ပရေလာကသားမ်ားအတြက္ပရဟိတ (အမွ်ေဝနည္းႏွင့္ကုသိုလ္ျပဳနည္းလမ္းညႊန္)

t&Sif0dom&'?&rm0wD?
o Z if om ; pm p Of t rS wf - 3
jz efY csd a & ;
oZifom;pmay
OD;cifarmifjzL+a':atmifoef;&D
trSwf 543? bD-3? ra[mf*eDvrf;? trSwf 6 &yfuGuf
usefppfom;tdrf&m? vIdifom,mNrdKUe,f? &efukefwkdif;a'oBuD;/
zkef; - 09 3157 9025? 09 731 89 248
o Z if om ; pm a y
2 y&avmuom;rsm;twGuf y&[dw?trQa0enf;ESifhukodkvfjyKenf;vrf;Tef
yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;
pmtkyftjyiftqif
yDumrD'D,m
xkwfa0ol
a':av;av;rd
(weoFm&Dpmay)
rsufESmzHk;ESifhtwGif;yHkESdyf
OD;usif&if
(a&TjcaoFhyHkESdyfwdkuf)
208? 31vrf;? 11 &yfuGuf?
yef;bJwef;NrdKUe,f?&efukefNrdKU/
jzefYcsda&;
oZifom;pmay
trSwf 543? bD-3? ra[mf*eDvrf;? trSwf 6 &yfuGuf
usefppfom;tdrf&m? vIdifom,mNrdKUe,f? &efukefwkdif;a'oBuD;/
zkef; 09 3157 9025? 09 731 89 248
wefzdk;
1000 usyf
tkyfa&
1000
xkwfa0onfhv
2013?'DZifbm(yxrtBudrf)
o Z if om ; pm a y
t&Sif0dom&'?&rm0wD? 3
y&avmuom;rsm;twGuyf &[dw
trQa0enf;
ESihf
ukov
kd jf yKenf;vrf;Tef
t&Sif0dom&'?&rm0wD?
o Z if om ; pm a y
rmwdum
ed'gef; .............................................................................................................. 7
aus;Zl;wifvmT ............................................................................................ 10
yxrydkif;
Nydwmrsm;udkomtrQa0&Edkifonf[k qdkaomf
................................................ 14
"eESifh'ge
ZmPkamPdow
k e v
f m trQa0 &-r&aom bHXk me (5)rsdK;
tydak wGrsm; jzpfaeovm;
oD&dvuFmtrQa0yHkudk pdppfjcif;
.......................................................................21
vGecf ahJ om ud;k q,fEh pS u

f rmu tjzpftysuf
oem;p&m Nydwm wd\
Yk aomu
trQcGe;f csdK Te;f qdak vaomtcg
jrefrmjynftrQa0yHkudkpdppfjcif; ......................................................................... 33
okreomraP0wK
a&pufcsrI - rcsrIEiS hf ywfouf
tHUMozG,ftrQa0 - om"kac:&usdK; .................................................................. 45

ywmEkarm'eESihf tEkarm'e
Nydwm apmifah &Smufc&H ol
rav;&Sm;a&muf jrefrm'g,dumrav;wpfa,muf
Ak'bmom0ifr[kwcf o
hJ l
Nydwm awGtaeeJt
Y rQa0wmudk odEikd yf ghrvm;
vlvcl sif; trQa0&usdK;
ewfwdkhudktrQa0rIudk pdppfjcif; ......................................................................... 55

*gxmawmfEpS yf 'k u
f kd nw
d wfap
i,fi,fwek ;f u tawGUtBuHKwpfck
ewfwifpmewfawGpm;-rpm; ............................................................................. 63
ewfueG ;f qdak yr,fh Nydwm uGe;f awGvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfaeEdik w
f ,f
o Z if om ; pm a y
txufewfawGvnf;om"kac:vdkMuygw,f
.....................................................
70
emrnfwyfNyD; trQa0yg
'geukov
kd u
f o
kd mtrQa0vdYk &ovm;
'kwd,ydkif;
atmifjrifoGm;olawGudkMunfUNyD;tm;wufvmwmo'g
...................................... 80
ukov
kd f
ukov
kd jf zpf&ef tajccHw&m;(4)yg;
o'gryg bmukov
kd rf S rjzpf
oruE e vuPm o'g
orom'evuPm o'g
jzpfajrmufatmifvIHUaqmfaphpyfwmapwem
...................................................... 85
'get&m rNidrwG,af tmifvaIH qmfaphpyfrI tavmbapwem

oDvt&m ud,
k cf sif;pmem csrf;omapvdak tmif
vHUI aqmfaphpyfrI ta'goapwem
bm0emt&m [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odjrifatmif
vHUI aqmfaphpyfrI tarm[ apwem
jzpfajrmufatmif vIUH aqmfaphpyfwm apwem
jzpfajrmufatmiftm;xkwfaqmif&Gufwm0D&d,
................................................
91
tysif;xl ulaomfvnf; r&

rd;k ukwq
f &mawmfb&k m;BuD;\Mo0g'
0D&,
d \udpa v;rsdK;
0D&,
d jzpfaMumif;w&m;rsm;
rdvEd yOm\ tqdt
k rdeYf
0D&,
d udv
k nf; vufuikd x
f m;&rnf
tmHktay:rSmcdkifNrJpGmxm;wmowd
................................................................... 97
tyrm'rnfaom owdw&m;
owd\ eD;pGmaomtaMumif;
rdvEd yOm\ tqdt
k rdeYf
owdw&m; vufuikd x
f m;&rnf
o Z if om ; pm a y
ukov
kd b
f ,fv&kd oenf; ................................................................................. 105
apwemESihf uHw&m;\jcm;em;csuf(odrYk [kw)f jynfph jkH cif;ig;rsdK;
ukov
kd f b,fvv
kd u
kd yf goenf;
tmHw
k pfck wnfMunfNird o
f ufpmG &Sad ewmorm"d ........................................... 111
orm"d
rdvEd y Om\tqdt
k rdeYf
orm"dr*if(3)yg;
tmHw
k pfct
k ay: wnfMunfNidro
f ufpmG &Sad ewm orm"d
psmeft*Fgrsm;jzpfay:vmjcif;
tvSLjyKpOfrmS vnf; pdwt
f pOfwnfMunfrI ta&;ygygonf
oDvaqmufwnfpOfrmS vnf; pdwt
f pOfwnfMunfrI ta&;ygygonf
tmHk\trSefoabmudkodwm mPf
...........................................................
119
mPf
rdvEd y Om\tqdt
k rdeYf
tvdrf mPfEiS 0hf w
d uf
ukov
kd jf yK&m tvd&k t
dS yfaommPf
orm'd|dtrsdK;tpm;rsm;
uruwmorm'd|d mPfEiS 0hf yd emorm'd|d mPf
mPfrygaomukov
kd Ef iS hf mPfygaomukov
kd f tusdK;ay;uGmjcm;yHk
'gerIjyK&m mPfujkd zpfapjcif;
wpfenf;tm;jzifh vd&k if;usrSwo
f m;&ef
mPf,OS af Mumif;w&m; (5) yg;
ed*;kH ............................................................................................................... 127

&MuygaptrQa0\ ......................................................................................... 128
tmoDouAsm ................................................................................................. 130
o Z if om ; pm a y
ed'gef;
jrefrmjynfwiG f aepOfwek ;f u trQa0rIEiS yhf wfouf owfowf
rSwrf w
S f owdrxm;rdcahJ omfvnf; oD&v
d uFmodUk a&mufc&hJ Ny;D onfah emufwiG f
rl rwlujJG ym;rItcsdKUudk owdxm;pOf;pm;vmcJrh yd gonf/ rSeyf g\/ jrefrmjynf
trQa0yHo
k nf rsm;pGm crf;em;vGe;f vSoavmuf oD&v
d uFmtrQa0yHu
k m;
tvGew
f &m k;kd pif;vGe;f vSygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmjynfu trQa0yHrk mS ]],aeY,ck b,fvkd
aumif;rIawGukd jyKMuaMumif;? aumif;rIprG ;f tm;aMumifh b,fob
Ykd ,fykH
aumif;usdK;w&m;awGukd cHpm;&vdak Mumif;? trdtz? ud,
k af pmifeh wfutp
trQay;a0vdo
k rQ pm&if;jyNy;D 31 bH&k o
dS rQ ow0gtukev
f ;kH udk trQay;a0
MuygaMumif;? 0okEa&oufaot&m wnfygapaMumif;}} crf;crf;em;em;
&Gwq
f Mkd uNyD;rS ]]trQ trQ trQ ,lawmfrMl uygukeaf vm}} pojzifh trQ
ay;a0avh &SMd uygonf/ od&Yk mwGif oD&v
d uFmtrQay;a0yHrk mS um; xdu
k o
hJ Ykd
rcrf;em; r&Snv
f sm;vSyg/ tvSL&Sirf sm;ud,
k w
f ikd u
f
'H aryknH mwDeH
a[mwk? okcw
d m a[mEKmwa,m (aumif;rIonf aqGrsdK;awGtwGuf
jzpfygap? aqGrsdK;awG csrf;omMuygapownf;) [k &Gwq
f &kd if; a&puf
avmif;vdu
k f rHk Qom jzpfygonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
xdt
Yk jyif yd
k xl;jcm;onfrmS oD&v
d uFm trQa0yHk
trQ trQ trQ ,lawmfrMl uygukeaf vmh ...[laom jrefrm
jynfu trQa0yHpk um;&yfEiS hf xyfwn
l rD Qaom pum;&yfvnf;
ryg0ifjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ xdu
k jJG ym;rIukd ajc&mcHvu
kd rf jd cif;
onfyif pmtkyf jzpfay:vmzdYk tajccHtaMumif;w&m;wpfck
jzpfvmcJah vonf/
xdt
k aMumif;t&mrsm;udk trsm;olig tvG,w
f ul
em;vnfEikd yf gapjcif;tusKd ;iSm tar;tajzyHpk rH sm;jzifh tifwm
eufpmrsuEf mS rsm;ay:wGif tpOftwdik ;f a&;om;jzpfcyhJ gonf/
rSwcf sufay;vmMuol rdwaf qGrsm;\ ar;jref;csuftopfrsm;
udv
k nf; aqmif;yg;opfrsm;xJwiG f udx
k ;l \ae&mrS jznfw
h if;
NyD; tvsOf;oifo
h vdk ajzqdak &;om; jzpfcyhJ gonf/
pmtkyf yxrydik ;f (trQay;a0rIqikd &f mrsm;)udk a&;om;
NyD;aomtcg yxrydik ;f pum;cHxm;cJo
h nft
h wdik ;f ukov
kd f
b,fv&kd oenf;? ukov
kd &f atmif b,fvv
kd yk &f rnfenf; [l
aom ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ajz&Si;f &ef vdt
k yfvmaomaMumifh pmtkyf
'kw,
d ydik ;f (ukov
kd jf yKenf;vrf;Te)f udyk g qufvufa&;om;
cJjh yefygonf/
pmtkyu
f kd a&;om;&m yd#upmay tud;k tum;
vufrvGwaf p&bJ trsm;em;vnfEikd af tmif twwfEikd q
f ;kH
BudK;pm;tm;xkwcf yhJ gonf/ tcsKd Uae&mrsm;wGirf l xifv,
G jf rif
vG,af vmufrnfh Oyrmrsm;udk aqmifoiG ;f um ajz&Si;f a&;
om;cJyh gonf/ pmtkyu
f kd avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh trQa0enf;?
ukov
kd jf yKenf;wdEYk iS hf ywfouf twdik ;f twmwpfct
k xd
tajccHusus od&edS m;vnfciG hf &MuNyD;vQif rdrd olwyg; usdK;
ESpyf g;udk aumif;pGmtm;xkwEf ikd Mf uvdrrhf nf[k ,HMk unfygonf/
pmtkyw
f iG f pma&;ol\ rESUH pyfraI Mumifv
h nf;aumif;?
owdcRwaf csmaf yghqrIaMumifah omfvnf;aumif; roifah vsm[
f k
xifjrif,q
l &aomt&mrsK;d awGUjrifcMhJ uygrl ynmh&iS rf sm;tae
jzifh arwma&SUxm; today;qH;k rawmfrMl uygrnft
h aMumif;
zdwrf efavQmufxm;&ygownf;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
igum;onfpm? onfaMumif;&mudk
igomwwfod? tjrif&Sd[k
rodru
kd rf ?J rmef[ek cf J
wvGaJ wG;um? ra&;ygc/UJ
Nydwmavmu? a0trQaMumifU
csr;f jrMu[ef? odprd &Uf efEiS Uf
jrwfreG u
f o
k v
kd ?f jyKNyq
D v
kd Qif
ukov
kd b
f ,fy?kH &Edik w
f [
kH k
pHv
k ifazmfjy? usr;f xdrk QEiS Uf
avmuaMumif;&m? Oyrmudk
aumif;pGmaqmifoiG ;f ? arwmESi;f
&Si;f vif;ydik ;f jcm;? iga&;om;cJ/U
owdrxm;? tjrif&Sm;
rSm;rdrmS ;&m? &Scd yUJ grl
aumif;pGmjrifo?d ynm&Sw
d hkd
vTb
J rd ae? arwma0vsuf
aMumif;csuEf ikd Ef ikd ?f qH;k rydik af p
mPfcikd o
f o
l hkd yef\av/
arwmjzifh
t&Si0f o
d m&'(&rm0wD)
o Z if om ; pm a y
aus;Zl;wifvTm
pifppftm;jzifh pmtkyf jzpfay:vm&efrmS pma&;oltay: aus;Zl;
&Szd ;l olw\
Ykd aus;Zl;w&m;ESihf ruif;Edik o
f nft
h avsmuf aus;Zl;&Scd zhJ ;l olrsm;
tm; aus;Zl;pum; qd&k ygOD;rnf/ i,fpOfrS p ,aeYxw
d ikd af tmif BuD;rm;
aomarwmw&m;jzifh tppt&m&m apmifrMunfh MI u&Smonfh teEaus;Zl;
&Sif crnf;awmf OD;cifarmifjzL + r,fawmfa':atmifoef;&DwEYdk iS hf ud&k if
jzpfonfrpS ,aeYxw
d ikd af tmif tppt&m&m Munfh aI pmifah &Smufawmfrl
Muygaom OyZsm,fq&mjrwfrsm;jzpfawmfrMl uonfh &rf;NAJNrdKU? tif;awmif
ausmif;q&mawmfb&k m;? &efuek w
f ikd ;f a'oBuD;? '*HNk rdKUopfawmifyikd ;f ? wd;k
aMumifuav; &Gmrausmif;q&mawmfb&k m;wd\
Yk aus;Zl;awmfrsm;udv
k nf;
aumif; ...
y&d,wed ,fy,fwiG f rScD t
kd m;xm;&mjzpfawmfrcl MhJ uonfh wd;k aMumif
uav;&Gmrausmif;wdu
k q
f &mawmftrSL;jyKaom pmcsq&mawmfrsm;? '*HNk rKd U
opfajrmufyikd ;f NrKd Ue,f? atmifajr&wemausmif;wdu
k q
f &mawmf b'Eo
v
D 0H
ombd0o
H rax&fjrwf trSL;jyKaom pmcsq&mawmfrsm;? rEav;NrdKU? rpd;k
&draf usmif;wdu
k rf S q&mawmfrsm;ESihf q&mocifaus;Zl;&Sirf sm;tm;vH;k udk
vnf;aumif; ...
o Z if om ; pm a y
y#dywed ,fy,fwiG f rScD t

