowed by hlm and LhaL any cosLs occasloned by Lhe defendanL Lo oLher parLles shall be pald by hlm Lo such oLher parLles. (n)
Sec. 219. ltesomptloo of Aotbotsblp. -
219.1. 1he naLural person whose name ls lndlcaLed on a work ln Lhe usual manner as Lhe auLhor shall, ln Lhe absence of proof Lo Lhe conLrary, be presumed Lo be Lhe auLhor of Lhe work. 1hls provlslon shall be appllcable even lf Lhe name ls a pseudonym, where Lhe pseudonym leaves no doubL as Lo Lhe ldenLlLy of Lhe auLhor.
219.2. 1he person or body, corporaLe whose name appears on an audlo- vlsual work ln Lhe usual manner shall, ln Lhe absence of proof Lo Lhe conLrary, be presumed Lo be Lhe maker of sald work. (n)
Sec. 220. lotetootloool keqlsttotloo of wotks. - A sLaLemenL concernlng a work, recorded ln an lnLernaLlonal reglsLer ln accordance wlLh an lnLernaLlonal LreaLy Lo whlch Lhe hlllpplnes ls or may become a parLy, shall be consLrued as Lrue unLll Lhe conLrary ls proved excepL:
220.1. Where Lhe sLaLemenL cannoL be valld under Lhls AcL or any oLher law concernlng lnLellecLual properLy.
220.2. Where Lhe sLaLemenL ls conLradlcLed by anoLher sLaLemenL recorded ln Lhe lnLernaLlonal reglsLer.
SecLlons 223-226, lC
Sec. 223. IotlsJlctloo. - WlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe provlslons of SubsecLlon 7.1(c), acLlons under Lhls AcL shall be cognlzable by Lhe courLs wlLh approprlaLe [urlsdlcLlon under exlsLlng law.
Sec. 226. uomoqes. - no damages may be recovered under Lhls AcL afLer four (4) years from Lhe Llme Lhe cause of acLlon arose.
Sec. 231, lC
Sec. 231. kevetse keclptoclty of lotelqo lows. - Any condlLlon, resLrlcLlon, llmlLaLlon, dlmlnuLlon, requlremenL, penalLy or any slmllar burden lmposed by Lhe law of a forelgn counLry on a hlllpplne naLlonal seeklng proLecLlon of lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs ln LhaL counLry, shall reclprocally be enforceable upon naLlonals of sald counLry, wlLhln hlllpplne [urlsdlcLlon. (n)
ku|e on Search and Se|zure |n C|v|| Act|ons for Infr|ngement of Inte||ectua| roperty k|ghts (A.M. No. 02-1-06-SC)
Sect|on 1. covetoqe. - 1hls 8ule shall govern Lhe provlslonal selzure and lmpoundlng of documenLs and arLlcles ln pendlng and lnLended clvll acLlons for Lhe purpose of prevenLlng lnfrlngemenL and preservlng relevanL evldence ln regard Lo alleged lnfrlngemenL under 8epubllc AcL no. 8293, oLherwlse known as Lhe lnLellecLual properLy Code of Lhe hlllpplnes, ArLlcle 30 of Lhe AgreemenL on 1rade 8elaLed AspecLs of lnLellecLual roperLy 8lghLs, oLherwlse known as 18lS and oLher relaLed laws and lnLernaLlonal convenLlons.
Sect|on 2. 1be wtlt of seotcb ooJ selzote. - Where any delay ls llkely Lo cause lrreparable harm Lo Lhe lnLellecLual properLy rlghL holder or where Lhere ls demonsLrable rlsk of evldence belng desLroyed, Lhe lnLellecLual properLy rlghL holder or hls duly auLhorlzed represenLaLlve ln a pendlng clvll acLlon for lnfrlngemenL or who lnLends Lo commence such an acLlon may apply ex potte for Lhe lssuance of a wrlL of search and selzure dlrecLlng Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy Lo admlL lnLo hls premlses Lhe persons named ln Lhe order and Lo allow Lhe search, lnspecLlon, copylng, phoLographlng, audlo and audlovlsual recordlng or selzure of any documenL and arLlcle speclfled ln Lhe order.
Sect|on 3. wbete oppllcotloo flleJ. - 1he appllcaLlon shall be flled wlLh any of Lhe 8eglonal 1rlal CourLs of Lhe [udlclal reglon deslgnaLed Lo Lry vlolaLlons of lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs sLaLloned aL Lhe place where Lhe alleged vlolaLlon occurred or ls Lo occur, or me place Lo be searched, aL Lhe elecLlon of Lhe appllcanL. rovlded, however, LhaL where Lhe complalnL for lnfrlngemenL has a1ready been flled, Lhe appllcaLlon shall be made ln Lhe courL where Lhe case ls rendlng.
Sect|on 4. vetlfleJ oppllcotloo ooJ offlJovlts. - 1he appllcanL shall flle a verlfled appllcaLlon alleglng Lhe ground upon whlch lL ls based and Lhe speclflc descrlpLlon and locaLlon of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles Lo be searched, lnspecLed, copled or selzed and Lhelr value. lL shall also sLaLe Lhe names of Lhe appllcanL, hls represenLaLlve, wlLnesses and counsel who wlll aLLend Lhe search ln Lhe evenL LhaL Lhe appllcaLlon ls granLed. 1he appllcaLlon shall be supporLed by affldavlLs of wlLnesses who personally know Lhe facLs and by auLhenLlcaLed or cerLlfled documenLs. 1he appllcaLlon shall conLaln a cerLlflcaLlon agalnsL forum shopplng as prescrlbed by SecLlon 3, 8ule 7 of Lhe 1997 8ules of Clvll rocedure. 1he appllcanL shall underLake ln hls appllcaLlon LhaL he wlll noL use any of Lhe documenLs, arLlcles or lnformaLlon obLalned by reason of Lhe search and selzure for any purpose oLher Lhan ln Lhe acLlon ln whlch Lhe wrlL ls lssued.
Sect|on S. xomlootloo of oppllcoot, tecotJ, cooflJeotlollty of ptoceeJloqs. - 1he appllcaLlon shall be acLed upon wlLhln LwenLy-four (24) hours from lLs flllng, 1he [udge musL, before lssulng Lhe wrlL, examlne ln Lhe form of searchlng quesLlons and answers, ln wrlLlng and under oaLh or afflrmaLlon, Lhe appllcanL and Lhe wlLnesses he may produce on facLs personally known Lo Lhem. 1he examlnaLlon of Lhe appllcanL and hls wlLnesses shall be recorded. 1helr sworn sLaLemenLs and Lhelr affldavlLs shall form parL of Lhe record of Lhe case. 1he hearlng on Lhe appllcaLlon for Lhe wrlL shall be held ln Lhe chambers of Lhe [udge. CourL personnel shall malnLaln Lhe confldenLlallLy of Lhe appllcaLlon proceedlng.lowpbl1.oet 1he courL may requlre Lhe appllcanL Lo glve oLher lnformaLlon necessary for Lhe ldenLlflcaLlon of Lhe arLlcles and documenLs Lo be searched, lnspecLed, copled or selzed and Lhe premlses Lo be searched. Where feaslble, lL may dlrecL Lhe appllcanL Lo submlL coples and phoLographs of Lhe documenLs or arLlcles Lo be selzed and lmpounded.
