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[ Old English, < Indo-European, "up from under, over"]

Opening of sambo world championships

November 22, 2013, 21:30 St Petersburg Tags: sport, Saint Petersburg
This book, like the volumes already published in the series on contemporary usage in French, German and Spanish, is aimed at the advanced learner who has studied the basic grammar of the language and is now striving for a more comprehensive and sophisticated knowledge. To this end the book includes much material on register, vocabulary, verbal etiquette and word-formation, as well as material on the subjects of morphology, prepositions and syntax with which the post-A-level student should already have some familiarity. The book is not conceived as a comprehensive grammar, although the main grammatical topics that trouble the English-speaking student are quite fully covered in the later chapters. The approach adopted is not prescriptive. That is to say an attempt is made to show the range of linguistic phenomena that might be encountered in modern Russian and to define the limits within which they are used rather than to lay down rules for usage.

[14th century. Via French < Latin praesident- < present participle of praesidere (see preside)]

3/4 Photo: the Presidential Press and Information Office Full caption Vladimir Putin participated in the opening ceremony for the 37th World Sambo Championships. The President presented awards to winners in the first days competitions.
Beyond these purposes it is also hoped that the book, through its broad approach, will increase the students general awareness of the structure and resources of the Russian language, and that his or her understanding and appreciation of the immense vitality and depth of experience of the Russian people may thus in some small way be enhanced. In what is now Chapter 6, section 6.8, on the language of public notices, and section 6.10, on acronyms and alphabetisms, have been slightly expanded to reflect contemporary practice. We have also appended a short section on the popular Russian conversational genre of the joke, or anecdote, to the end of this chapter (6.13). The last four chapters of the first edition (Chapters 811 inclusive in this second edition) have required much less substantial revision than the earlier chapters, because they concern morphology and syntax, which have been relatively little affected by innovation over the eight years that have elapsed since the publication of the first edition. No significant cuts have been made to these chapters, because we feel that it remains useful for advanced learners to have at hand a fairly exhaustive compendium of information on grammar alongside the material on those aspects of language (register and vocabulary) that are subject to greater and more rapid change.

[Mid-16th century. < Latin congratulat-, past participle of congratulari "rejoice with" < gratus "thankful"]

PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA VLADIMIR PUTIN: I would like to congratulate all of you, all the martial arts champions and sambo fans, on the opening of the 37th World Sambo Championships in St Petersburg. I am very pleased that this sport, which was born in our nation, is developing actively and rapidly. This year marks the 75th anniversary of sambo, and it just so happens that there are 75 nations competing in these championships.
sambo [smb] or sambo wrestling noun
type of wrestling based on judo: a form of wrestling based on judo that originated in the former Soviet Union and is now practiced internationally

[Mid-20th century. Acronym < Russian samozashchita bez oruzhiya "unarmed self-defense"]

We also warmly thank the following: Tat_iana Dimoglo, for material on neologisms and orthography and for general linguistic advice; Elena Gogolitsyna, for material and advice on contemporary slang and computing terminology; Yurii Gogolitsyn for his invaluable technical assistance; John Steeds, FRS, for his help with translation of the passage on physics reproduced at 2.5; Helen Barton of Cambridge University Press for her guidance and for her prompt and patient responses to all our queries; Kay McKechnie for her careful reading of the typescript and the many improvements that she introduced at the copy-editing stage; and Alison Powell of Cambridge University Press for overseeing production of the book.