kd m;xm;&mjzpfawmfrcl MhJ uonfh &rf;NAJNrdKU?
vufyeftnm&GmrS? q&mOD;0if;Munf(uG,v
f eG )f ? &rf;NANJ rKd Ue,f? r&rf;awmif
awm&ausmif; q&mawmfb&k m;? &efuek w
f ikd ;f a'oBuD;? arSmb
f ND rdKUe,f?
bGuBf u;D aus;&Gm?atmifr*FvmajrZif;"r&yd o
f mq&mawmf b'EZ 0e(omoe
"Z"rmp&d,)? rH&k mG NrKd UrS 'umBuD; OD;armifarmifat;ESihf oifq&m? jrifq&m?
Mum;q&mrsm;tm;vH;k \ aus;Zl;awmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif; - pmtkyu
f kd
a&;om;jcif;jzifh wkeq
Yf yfyal Zmfygonf/
pifppf oD&v
d uFm ynmoifMum;cGi&hf cJjh cif;onfyif pmtkyu
f kd
a&;om;jzpfcJhjcif;\ eD;pGmaomtaMumif;jzpf&um; xdkodkYynmoifMum;
cGi&hf &eftwGuf wGe;f xlaxmufual y;cJMh uaom &rf;NA?J awmifuw
k ?f &efuek ?f
rEav;NrdKUrsm;rS 'um'umrrsm;? puFmyl? rav;&Sm;? &efuek f Z,r*Fvm
Ak'0 [
d m&ausmif;rsm;\ em,ucsKyfq&mawmf a'gufwmt&Si0f pd w
d E iS hf
'um'umrrsm;? &[ef;'g,umBuD; OD;uGi;f +&[ef;'g,dumrBuD; a':0if;
Munf rdom;pk(awmif'*H)k ? OD;wifqef; + a':OrmvGirf o
d m;pk(prf;acsmif;)?
&[ef;'g,um OD;oef;atmif + &[ef;'g,dumr a':oef;oef;&D rdom;pk
(prf;acsmif;)? OD;Munfp;kd +a':rd;k tdtpd ;kd rdom;pk(puFmyl)? OD;opfviG +f a':aqG
aqGoufro
d m;pk(vdiI o
f m,m)? udak usmfEikd 0f if; + rcifoo
l al tmif rdom;pk
(vdiI o
f m,m)wdt
Yk m; vnf;aumif; ...
ynma&;c&D;vrf;udk qufvufavQmufvSrf;Edkif&ef txl;tm;
wufapcJMh uonfh rav;&Sm;Edik if ?H *sKd [d;k ? atmifr*Fvm"r&yd o
f mrS omoemh
a&mifjcnftoif;oltoif;om; 'um'umrrsm;? xGe;f opfpy&[dwtoif;
rS 'um'umrrsm;? &wemhpuema&;ulnrD t
I oif;rS 'um'umrrsm;tm;
vnf;aumif; ...
pmtkyyf g aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tGev
f ikd ;f ay:wGif a&;om;cJph OftwGi;f
rSwcf sufay;jcif; ar;cGe;f topfrsm; ar;jref;jcif;jzifh ydrk kd NyD;jynfph akH pcJMh u
onfh tGev
f ikd ;f pmzwfrw
d af qGrsm;tm;vH;k ESihf tBuHmPfaumif;rsm; jzpfay:
apcJMh uaom t&Si0f rd vmvuFm&(vuFmt&Si)f ? t&Si0f &mP(jrwfmPfkyyf akH wmif)? 'umrBuD; a':0if;0if;&D? roDwmcif? a':0dik ;f cspf? rcdik cf ikd pf ;kd ?
rcifaqGoif;wdt
Yk m;vnf;aumif; ...
pmrlukd pepfusatmif jyifqifay;Mujcif;jzifh txl;ulnaD y;cJMh u
aom t&Siyf nm0k"("rmp&d,)? udo
k &l (Forever Friends.com) ? 'DZikd ef m
Yk m;vnf;aumif; ...
udv
k al Zmfopf(pica media) wdt
o Z if om ; pm a y
pmtkyu
f kd yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0Edik af &;twGuf tvSLawmfaiG ig;ode;f usyf vSL'gef;
cJMh uonfh a'gufwmjrwfr;kd oG,af tmif? a'gufwmjrwfyiG o
hf al tmif tjrTm
nDtpfrwdt
Yk m; vnf;aumif; ...
tvSLawmfaiG av;ode;f usyf vSL'gef;cJMh uonfh omoemha&mifjcnf
toif;? *sdK[d;k (rav;&Sm;)tm; vnf;aumif; ...
tvSLawmfaiG oH;k ode;f usyf vSL'gef;cJMh uonfh rav;&Sm;Edik if rH S Mr.
Shuy Eng Leong + Ma Thandar Soe, son Soe Min Wei, daughter
Hannah Shuy rdom;pkwt
Ykd m;
vnf;aumif; ...
aus;Zl;wif&ydS gaMumif; rSww
f rf;wif azmfjytyfygonf/
ESv;kH pdw0f rf; &Tiv
f ef;csrf;om &Sad wmfrMl uygapownf;/
arwmjzifh
t&Sif0dom&'(&rm0wD)
visarada.ven@gmail.com
o Z if om ; pm a y
yxrydkif;
trQa0enf;vrf;Tef
o Z if om ; pm a y
Nydwmrsm;udkomtrQa0&Edkifonf[k qdkaomf
udx
kd ;l / / 'DaeYawmh trQa0wmeJyY wfoufNyD; odcsifwmav;awG ar;yg
&apbk&m;/
t&Sif / / ar;wmaygh udx
k ;l /
udx
k ;l / / yknBud,m0wKq,fyg;rSmygwJh yw'd geqdw
k m trQay;a0wm
vdkY tMurf;zsif; odrSwfxm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dywd'geqdkwmudk
enf;enf;avmuf xyf&iS ;f jyygOD;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / aumif;ygNyD/ aocsmrSwyf g/ ud,
k q
hf u
D kd qdu
k af &mufvmwJh
ukov
kd u
f kd ]yw d } vdYk ac:w,f/ rQa0ay;urf;wmudak wmh
]'ge} vdYk ac:w,f/ tJ'aD wmh ud,
k q
hf u
D kd qdu
k af &mufvmwJh
ukov
kd (f yw)d udk rQa0ay;urf;wJh ('getrIjyKwJ)h udpr sdK;udk
]ywd'ge} vdYk ac:w,fvYkd rSwyf g/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf ghb&k m;/ 'gqdk trQa0r,fo
h [
l m trQra0cif aumif;rI
ukov
kd w
f pfcck u
k kd t&ifq;kH BudKwifvyk x
f m;&r,fh oabm
ayghb&k m;/ ukov
kd &f iS jf zpfNyD;? ud,
k q
hf rD mS &Sx
d m;NyD;om; ukov
kd f
udrk S trQay;a0&r,fqw
kd hJ oabmaygh/
o Z if om ; pm a y
t&Sif / / [kww
f ,f? em;vnfatmif enf;enf;ajymjyr,f/ 'Dae&mrSm
'geukov
kd u
f kd trQa0wJh yw'd getaMumif;udk OD;wnfajym
"e eJY 'ge }} wdUk &JU pGr;f &nf
jyoGm;r,f/ tJ'aD wmh udx
k ;l u ]]"e
owad wGukd cGjJ cm;em;vnfxm;zdYk vdw
k ,f/
udx
k ;l / / ajymjyygbk&m;/
]]"eeJY 'ge}}
t&Sif / / ouf&Sdxif&Sm; b0rjcm;bJ &SdMuolawG tcsif;csif; ay;urf;
auR;arG;zdkYtwGuf ]"} atmufNcdKufeJYa&;wJh "e qdkwmudk
oHk;Mu&w,f/ b0jcm;oGm;olawGudk ay;urf;auR;arG;zdkY
twGufusawmh ]'} a'G;eJY a&;wJh 'geqdkwmudk oHk;Mu&
w,f / qdv
k w
kd mu b0jcm;oGm;olawGukd ay;urf;auR;arG;
zdt
Yk wGuu
f sawmh "e eJY r&awmhb;l ? tJ'D "eudk taMumif;jyK
NyD; 'gejzpfatmif t&ifvyk Mf u&w,f/ "ewpfcck u
k kd pGev
Yf w
T f
vSL'gef;vdu
k v
f Ykd rdr&d UJ oEmefrmS jzpfwnfvmwJh 'geapwem&JU
tzdb
Yk m*udo
k mvQif b0jcm;oGm;olawGukd ay;a0vd&Yk w,fvYkd
qdv
k w
kd ,f/ 'Dxufww
d u
d susajym&&if 'geukov
kd u
f t
H jzpf
udak &muf&NdS yD; uror*wmtaeodYk aumif;pGma&muf&adS ewJh
'geukov
kd u
f aH pwem&JUtzdb
Yk m*udo
k m trQay;a0vd&Yk w,f/
k musawmh
udx
k ;l / / "e eJY 'geudak wmh uGyJ gNyD/ uror*wm qdw
wynfah wmf enf;enf;em;Iyo
f mG ;vdYk bk&m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? aumif;rIvyk o
f al wG[m or*wm (3) rsdK;udv
k nf; em;
vnfxm;oifMh uw,f/ or*wmqdw
k m jynfph akH ewJh tae
txm;aygh/ 'geukov
kd ef pYJ yfNyD; enf;enf;ajymjyyghr,f/
(1) tvSL'gewpfck rjyKcifeYJ jyKqJawGrmS pGev
Yf w
T v
f LS 'gef;vdw
k hJ
apwemawG jzpfvmygw,f/ tJ'aD pwemawGeYJ jynhpf akH ewJh
tcdu
k t
f wef-Y taetxm;udk apwemor*w
mvdYk ac:w,f/
o Z if om ; pm a y
(2) tJ'D apwemuav;uvnf; jzpfNy;D &if ysuo

f mG ;wmygyJ/ odYk
aomf tusKd ;ay;zdUk &m "mwfowx
d ;l wpfrsKd ;udk cEmtpOfrmS jrK yfEHS
csex
f m;&pfcw
hJ ,f/ tJ'gudk ur(uH)vdYk ac:w,f/ tvSLjyKvkyf
pOfrmS jzpfwhJ tavmb-apwemawG csKyfaysmufomG ;onfrS
tusKd ;ray;ciftxd Mum;umvrSm tJ'u
D w
H &m;awGeYJ jynfph kH
aew,f/ tJ'v
D kd uHw&m;awGeYJ jynfph akH ewJh tcsed u
f mv taetxm;udk uror*wmvdYk ac:w,f/
(3) tJ'u
D w
H &m;onf &ifu
h sufvmNyD;awmh tusdK;ay;csdew
f efwhJ
tcg tusdK;w&m;awGukd jzpfay:apygw,f/ tJovdk tusKd;
w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmwmudk 0dyguvdYk ac:w,f/ tJovdk
tusdK;ay;eJY jynfph akH ewJh tcgumv- taetxm;udk 0dygu
or*wmvdUk ac:w,f/
tJ'aD wmh trQa0zdq
Yk w
kd monf (1) eHygwf apwemor*wmudk
m
ausmv
f eG Nf y;D awmh (2) eHygwf 'geukov
kd u
f t
H jzpfukd a&muf&NdS y;D uror*w
taeodUk aumif;pGma&muf&adS ewJh 'geukov
kd u
f aH pwem&JU tzdUk bm*udo
k m
trQay;a0&wmjzpfygw,f/
udx
k ;l / / enf;enf;awmh &dyrf v
d movdyk gyJb&k m;/
t&Sif / / at;at;aq;aq; pOf;pm;aygh udkxl;&,f/ wu,fawmh
ukov
kd b
f ,fv&kd ovJqw
kd mudk em;vnfrS 'Dor*wm oH;k rsdK;
m (3) rsdK;udk em;vnfrv
S nf;
udk em;vnfvrd rhf ,f/ 'Dor*w
ukov
kd f b,fv&kd ovJqw
kd mudk em;vnfvrd rhf ,f/ tJ'gudk
awmh aemufrS ajymMuwmayghAsm/ avmavmq,fawmh trQ
a0wJh taMumif;udyk J jyefomG ;Muwmaygh/
udx
k ;l / / wifyghb&k m;/
txl ; rS w f c su
(txl
suf/
/ae&mwGif udkxl;em;vnfEdkifatmif
mw&m;rsm;udk (3)yg;csKyf ajymjyvdu
k jf cif; jzpfygonf/ t*Fw
k Kd &f
or*w
t|uxm? t|meygVd - 'kw,
d 0*ftzGiv
hf m tm,l[eor*wm? apwem
or*wm? uror*wm? 0dyguor*wm? Oy|meor*wm [laom or*wm
w&m; (5) yg;taMumif;udk pmtkyf 'kw,
d ydik ;f ukov
kd jf yKenf;vrf;Tef
wGif tjynft
h pHk zwfaI wmfrMl uyg&ef)
o Z if om ; pm a y
ZmPkamPdokwefvm trQa0 &-r&aom