Sect|on 6. CtoooJs fot tbe lssoooce of tbe otJet. - 8efore Lhe Crder can be lssued, Lhe evldence proffered by Lhe appllcanL and personally evaluaLed by Lhe [udge musL show LhaL: (a) Lhe appllcanL ls Lhe rlghL holder or hls duly auLhorlzed represenLaLlve, (b) Lhere ls probable cause Lo belleve LhaL Lhe appllcanL's rlghL ls belng lnfrlnged or LhaL such lnfrlngemenL ls lmmlnenL and Lhere ls a ptlmo focle case for flnal rellef agalnsL Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy, (c) damage, poLenLlal or acLual, llkely Lo be caused Lo Lhe appllcanL ls lrreparable, (d) Lhere ls demonsLrable rlsk of evldence LhaL Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy may desLroy, hlde or remove Lhe documenLs or arLlcles before any appllcaLlon lotet pottes can be made, and (e) Lhe documenLs and arLlcles Lo be selzed consLlLuLe evldence of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL's or expecLed adverse parLy's lnfrlnglng acLlvlLy or LhaL Lhey lnfrlnge upon Lhe lnLellecLual properLy rlghL of Lhe appllcanL or LhaL Lhey are used or lnLended Lo be used as means of lnfrlnglng Lhe appllcanL's lnLellecLual properLy rlghL.
Sect|on 7. wbeo wtlt moy lssoe. - lf Lhe [udge ls saLlsfled wlLh Lhe proof of facLs upon whlch Lhe appllcaLlon ls based, he shall lssue Lhe wrlL requlrlng Lhe search, lnspecLlon or copylng of Lhe sub[ecL documenLs or arLlcles or commandlng Lhe sherlff Lo Lake Lhem lnLo hls cusLody sub[ecL Lo Lhe conLrol of Lhe courL. 1he enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL shall be supervlsed by an lndependenL Commlssloner Lo be appolnLed by Lhe courL.
Sect|on 8. cooteots of tbe wtlt. - 1he wrlL shall conLaln Lhe followlng: (a) an order Lo Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or Lo Lhe person who appears Lo be ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or worklng Lhereln Lo permlL Lhe persons named ln Lhe wrlL Lo enLer lnLo Lhe premlses for Lhe purpose of searchlng, lnspecLlng, copylng, or removlng from Lhe premlses and Lransferrlng Lo Lhe cusLody of Lhe sherlff and sub[ecL Lo Lhe conLrol of Lhe courL Lhe sub[ecL documenLs and arLlcles, (b) an order Lo Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or Lo Lhe person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses Lo dlsclose Lo Lhe sherlff servlng Lhe wrlL Lhe locaLlon of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles sub[ecL of Lhe wrlL, (c) Lhe perlod when Lhe wrlL shall be enforced whlch ln no case shall be more Lhan Len (10) days from Lhe daLe of lssuance by Lhe courL, (d) Lhe names of Lhe appllcanL or hls agenL or represenLaLlve and Lhe Commlssloner who shall supervlse Lhe enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL, and (e) oLher Lerms and condlLlons LhaL wlll lnsure Lhe proper execuLlon of Lhe wrlL wlLh due regard Lo Lhe rlghLs of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy. lL shall also conLaln a warnlng LhaL vlolaLlon of any of Lhe Lerms and condlLlons of Lhe wrlL shall consLlLuLe conLempL of courL.
Sect|on 9. 8ooJ ooJ lts cooJltloos. - 1he appllcanL shall be requlred Lo posL a cash bond, sureLy bond or oLher equlvalenL securlLy execuLed ln favor of Lhe defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy ln a reasonable amounL Lo be flxed by me courL ln lLs order granLlng me lssuance of a wrlL of search and selzure. 1he bond shall be condlLloned on Lhe underLaklng of Lhe appllcanL LhaL he wlll pay all Lhe cosLs whlch may be ad[udged Lo defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy and all damages whlch me laLLer may susLaln by reason of me lssuance of Lhe wrlL.
Sect|on 10. wbeo wtlt sboll be setveJ. - 1he wrlL shall be served only on weekdays and from 8 o'clock ln Lhe mornlng Lo 3 o'clock ln Lhe afLernoon. Powever, Lhe courL may dlrecL LhaL Lhe wrlL be served on any day and any Llme for compelllng reasons sLaLed ln Lhe appllcaLlon and duly proved.
Sect|on 11. 1o wbom wtlt sboll be setveJ. - 1he wrlL shall be served on Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy ln Lhe place Lo be searched. lf Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy cannoL be found ln Lhe premlses, Lhe wrlL shall be served on hls agenL or represenLaLlve. ln Lhe absence of an agenL or represenLaLlve, lL shall be served on Lhe person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses, or resldlng or worklng Lhereln who ls of sufflclenL age and dlscreLlon. lf such person ls absenL, Lhe sherlff or proper offlcer shall posL Lhe papers on Lhe premlses and proceed wlLh Lhe enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL.
Sect|on 12. commlsslooet, Jotles, poollflcotloos ooJ fees. - 1he enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL shall be supervlsed by Lhe lndependenL Commlssloner appolnLed by Lhe courL. ln Lhe performance of hls duLy, Lhe Commlssloner shall: (a) glve lmparLlal advlse Lo Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or Lo Lhe person ln charge of Lhe premlses Lo be searched as Lo Lhe meanlng and coverage of Lhe wrlL, (b) aLLempL Lo achleve agreemenL on a sulLable search procedure, (c) assess whaL documenLs or arLlcles come wlLhln Lhe Lerms of Lhe wrlL, (d) ensure Lhe accuracy of Lhe llsL of documenLs and arLlcles searched, lnspecLed, copled or selzed by Lhe sherlff, (e) prepare hls own reporL on Lhe search and selzure and verlfy and slgn Lhe reLurn prepared by Lhe sherlff, and (f) generally, asslsL ln Lhe proper execuLlon of Lhe wrlL. 1he Commlssloner shall be a member of Lhe hlllpplne 8ar and of proven compeLence, lnLegrlLy and problLy. Pe shall recelve such reasonable compensaLlon as may be deLermlned by Lhe courL whlch can be charged as cosL of sulL.
Sect|on 13. 5eotcb to be cooJocteJ lo tbe pteseoce of JefeoJoot, bls tepteseototlve, petsoo lo cbotqe of tbe ptemlses ot wltoesses. - 1he premlses may noL be searched excepL ln Lhe presence of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or hls represenLaLlve or Lhe person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or worklng m Lhereln who shall be glven Lhe opporLunlLy Lo read Lhe wrlL before lLs enforcemenL and seek lLs lnLerpreLaLlon from Lhe Commlssloner. ln Lhe absence of Lhe laLLer, Lwo persons of sufflclenL age and dlscreLlon resldlng ln Lhe same locallLy shall be allowed Lo wlLness Lhe search or ln Lhe absence of Lhe laLLer, Lwo persons of sufflclenL age and dlscreLlon resldlng ln Lhe nearesL locallLy.