I hope that all the sambo fans, all participants in the competitions, athletes, and all our guests will leave with wonderful memories of this event. I very much hope that everyone will be able to avoid injuries. I would like to point out that the martial arts are great not only because of the bravery, strength and courage of its competition participants and athletes, but also because of the respect toward partners and concern for competitors.
compete [km pt] (past and past participle competed, present participle competing, 3rd person present singular competes) intransitive verb
1. try to outperform: to try to win or do better than others 2. put up reasonable contest: to be able to do as well as or better than others able to compete on the world market

[Early 17th century. < late Latin competere "strive together" < Latin petere "seek"]

b v g d z z j k l m n p r s t f x c c _ s ss _

Of course, the strongest competitor always wins. I congratulate you on the opening of the world championships.
[Mid-16th century. < Latin congratulat-, past participle of congratulari "rejoice with" < gratus "thankful"]

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Opening of sambo world championships

November 22, 2013, 21:30 St Petersburg Tags: sport, Saint Petersburg 3/4 Photo: the Presidential Press and Information Office Full caption

It is difficult to give accurate up-to-date figures for the number of people for whom Russian is their native or first language, or at least their first language for some purpose or purposes (e.g. professional or social). This difficulty arises for several reasons. Firstly, we are dealing with several different categories of user, including the following: ethnic Russians who are citizens of the Russian Federation; ethnic Russians who are citizens of other former republics of the Soviet Union;

The number of Jews in the Russian Federation, for example, fell from roughly 540,000 in 1989 to 230,000 in 2002 and the number of Russian Germans has declined over the same period from 840,000 to 600,000. It is difficult to determine how many emigres continue to use Russian as their first language, or for how long they do so, after their emigration. The most easily quantifiable group of Russian-speakers, of course, is the citizenry of the Russian Federation, of which Russian is the official language.

Vladimir Putin participated in the opening ceremony for the 37th World Sambo Championships. The President presented awards to winners in the first days competitions.
Many members of the Russian diaspora are permanently settled abroad but some mainly more recent emigres are only temporarily resident outside Russia, perhaps because they are working or studying abroad. The student learning a foreign language in a systematic way will generally study a form of it, or the single form of it, which educated native speakers consider normative, e.g. BBC English, Parisian French, Tuscan Italian, Mandarin or Cantonese. In the case of Russian this normative form is what Russians refer to as the literary language (ea ). However, the term literary language suggests to an English-speaker exclusively the written language, and the expression standard Russian is therefore preferred in this book.

PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA VLADIMIR PUTIN: I would like to congratulate all of you, all the martial arts champions and sambo fans, on the opening of the 37th World Sambo Championships in St Petersburg.
However, there comes a point in ones study of a foreign language when it also becomes necessary to recognise that the concept of norms is to some extent theoretical and abstract. This is so because a living language is constantly evolving and because innumerable varieties of it exist both within what is regarded as the norm and beyond the limits of that norm.

absolute error ~ 1. ; 2. _ .

I am very pleased that this sport, which was born in our nation, is developing actively and rapidly. This year marks the 75th anniversary of sambo, and it just so happens that there are 75 nations competing in these championships.
The last two types of variation are particularly important for us here, since no individual speaker of a language, whatever region or class he or she emanates from and irrespective of whether he or she writes and speaks what is considered the standard form of the language, uses the language in the same way in all situations. People make linguistic choices, which are determined by the situation in which they find themselves, selecting certain lexical, morphological and syntactic forms from among the options available in their language. They may even vary their pronunciation (and in Russian, their stress) according to the context. It is important for advanced learners of a language to be aware of this variety in the languages use, both in order that they may be sensitive to the nuances of what they hear and read and in order that they themselves may use language that is appropriate in a given situation and has the desired impact.
account ~ 1. ; 2. ; ; 3. _ ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; _ ; 7. ; ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ; . accountability ~ 1. ; ; 2. . accountable file ~ . account card ~ ; ; _. account card feed ~ .

I hope that all the sambo fans, all participants in the competitions, athletes, and all our guests will leave with wonderful memories of this event. I very much hope that everyone will be able to avoid injuries. I would like to point out that the martial arts are great not only because of the bravery, strength and courage of its competition participants and athletes, but also because of the respect toward partners and concern for competitors. Of course, the strongest competitor always wins. I congratulate you on the opening of the world championships.

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