bHkXme(5)rsdK;
t&Sif / / qdak wmh? trQa0vdYk &-r&qdw
k meJY qufpyfNy;D ajymMu&NyaD [h
qd&k if i&J? wd&pmef? vl? ewf? Nydwm &,fvYkd ow0gawG
jzpf&m bHXk me(5)rsdK;&Sad Mumif; udx
k ;l wd&Yk mG rSm ema&;BuHKorQ
OD;Zif; a[mjyzl;ygw,f/
udx
k ;l / / wifygh? ZmPkamPdow
k e v
f m tJ'D bHXk me(5)rsKd ;taMumif;
eJ?Y Nydwm bHrk mS oGm;jzpfoal wGqu
D o
kd m vljY ynfu vSLvdu
k w
f hJ
tvSL'ge&JUtmedoifa&muf&EdS ikd af Mumif; q&mawmf a[majym
wmudk rSwo
f m;zl;ygw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / aumif;Ny?D tJ'gqdk usew
f hJ bHXk meav;ckqu
D kd tvSL&JUtmedoif
ra&mufEikd &f jcif; taMumif;awGuakd &m rSwrf &d UJ vm;/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf g/ i&JrmS oGm;jzpfwo
hJ al wG[m i&Jom;ow0gawG&UJ tpm
tm[m&eJo
Y m i&JjynfrmS rQw&wm jzpfwt
hJ wGu?f wd&pmef
rsdK;rSm oGm;jzpf&wJo
h al wGonfvnf; wd&pmefrsKd;awG&UJ tpm
tm[m&eJY rQw&wmjzpfwt
hJ wGu?f vlrsdK;EG,rf mS oGm;jzpf&wJh
olwo
Ykd nfvnf; vlawG&UJ tpmtm[m&eJY vlUbHrk mS rQw&wJh
twGu?f ewfbrkH mS oGm;jzpf&wJh olawGonfvnf; ewfawG&UJ
tpmtm[m&eJY ewfbrkH mS rQw&wJt
h wGu?f vlUjynfu aqGrsKd ;
om;csi;f awGjyKwJh 'geukov
kd af wG[m olwaYkd wGqu
D kd ra&muf
&SEd ikd af Mumif; rSwo
f m;rdygw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / rSew
f ,f/
udx
k ;l / / wpfcak vmuf jzwfar;yg&apbk&m;/ i&JrmS jzpfaeMuwJh i&J
om;ow0gawG&UJ tpmtm[m&qdw
k m b,fvrkd sK;d ygvJ/ i&JrmS
tpmpm;csdeaf um &vdv
Yk m; bk&m;/
t&Sif / / i&JrmS awmh qif;&J'u
k rjywfEydS pf ufcaH eMu&wJt
h wGuf tpm
pm;csdef r&Edik af ybl; udx
k ;l &JU/ i&Jom;ow0gawG&UJ tpm
tm[m&udk ZmPkamPdokwftzGifhrSmyJ ae&,dumeH
tm[ma&m emr ww edAw
e urar0/ awae0 [d aw
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
ww ,mayEd qdNk yD; zGiq

hf jkd yxm;wJt
h wGuf i&JrmS jzpfap
wwfwhJ uHonfyif olw&Ykd UJ tm[m&yJvYkd rSwo
f m;&w,f
udx
k ;l &JU/ tJ'u
D rtm[m&eJyY J i&Jom;ow0gawG[m i&JrmS
rQwMu&ygowJ/h
/ rSwo
f m;xm;vdu
k yf gNyDb&k m;/
/ [kwNf yD? 'gqdk Nydwm awG twGuu
f a&m/
/ NydwmbHkrSm oGm;jzpfolawGtwGufuawmh vlawG pGefYypf
tyfwJh wHawG;ESyf pwJh NydwmbHkom;awG&JU tpmtm[m&
eJYaomfvnf;aumif;? vlUjynfrSm &SdaewJh taqGcifyGef; cspf
uRrf;0ifoal wGujzpfapp??aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGujzpfap ay;vSL
tyfwJh 'geeJYaomfvnf;aumif; NydwmbHkrSm rQwMu&wJh
twGuf vlUjynfu ay;vSLvdkufwJh 'geukodkvf[m Nydwm
awGqDudk a&muf&SdEdkifw,f vdYk odrw
S &f ygw,fb&k m;/
/ [efusNy?D tJ'gawG[m t*Fw
k & edum,f? 'uedygwf? pwkw
yPmou? ZmPkamPdow
k e rf mS ? ZmPkamPd ykPm ;
BuD;u uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;olawGukd &nfp;l NyD; ay;vSLwJh tvSL[m
uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;wJh aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGxu
H kd a&muf-ra&muf
ar;avQmufv?Ykd bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfwikd f jyefajzawmf rlcw
hJ m
awGyg/ 'Dae&mrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rSwo
f m;p&mwpfcu
k vljY ynf
uay;vSLvdu
k w
f hJ 'geukov
kd [
f m Nyw
d m awGqu
D kd qdu
k af &muf
Edik w
f ,fvq
Ykd akd omfjim;vnf; Nydwm wdik ;f qDoYkd a&mufEikd w
f m
rsKd;awmh r[kwaf o;bl;wJh udx
k ;l &JU/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ vljY ynfuae ay;vSLvdu
k w
f hJ 'geukov
kd o
f nf olwyg;ay;vSL
vdu
k w
f t
hJ vSL'geudk rSND yD; toufarG;Mu&wJh y&'wLyZD0u
d
Nydwm rsKd;awGqu
D o
kd m a&mufEikd w
f ,f/ edZm rmwPSu
d Nydwm
pwJh tjcm;tjcm;aom Nydwm awGtaeeJu
Y awmh tJ''D ge&JU
tusK;d udk rok;H aqmif rcHpm;&bl;vdq
Yk w
kd ,f/ qdak wmh? b0jcm;
oGm; olawGukd &nfreS ;f NyD; vlUjynfu vSL'gef;vdu
k w
f t
hJ vSL
ra&mufEikd w
f hJ bHXk meu av;ck? a&mufEikd w
f hJ bHXk meu wpfcyk g/
/ rSeyf gbk&m;/
/ tJ'gqdk bmar;p&m &Sad o;owke;f udx
k ;l &JU/
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf g? 'Dae&mrSmudk wynfah wmf csed q
f vdrYk &jzpfaewmygbk&m;/
t&Sif / / ajymprf;ygOD;/
tydkawGrsm; jzpfaeovm;
udx
k ;l / / vljY ynfu 'geukov
kd o
f nf Nyw
d m wdq
Yk u
D o
kd m a&mufEikd af Mumif;
udv
k nf; bk&m;&Sit
f xift&Sm;a[mawmfrx
l m;ygw,f/ wpfcg
t&Sib
f &k m;wdYk a&pufcstrQa0Mujyefawmh? odMum;rif;? ,r
rif;? jA[mrif;? jynf&h iS rf if;? pwkavmuygv orma'0awGa&m?
ud,
k af pmifeh wf? awmapmifeh wf? awmifapmifeh wfqw
kd mawG
a&m? oH;k q,fw
h pfbkH &S&d o
dS rQqdw
k mawGa&m ygvmvdYk tydk
awGrsm; jzpfaeovm;vdyYk g/ aemufNy;D wynfah wmfwUkd tvSLyGJ
udk vmolawGuvnf; tvSL&Siu
f trQ trQqdv
k o
Ykd m om"k
om"k ac:&ygw,f? 'geukov
kd f ra&mufEikd w
f o
hJ pl m&if;xJ
ud,
k yf g ygaeavawmh tydak wGrsm; jzpfaeovm;vdyYk gbk&m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? udx
k ;l &JUar;cGe;f u wu,fah r;cGe;f yJ? OD;Zif;wdv
Yk nf;
tJ'jD yemudk pOf;pm;rdyg&JU/ oD&v
d uFmEdik if u
H akd &mufomG ;awmh
oD&v
d uFmrSm trQa0yHrk sm; w,f;kd pif;oud;k udx
k ;l &JU? tvSL&Sif
d m a[mEK
ud,
k w
f ikd u
f 'H ar mwDeH a[mwk? okcw
mwa,m vdYk &Gwq
f Nkd yD; a&pufavmif;cs vdu
k w
f mygyJ/ qdk
vdw
k mu aumif;rIonf aqGrsdK;awGtwGuf jzpfygap?
aqGrsdK;awG csrf;omMuygapownf; vdYk d;k d;k av; &Gwq
f kd
a&pufavmif;vdu
k w
f mygyJ/
jrefrmjynfrmS vdk ,aeY,ck b,fvakd umif;rIawGukd jyKMu
aMumif;? aumif;rIprG ;f tm;aMumifh b,fob
Ykd ,fykH aumif;usdK;
w&m;awGukd cHpm;&vdak Mumif;? trdtz ud,
k af pmifeh wfu
tp trQay;a0vdo
k rQ pm&if;jyNyD; (31) bHk &So
d rQow0g
tukev
f ;kH udk trQay;a0MuygaMumif;? 0okEa &oufaot&m
wnfygapaMumif; cef;cef;em;em;&GwfqdkMuNyD;awmhrS trQ
trQ trQ ,lawmfrMl uygukeaf vm pojzifh trQay;a0avh
o Z if om ; pm a y
r&SMd uaybl; udx

k ;l &JU/ NyD;awmh olwdkY qdkwmxJrSm
trQ trQ trQ ,lawmfrlMuygukefavmh qdkwJh
jrefrmjynfu trQa0yHkeJY xyfwlnDrQwJh pum;&yf
vnf; rygaybl; udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / ydNk yD; pdw0f ifpm;p&m aumif;vmygNyD bk&m;/ tJ'D
awmh olwq
Ykd u
D a&pufoeG ;f yHek YJ wynfah wmfwYkd
jrefrmjynfu a&pufcstrQa0yHk b,fyu
kH ydNk y;D [ef?
tusKd;ay;oefavrvJ &Si;f jyay;awmfryl gOD;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / at;As? udx
k ;l &JUar;cGe;f udk ckaeajzvdu
k &f if ajy
awmhajyvnfavmufyg&JU? odaYk omf ydNk yD;cdik cf ikd v
f kH
vHak v; jzpfomG ;atmif aemufaeYrS wpfacgufvm
cJyh g? 'Dn pmenf;enf;Munfx
h m;vdu
k rf ,f/
udx
k ;l / / tJ'gqdk eufjzefrS wpfacgufvmcJyh gOD;r,f bk&m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
oD&dvuFmtrQa0yHkudk pdppfjcif;
udx
k ;l / / raeYu tvkyu
f pd r sm;oGm;wmeJY 'DaeYryS J a&mufEikd yf g
awmhw,f bk&m;/
t&Sif / / vlwaYkd bmifu;kd udx
k ;l &JU? OD;Zif;twGuf pmMunfch sdef
wpf&uf wd;k &oGm;wmaygh/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf gbk&m;? tJ'gqdk [dw
k pfaeYu q&mawmfred cYf w
hJ hJ
jrefrmeJY oD&v
d uFm trQa0yHk jcm;em;wmaMumifh tusKd;
&vm'ftae b,foal wG ay;a0wmu omavrvJ
qdw
k m qufygOD;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / wu,fawmh jrefrmeJY oD&v
d uFm trQa0yHk uGmjcm;w,f
qdak yr,fh pOf;pm;Munfah wmhvnf; twlwyl gyJ udx
k ;l &JU?
tif; ... jcm;em;wmrsm;vnf;&Syd gao;&JUav/ jcm;em;wm
udk aemufxm;vdYk avmavmq,fww
l mudk t&ifajymr,f/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf gbk&m;/
t&Sif / / jrefrmjynfrmS a&pufcsyu
kH trdtzupNy;D oGm;vdu
k w
f m
oH;k q,fw
h pfbo
kH m; tm;vH;k txd Te;f qdw
k mqdak wmh
o Z if om ; pm a y
ZmPkamPdow
k e t
f vdt
k & &cGi&hf -dS r&Sw
d hJ bHXk me (5)
rsKd ;vH;k trQa0cH&wJt
h xJ ygygNy/D qdv
k w
kd mu jrefrmjynf
trQa0[efu b,faqGrsK;d Nyw
d m rS usepf &mr&Sw
d t
hJ wGuf
vH;k 0NyD;jynfph w
kH hJ trQa0rIrsdK;vdYk qd&k r,f/
udx
t&Sif / / oD&v
d uFmtrQa0[efukd pdppfr,f/ olw
Ykd eT ;f qdw
k mu
aumif;rIonf aqGrsKd ;awGtwGuf jzpfygap? aqGrsKd ;
awGcsrf;omMuygapownf; vdo
Yk mqdw
k ,f? trdtz
&,f? q&morm;&,f? odMum;rif;&,f? ud,
k af pmifeh wf
&,f? bm&,fnm&,fvYkd emrnfwyfNyD; rTe;f qdMk uay
bl;/ tJ'gudk ZmPkamPdBuD;u uG,v
f eG o
f l aqGrsK;d
om;csi;f awG[m 'geaumif;rIqu
kd af &mufEikd cf iG &hf w
dS hJ Nyw
d m
bHrk mS a&mufraeMubJ wpfjcm;bHXk meawGrmS oGm;jzpf
aeMur,fq&kd if vljY ynfuay;vSLvdu
k w
f hJ 'ge&JUtmedoif
udk b,fo&l rvJb&k m; qdNk yD; ar;vdYk jrwfpmG bk&m;u
ykPm ;? rQ&n
S v
f sm;aom tcsed t
f cg0,f uG,v
f eG o
f l
aqGrsKd;om;csif;wdrYk S uif;qdw&f m Xme&S&d m\[laom
taMumif;onf t&mr[kw?f tcGirhf [kwaf y/ ykPm ;?
trSepf ifppftm;jzifh tvSL&Sio
f nfvnf; tusKd;rJh rjzpf
Edik f qdNk yD; ajzawmfrw
l ,f/
udx
k ;l / / oabmaygufygNyD bk&m;/ bk&m;&Siq
f v
kd w
kd mu oHo&m
BuD; 'Davmuf&n
S Mf um usifvnfvmMuwm? b,fbrkH mS
awmhjzifh ighaqGrsdK;awG wpfa,mufrS &Srd aebl;qdw
k m
rjzpfEikd b
f ;l / vlb
Y ?kH ewfbakH wGrmS vnf; aqGa[mif;
rsKd;a[mif;awG &Sad eEdik Mf uovd?k i&J? wd&pmef? Nydwm bHk
awGrmS vnf; aqGa[mif;rsKd;a[mif;awG &Su
d &kd adS eMuwm
yJvYkd rdeaYf wmfrv
l u
kd w
f mvdYk oabmaygufryd gw,fb&k m;/
tJ'aD wmh 'getmedoifa&mufciG &hf o
dS al wGxH a&mufapzdYk
u trdtz? q&morm;? odMum;jA[m pojzifh Te;f qdk
wmrsKd ;rygayr,fh aumif;rIonf aqGrsKd ;awGtwGuf
o Z if om ; pm a y
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
jzpfygap? aqGrsdK;awG csrf;omMuygapownf; vdkY