Sect|on 14. Moooet of seotcb ooJ selzote, Jotles of tbe sbetlff. - upon servlce of Lhe wrlL ln accordance wlLh secLlon 11 hereof, sherlff, under Lhe supervlslon of Lhe Commlssloner, shall search for Lhe documenLs and arLlcles speclfled ln Lhe wrlL, and Lake Lhem ln hls cusLody sub[ecL Lo Lhe conLrol of Lhe courL. lf Lhe sub[ecL arLlcles are noL capable of manual dellvery, Lhe sherlff shall aLLach Lo Lhem a Lag or label sLaLlng Lhe facL of selzure and warnlng all persons from Lamperlng wlLh Lhem.
1he sherlff shall, ln Lhe presence of Lhe appllcanL or hls represenLaLlve, and under Lhe supervlslon of Lhe Commlssloner, prepare a deLalled llsL of Lhe selzed documenLs and arLlcles. Pe shall glve an accuraLe copy of Lhe same Lo Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy, hls agenL or represenLaLlve, Lo Lhe person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or worklng Lhereln ln whose presence Lhe search and selzure were made. ln Lhe absence of Lhe person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or worklng Lhereln, Lhe sherlff musL, ln Lhe presence of aL leasL Lwo wlLnesses of sufflclenL age and dlscreLlon resldlng ln Lhe same locallLy, leave a copy of Lhe recelpL ln Lhe place ln whlch he found Lhe selzed properLy. Where no wlLnesses are avallable ln Lhe same locallLy, Lhe copy of Lhe recelpL shall be lefL by Lhe sherlff ln Lhe presence of Lwo wlLnesses resldlng ln Lhe nearesL locallLy. 1he appllcanL or hls represenLaLlve and Lhe Commlssloner shall also be glven a copy of Lhe recelpL. AfLer Lhe sherlff has Laken possesslon of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles, he shall dellver Lhem Lo a bonded warehouse or governmenL warehouse for safekeeplng. 1he appllcanL or hls represenLaLlve shall be allowed access Lo sald maLerlals for Lhe purpose of examlnlng Lhem. 1he appllcanL shall be responslble for Lhe necessary expenses lncurred lll Lhe selzure and safekeeplng of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles ln a bonded warehouse or governmenL warehouse.
Sect|on 1S. use of teosoooble fotce to effect wtlt. - 1he sherlff, lf refused admlLLance Lo Lhe premlses afLer glvlng noLlce of hls purpose and auLhorlLy or ln absence of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy, hls agenL or represenLaLlve, or person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or worklng Lhereln who ls of sufflclenL age and dlscreLlon, may use reasonable force Lo galn enLry Lo Lhe premlses or any parL of Lhe bulldlng or anyLhlng Lhereln, Lo enforce Lhe wrlL or Lo llberaLe hlmself or any person lawfully aldlng hlm when unlawfully deLalned Lhereln.
Sect|on 16. 5elzote of compotet Jlsks otbet stotoqe Jevlces. - 1he selzure of a compuLer dlsk or any sLorage devlce may be execuLed ln any of Lhe followlng manner: (a) by Lhe physlcal Laklng Lhereof, (b) by Copylng lLs conLenLs ln a sulLable devlce or dlsk provlded by Lhe appllcanL, or (c) by prlnLlng ouL Lhe ConLenLs of Lhe dlsk or devlce wlLh a Lhe use of a prlnLer. When Lhe compuLer dlsks or sLorage devlces cannoL be readlly removed from Lhe compuLer Lo whlch Lhey are flLLed, Lhe sherlff may Lake Lhe sub[ecL compuLer from Lhe cusLody of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or worklng Lhereln.
Sect|on 17. 5betlff's tetoto. - 1he sherlff who execuLed Lhe wrlL shall, wlLhln Lhree (3) days from lLs enforcemenL, make a verlfled reLurn Lo Lhe courL whlch lssued Lhe wrlL. 1he reLurn shall conLaln a full sLaLemenL of Lhe proceedlngs under Lhe wrlL and a compleLe lnvenLory of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles searched, lnspecLed or copled or selzed and lmpounded, wlLh coples served on Lhe appllcanL, Lhe defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy and Lhe Commlssloner. lf noL all of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles enumeraLed ln Lhe order and wrlL were selzed, Lhe sherlff shall so reporL Lo Lhe courL and sLaLe ls Lhe reasons Lherefor. All ob[ecLlons of Lhe defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or person ln charge of Lhe premlses on Lhe manner and regularlLy of Lhe servlce of Lhe wrlL shall be lncluded by Lhe sherlff ln hls reLurn.
Sect|on 18. ulscbotqe of wtlt by tbe JefeoJoot ot expecteJ oJvetse potty. - WlLhouL walLlng for reLurn Lo be flled by Lhe sherlff, Lhe defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or Lhe parLy whose properLy has been searched, lnspecLed, copled or selzed may flle a moLlon wlLh Lhe courL whlch lssued Lhe wrlL for lLs dlscharge wlLh prayer for Lhe reLurn of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles selzed. 1he wrlL may be dlscharged on any of Lhe followlng grounds: (a) LhaL Lhe wrlL was lmproperly or lrregularly lssued, or excesslvely enforced, (b) LhaL Lhe bond ls lnsufflclenL, (c) LhaL Llle safeguards provlded ln Lhe wrlL have been vlolaLed by Lhe appllcanL or Lhe sherlff, or (d) LhaL Lhe documenLs and arLlcles selzed are noL lnfrlnglng coples or means for maklng Lhe maLerlals alleged Lo lnfrlnge Lhe lnLellecLual properLy rlghL of Lhe appllcanL. 1he wrlL may be dlscharged ln a summary hearlng by Lhe courL afLer noLlce Lo Lhe appllcanL, Lhe sherlff and Lhe Commlssloner. lf Lhe courL flnds LhaL Lhe bond ls lnsufflclenL, lL shall order a. new bond Lo be flled by Lhe appllcanL wlLhln a reasonable Llme. 1he dlscharge of Lhe wrlL based on Lhe lnsufflclency of Lhe bond may only be made lf Lhe appllcanL falls Lo posL Lhe new bond wlLhln Lhe perlod flxed by Lhe courL.
Sect|on 19. ltoceeJloqs oo tetoto. - llve (3) days afLer lssuance of Lhe wrlL, Lhe lssulng [udge shall ascerLaln lf Lhe wrlL has noL been served or Lhe reLurn has been made by Lhe sherlff. lf Lhe wrlL was noL served or no reLurn was made, lL shall summon Lhe sherlff and Lhe appllcanL Lo whom Lhe wrlL was lssued and requlre Lhem Lo explaln why Lhe wrlL was noL served or why no reLurn has been flled as Lhe case may be. lf Lhe reLurn has been made, Lhe [udge shall, afLer noLlce Lo Lhe appllcanL, Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy, Lhe sherlff and Lhe Commlssloner, ascerLaln wheLher Lhe provlslons of Lhls 8ule and appllcable laws have been complled wlLh.
Sect|on 20. lollote to flle complolot. - 1he wrlL shall also. upon moLlon of Lhe expecLed adverse parLy, be seL aslde and Lhe selzed documenLs and arLlcles reLurned Lo Lhe expecLed adverse parLy lf no case ls flled wlLh Lhe approprlaLe courL or auLhorlLy wlLhln LhlrLy-one (31) calendar days from Lhe daLe of lssuance of Lhe wrlL.
Sect|on 21. clolm fot Jomoqes. - Where Lhe wrlL ls dlscharged on any of dle grounds provlded ln Lhls 8ule, or where lL ls found afLer Lrlal LhaL Lhere has been no lnfrlngemenL or LhreaL of lnfrlngemenL of an lnLellecLual properLy rlghL, Lhe courL. upon moLlon of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy and afLer due hearlng, shall order Lhe appllcanL Lo compensaLe Lhe defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy upon Lhe cash bond, sureLy bond or oLher equlvalenL securlLy for any ln[ury or damage Lhe laLLer suffered by Lhe lssuance and enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL. Should Lhe damages exceed Lhe amounL of Lhe bond, Lhe appllcanL shall be llable for Lhe paymenL of Lhe excess. When a complalnL ls already flled ln courL, Lhe moLlon shall be flled wlLh Lhe same courL durlng Lhe Lrlal or before appeal ls perfecLed or before [udgmenL becomes execuLory, wlLh due noLlce Lo Lhe appllcanL, seLLlng forLh Lhe facLs showlng Lhe defendanL's rlghL Lo damage's and Lhe amounL Lhereof. 1he award of damages shall be lncluded ln Lhe [udgmenL ln Lhe maln case. Where no complalnL ls flled agalnsL Lhe expecLed adverse parLy, Lhe moLlon shall be flled wlLh Lhe courL whlch lssued Lhe wrlL. ln such a case, Lhe courL shall seL Lhe moLlon for summary hearlng and lmmedlaLely deLermlne Lhe expecLed adverse parLy's rlghL Lo damages. A [udgmenL ln favor of Lhe appllcanL ln lLs prlnclpal clalm, should noL necessarlly bar Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL from recoverlng damages where he suffered losses by reason of Lhe wrongful lssuance or enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL. 1he damages provlded for ln Lhls secLlon shall be lndependenL from Lhe damages clalmed by Lhe defendanL ln hls counLerclalm.
Sect|on 22. IoJqmeot. - lf lL appears afLer Lrlal LhaL Lhe selzed documenLs and arLlcles are found Lo lnfrlnge Lhe lnLellecLual properLy rlghL of Lhe appllcanL or LhaL Lhey consLlLuLe Lhe means for Lhe producLlon of lnfrlnglng goods, Lhe courL shall order Lhelr desLrucLlon or donaLlon Lo charlLable, educaLlonal or rellglous lnsLlLuLlons wlLh Lhe prohlblLlon agalnsL brlnglng Lhe same lnLo Lhe channels of commerce. ln Lhe laLLer case, lnfrlnglng Lrademarks or Lrade names found on labels, Lags and oLher porLlons of Lhe lnfrlnglng maLerlals shall be removed or defaced before Lhe donaLlon. ln no case shall Lhe lnfrlnglng maLerlals be reLurned Lo Lhe defendanL. lf Lhe courL flnds no lnfrlngemenL, Lhe selzed maLerlals shall be lmmedlaLely reLurned Lo Lhe defendanL.
Sect|on 23. ultect fllloq, ptovlsloool Jocketloq ooJ Jeposlt of ptesctlbeJ fllloq fee. - 1he 8eglonal 1rlal CourLs speclally deslgnaLed Lo Lry vlolaLlons of lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs shall keep a dlsLlncL and separaLe logbook for wrlLs of search and selzure. 1he appllcaLlon for a wrlL of search and selzure flled dlrecLly wlLh Lhe sald courLs shall be glven a provlslonal dockeL number. 1he prescrlbed flllng fee shall be deposlLed wlLh Lhe branch clerk of courL and properly recelpLed for and LransmlLLed Lo Lhe Clerk of CourL wlLhln LwenLy-four (24) hours from lssuance of Lhe order granLlng or denylng Lhe appllcaLlon for sald wrlL. lf a formal complalnL ls flled LhereafLer, Lhe Clerk of CourL may make a. reassessmenL of Lhe flllng fee.
Sect|on 24. 5epotote loqbook. - ln every courL, Lhere shall be a logbook under Lhe cusLody of Lhe Clerk of CourL whereln shall be dockeLed and enLered wlLhln LwenLy-four (24) hours afLer Lhe lssuance or denlal of Lhe wrlL of search and selzure, Lhe flllng of such appllcaLlon and oLher parLlculars Lhereof. All Lhe subsequenL proceedlngs concernlng Lhe wrlL of search and selzure shall be falLhfully recorded ln Lhe separaLe logbook.
Sect|on 2S. ffect of vlolotloo. - A vlolaLlon of any of Lhe Lerms and condlLlons of Lhe order and Lhe wrlL of search and selzure or any provlslon of Lhls 8ule shall consLlLuLe conLempL of courL.
Sect|on 26. wtlt oot o bot to otbet meosotes. - 1he avallmenL of Lhe wrlL of search and selzure under Lhls 8ule shall noL prevenL Lhe appllcanL from resorLlng Lo oLher provlslonal measures or remedles provlded ln exlsLlng laws and procedural rules.
Sect|on 27. ffectlvlty. - 1hls 8ule shall Lake effecL on lebruary 13, 2002 afLer lLs publlcaLlon ln Lwo (2) newspapers of general clrculaLlon noL laLer Lhan !anuary 30, 2002.
lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL ls a Lrespass on a prlvaLe domaln owned and occupled by Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL, and Lherefore, proLecLed by law, and lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL, plracy, whlch ls a synonymous Lerm ln Lhls connecLlon, conslsLs ln dolng by any person, wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL, of anyLhlng Lhe sole rlghL Lo do whlch ls conferred by sLaLuLe on Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL. A copy of a plracy s an lnfrlngemenL of Lhe orlglnal, and lL ls no defense LhaL Lhe plraLe, ln such cases, dld noL know whaL words he was lndlrecLly copylng, or dld noL know wheLher or noL he was lnfrlnglng any copyrlghL, he aL leasL knew LhaL whaL he was copylng was noL hlsm and he copled aL hls perll. ln deLermlnlng Lhe quesLlon of lnfrlngemenL, Lhe amounL of maLLer copled from Lhe copyrlghLed work ls an lmporLanL conslderaLlon. 1o consLlLuLe lnfrlngemenL, lL ls noL necessary LhaL Lhe whole or even a large porLlon of Lhe work shall have been copled. lf so much ls Laken LhaL Lhe value of Lhe orlglnal ls senslbly dlmlnlshed, or Lhe labors of Lhe orlglnal auLhor are subsLanLlally and Lo an ln[urlous exLenL approprlaLed by anoLher, LhaL ls sufflclenL ln polnr of law Lo consLlLuLe a plracy. I!/3);F#( 4#2.)580B G$2+ *+ !/)5. /: ,778(30, 1996)
lebruary 28 and 29 of a leap year should be counLed as separaLe days ln compuLlng perlods of prescrlpLlon.I48/738 *+ H(;/0, 1978)
A81lCLL 7 Cl LAW Cl ln1LLLLC1uAL 8CL81? sLaLes LhaL: nobody may reproduce anoLher person's work wlLhouL Lhe owner's consenL, even merely Lo annoLaLe or add anyLhlng Lo lL, or lmprove any edlLlon Lhereof."1PuS, lL ls noL necessary, LhaL a work should be an lmproper copy of anoLher work prevlously publlshed. lL ls enough LhaL anoLher's work has been reproduced wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe owner, even Lhough lL be only Lo annoLaLe, add someLhlng Lo lL, or lmprove any edlLlon Lhereof. 1he proLecLlon of Lhe law cannoL be denled Lo Lhe auLhor of a dlcLlonary, for alLhough words are noL Lhe properLy of anybody, Lhelr deflnlLlons, Lhe example LhaL explaln Lhelr sense, and Lhe manner of expresslng Lhelr dlfferenL meanlngs, may consLlLuLe a speclal work. Cn Lhls polnL, Lhe correcLlonal courL of Lhe Selne held, on AugusL 16, 1864, LhaL a dlcLlonary consLlLuLes properLy, alLhough some of Lhe words Lhereln are explalned by mere deflnlLlons expressed ln a few llnes and sancLloned by usage, provlded LhaL Lhe greaLer parL of Lhe oLher words conLaln new meanlngs, new meanlngs whlch evldenLly may only belonged Lo Lhe flrsL person who publlshed Lhem.(Serrano Laktaw v. ag||nawan)
1he CourL consldered as an lndlcla of gullL or wrongdolng Lhe acL of Lhe plraLe of pulllng ouL from Lhe Coodwlll 8ooksLrores Lhe quesLloned book upon learnlng of Lhe oLher auLhor's demand. lL was furLher noLed LhaL when Lhe plraLed book was re-lssued as a revlsed verslon, all Lhe pages clLed by Lhe complalnlng auLhor Lo conLaln porLlon of hls copyrlghLed book were ellmlnaLed. As regards Lhe quesLlon when ls Lhere a subsLanLlal reproducLlon of a book?," Lhe courL sald LhaL lL does noL necessarlly requlre LhaL Lhe enLlre copyrlghLed work, or even a large porLlon of lL, be copled. lf so much ls Laken LhaL Lhe value of Lhe orlglnal work ls subsLanLlally dlmlnlshed, Lhere ls an lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL and Lo an ln[urlous exLenL, Lhe work ls approprlaLed. ln cases of lnfrlngemenL, copylng alone ls noL whaL ls prohlblLed. 1he copylng musL produce an ln[urlous effecL. 1he SC also sald LhaL, a plraLe cannoL clalm LhaL copled porLlons of copyrlghLed book are also found ln forelgn books and oLher grammar books, and LhaL Lhe slmllarlLy beLween her sLyle and LhaL of oLher auLhor cannoL be avolded slnce Lhey come from Lhe same background and orlenLaLlon. under SecLlon 184 of 8A 8293, Lhe maklng of quoLaLlons from a publlshed work lf Lhey are compaLlble wlLh falr use and only Lo Lhe exLenL [usLlfled for Lhe purpose" musL provlde for Lhe source and Lhe name of Lhe auLhor. (nabana v. kob|es, 1999)
1he formaL or mechanlcs of a Lelevlslon show are noL copyrlghLable under Sec. 2 of u 49, whlch enumeraLes Lhe work LhaL can be copyrlghLed, whlch ls Lhe same as Sec. 172 of Lhe lC, whlch refers Lo flnlshed works and noL concepLs. 1he copyrlghL does noL exLenL Lo an ldea, procedure, process, sysLem, meLhod of operaLlon, concepL, prlnclple, or dlscovery, regardless of Lhe form ln whlch lL ls descrlbed, explalned, lllusLraLed, or emobodled ln such work. CopyrlghL ln Lhe sLrlcL sense of Lhe Lerm, ls purely a sLaLuLory rlghL. lL ls a new or lndependenL rlghL granLed by Lhe sLaLuLe, and noL slmply a pre-exlsLlng rlghL regulaLed by Lhe sLaLue. 8elng a sLaLuLory granL, Lhe rlghLs are only such as Lhe sLaLuLe confers, and may be obLalned and en[oyed only wlLh respecL Lo Lhe sub[ecLs and by Lhe persons, and on Lerms and condlLlons speclfled by Lhe sLaLuLe. Slnce copyrlghL ln publlshed works ls purely a sLaLuLory creaLlon, a copyrlghL may be obLalned only for a work falllng wlLhln Lhe sLaLuLory enumeraLlon or descrlpLlon. I?/(@)#$ *+ A5#3/$, 1999)
CopyrlghL ls a mere sLaLuLory granL, Lhe rlghLs are llmlLed Lo whaL Lhe sLaLuLe confers. Accordlngly lL can cover only works falllng wlLh Lhe sLaLuLory enumeraLlon or descrlpLlon. 8y naLure or Lhlngs, Lhere can be no unfalr compeLlLlon under Lhe law on copyrlghLs. I48(53 O A8($ *+ -"/8;(5., 2003)
AuLhors of compllaLlon works have copyrlghL up Lo Lhe exLenL of Lhelr work, whlch ls Lhelr orlglnal work. (eralLa)
2.12 Moral 8lghLs
ArLlcle 6bls, 8erne ConvenLlon for Lhe proLecLlon of LlLerary and ArLlsLlc Works
[Motol klqbts. 1. 1o clalm auLhorshlp, Lo ob[ecL Lo cerLaln modlflcaLlons and oLher derogaLory acLlons, 2. AfLer Lhe auLhor's deaLh, 3. Means of redress]
(1) lndependenLly of Lhe auLhor's economlc rlghLs, and even afLer Lhe Lransfer of Lhe sald rlghLs, Lhe auLhor shall have Lhe rlghL Lo clalm auLhorshlp of Lhe work and Lo ob[ecL Lo any dlsLorLlon, muLllaLlon or oLher modlflcaLlon of, or oLher derogaLory acLlon ln relaLlon Lo, Lhe sald work, whlch would be pre[udlclal Lo hls honor or repuLaLlon.