tusOf;csKyf Te;f qdv
k u
kd f ekH v
YJ nf; vdt
k yfaewJh aqGrsdK;
Nydwm awGqD 'getmedoifa&muf&edS ikd w
f ,fvYkd oabm
aygufryd gw,fb&k m;/
/ 'gqd&k if? jrefrmeJY oD&v
d uFm a&pufcsTe;f qdyk u
kH mG jcm;
ayr,fh aqGrsdK;Nydwm awGqD 'getmedoif oufa&mufykH
ruGmjcm;bl;qdw
k m oabmaygufNyDaygh/
/ oabmaygufygNyb
D &k m;/
/ [efusNyD? 'Dwpfcg jcm;em;wmudk ajym&r,fh tvSn/hf
odaYk omf tJ'jD cm;em;rIukd rajymcif Nydwm awGqu
D kd 'ge
tmedoif b,fvakd &mufw,fqw
kd m t&ifajymjyESi&hf OD;
r,f/ 'Du vlb
Y u
kH 'geaumif;rIjyKNy;D trQay;a0vdu
k v
f Ykd
&S&d if? Nyw
d m awGuvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om om"kac:&if?
olwrYkd mS tpm;taomuf t0wfwefqm aexdik pf &mawG
tvdt
k avsmuf&&Sjd ynfph o
kH mG ;Mud;k "rwmyg/ tJovdjk zpf
wmrsKd ;udyk J uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;olawGtwGuf &nfp;l Ny;D vlUbHk
uae ay;vSLvdu
k w
f hJ 'geukov
kd o
f nf Nyw
d m bHrk mS oGm;
jzpfaeMuwJh aqGrsKd ;Nyw
d m awGqD a&muf &SEd ikd w
f ,f vdUk
a[mawmfrv
l &kd if;jzpfaMumif; rSwo
f m;&r,f/ wda&m
uk#ow
k e f t|uxmrSm zGijhf yxm;wm ody&f iS ;f w,f/
/ rdeyYf gOD;bk&m;/
/ ZmwfaMumif;u enf;enf;awmh&n
S w
f ,f/ odaYk omfvnf;
oem;p&mNyw
d m awG&UJ rdu
k jf ypfawGukd oHa0*yg,l&atmif
ajymMuwmayghav/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
vGefcJhaom udk;q,fhESpfurmu tjzpftysuf

t&Sif / / a0VK0efausmif;'g,um Adro
d m&rif;BuD;[m 'Durmuae
jyefNy;D a&wGurf ,fq&kd if vGecf w
hJ hJ ud;k q,fEh pS u
f rm? zk
bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmftcgwke;f u twGi;f 0eftrwf
wpfO;D jzpfczhJ ;l ygowJ/h zkbk&m;&Sief YJ tazwl-taruGJ
rif ; om;nD a emif o H k ; OD ; wd k Y & J U twG i f ; 0ef t rwf a ygh /
crnf;awmf Z,aoerif;BuD;&JU cGijhf yKcsuft&? tJ'D
rif;om;nDaemifo;kH OD;? bk&m;trSL;&Sw
d hJ &[ef;awmfawGukd
qGr;f vSLcGiBhf uHKwJt
h cg olw&Ykd UJ b@mpd;k trwfeYJ twGi;f 0ef
trwfwu
Ykd rif;om;awG&UJ ud,
k pf m; tppt&m&m pDpOf
ay;Mu&w,f/
b@mpd;k trwfu b@mawmfawGukd MunfMunfjzLjzL
xkwaf y;w,f/ twGi;f 0eftrwfu tJ'b
D @mawmfaiGeYJ
v'gef;zG,&f mawGukd pkaqmif;w,f/ Zeyk'o
f m; vlaygif;
wpfaomif;wpfaxmifet
YJ wl aumif;aumif;rGerf eG f pDrH
csujf yKwfNy;D awmh bk&m;trSL;&Sw
d hJ oHCmawmfawGukd aeY
pOfrjywf qGr;f qufuyf vSL'gef;ay;&w,f/ tvSL&Sif
rif;om;oH;k OD;uawmh &Jbufi,fuRepf pfonfawmfaygif;
wpfaxmifet
YJ wl oDwif;oDvaqmufwnf? 0wfBuD;
0wfi,fawGjyK? w&m;"rawG em,lNy;D awmh bk&m;ausmif;
awmfrmS yJ aeMuygowJh udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf ghb&k m;/
t&Sif / / tJ? twGi;f 0eftrwf&UJ vlaygif;wpfaomif;wpfaxmif
xJrmS pdwo
f abmxm;qd;k ,kww
f o
hJ w
l csdKU ygvmw,f/
olw[
Ykd m bk&m;trSL;&Sw
d hJ oHCmawmfawGtwGuf pDrH
csujf yKwfxm;wmawGukd ud,
k w
f ikd v
f nf; cd;k 0Supf m;aomuf
Muovd?k olw&Ykd UJ om;orD;awGuv
kd nf; cd;k cd;k NyD; auR;
arG;Muw,f? 'ghtjyif tvSLr@yfuykd g rD;wifUId Muygao;
owJ/h
udx
k ;l / / qd;k vdu
k w
f mbk&m;? wynfah wmfwYkd Mum;zl;xm;wmu
bk&m;trSL;&Sw
d hJ oHCmawmfawG&UJ pm;OD;pm;zsm;udk cd;k pm;
Muw,favmufyJ Mum;zl;xm;wm? wu,fawmh cd;k pm;Hk
o Z if om ; pm a y
wifru? rD;yg dUI Muao;wmud;k bk&m;/

t&Sif / / tif;? [kww
f ,f? 'Dvekd YJ tJ'b
D 0u aovGeMf uwJt
h cg
crnf;awmf Z,aoerif;BuD;&,f? rif;om;nDaemifo;kH OD;
&,f? twGi;f 0eftrwf&,f? b@mpd;k olaX;eJY tNcHt&H
y&dwo
f wfawG&,fu ewf&mG ok*wdrmS oGm;jzpfMuw,f/
twGi;f 0eftrwf&UJ pdwo
f abmxm;qd;k 0g;wJh aqGrsKd ;awG
uawmh i&JbrkH mS oGm;jzpfMuw,f/ tJ'ED pS zf UJG [m ewfjynf
wckuae ewfjynfwckoYkd ? i&Jjynf wckuae i&Jjynf
wpfco
k Ykd ajymif;a&TU ajymif;a&TUNyD; usifvnfvmvdu
k Mf u
wm ud;k q,fEh pS u
f rm ukev
f eG v
f mcJMh uw,f/ 'Dvekd YJ
a[m'Db'urmrSm? uyjrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif yGiahf wmfrv
l m
wJt
h cgusawmh twGi;f 0ef&UJ oabmqd;k wJah qGrsKd ;awG[m
Nydwm bHrk mS vmjzpfMuygowJh udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
uRwfrSuRwfygOD;awmhrvm;
t&Sif / / tJ'ND ydwm awG[m vlawGu aumif;rIjyKay;wJt
h wGuf
pnf;pdrf csr;f omawG jynfph o
kH mG ;MuwJh tjcm;Nyw
d m awGukd
awGUjrifMu&wJt
h cg? olwv
Ykd nf; tJovdk pnf;pdrcf srf;
omrsdK;udk &Edik f r&Edik f odvv
kd mMuw,f/ tJ'geJY wpfaeY
awmh uybk&m;&Six
f aH wmfukd csOf;uyfNyD; bkef;
awmfBu;D awmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;? wynfah wmfrsm;vnf;
tJovdk pnf;pdrcf sr;f omrsKd ;udk &Edik Mf uygOD;rvm; bk&m;
qdNk yD; ar;avQmufMuw,f/
uyjrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu
f ....
ckavmavmq,fawmh r&Edkifao;bl;? tE&uyf
wpfuyf ukefvGefNyD; a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif yGifh
awmfrlwJhtcg? oifwdkY&JUaqGrsdK;a[mif; twGif;0ef
trwfwjzpfvJ Adrdom& rif;BuD;[m a*gwrjrwfpGm
bk&m;&Sifudk tvSLBuD;ay;NyD;? oifwdkUudk &nfTef;wJh
o Z if om ; pm a y
tcgrS tJovdk pnf;pdrcf srf;omrsdK;udk &Muayvdrrhf ,f

qdNk yD; Asm'dwpf um; rdeMYf um;awmfryl gowJh udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf ghb&k m;/ 'Dae&mrSm wpfcak vmuf ar;prf;yg&apOD;
bk&m;/ tJovdk Nydwm awGtzd&Yk mrSm jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif
tem;udk csnf;uyfzq
Ykd w
kd m vG,yf ghrvm;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / Nydwm awGtaeeJY bk&m;&Siw
f Ykd xHawmfem;udk csnf;uyf
zdq
Yk w
kd m b,fv,
G v
f rd rhf vJ udx
k ;l &JU/ odaYk omfvnf;
taMumif;xl;wpfpw
kH pfcu
k kd jrifawmfr&l if cGijhf yKawmfrl
wwfMuygw,f/ "ry't|uxmrSmvm&Sw
d hJ umV,ude D
0wKrSm bDv;l rwpfa,mufu om;onfrcd ifwpfa,muf
qDu uav;udk vdu
k v
f ak wmh tJ't
D rsK;d orD;u aZw0ef
ausmif;awmfxJ 0ifajy;w,f/ okretrnf&w
dS hJ tapmifh
ta&Smufewfu wm;xm;vdYk bDv;l ru ausmif;0if;xJ
udk 0ifvrYkd &bJ tjyifu &yfapmifw
h ,f/ bDv;l rvnf;
aomwmyefwnf? vlrsm;pGmvnf; pD;yGg;csr;f omjzpfMurSm
udk jrifawmfrv
l Ykd jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu
f nDawmftmeEmudk
apvTwNf yD; tac:cdik ;f vdYk bDv;l rvnf; bk&m;&Sief m;udk
csnf;uyfciG &hf aMumif;vm &Syd gw,f/
udx
k ;l / / auseyfygNyDb&k m;/
oem;p&mNydwmwdkY\aomu
t&Sif / / udik ;f ? tJovdq
k kd a&SUqufomG ;&atmif/ 'Dvekd YJ a*gwr
bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfoYkd a&mufvmwJt
h cg? rif;om;
nDaemifo;kH OD;[m tNcHt&H wpfaxmifet
YJ wl ewfjynf
uae pkawcJNh yD;awmh *,moDot&yfrmS &aohnaD emif
&Siw
f pfaxmif&,fvYkd jzpfvmMuw,f/ twGi;f 0eftrwf
uawmh r*"wdik ;f &Sib
f &k ifArd o
d m&jzpfvmw,f/ b@mpd;k
olaX;u 0domcolaX; jzpfvmw,f? tJ'b
D @mpd;k &JU
uawmfuawmh "r'Ed m olaX;o;D qdNk yD; toD;oD;jzpfvm
o Z if om ; pm a y
Muw,f/ tJ'w
D ek ;f u <uif;usew
f hJ y&dwo
f wfawGuawmh
Adro
d m&rif;BuD;&JU tNcHt&HawG jzpfvmMuygowJ/h
udx
t&Sif / / Adro
d m&rif;BuD;[m bk&m;jrwfpmG &mZN*dK[fjynfoYkd <u
a&mufawmfrlwJhaeYrSmyJ tNcHt&HykPm;olaX;aygif;
wpfoed ;f wpfaomif;wdeYk t
YJ wl aomwmyeftjzpfoYkd qdu
k f
a&mufNy;D ? a&Teef;awmfBuD;rSm tvSLBuD; ay;awmfrw
l ,f/
Nydwm awGuvnf; olwaYkd rQmfaewJt
h csdeu
f kd a&mufvm
NyDqNkd yD;awmh om"kac:qdEk ikd zf Ykd 0rf;omtm;& apmifah rQmf
aecJMh uw,f/ rif;BuD;uawmh jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sit
f wGuf
ausmif;awmfae&mudo
k m BuHpnfpOf;pm;aecJw
h t
hJ wGuf
aumif;rItzdkYbm*udk b,folwpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrQ
trQcGe;f csdK rTe;f qdrk cd ahJ ybl;/ tJ'rD mS Nydwm awG[m
arQmfvifch sufuif;jywfNyD; tifrwefpw
d af omu a&muf
Mu&&SmowJ/h nbufa&mufwt
hJ cgusawmh tvGew
f &m
aMumufrufz,
G af umif;avmufatmif ememusn;f usn;f
nnf;nLatmf[pfajcmufveS MYf uygowJh udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
trQcGef;csdK Tef;qdkavaomtcg
t&Sif / / Adro
d m&rif;BuD;vnf; aemufaeYr;kd aomuf tvif;a&muf
wJt
h cg tJ't
D aMumif;awGukd bk&m;&Siu
f kd avQmufxm;
vdYk Nydwm awG&UJ tjzpfoepf taMumif;pHu
k kd od&wJt
h cg?
bk&m;trSL;&Sw
d hJ oHCmawmf t&Sijf rwfawGukd a&Teef;
awmfodkY wzefyifhzdwfjyefygw,f/ NydwmawGuvnf;
'DaeYawmhjzifh ukov
kd t
f rQ wu,f&MuawmhrmS yJ qdNk yD;
awmh? a&Teef;awmf&UJ eH&w
H zuf ponfuae apmifah rQmf
aeMuygowJ/h jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siv
f nf; 'kua &mufaeMuwJh
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
tJ'ND yw
d m awGukd rif;BuD;ud,
k w
f ikd f jrifawGUEdik af pzdYk wefc;kd
tpDtrH zefw;D ay;awmfryl gowJh udx
k ;l &JU/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ rif;BuD;vnf; bk&m;&Siv
f ufawmfoYkd a&pufavmif;vSL
&if; 'Har mwDeH a[mwk- a&Munf a&puf
tvSLonf aqGrsKd ;awGtwGuf jzpfygapownf; qdNk y;D
awmh trQceG ;f csKd Te;f qdak wmfrv
l u
kd w
f ,f/ tJ'cD PrSmyJ
Nydwm awGtwGuf MumrsKd;ig;yg;eJY NyD;jynfph w
kH ahJ &uefawG
jzpfay:vmNyD;awmh? NydwmawGvnf; 0rf;omtm;&
aomufMu csdK;Mu&w,f/ tJ'rD mS ylavmifaewmawG?
a&qmrGwo
f yd af ewmawG aysmufuif;NyD;awmh a&Ta&mif
tqif;uJo
h Ykd 0g0g0if;0if; jzpfvmMuygowJh udx
k ;l &JU/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ qufvufNyD;? ,m*k cJz,
G f abmZOf qGr;f wdUk udk tpOf
twkid ;f qufuyfvLS 'gef;NyD; trQcGe;f csdK Te;f qdv
k u
kd w
f hJ
tcg ewfwo
Ykd ;kH aqmifwhJ ,m*k cJz,
G f abmZOfawG
xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmMujyefw,f/ Nydwm awGvnf; tm;yg;
w& oH;k aqmif pm;aomufMu&wJt
h wGuf rsufpd em;
ESm vQm ud,
k f ajEawG pdpk akd jyajy jynfjh ynfNh zdK;NzdK;
jzpfvmMu&w,f/ aemufxyf t0wfouFe;f tdy,
f mae&m
awGukd qufuyfvLS 'gef;Ny;D trQa0vdu
k w
f t
hJ cg? Nyw
d m awG
twGuf ewft0wftpm;? ,mOf&xm;? bHek ef;jymom'f?
tcif;tNcKH ? tdy,
f mae&m? tqifwef;qmtrsKd ;rsKd ; xif
xif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfay:vmMujyefygw,f/
tJovdk Nydwm awGrmS pnf;pdrcf srf;om ajrmufrsm;pGm
jzpfymG ;vmyHak wGukd jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si&f UJ t"d|mefawmfrcl suf
t& rsuf0g;xifxif awGUjrifvu
kd &f wJh bk&ifBuD;onf
vnf; tifrwef 0rf;ajrmufawmfr&l mS ygowJh udx
k ;l &JU/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ tJ'w
D ek ;f u Nydwm awG tm;&0rf;om om"ktEkarm'em
ac:MuyHu
k kd 'H aem 'geH [dwm, okcg, a[mwl wd
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l
t&Sif
udx
k ;l
t&Sif
udx
k ;l
t&Sif
1/
arm'Ed tEkarm'E?d yDwad omreZmwm a[mEw