(2) 1he rlghLs granLed Lo Lhe auLhor ln accordance wlLh Lhe precedlng paragraph shall, afLer hls deaLh, be malnLalned, aL leasL unLll Lhe explry of Lhe economlc rlghLs, and shall be exerclsable by Lhe persons or lnsLlLuLlons auLhorlzed by Lhe leglslaLlon of Lhe counLry where proLecLlon ls clalmed. Powever, Lhose counLrles whose leglslaLlon, aL Lhe momenL of Lhelr raLlflcaLlon of or accesslon Lo Lhls AcL, does noL provlde for Lhe proLecLlon afLer Lhe deaLh of Lhe auLhor of all Lhe rlghLs seL ouL ln Lhe precedlng paragraph may provlde LhaL some of Lhese rlghLs may, afLer hls deaLh, cease Lo be malnLalned.
(3) 1he means of redress for safeguardlng Lhe rlghLs granLed by Lhls ArLlcle shall be governed by Lhe leglslaLlon of Lhe counLry where proLecLlon ls clalmed.
SecLlons 193-199, lC
Sec. 193. 5cope of Motol klqbts. - 1he auLhor of a work shall, lndependenLly of Lhe economlc rlghLs ln SecLlon 177 or Lhe granL of an asslgnmenL or llcense wlLh respecL Lo such rlghL, have Lhe rlghL:
193.1. 1o requlre LhaL Lhe auLhorshlp of Lhe works be aLLrlbuLed Lo hlm, ln parLlcular, Lhe rlghL LhaL hls name, as far as pracLlcable, be lndlcaLed ln a promlnenL way on Lhe coples, and ln connecLlon wlLh Lhe publlc use of hls work,
193.2. 1o make any alLeraLlons of hls work prlor Lo, or Lo wlLhhold lL from publlcaLlon,
193.3. 1o ob[ecL Lo any dlsLorLlon, muLllaLlon or oLher modlflcaLlon of, or oLher derogaLory acLlon ln relaLlon Lo, hls work whlch would be pre[udlclal Lo hls honor or repuLaLlon, and
193.4. 1o resLraln Lhe use of hls name wlLh respecL Lo any work noL of hls own creaLlon or ln a dlsLorLed verslon of hls work.
Sec. 194. 8teocb of coottoct. - An auLhor cannoL be compelled Lo perform hls conLracL Lo creaLe a work or for Lhe publlcaLlon of hls work already ln exlsLence. Powever, he may be held llable for damages for breach of such conLracL.
Sec. 193. wolvet of Motol klqbts. - An auLhor may walve hls rlghLs menLloned ln SecLlon 193 by a wrlLLen lnsLrumenL, buL no such walver shall be valld where lLs effecLs ls Lo permlL anoLher:
193.1. 1o use Lhe name of Lhe auLhor, or Lhe LlLle of hls work, or oLherwlse Lo make use of hls repuLaLlon wlLh respecL Lo any verslon or adapLaLlon of hls work whlch, because of alLeraLlons Lhereln, would subsLanLlally Lend Lo ln[ure Lhe llLerary or arLlsLlc repuLaLlon of anoLher auLhor, or
193.2. 1o use Lhe name of Lhe auLhor wlLh respecL Lo a work he dld noL creaLe.
Sec. 196. coottlbotloo to collectlve wotk. - When an auLhor conLrlbuLes Lo a collecLlve work, hls rlghL Lo have hls conLrlbuLlon aLLrlbuLed Lo hlm ls deemed walved unless he expressly reserves lL.
Sec. 197. Jltloq, Attooqloq ooJ AJoptotloo of wotk. - ln Lhe absence of a conLrary sLlpulaLlon aL Lhe Llme an auLhor llcenses or permlLs anoLher Lo use hls work, Lhe necessary edlLlng, arranglng or adapLaLlon of such work, for publlcaLlon, broadcasL, use ln a moLlon plcLure, dramaLlzaLlon, or mechanlcal or elecLrlcal reproducLlon ln accordance wlLh Lhe reasonable and cusLomary sLandards or requlremenLs of Lhe medlum ln whlch Lhe work ls Lo be used, shall noL be deemed Lo conLravene Lhe auLhor's rlghLs secured by Lhls chapLer. nor shall compleLe desLrucLlon of a work uncondlLlonally Lransferred by Lhe auLhor be deemed Lo vlolaLe such rlghLs.
Sec. 198. 1etm of Motol klqbts. -
198.1. 1he rlghLs of an auLhor under Lhls chapLer shall lasL durlng Lhe llfeLlme of Lhe auLhor and for flfLy (30) years afLer hls deaLh and shall noL be asslgnable or sub[ecL Lo llcense. 1he person or persons Lo be charged wlLh Lhe posLhumous enforcemenL of Lhese rlghLs shall be named ln wrlLlng Lo be flled wlLh Lhe naLlonal Llbrary. ln defaulL of such person or persons, such enforcemenL shall devolve upon elLher Lhe auLhor's helrs, and ln defaulL of Lhe helrs, Lhe ulrecLor of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary.
198.2. lor purposes of Lhls SecLlon, "letsoo" shall mean any lndlvldual, parLnershlp, corporaLlon, assoclaLlon, or socleLy. 1he ulrecLor of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary may prescrlbe reasonable fees Lo be charged for hls servlces ln Lhe appllcaLlon of provlslons of Lhls SecLlon.
Sec. 199. ofotcemeot kemeJles. - vlolaLlon of any of Lhe rlghLs conferred by Lhls ChapLer shall enLlLle Lhose charged wlLh Lhelr enforcemenL Lo Lhe same rlghLs and remedles avallable Lo a copyrlghL owner. ln addlLlon, damages whlch may be avalled of under Lhe Clvll Code may also be recovered. Any damage recovered afLer Lhe creaLor's deaLh shall be held ln LrusL for and remlLLed Lo hls helrs, and ln defaulL of Lhe helrs, shall belong Lo Lhe governmenL.
2.13 k|ght to roceeds |n Subsequent 1ransfers (Dro|t De Su|te or Io||ow Up k|ghts)
SecLlons 200-201, lC
Sec. 200. 5ole ot leose of wotk. - ln every sale or lease of an orlglnal work of palnLlng or sculpLure or of Lhe orlglnal manuscrlpL of a wrlLer or composer, subsequenL Lo Lhe flrsL dlsposlLlon Lhereof by Lhe auLhor, Lhe auLhor or hls helrs shall have an lnallenable rlghL Lo parLlclpaLe ln Lhe gross proceeds of Lhe sale or lease Lo Lhe exLenL of flve percenL (3). 1hls rlghL shall exlsL durlng Lhe llfeLlme of Lhe auLhor and for flfLy (30) years afLer hls deaLh.
Sec. 201. wotks Not coveteJ. - 1he provlslons of Lhls ChapLer shall noL apply Lo prlnLs, eLchlngs, engravlngs, works of applled arL, or works of slmllar klnd whereln Lhe auLhor prlmarlly derlves galn from Lhe proceeds of reproducLlons.
2.14 Ne|ghbor|ng k|ghts
Sec. 202, lC
Sec. 202. uefloltloos.- lor Lhe purpose of Lhls AcL, Lhe followlng Lerms shall have Lhe followlng meanlngs:
202.1. "letfotmets" are acLors, slngers, muslclans, dancers, and oLher persons who acL, slng, declalm, play ln, lnLerpreL, or oLherwlse perform llLerary and arLlsLlc work,
202.2. "5oooJ tecotJloq" means Lhe flxaLlon of Lhe sounds of a performance or of oLher sounds, or represenLaLlon of sound, oLher Lhan ln Lhe form of a flxaLlon lncorporaLed ln a clnemaLographlc or oLher audlovlsual work,
202.3. An "ooJlovlsool wotk ot flxotloo" ls a work LhaL conslsLs of a serles of relaLed lmages whlch lmparL Lhe lmpresslon of moLlon, wlLh or wlLhouL accompanylng sounds, suscepLlble of belng made vlslble and, where accompanled by sounds, suscepLlble of belng made audlble,
202.4. "llxotloo" means Lhe embodlmenL of sounds, or of Lhe represenLaLlons Lhereof, from whlch Lhey can be percelved, reproduced or communlcaLed Lhrough a devlce,
202.3. "ltoJocet of o soooJ tecotJloq" means Lhe person, or Lhe legal enLlLy, who or whlch Lakes Lhe lnlLlaLlve and has Lhe responslblllLy for Lhe flrsL flxaLlon of Lhe sounds of a performance or oLher sounds, or Lhe represenLaLlon of sounds,
202.6. "lobllcotloo of o flxeJ petfotmooce ot o soooJ tecotJloq" means Lhe offerlng of coples of Lhe flxed performance or Lhe sound recordlng Lo Lhe publlc, wlLh Lhe consenL of Lhe rlghL holder: ltovlJeJ, 1haL coples are offered Lo Lhe publlc ln reasonable quallLy,
202.7. "8tooJcostloq" means Lhe Lransmlsslon by wlreless means for Lhe publlc recepLlon of sounds or of lmages or of represenLaLlons Lhereof, such Lransmlsslon by saLelllLe ls also "btooJcostloq" where Lhe means for decrypLlng are provlded Lo Lhe publlc by Lhe broadcasLlng organlzaLlon or wlLh lLs consenL,
202.8. "8tooJcostloq otqoolzotloo" shall lnclude a naLural person or a [urldlcal enLlLy duly auLhorlzed Lo engage ln broadcasLlng, and
202.9. "commoolcotloo to tbe pobllc of o petfotmooce ot o soooJ tecotJloq" means Lhe Lransmlsslon Lo Lhe publlc, by any medlum, oLherwlse Lhan by broadcasLlng, of sounds of a performance or Lhe represenLaLlons of sounds flxed ln a sound recordlng. lor purposes of SecLlon 209, "commoolcotloo to tbe pobllc" lncludes maklng Lhe sounds or represenLaLlons of sounds flxed ln a sound recordlng audlble Lo Lhe publlc.
Sec. 212, lC
Sec. 212. llmltotloos oo klqbts. - SecLlons 203, 208 and 209 shall noL apply where Lhe acLs referred Lo ln Lhose SecLlons are relaLed Lo:
212.1. 1he use by a naLural person excluslvely for hls own personal purposes,
212.2. uslng shorL excerpLs for reporLlng currenL evenLs,
212.3. use solely for Lhe purpose of Leachlng or for sclenLlflc research, and
212.4. lalr use of Lhe broadcasL sub[ecL Lo Lhe condlLlons under secLlon 183.
a. k|ghts of erformers
SecLlons 203-207, lC
Sec. 203. 5cope of letfotmets' klqbts. - Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 212, performers shall en[oy Lhe followlng excluslve rlghLs:
203.1. As regards Lhelr performances, Lhe rlghL of auLhorlzlng: (a) 1he broadcasLlng and oLher communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of Lhelr performance, and (b) 1he flxaLlon of Lhelr unflxed performance.
203.2. 1he rlghL of auLhorlzlng Lhe dlrecL or lndlrecL reproducLlon of Lhelr performances flxed ln sound recordlngs, ln any manner or form,
203.3. Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 206, Lhe rlghL of auLhorlzlng Lhe flrsL publlc dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhe orlglnal and coples of Lhelr performance flxed ln Lhe sound recordlng Lhrough sale or renLal or oLher forms of Lransfer of ownershlp,
203.4. 1he rlghL of auLhorlzlng Lhe commerclal renLal Lo Lhe publlc of Lhe orlglnal and coples of Lhelr performances flxed ln sound recordlngs, even afLer dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhem by, or pursuanL Lo Lhe auLhorlzaLlon by Lhe performer, and
203.3. 1he rlghL of auLhorlzlng Lhe maklng avallable Lo Lhe publlc of Lhelr performances flxed ln sound recordlngs, by wlre or wlreless means, ln such a way LhaL members of Lhe publlc may access Lhem from a place and Llme lndlvldually chosen by Lhem.
Sec. 204. Motol klqbts of letfotmets. -
204.1. lndependenLly of a performer's economlc rlghLs, Lhe performer, shall, as regards hls llve aural performances or performances flxed ln sound recordlngs, have Lhe rlghL Lo clalm Lo be ldenLlfled as Lhe performer of hls performances, excepL where Lhe omlsslon ls dlcLaLed by Lhe manner of Lhe use of Lhe performance, and Lo ob[ecL Lo any dlsLorLlon, muLllaLlon or oLher modlflcaLlon of hls performances LhaL would be pre[udlclal Lo hls repuLaLlon.
204.2. 1he rlghLs granLed Lo a performer ln accordance wlLh SubsecLlon 203.1 shall be malnLalned and exerclsed flfLy (30) years afLer hls deaLh, by hls helrs, and ln defaulL of helrs, Lhe governmenL, where proLecLlon ls clalmed.
Sec. 203. llmltotloo oo klqbt. -
203.1. Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 206, once Lhe performer has auLhorlzed Lhe broadcasLlng or flxaLlon of hls performance, Lhe provlslons of SecLlons 203 shall have no furLher appllcaLlon.
203.2. 1he provlslons of SecLlon 184 and SecLlon 183 shall apply muLaLls muLandls Lo performers.
Sec. 206. AJJltloool kemooetotloo fot 5obsepoeot commoolcotloos ot 8tooJcosts. - unless oLherwlse provlded ln Lhe conLracL, ln every communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc or broadcasL of a performance subsequenL Lo Lhe flrsL communlcaLlon or broadcasL Lhereof by Lhe broadcasLlng organlzaLlon, Lhe performer shall be enLlLled Lo an addlLlonal remuneraLlon equlvalenL Lo aL leasL flve percenL (3) of Lhe orlglnal compensaLlon he or she recelved for Lhe flrsL communlcaLlon or broadcasL.