D d qdk
d m&
NyD; t|uxmq&mu zGiq
hf &kd iS ;f jyxm;w,f/ Adro
rif;Bu;D &JUaumif;rIonf igwd\
Yk tpD;tyGm; tcsr;f tom
twGuf jzpfygapom; qdNk yD;awmh 0rf;ajrmufMuw,f?
tEkarm'emjyKMuw,f? yDwad omrew&m;awG jzpf
yGm;Muw,f vdYk qdv
k w
kd ,f/
/ / 0rf;ajrmufp&mBuD;ygbk&m;/
/ / 'gu Nydwm awGqu
D kd 'getmedoif b,fvakd &mufw,f
qdw
k m t&ifajymjyxm;ESiw
hf m/
/ / rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ / 'Du vlUbHu
k 'geaumif;rIjyKNy;D trQay;a0vdu
k v
f &Ykd &dS if?
NydwmawGuvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om om"kac:&if?
olwrYkd mS tpm;taomuf t0wfwefqm aexdik pf &mawG
tvdt
k avsmuf &&Sjd ynfph o
kH mG ;Mu&d;k "rwmyg/ tJovdk
jzpfwmrsdK;udyk J uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;olawGtwGuf &nfp;l NyD;
vlb
Y u
kH ae ay;vSLvdu
k w
f hJ 'geukov
kd o
f nf Nydwm bHrk mS
oGm;jzpfaeMuwJh aqGrsK;d Nyw
d m awGqD a&muf&EdS ikd w
f ,f vdYk
a[mawmfrv
l &kd if;jzpfaMumif; rSwo
f m;&r,f/
/ / rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ / tJ? rl&if; wda&muk#ow
k yf gVdawmf *gxmeHygwf (1) eJY
(2)rSmNyw
d m awG[m olwt
Ykd wdwu
f jyKcJw
h hJ uHawGaMumifh
tdraf wGx0J ifaecGirhf &? vrf;qHv
k rf;cG? olrsm;awG&UJ tdrf
NcHpnf;d;k tpem;av;awGrmS rScD u
kd yf&yfNyD; dKS ;dKS ;EGr;f
EGr;f &yfwnfaexdik Mf u&yH?k vlwcsdKU[m qGr;f awmfwif?
yef;awmfuyfqo
kd vdk ukov
kd af umif;rIawG vkyMf uap
umrl Nyw
d m awGukd trQay;a0zdYk owdr&MuyHak wGukd 'Dvkd
azmfjyxm;w,f(Nydwm wdo
Yk nf) rdrt
d rd o
f v
Ykd mMu eH&jH yifbufwYkd vnf;
aumif;? vrf;qHv
k rf;cG tdrNf cHpyfwYkd vnf;aumif;? wHcg;0
wHcg;aygifwYkd vnf;aumif; &yfwnfuek \
f /
o Z if om ; pm a y
2/
udx
k ;l
t&Sif
3/
4/
udx
k ;l
t&Sif
5/
rsm;pGmaom xrif;tazsmf cJz,

G af bmZOfwu
Ykd kd (vSL'gef;&ef)
jyKpD&ifaomfvnf;? xdk (Nyw
d m ) ow0gwd\
Yk uHtaMumif;aMumifh
xdNk ydwm ow0gwdu
Yk kd wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaomolurQ trSwf
r&/ qdyk J udx
k ;l &JU/
/ / aMumufp&mBuD;ygbk&m;? tukov
kd u
f aH wG ydwq
f NYkd yq
D &kd if
wu,faMumufp&mMuD;ygbk&m;/
/ / oem;wwfwJh? trQa0&aumif;rSef;odwJhol wcsdKUu
awmhjzifh Nydwm awGu&kd nfp;l NyD; aumif;rIjyKwwfMuwJh
taMumif;eJY Nydwm awG om"ktEkarm'emac:MuaMumif;
awGuakd wmh *gxmeHygwf (3) eJY (4) rSm 'Dvjkd yxm;w,foem;wwfaom tMuifow
l o
Ykd nf aqGrsKd;Nydwm wdYk uyf
a&mufvmaomtcg pifMu,freG jf rwf avsmufywfaom
tazsmfabmZOfukd tvSL0wKonf oif(Nydwm ) aqGrsKd;
wdt
Yk m; jzpfapownf;/ (Nydwm ) aqGrsKd;wdo
Yk nf csrf;om
Muapukefownf; [k rdwfaqG-trsKd;-NydwmwdkYtwGuf
&nfeT ;f ay;vSLuke\
f /
xdak qGrsKd;Nydwm wdo
Yk nf xdt
k &yfoYkd nDw
G af ygif;qH
k vm
a&mufMuukeNf yD;vQif rsm;pGmaom xrif;tazsmfukd (rdrw
d Ykd
tm;&nfeT ;f ay;vSLtyfonf&adS omf) 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
tEkarm'em jyKMuuke\
f wJ/h
/ / rSeyf gbk&m;? oHo&mu aqGruif; rsKd ;ruif;olawG &Sad e
MurSm trSeyf gyJb&k m;/ 'DaeYupNy;D qGr;f awmfyJ wifwif?
a&csr;f yJ uyfuyf olwaYkd wGu&kd nfp;l Ny;D rarhravsmh trQ
ay;a0yghr,fb&k m;/
/ / tif;? aumif;w,f/ tJovdk om"kac:cGi&hf NyD; csrf;om
oGm;MuwJh Nyw
d m awGu olwu
Ykd kd trQay;a0MuolawGukd
arwmwkejYf yefMuwJh taMumif;udk *gxmeHygwf (5) rSm
'Dvkd a[mjyawmfrx
l m;w,ftMuifaqGrsKd;wdkY\ (ay;vjcif;[laom) taMumif;
aMumifh? (pnf;pdrfcsrf;omudk) igwdkY&Muukef\/ igwdkY\
o Z if om ; pm a y
tusKd;iSgvnf; ylaZmfrIudk jyKMuukef\/ ay;vol aqGrsKd;

wdkYonfvnf; tusKd;rsm;ukef\/ xdkigwdkY\ aqGrsKd;wdkYonf
MumjrifhpGm touf&SnfMuygapukefownf; wJ/h
udx
k ;l / / olwdkYvnf; olwdkYwwfedkif&mu arwmwkefYjyefMuwJh
oabmayghb&k m;/ 0rf;ajrmufp&mBuD;ygbk&m;/
t&Sif / / at;As? 'gawGuawmh [dw
k pfaeYuaqG;aEG;cJMh uwJh bHXk me
(5)rsdK;r,f Nydwm awGqu
D o
kd m tv'ge&JU aumif;usdK;
tmedoifawGa&mufEikd w
f ,fqw
kd hJ ZmPkamPdow
k e f
rSm a[mawmfrx
l m;wmudk ck'u
edum,f? ck'u
ygX ygVd
awmfvm wda&muk#o
w
k e ef YJ olU&JUtzGiu
hf Mkd unfNh y;D ajymjy
cJw
h mawGyg/ wu,fawmh vlvcl si;f trQay;a0wJt
h wGuf
(odrYk [kw)f vlu ewfawGut
kd rQay;a0wJt
h wGuf om"k
ac:&usKd ;&Syd akH wGvnf; yd#uwfawmfrmS vm&Syd gao;w,f
udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / rdeaYf wmfryl gOD;bk&m;? EdrYk q
Ykd kd [dw
k pfaeYu wynfah wmf
avQmufco
hJ vd?k 'geaumif;rI tmedoif[m Nydwm awG
qDuo
kd m a&mufEikd w
f ,fvnf;qdak o;? trQa0awmh oH;k
q,fw
h pfbkH ukeaf tmifvnf;a0ao; qdo
k vdk xifrw
S f
rSm;aerdvyYkd gbk&m;/
t&Sif / / ajymjyrSmaygh udx
k ;l &,f? 'DaeYawmh rsm;NyD? em;MuOD;pd/Yk
odaYk omf rem;Mucif ajymp&mwpfck ta<u;wifaew,f/
udx
k ;l / / odygw,fb&k m;/ oD&v
d uFmuvlawG a&pufcswJt
h cg
trQ trQ trQ ,lawmfrMl uygukeaf vmh qdw
k hJ jrefrm
jynfu trQa0yHek YJ xyfwn
l rD QwhJ pum;&yfrygbl;qdw
k m
useaf ewmygbk&m;/
t&Sif / / [kwfygh udx
k ;l &,f/ tJ'gudk &Si;f &&if ckeu Adro
d m&
rif;BuD; trQa0r,fvyk af wmh Nydwm awG pka0;a&muf&dS
vmMuyHak wG? aumif;rIonf aqGrsKd ;awGtwGuf jzpf
ygapqdNk y;D a&pufavmif;vdu
k o
f nfEiS hw
f pfNyKd ifeuf om"k
tEkarm'em ac:vdu
k Mf uwJh (odrYk [kw)f 0rf;ajrmufvu
kd f
o Z if om ; pm a y
MuwJh Nyw
d m awGtzdUk &mrSm Nyw
d m toGiaf ysmufNy;D pnf;pdrf
awGa&mufvmyHak wGukd axmufq&if? oD&v
d uFmom;awG
k hJ pum;
a&pufavmif; wJt
h cg trQ trQ trQ qdw
&yfrsKd; rygyif rygapumrl? olwu
Ykd &kd nfp;l NyD; aumif;rI
jyK? a&pufavmif;&Hrk QeJU Nydwm awG od&EdS ikd f om"kac:
0rf;ajrmufEdkifaMumif; oHo,&Sif;&Sif;eJY rSwfom;Edkif
avmufr,fxifyg&JU udx
k ;l a&/
udx
k ;l / / &Si;f ygNyDb&k m;? &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;rSwo
f m;Edik yf gNyD bk&m;/
t&Sif / / aumif;ygNyD udx
k ;l a&? jrefrmeJY oD&v
d uFm trQa0wJh
tmedoif wlw,fqakd omfvnf;? jcm;em;rIawG &Sad eao;
aMumif; pum;a<u;usecf w
hJ mudak wmh aemufaeYrS qufMu
wmaygh? 'DaeYawmh em;MuygOD;pd/Yk
udx
k ;l / / rSev
f yS gbk&m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
jrefrmjynftrQa0yHkudk pdppfjcif;
t&Sif / / udik ;f ..? 'DaeYawmh jrefrmeJY oD&v
d uFm trQa0wJt
h cg
&vm'fjcif; ruGmjcm;ayr,f?h jcm;em;wmav;awGvnf;
&Sad eao;w,fqakd wmh jcm;em;wmawGukd ajymMuwmaygh
udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / wifyghb&k m;? wpfcak vmuf jzwfavQmufyg&apOD;bk&m;/
[dw
k pfaeYu rdecYf &hJ mrSm oD&v
d uFmr,f trQa0wJt
h cg
trQ trQ trQ ,lawmfrMl uygukeaf vmhqw
kd hJ pum;
&yfrsKd ; rygaomfvnf; &vm'ftm;jzifh ruGmjcm;bl;qdw
k m
odc&hJ ygw,fb&k m;/ odaYk omfvnf; wynfah wmfwYkd tae
rSmawmhjzifh trQ trQ trQqdw
k mav;rS ryg&if qm;
rygwJ[
h if;vdk jzpfaewmawmh trSeyf gyJb&k m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? tJ'gu tavhtvmeJq
Y ikd w
f ,f udx
k ;l / wu,f
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
u trQ trQ trQ qdw

k hJ pum;&yfygonfjzpfap ryg
onfjzpfap? aoolu&kd nfp;l NyD; aumif;rIjyK a&pufcsNyD
qdu
k wnf;u tu,f uG,v
f eG o
f [
l m Nyw
d m bHrk mS oGm;
jzpfaecJh&if od&SdNyD; om"kEkarmf ac:qdkcGifh&edkifygw,f/
Oyrmtm;jzifh jrif&h mt&yfu pD;wJah &onf edr&hf mt&yf
udk a&mufomG ;ovdyk gyJ wJ/h armifeufwaYkd & ..awmif
ay:ua&awGp;D vmw,fa[h vdYk atmfrajymaomfvnf;
awmifay:u pD;qif;wJha&onf awmifatmufuvl
awGqD aocsmayguf a&mufudka&mufoGm;wmrsdK;vdkY
rSw&f r,f/
jrefrmjynfrmS vdk OD;b,foal & ...a':b,foal & ...
trQ[Jh trQ trQ qdw
k mrsdK;usawmh ydNk yD; NyD;jynfph w
kH hJ
trQa0rIrsdK;vdYk qd&k r,f/ awmifatmufuvlukd awmif
ay:uvlu a[h b,foal &? a&awGvmya[h vdYk atmf
NyD; owday;vdu
k o
f vdrk sdK;yJvYkd rSwo
f m;&r,f udx
k ;l &JU/
/ &Si;f oGm;ygNyDb&k m;/ aus;Zl;BuD;vSygw,f/ jcm;em;yHak v;
awG rdeyYf gOD;bk&m;/
/ tif;? jcm;em;wmudak jym&&if ZmPkamPdow
k e u
f kd
tjcm;okwe af wGeYJ SNd yD;awmh ajym&r,f/ 'Dae&mrSm
wpfck owdxm;cJ&h rSmu ZmPkamPdow
k e rf mS ar;vdk
&if;eJY ajzvd&k if;u aoolu&kd nfp;l NyD;vSLwJh tvSL&JU
tmedoifukd aoolawG &edik -f r&edik q
f w
kd meJyY wfoufNy;D
ar;ajzcJMh uwm jzpfw,f qdw
k mudyk /J tJ'gaMumifrh v
Ykd nf;
bk&m;&Siu
f aoolawG[m a&mufEikd w
f b
hJ b
kH 0 ig;Xme
teuf Nydwm bHrk mS oGm;jzpfaeygrS tvSL&JU tmedoifukd
&Edik af Mumif; ajzawmfrcl w
hJ mvdYk rSw&f r,f/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ tif;? tJovdk Nyw
d m awGro
S m &Edik w
f ,fqw
kd muvnf;
csufcsif;vufiif; 0wfpm;wefqm 'Gg',mawG &oGm;Edik f
MuwmrsdK;udk Te;f qdak wmfrv
l w
kd mvdYk rSw&f r,f/ Oyrm
pum;eJY em;vnfatmifajym&&if? qif;&Jiwfrw
G af ewJh
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
olqif;&Jwpfa,mufudk t0wftpm;awG yHkatmNyD;