Sec. 207. coottoct 1etms. - noLhlng ln Lhls ChapLer shall be consLrued Lo deprlve performers of Lhe rlghL Lo agree by conLracLs on Lerms and condlLlons more favorable for Lhem ln respecL of any use of Lhelr performance.
Sec. 213, lC
Sec. 213. 1etm of ltotectloo fot letfotmets, ltoJocets ooJ 8tooJcostloq Otqoolzotloos.-
213.1. 1he rlghLs granLed Lo performers and producers of sound recordlngs under Lhls law shall explre: (a) lor performances noL lncorporaLed ln recordlngs, flfLy (30) years from Lhe end of Lhe year ln whlch Lhe performance Look place, and (b) lor sound or lmage and sound recordlngs and for performances lncorporaLed Lhereln, flfLy (30) years from Lhe end of Lhe year ln whlch Lhe recordlng Look place.
213.2. ln case of broadcasLs, Lhe Lerm shall be LwenLy (20) years from Lhe daLe Lhe broadcasL Look place. 1he exLended Lerm shall be applled only Lo old works wlLh subslsLlng proLecLlon under Lhe prlor law.
b. k|ghts of rocedures of Sound kecord|ng SecLlons 208-210, lC
Sec. 208. 5cope of klqbt. - Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 212, producers of sound recordlngs shall en[oy Lhe followlng excluslve rlghLs:
208.1. 1he rlghL Lo auLhorlze Lhe dlrecL or lndlrecL reproducLlon of Lhelr sound recordlngs, ln any manner or form, Lhe placlng of Lhese reproducLlons ln Lhe markeL and Lhe rlghL of renLal or lendlng,
208.2. 1he rlghL Lo auLhorlze Lhe flrsL publlc dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhe orlglnal and coples of Lhelr sound recordlngs Lhrough sale or renLal or oLher forms of Lransferrlng ownershlp, and
208.3. 1he rlghL Lo auLhorlze Lhe commerclal renLal Lo Lhe publlc of Lhe orlglnal and coples of Lhelr sound recordlngs, even afLer dlsLrlbuLlon by Lhem by or pursuanL Lo auLhorlzaLlon by Lhe producer.
Sec. 209. commoolcotloo to tbe lobllc. - lf a sound recordlng publlshed for commerclal purposes, or a reproducLlon of such sound recordlng, ls used dlrecLly for broadcasLlng or for oLher communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc, or ls publlcly performed wlLh Lhe lnLenLlon of maklng and enhanclng proflL, a slngle equlLable remuneraLlon for Lhe performer or performers, and Lhe producer of Lhe sound recordlng shall be pald by Lhe user Lo boLh Lhe performers and Lhe producer, who, ln Lhe absence of any agreemenL shall share equally.
Sec. 210. llmltotloo of klqbt. - SecLlons 184 and 183 shall apply muLaLls muLandls Lo Lhe producer of sound recordlngs.
Sec. 213, lC
Sec. 213. 1etm of ltotectloo fot letfotmets, ltoJocets ooJ 8tooJcostloq Otqoolzotloos.-
213.1. 1he rlghLs granLed Lo performers and producers of sound recordlngs under Lhls law shall explre: (a) lor performances noL lncorporaLed ln recordlngs, flfLy (30) years from Lhe end of Lhe year ln whlch Lhe performance Look place, and (b) lor sound or lmage and sound recordlngs and for performances lncorporaLed Lhereln, flfLy (30) years from Lhe end of Lhe year ln whlch Lhe recordlng Look place.
213.2. ln case of broadcasLs, Lhe Lerm shall be LwenLy (20) years from Lhe daLe Lhe broadcasL Look place. 1he exLended Lerm shall be applled only Lo old works wlLh subslsLlng proLecLlon under Lhe prlor law.
c. k|ghts of 8roadcast|ng Crgan|zat|ons
SecLlons 211, lC
Sec. 211. 5cope of klqbt. - Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 212, broadcasLlng organlzaLlons shall en[oy Lhe excluslve rlghL Lo carry ouL, auLhorlze or prevenL any of Lhe followlng acLs:
211.1. 1he rebroadcasLlng of Lhelr broadcasLs,
211.2. 1he recordlng ln any manner, lncludlng Lhe maklng of fllms or Lhe use of vldeo Lape, of Lhelr broadcasLs for Lhe purpose of communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of Lelevlslon broadcasLs of Lhe same, and
211.3. 1he use of such records for fresh Lransmlsslons or for fresh recordlng.
Sec. 213.2, lC
213.2. ln case of broadcasLs, Lhe Lerm shall be LwenLy (20) years from Lhe daLe Lhe broadcasL Look place. 1he exLended Lerm shall be applled only Lo old works wlLh subslsLlng proLecLlon under Lhe prlor law.
MSl ls noL engaged ln rebroadcasLlng. 8ebroadcasLlng has been deflned as Lhe slmulLaneous broadcasLlng by one broadcasLlng organlzaLlon of Lhe broadcasL of anoLher broadcasLlng organlzaLlon." lL ls also Lhe Lransmlsslon by wlreless means for Lhe publlc recepLlon of sounds or of lmages or of represenLaLlons Lhereof, such Lransmlsslon by saLelllLe ls also 'broadcasLlng' where Lhe means for decrypLlng are provlded Lo Lhe publlc by Lhe broadcasLlng organlzaLlon or wlLh lLs consenL." MSl ls only engaged ln Lhe carrylng of slgnals of A8S-C8n comlng from A8S-C8n and LransmlLLlng slgnals. MSl ls noL Lhe orlgln nor does lL clalm Lo be Lhe orlgln of Lhe programs broadcasLed by Lhe A8S-C8n. MSl dld noL make and LransmlL on lLs own buL merely carrled Lhe exlsLlng slgnals of Lhe A8S-C8n. When MSl subscrlbers vlew A8S-C8n's programs ln Channels 2 and 23, Lhey know LhaL Lhe orlgln Lhereof was Lhe A8S-C8n. 1he laLLer creaLes and LransmlLs lLs own slgnals, MSl merely carrles such slgnals whlch Lhe vlewers recelve ln Lhelr unalLered form. MSl does noL produce, selecL or deLermlnes Lhe programs Lo be shown over Channels 2 and 23, and does noL pass lLself off as Lhe orlglnaLor or auLhor of such programs. lnsofar as Lhe sub[ecL Channels are concerned, MSl merely reLransmlLs Lhe same ln accordance wlLh n1C Memo Clrcular 04-08-08. MSl, wlLh regard Lo lLs premlum channels, buys Lhe sald channels from conLenL provlders and LransmlLs Lhese on an as-ls basls Lo lLs vlewers. Clearly, MSl does noL perform Lhe funcLlons of a broadcasLlng organlzaLlon and Lhus, lL cannoL be sald LhaL lL ls engaged ln Lhe rebroadcasLlng of Channels 2 and 23.(A8S-C8N 8roadcast|ng vs. h|||pp|ne Mu|t|-Med|a System, 2009)