0,fay;vdu
k v
f Ykd tJ'gawGukd &oGm;ovdrk sdK;yJvYkd rSw&f
r,f/ ydu
k q
f aH y;Ny;D awmha&m .h .. 'DaiGeYJ rke0Yf ,fpm;acs?
tus0,f0wfacs qdw
k mrsdK; r[kwb
f ;l vdYk rSw&f r,f/
oabmayguf&UJ vm;/
/ oabmaygufygNyDb&k m;/ tJ'gqdk vlvcl sif; trQa0wm
wdUk usawmh ydu
k q
f aH y;NyD; ud,
k b
hf mom ud,
k Bf udKuf&m
0,fpm;acs? ud,
k b
hf mom ud,
k Bf udKuf&m0,f0wfacs
qdw
k mrsdK;ayghb&k m;/
/ [kwyf ghAsm? tJ't
D wdik ;f rSw&f r,f/ qdv
k w
kd mu vlvcl si;f
trQa0wmusawmh csucf si;f vufiif; vufxu
J kd rkex
Yf nfh
ay;ovdrk sdK; r[kwb
f ?J rkeeYf YJ vJv&Ykd r,fh aiGaMu;udk
xnfah y;vdu
k w
f meJw
Y w
l ,f/ aiGqw
kd mu rkev
Yf kd csucf si;f
udu
k pf m;vdrYk &bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh ZmPkamPdow
k e rf mS
a[mawmfrw
l t
hJ cgusawmh ]vljyefjzpfomG ;wJo
h al wGrmS
awmhjzifh vljY ynfu vSLvdu
k w
f hJ tvSL&JU tzdUk udk r&Edik b
f ;l }
ponfjzifh a[mawmfrw
l myJ/ 'Dx
h uf em;vnfatmif
xyfajym&&if vlom;jzpfwJh tvSL&SifawGrSmawmifrS
NydwmawGrSmvdk 0kef;ueJ vHk;ueJ tusdK;cHpm;cGifhrS r&Sd
ao;wmjzifhudk? tJ'DtvSLudk om"kac:cGifh&MuwJh
vlom;awGrSm b,fvdkvkyfNyD; 0kef;ueJ vHk;ueJ tusKd;
cHpm;cGifh &EdkifMurSmvJ udkxl;&JU/ vlawG&JUb0 tajc
taejrifhrm;rIeJY NydwmawG&JU b0ay;tajctae edrfh
usrIawG rwlnDMurIawG&JU tusdK;qufawGyJvdkU rSwf
,lMu&rSmygyJ udx
k ;l &JU/
/ &Si;f ygNyb
D &k m;/ tJ'gqdk vlvcl si;f trQa0&ifjzifh Nyw
d m wdYk
rSmvdk csucf si;f vufiif; 0wfpm;p&mawG r&Edik Mf uayr,f?h
wpfaeYaeYwpfcsdecf sderf mS aumif;usdK;w&m;udk jzpfxeG ;f
apr,fh ukov
kd u
f akd wmhjzifh tvSL&Sief x
YJ yfwl &Edik w
f ,fvYkd
,l&rSmvm;bk&m;/
/ [kww
f ,f? tJovdk ,l&r,f/ tJovd,
k rl v
S nf; ZmPk
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
amPdokwefeJYa&m? okreomraP 0wKwdkYeJYa&m

rqefu
Y sifbJ vrf;pOftrSeu
f svdrrhf ,f/
/ tJ'gqdk okreomraP0wKaMumif;av; rdeyYf gOD;bk&m;/
/ at;As? okreomraP0wKudk 'Dae&mrSm ajymudak jym&rSm
ygyJ/ bmaMumifah jym&rSmwke;f qd&k if jrefrmjynfu trQa0
yH[
k m oD&v
d uFmtrQa0yHx
k uf 'Dae&mrSm omaevdyYk ?J
'Dae&mrSm xl;jcm;aevdyYk /J
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ jyefpOf;pm; udx
k ;l &JU? oD&v
d uFmtrQa0[efu aumif;
rIonf aqGrsdK;awGtwGuf jzpfygap? aqGrsdK;awG csrf;
omMuygapownf; vdyYk J trQa0aMumif;? jrefrmjynf
rSmusawmh trdtz? q&morm;? tbd;k tbGm;? ud,
k f
apmifeh wf? tdraf pmifeh wf? odMum;rif;? ,rrif;? w&m;em
y&dwo
f wfawGupvdYk oH;k q,fw
h pfbkH tukepf kH atmifa0
aMumif; a&SUrSm ajymcJzh ;l NyD;aemf/
/ ajymcJyh gw,fb&k m;/
/ tJ'g[m t"du uGmjcm;rIMuD;yJ? tJ'aD wmh oD&v
d uFm
trQa0yHo
k nf ZmPkamPdow
k e ef aYJ wmh udu
k yf g&JU?
okreomraP0wKeJY wdkufMunfh&if vdktyfcsufawG
&Sad eao;wmudk awGU&vdrrhf ,f? jrefrmjynf trQa0yHo
k nf
ZmPkamPdow
k e ef aYJ &m? okreomraP0wKeJaY &m
udu
k n
f w
D mudk awGU&vdrrhf ,f/ udik ;f ? okreomraP
0wKudk MunfMh u&atmif/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
okreomraP0wK
t&Sif / / a&S;wkef;u Am&mPoDjynfrSm tEbm&vdkYac:wJh
jruf&w
d o
f rm; qif;&Jom;wpfa,muf &Scd zhJ ;l w,f/ ol&UJ
tvky&f iS o
f al X;emrnfu okre vdYk ac:w,f/ wpfaeY?
Oy&d| trnfawmf&wJh yapuAk'g wpfyg; qGr;f cH<u
awmfrv
l mwmudak wGUawmh? qGr;f r&ao;rSe;f vnf; od
wmeJY tEbm&BuD;u t&Siyf apuAk'g udk cP&yfwefY
ay;zdUk avQmufxm;NyD; olUtdru
f kd jyefajy;w,f/ xrif;
usufNyD;om; tqifoifh &S-d r&Sd jyefajy;Munfw
h m/
udx
t&Sif / / olUtrsKd;orD;qDu xrif;usufNyD;om; &Syd gw,f&iS f
qdw
k t
hJ ajzudv
k nf;&a&m t&Sijf rwfqD jyefajy;Ny;D oydwf
awmfukd awmif;w,f/ tJ'rD mS oydwx
f u
J kd qGr;f awG
avmif;xnf&h if;eJY jzpfvmwJh olUpdwu
f ;l uav;u twk
,lp&m odyaf umif;w,f/ r,SH 'gwkumrwm, owd
a',s"arm e a[mwd? a',s"ar owd y#d*g[uH
e vbmrd/ tZ ye ar y#d*g[aum p 'da|m?
a',s"arm p twd? vmbm 0w ar wJ/h igwdUk
rSm avmif;vSLcsifwhJ pdwu
f ;l uav;rsm; &Sjd yefawmh vSL
p&mur&S?d vSLp&muav;rsm; &Sjd yefawmhvnf; tvSLcH
yk*Kd vfur&S?d 'DaeYawmha[h ... tvSLcHt&Sijf rwfBuD;eJY
vnf; yufyif;BuD;wd;k o[? vSLp&mav;uvnf;&So
d [?
k w
kd ,f/
t&awmfvu
kd w
f ma[h vdYk qdv
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf ghb&k m;/ tJ'gtrSeyf gyJ/ 'gayr,fh t&Sib
f &k m;? wynfh
awmfwYkd jrefrmjynfBuD;rSmawmh omoema&mif0gxGe;f
wmrdYk tvSLcHy*k Kd vfuawmh r&Sm;ygbl;bk&m;? vSLcsifwhJ
pdwu
f av;&,f? vSLzG,0f wK&,fom &Sm;aumif;&Sm;rSm
ygbk&m;/
t&Sif / / tr,f? udx
k ;l u jrefrmwpfEikd if v
H ;kH a&mufz;l vdv
Yk m;?
wcsKUd e,fawGrmS qdk &[ef;oHCmr&Sw
d hJ &GmawG trsm;Bu;D yJ
&Sad o;w,fw/hJ txl;ojzifh omoemjyK&[ef;awmfawG
ta&muftaygufenf;wJh a'orsdK;awGrmS aygh/ tvSLyGJ
o Z if om ; pm a y
wpfcv
k yk cf sifvYkd &[ef;awmf wpfyg;ESpyf g;avmuf yifv
h Ykd
&r,ft
h a&;awmif rvG,w
f ahJ e&mawG &Sad o;w,fw/hJ
tJ'gud,
k jhf ynfwiG ;f rSmaESm?f omoemawmf xGe;f um;ae
wJh jrefrmjynfwiG ;f / 2009-ckEpS w
f ek ;f u OD;Zif;wdUk xdik ;f
Edik if u
H akd &mufcw
hJ ,f/ olwt
Ykd ac: vSpH eG ;f yeH vdYk ac:wJh
k m ydu
k f
&Gmav;wpf&mG udk a&mufomG ;w,f/ yeH qdw
qdy?f ig;vkyif ef;awG vkyw
f ahJ e&maygh/ tJ'rD mS jrefrmjynf
u OD;Zif;awG a&mufaew,fvnf;Mum;a&m vmvmNyD;
awmh &Scd ;kd Mu? qGr;f uyfMu? tat;uyfMueJY 0rf;vnf;
0rf;omp&m oem;vnf;oem;p&mygyJ/ wcsdKUrsm;qdk
nBuD;oef;acgif ig;zrf;avSqdkufw,f/ urf;rSm em&D
ydkif;avmufaeNyD; jyefxGuf&r,f/ bkef;BuD;awG a&muf
aew,fMum;vdkUqdkNyD; OD;Zif;wdkYudk vmEdI;? &Sdcdk;OD;cs/
tif; ..? avSuvnf; urf;udk t0if? tvkyfuvnf;
tm;? nbufvnf;nbufqdkawmh wcsdKUwavu
aomufpm;xm;NyD;om;? urf;a&mufrS OD;Zif;wdUk a&muf
aerSef;od/ trl;awGbmawG ajyvdkY? vmuefawmh
Mu&Smw,f/ avQmufxm;vdkufMuwmrsm; 0rf;om0rf;
enf;ygyJ/ wynfah wmfwUkd bke;f BuD;&[ef;oHCm rjrifz;l
wm oHk;ESpf&SdygNyDbk&m;? av;ESpf&SdygNyDbk&m;eJY/ at;?
Ak'b
momEdik if rH [kww
f hJ 'lbikd ;f wdv
Yk kd Edik if aH wGrmS a&muf
aeolrsm;rawmh ydq
k ;kd ayrSmaygh udx
k ;l &,f/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf ghb&k m;? oabmaygufygNyb
D &k m;/ wynfah wmf oli,f
csi;f wpfa,muf ajymwmawmh Mum;zl;ygw,f/ om;&Sw
d hJ
puFmylukd a&mufomG ;wJh tr,fBuD;wpfa,muf? vcGJ
avmufvnf;aea&m om;a&? tarhukd jrefrmjynfukd
jyefyyYkd gawmhuUJG ? eifwYkd puFmylrmS &[ef;oHCmvnf;
Y kd jrefrmjynf jyefycYkd ikd ;f
qGr;f ravmif;&bl; vdaYk jymNy;D olu
w,fw/hJ tJ'rD mS u qGr;f uyfcsi&f if oHCmawGukd tdru
f kd
yif&h ifyif?h 'grSr[kw&f if bke;f BuD;ausmif;awGuykd J oGm;Mu
&w,fqykd J bk&m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? tJ'gaMumifh vSLvdw
k ahJ pwem? vSLzG,0f wK? tvSLcH
yk*dKvf pHknDygrS tvSLwpfckjzpfMuwmudk; udkxl;&JU/
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
raygheAYJ s/ aeYpOf qGr;f -qGr;f [if;uav; wwfprG ;f o rQ

avmif;vSLAs? uHaumif;vd&Yk aewJh tcGit
hf a&;awGvYkd
rSwyf g/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/ BudK;pm;NyD; avmif;vSLygw,fb&k m;/
/ udik ;f ? aumif;NyD? tEbm& taMumif;jyefqufMur,f/
qGr;f avmif;NyD;awmh qkawmif;w,f/ olawmif;wJq
h u
k
'geaMumifh wynhaf wmfonf jzpfav&mb0 qif;&J
wJt
h rsKd ;rS vGw&f onft
h jyif? r&S[
d al om pum;udv
k nf;
rMum;&wJo
h l jzpf&ygvd\
k bk&m;wJAh s/ yapuAk'g t&Sif
jrwfuvnf; jynfah pownf; &,fvYkd tEkarm'em
jyKNyD; jyef<u? tJ'gudk olU&JUolaX;okre tdraf wmfu
xD;csufapmifhewforD;u odNyD;awmh 0rf;omvGef;vdkY
om"ko;kH Budrf ac:ygowJ/h
/ 0rf;ajrmufp&mBuD;ygbk&m;/
/ tJ'rD mS olaX;u olu,
kd w
f ikd v
f nf; tNrJwrf; tvSLBuD;
twef;BuD;ay;aeolqakd wmh ar;NyDaygh? ig 'Davmufxd
tvSL'gevkyaf ewmudk rjrifb;l rodb;l vm;? ckrS xNyD;
f hJ oabmaygh/ tJ'rD mS
bmudk om"kac:&ovJvUkd ar;csiw
ewforD;u olom"kac:wmonf olaX;tvSLudk ac:wm
r[kw?f tEbm&&JU tvSLudk MunfnKd vGe;f vdYk om"kac:
wmomjzpfwt
hJ aMumif; &Si;f jyygw,f/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ vd&k if;udyk J ajymMuygpd&Yk UJ ? tJ'rD mS ig'DavmufvLS aewm
ewfu om"krac:bl;? ightapcH tEbm&&JU qGr;f wpfxyf
tvSLudak wmh ewfu om"kac:w,f? 'Daumif;rI ig&
atmifvyk &f r,f}} BuHNyD; olaX;u ]rifhaumif;rI ighudk
a&mif;yg} qdNk yD; aiGay;NyD;0,fw,f/ ra&mif;bl; qdk
awmh wpfaxmiftxd wd;k ay;w,f/ aemufq;kH r&awmh
udik ;f uGm? tJ'gqdv
k nf; 'DaiGwpfaxmifukd ,lNyD; ighukd
trQawmh a0yguGm vdUk awmif;yef&mS w,f/ tEbm&
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
uvnf; tif;? tJ'gqdk ceapmifh qdNk yD; t&Sijf rwfukd

rSaD tmif ajy;jyefw,f/ rSaD wmh avQmufw,f? olUaumif;rI
udk trQa0vdu
k v
f Ykd jzpf-rjzpfaygh/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ yapuAk'g t&Sijf rwfu 'g,um? ig OyrmeJaY jymjyr,f?
tdraf jcwpf&m&Sw
d hJ &Gmwpf&mG rSm tdrw
f pftrd o
f m qDr;D cGuf
xGe;f xm;w,f qdyk gpd?Yk usefwhJ (99) tdru
f qDr;D cGuf
awGukd ckeurD;cGuu
f rD;rSm vma&mufu;l ,l xGe;f nd
Mur,f qdyk gpd?Yk rlvtdru
f tvif;a&mif[m aysmufomG ;
w,f ajymrvm;? &Sad eao;w,f ajymrvm; vdYk ar;
w,f/ ydNk y;D awmhawmif vif;vmygw,fb&k m; vdYk ajz
w,f/ t&Sijf rwfu tJ'D Oyrmvdyk J 'g,um? trQay;
a0wJt
h wGuf ud,
k &hf UJ ukov
dk [
f m avsmhroGm;wJt
h jyif
trQay;a0&if ay;a0oavmuf ukov
dk x
f yfxyfw;kd yg
w,f? wGOd {uar0 yd@ygwH t'god? ao|d ye
yw,
d m 'dEm , a'G yd@ygwm a[mE?d {aum w0?
{aum wmwd='umuawmh wpfa,mufwnf; qGr;f
vSLwm? olaX;udk aumif;rI&UJ tzdu
Yk dk trQay;a0vdu
k w
f hJ
tcgusawmh? tJovdk trQay;a0vdu
k w
f t
hJ wGuf oifh
tvSLuwpfc?k olaX;tvSLuvnf;wpfc?k qdak wmh qGr;f
tvSLESpcf k jzpfomG ;wmaygh qdNk yD; rdeaYf wmfryl gw,f/
/ wifyghb&k m;/
/ tJ'rD mS wifyghb&k m; qdNk yD; t&Sijf rwfukd dk akd oao
OD;cs? olaX;qDjyefvmNyD;awmh *PS? omrd? ywd =H
t&Sio
f al X;? uREkyf jf yK&aom aumif;rI\ tzdb
Yk m*udk
trQ,lawmfryl g vdYk ajymvdu
k w
f ,f/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ udik ;f ? udx
k ;l a&? tJ'DrSm trQ trQ trQ - ,lawmf
rlMuygukefavm qdkwJh jrefrmjynfu trQa0wmeJY
xyfwluswJh ygVdpum; *PS? omrd? ywd H- t&Sif
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
olaX;? trQ,lawmfrlyg qdkwmav; 'D0wKrSm ygwJh

taMumif; rSwfxm;cJhyg/ "ry't|uxm? okreom
raP&0wK tzGifhrSmaygh/ tEk'k g ax&tyg'gef tzGihf
rSmvnf; 'DtaMumif;awmh ygyg&JU? "ry' t|uxm
avmuf pHpk v
kH ifvif rzGijhf yaybl;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf 'DaeYawmh
vlvcl sif; trQxnfah 0wJh jrefrmjynfu trQa0enf;
pepfonf vH;k 0rrSm;bl;qdw
k hJ taMumif; ed'gef;csw
D t
hJ ae
eJY rSwx
f m;cJyh g/ jrefrmjynftrQa0yHo
k nf 'Dae&mrSmawmh
oD&v
d uFm trQa0yHx
k uf vH;k 0xl;jcm;oGm;cJNh yD/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ wpfck odxm;cJ&h OD;rSmu oD&v
d uFmrSm a&pufcswJt
h cg
aumif;rIonf aqGrsK;d awGtwGuf jzpfygap? aqGrsK;d
awG csr;f omMuygapownf; vdYk &Gwq
f Mkd uNy;D wJah emuf
aumif;rIjyKwJh tcrf;tem; odr;f cgeD;rSm ]{wm0wm p
tarS[d? orwH yknor'H/ oaA a'0g]Ekarm'EK?
oAorwo
d 'd ,
d m} qdw
k phJ um;udk &Gwq
f Nkd y;D ewfawGuykd g
trQay;a0Muwmudak wmh awGU&w,f udx
k ;l &JU/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ tJ'*D gxm&JU teufukd oajyuefy&dwBf uD;ed,opfrmS
]]p? yw'd gepum; >rufMum;ygOD;tH/h {wm0wm? rQ
twkid ;f t&Sn&f adS om w&m;tvsOf pum;tpOfjzif/h tarS
[d? igwko
Yd nf/ orw?H aumif;pGm qnf;yl;tyfaom/
yknor'?H aumif;rI\ jynhpf jHk cif;ud/k oaA? tvk;H pkH
ukeaf om/ a'0g? ewfwo
Ydk nf/ oAorwo
d 'd ,
d m? pnf;
pdrrf sm;pGm csrf;omtukef jynhpf NHk yD;ajrmufjcif;iSg/ tEk
arm'EK? om"k om"k tEkarm'em jyKMuygukeaf vmh/}}
qdkNyD; teufjyefqdkawmfrljyxm;wmudk awGUEdkifw,f
udx
k ;l &JU/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;? aus;Zl;BuD;vSygw,f bk&m;/ 'Dae&mrSm
wynfah wmf ar;avQmufcsifwmav;wpfck ay:vmvkyYd g
bk&m;/ tEbm&wkv
Yd dk k;d d;k wef;wef; qGr;f avmif;vSLwJh
o Z if om ; pm a y
aumif;rIrsKd ;wGrmS a&pufcu

G rf ygbJ vSL'gef;rIupd N y;D oGm;
Muwmu rsm;ygw,f/ a&pufcsNy;D rS trQa0wmeJY a&puf
rcsbJ trQa0wm tusKd ;ay;uGm[rI &S-d r&Sd qdw
k m&,f/
aemufNyD; a&pufcu
G q
f w
kd mu bmuk&d nfeT ;f ygovJ/
wcsKdUa'oawGrmS a&pufcs&mua&udk tdro
f t
l rd o
f m;
awG at;jrMunfvifapzkUd a&pifaomufMuygowJh bk&m;/
tJovkad um a&pufa&pifudk aomufaumif;ygovm;
bk&m;/
a&pufcsrI-rcsrIESifhywfouf
t&Sif / / aeOD;? tr&yl& r[m*EmHk q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D &JU &wemh
*kP&f nfusrf;rSm tJ'u
D pd a wGukd &Si;f jyxm;NyD;om;awG
&Sw
d ,f udx
k ;l &JU/ awGUNyD? a[m'DrmS ? a&S;u tavmif;
tvsmwdYk aumif;rIjyKMu&m a&tqifoif&h v
dS Qif a&
pufoeG ;f cs a&r&Sv
d Qif a&pufyifrcsawmhyJ vd&k mqkukd
awmif;Mu\/ wJh (pm-295)/ wcg tJ'u
D srf;rSmyJ a&
pufcswJt
h rIukd 'Dvpkd Of;pm;jyxm;w,f udx
k ;l &JU/ a&mh?
a[m'D pmrsufEmS (296) udzk wfprf;/
udx
k ;l / / ,ckacwf tv'gejyKMuaomtcg a&zvm;? a&u&m;
ponf a&xnf
h atmufccH u
G w
f pfcak y: a&wpfpuf
wpfpufcs&if; bke;f BuD;csay;aom baE - t&Sib
f &k m;?
r,H - wynfah wmfwo
Ykd nf? oHom& 0#'kua wm oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS paom pmwrf;udk vku
d
f qdMk u\/
xdkodkY a&wpfpufwpfpufcs&if; qdkaejcif;udk a&pufcs
[k ac:wGiaf eonf/ xdak &pufcsenf;udk bke;f Bu;D rouFm
ovdjk zpfaeaomaMumifh usrf;pmrsm;udk Munfh yI cYkd s&if;
usrf;pmtoH;k tEIe;f rsm;udk owdxm;avh&&dS m ...
1/ a0E&mZmwf0,f qifjzLawmfvLS cef; ok*aEm'u
o Z if om ; pm a y
yl&w
d H ok0Pbu
d mF &H *a[wGm [wad om@H *a[wGm
awoH [aw xaywGm O'uH ygawwGm t'god=
eHo
Y ma&jzifjh ynfah om a&Tu&m;udk ,l qifjzLawmf\
ESmarmif;udk udik Nf yD;vQif xdyk P
k m ;wkv
Yd ufxm; a&udk
usapvsuf vSLNyD [k awGU&\/ om;awmf orD;awmf
vSLcef;? r'rD zd &k m;udk vSLcef;vnf; enf;yifwnf;/
2/ 0denf;r[m0g pD0&uEu
tzGihf 0drwd#u
D m yXrH
O'uH ygawwGm ypm a'Ed= a&udk yXr usap aemufrS
(ouFe;f wku
Yd )kd vufa&muf vSLuke\
f [kvnf;aumif;?
yOu t*Fw
k Kd &f jAm[P0*f #Dum O'uH ygawwGm
a'Ew
D d - jAm[ [aw O'uH tmodOE m a'Ed =
ykPm;\vuf a&udkavmif;xnfh (owkdYorD;udk)
ay;vSLuke\
f [kvnf;aumif; awGU&\/
tm;vH;k udk aumufcsucf svu
kd v
f Qif a&S;tcgu tvSL
'gejyK&mwkid ;f 0,f Munfvifat;jraom vuPmudk azmfjy
zd&Yk m a&udk tvSLcHy*k Kd vf\vuf avmif;xnfo
h eG ;f cs
ay;vSLavh&MdS u[efwo
l nf/ ,ckumv wpfpufwpfpuf
csaeaom a&pufcsonf xdx
k ;kH pHukd vdu
k [
f ef&adS omf
vnf; xdak &S;pepfEiS hf rwlacs/ xdaYk Mumifh bmoma&;
udp obm0ususjyKjyifvakd om trsKd ;om; trsKd ;orD;
wko
Yd nf bke;f BuD;u csay;wkid ;f vdu
k q
f &kd aom qkawmif;
ESihf wpfpufwpfpufcs&aom a&pufcsenf;udk jyKjyif
Munfvifaoma&udk tvSLcHy*k Kd vf\ vufay:rSm jzpfap?
ajray:rSmjzpfap oGe;f avmif; tvd&k &dS mqkukd ud,
k hf
bmomawmif;aom a&S;tusqH;k rla[mif;udo
k m vdu
k f
oifMh uygonf/} wJh bk&m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? [kww
f ,f? bmom#Dum q&mawmfb&k m;&JU tJ'D
pum;&yfrsm;udk axmufqr,fq&kd if(1) a&pufcu
G q
f w
kd m tvSL'gejyKwJt
h cgawGrmS Munfvif
at;jrwJv
h uPmudk azmfjyzdYk toH;k jyKwJh tqifwefqm
wpfck jzpfwt
hJ aMumif;?
o Z if om ; pm a y
(2) a&pufcu
G u
f a&udk tvSLcHy*k Kd vf&UJ vufay:rSmjzpfap?
ajray:rSmjzpfap oGef;avmif;oifhaMumif;? tu,f
taqmuftODxrJ mS cef;cef;em;em; a&pufoeG ;f cswt
hJ cg
awGrmS qd&k if avsmufywfwchJ u
G ef YJ a&pufuckd ,
H Nl y;D oifh
wifw
h hJ b,fae&mrSmrqdk tJ'aD &udk pGeyYf pfEikd af Mumif;
aumufcsufcsEdik w
f ,f/ NyD;awmh(3) a&pufa&pifaomufMuw,f qd&k mrSmawmh use;f rm
a&;twGuf taESmifht,Suf rjzpfEdkifwJh a&rSeforQ
aomufEikd w
f ,fvYkd ,lqrdygw,f udx
k ;l a&/
udx
k ;l / / avsmfuefwhJ tajzawGygbk&m;/ auseyfygw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / udik ;f 'DaeYaqG;aEG;Muwm tawmfav;vnf; rsm;oGm;Ny/D
reufjzefrS qufMuwmaygh udx
k ;l a&/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf gh? aus;Zl;BuD;vSygw,f bk&m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
tHUMozG,ftrQa0-om"kac:&usdK;
udx
k ;l / / jrefrmjynf trQa0yHak wGtaMumif;udk qufygOD;bk&m;/ [dk
wpfaeYwek ;f uawmh trQ trQ trQ ,lawmfrMl uygukeaf vm
qdw
k hJ jrefrmawG trQa0yHo
k nf jruf&w
d o
f rm; tEbm&&JU
*PS? omrd? ywd -H t&Sio
f al X;? uREfyk af umif;rI\ tzdYk
bm*udk ,lawmfryl g qdw
k hJ pum;eJY xyfwu
l saMumif; okre
omraP0wKudak xmufNyD; ajymjycJyh gw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? [kwNf yD/ aSUqufomG ;Mur,f/
udx
t&Sif / / tJ'rD ,f okreolaX;u tJ'gqdk a[m'DaiGuakd wmh vufcaH y;
yg qdNk y;D apmapmu aiGwpfaxmifukd ay;w,f/ tEbm&u
vufrcHb;l ? aumif;rIukd a&mif;wmr[kw&f ygbl;? o'gw&m;
tavsmuf trQa0wmyg qdNk y;D jiif;&Smw,f/ olaX;uvnf;
rif;uvnf; o'gtavsmufay;wmayghu,
G ?f wdu
Yk vnf;
rif;&JU ('gepwJ)h *kPaf us;Zl;udk ylaZmfwmyguG,/f 'Dr,f vlav;?
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
rif; 'DaeYupNy;D tvkyrf vkyef aYJ wmh? rif;vrf;rrSm tdrw

f pfv;kH
aqmufNyD; aeayawmh? vdt
k yfwmawG OD;qDuvm,l qdNk yD;
ajymw,f/ eda&m"ormywfuxcgp t&Sijf rwfawGukd qGr;f
vSLcGi&hf olrsm;rSm tJovdrk sdK; tusdK;ay;xl;pNrJyw
J hJ udx
k ;l &JU/
'grsdK;u omref'geukov
kd t
f usdK;ay;yHrk sdK;eJrY wlb;l /
/ tm;&p&mygbk&m;/ 'DaeYacwf tvSLawGrmS om"kac:Ny;D aiGaMu;
tm;jzifh wwfEikd o
f rQ ulnMD uwmawGvnf; tJovdrk sKd ;yJ jzpf
vdrrhf ,fxifyg&JUbk&m;/
/ tif;? tJ'gvnf; tusdK;ay;xl;BuD;r[kwaf yr,fh yxraZm
apwem tusdK;ay;wpfrsdK;tjzpf ,l&rSmayghav/ tJ'rD mS ..?
bk&ifuvnf; odomG ;awmh tEbm&udak c:Ny;D olUudt
k rQa0cdik ;f
jyefowJ/h om"kac:Ny;D wJh tcgusawmh ypn;f Opm ajrmufrsm;pGm
ay;? olaX;&mxl;rSmxm;NyD; ajrmufpm;jyefygowJh udx
k ;l &JU/
/ rSeyf gbk&m;/
/ udik ;f ? 'Dae&mrSm enf;enf;pOf;pm;&atmif? okreolaX; om"k
ac:wmuawmh tvSLjyKNyD;cgp avmavm vwfvwfBuD; jzpf
ayr,f?h bk&ifBuD; om"kac:wmusawmh tvSLvkycf sed ef YJ uGm[
raeaybl;vm;/
/ atmf? oabmaygufygNyDbk&m;/ q&mawmfqdkvdkcsifwmu
tvSLwpfck jyKNy;D &if jyKNy;D cgprSmyJ jzpfjzpf? aemufumvtwef
MumrSyjJ zpfjzpf trQay;a0&if&Edik w
f ,fvYkd qdv
k ckd siw
f m r[kwf
vm; bk&m;/
/ [kww
f ,f? wu,fawmh bk&ifBuD;udk trQa0wJt
h csed rf mS tE
bm&rSm qGr;f vSL&usKd ;awG &Sv
d maewmudk awGU&w,f? okre
olaX;qDu aiGwpfaxmifeYJ tdrw
f pfaqmifpm vdt
k yf&m&mawG
tusK;d ay;aeNy?D odaYk omf tusK;d ay;u rukeaf o;bl;/ qdak wmh
yxraeYuajymcJw
h hJ uror*w
m tcdu
k t
f wefrY mS &Sad eqJvYkd
ajymEdik w
f ,f/ wpfcg tusKd;ay;aeNyDjzpfwt
hJ wGuf 0dygu
m taeodv
Yk nf; a&mufaeNyv
D Ykd ajymEdik w
f ,f/? odaYk omf
or*w
tusKd;ay; rukeaf o;wJt
h wGuf trQa0vdYk &Edik af o;w,fvYkd
rSw&f r,f/
o Z if om ; pm a y
ywmEkarm'eESifh tEkarm'e
udx
k ;l / / &Sif;ygNyDbk&m;/ wpfckar;p&m&Sdwmu okreolaX;BuD;a&m?
bk&ifBu;D a&m tEbm&u trQa0awmhrS om"kac:Mu&ygw,f/
[dk xD;csuaf pmifeh wforD;usawmh b,forl v
S nf; trQra0bJ
eJY bmaMumifh om"kac:wmwke;f ? tJovdk aumif;rI&iS u
f trQ
ra0bJ om"kac:wJt
h wGuaf &m om"kac:&usKd ;&SEd ikd yf ghrvm;vdYk
awG;rdvyYkd gbk&m;/
t&Sif / / tif; ...tif; ...? tJ'aD r;cGe;f ar;avmufw,f qdNk yD;
pmenf;enf; jyefMunfx
h m;vdYk awmfao;wmaygh udx
k ;l &JU? uJ
... aocsmrSwyf g/ olrsm;u trQa0wJt
h wGuf 0rf;ajrmuf
wmudk ywmEkarm'e ac:w,f? olrsm;u trQray;a0aomf
vnf; olUaumif;rIukd 0rf;ajrmufwmrsKd;udak wmh tEkarm'e
vdYk ac:w,f/
wpfcg ywmEkarm'e (olrsm;trQa0onfukd 0rf;ajrmufjcif;)
qd&k mrSmvnf;(u) O'
d u
d ywd = wpfpw
kH pfa,mufukd oD;jcm;&nfp;l Ny;D ay;tyf
wJh trQtzd&Yk ,f?
( c ) tEk'
d u
d ywd = wpfpw
kH pfa,muftwGuf oD;oefrY [kwyf J
ow0gtrsm;udk ay;a0tyfwhJ trQtzd&Yk ,fqNkd yD; ESprf sdK;&Sw
d hJ
taMumif;?
tJ'rD mS vnf; O'
d u
d ywd udk qdik &f mNydwm awGu om"k
ac:&if Adro
d m&rif;&JU aqGrsKd;a[mif;Nydwm rsm;vdk vufiif;'d|
aumif;usKd;&wJt
h aMumif;? tEk'
d u
d ywd udk om"kac:wJh
twGuaf wmh vufiif;'d|tusdK;ay;wJh 0wKtaxmuftxm;
rawGUrdwt
hJ aMumif; tr&yl&? r[m*EmHq
k &mawmfb&k m;
BuD;u oN*K[b
f mom#Dum? ywmEkarm'etzGirhf mS &Si;f jyxm;
wmudk awGU&w,f/ (oN*K[f bm-#D-398)/
'ghtjyif trQray;a0aomfvnf; om"kac: tusdK;&Sad umif;
&SEd ikd af Mumif;udak wmh ukov
kd &f iS u
f trQray;tyfbJ om"k
ac:&aom tEkarm'emukov
kd rf sm;vnf; tEk'
d u
d ywu
d kd
o Z if om ; pm a y
om"kac:&aom ywmEkarm'eESihf tusdK;ay; uGmjcm;vSrnf

rxif qdNk yD;awmh q&mawmfu olU&JUxifjrifcsufukd quf
vuf rdeaYf wmfrcl w
hJ ,f/
OD;Zif; txifukd ajym&&ifvnf; olrsm;aumif;rIjyKwmudk trQ
a0a0- ra0a0 om"kac:wJt
h wGuf om"kac:&usKd ;awmh &Sv
d rd hf
r,fvYkd xifwmyJ udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf ghb&k m;/ &Gmawmifyikd ;f u uav;wpfa,muf q,fwef;
atmifwmudk &Gmajrmufyikd ;f u wynfah wmf OD;&D;0rf;ajrmufovdk
aerSmayghb&k m;/ wu,fawmh tJ'u
D av;ua&m? uav;rdb
awGuyg olwu
Ykd av; q,fwef;atmifwt
hJ aMumif; olu
Y v
kd m
ajymMuwm r[kwyf gbl;bk&m;/ olu,
kd Ef u
Id u
f ynma&;udk
tm;ay;olqakd wmh wpfqifph um; wpfqifeh m;qdo
k vdk Mum;
NyD;? 'd&Yk mG u uav;wpfa,muf q,fwef;atmify[ qdNk yD;
olUbmom0rf;omaewm? tJ'aD eYu xrif;awmif rqmbl;
qdyk b
J &k m;/
t&Sif / / udik ;f &Si;f a&myJ/ udx
k ;l Oyrmav;u xdrv
d w
S ,f/ tif;? tJo
vdk aerSmygyJ/ tJ ... 'Dae&mrSm owd&vdYk ajymjy&OD;r,f/
Nydwmapmifha&SmufcH&ol rav;&Sm;a&muf jrefrm'g,dumr
av;wpfa,muf taMumif;aygh udx
k ;l /
udx
k ;l / / pdw0f ifpm;p&mygyJb&k m;? ajymjyygOD;bk&m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
Nydwmapmifha&SmufcH&ol
rav;&Sm;a&muf jrefrm'g,dumrav;wpfa,muf
t&Sif / / rESpu
f rav;&Sm;udk a&mufomG ;awmhbmw0NrKd Uudyk ga&muf
cJw
h ,f/ yDeef;NrKd U&JU 'DrmS bufurf;aygh/ tJ'rD mS jrefrmxrif;qdik f
wpfqikd rf mS 'umav; - 'umrav;awGu qGr;f uyfMuygw,f/
qGr;f uyfNy;D pum;pjrnfajymMuawmh ... OD;Zif;u ajymjyw,f?
b,favmufyJ tvkyfrsm;w,fqdkqdk? q,frdepfavmuf
tcsdeaf y;NyD; aeYpOfreS rf eS f bk&m;aomufawmfa& uyf Muzd?Yk
zefcu
G ef YJ tuste ruyfEikd &f ifawmif a&oefyY v
k if;eJY uyfMuzd?Yk
*k P f a wmf y G m ;Muzd k Y ? ow 0 gawG u d k arw m yd k Y M uzd k Y ?
tJ'aD umif;rIawGukd aeYpOftrQa0MuzdYk OD;Zif;u ajymjyjzpfyg
w,f/ tJ'rD mS 'g,dumrav; wpfa,mufu olu
Y ,
kd af wGU
arwmydYk trQa0&usKd;udk avQmufxm;vmygw,f/
udx
t&Sif / / olwpYkd ufrkH mS jrefrm? tif'?kd b*Fvm;? rav; tvkyo
f rm;
aygif;pH&k MdS uaMumif;? plygAdu
k Zf m (tvkyo
f rm;acgif;)wdv
Yk kd &mxl;
rsKd;? H;k cef;rSmae&NyD; vlopfawGuo
kd m avhusifah y;&wJah e&m
rsKd;awGrmS rav;vlrsKd;awGuo
kd m cefx
Y m;avh&NdS yD; jrefrmwdYk
tif'w
kd v
Ykd kd Edik if jH cm;om;awGukd cefaY vhr&Sad Mumif;? vGecf w
hJ hJ
ajcmufvavmufu uHaumif;axmufrwJhtwGuf olYudk
H;k cef;rSmyJaeapNyD; vlopfawGukd avhusifah y;&wJh ae&mudk
wd;k ay;MuaMumif;? tJovdk olwpfqifjh rifo
h mG ;wmudk tif'kd
tvkyo
f rawGu remvdk jzpfMuaMumif;? tJovdk remvdk
jzpfMuwJhtwGuf oleJY qlygAdkufZmawGMum;rSm ukef;wdkuf
&efwu
kd rf aI wG trsdK;rsdK;jyKMuaMumif;? olvnf; pdwrf csrf;
romjzpfav bk&m;w&m;tvkyf ydv
k yk af vvkyNf y;D ? ud,
k af pmifh
ewfawG? pufakH pmifh ewfawGutp ow0gtm;vH;k udk aeYpOf
aeYwikd ;f trQay;a0ygaMumif; avQmufxm;ygw,f/
udx
k ;l / / pdw0f ifpm;p&mygyJ bk&m;/
t&Sif / / tJovdek YJ wpfaeYrmS ? tif'ekd ;D &Sm; tvkyo
f rwpfO;D udk o&Jr
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
wpfO;D yl;uyfNcrd ;f ajcmufNy;D tJ'jD refrmrav;udk awmif;yefcikd ;f

ygowJ/h 'Djrefrmrav; aeYpOfarwmydYk trQa0wJt
h wGuf ol[m
t&ifuxuf csrf;csrf;omomae&aMumif;? ck ... 'Djrefrmr
av; pdwrf csr;f rom jzpfaeaMumif;? olUaus;Zl;&Sif jrefrmrav;
pdwrf csr;f omwJt
h wGuf olvnf; pdwrf csr;f omaMumif;? aemuf
aemif jrefrmrav;udk taESmuft,Surf ay;Muzdt
Yk aMumif;eJ?Y
tu,f rawmif;yef&if tBuD;tus,f 'kua &mufatmif
vkyrf mS jzpfaMumif; Ncdr;f ajcmufajymqdyk gowJh udx
k ;l &JU/
/ tHMh op&mygbk&m;/ 'geJY tJ'o
D &Jukd txD;-tr b,fvo
kd d
wmwke;f bk&m;/
/ atmf? at;As? awmfawmfav;udk tHMh op&maumif;ygw,f/
tJ'o
D &Jrudk (jrefrmrav;udk 'kua y;aewJ)h tif'o
kd l av;
ig;a,mufavmufu 0dik ;f jrifMu&ygowJ/h NyD;awmh ydNk yD; xl;
qef;wmu tJ'o
D &JreJY jrefrmrav;[m t0wftpm;uvG&J if
cRwfpGwfwlaeygowJh/ tJ'gaMumifhvnf; tif'dkolawG[m
rae&JMuawmhyJ jrefrmrav;udk vmawmif;yefMuwmygwJh
udx
k ;l &JU/
/ atmf? tJ'gqdk tJ't
D if'o
kd al wG armhawmifMunf&h aJ wmhr,f
rxifygbl;bk&m;/
/ b,fMunf&h MJ uawmhrvJ udx
k ;l &JU/ tJ'x
D ufx;l qef;wm wpfck
u olwpYkd ufu
kH 0efxrf;aygh? rav;vlrsdK; ya,m*q&m
h r vdu
k yf gaew,f? eif
wpfa,mufu eifah emufrmS eift
raMumuf bl;vm; vdYk ar;ygowJ/h jrefrmrav;u raMumuf
wJt
h aMumif; jyefajym&ygowJ/h ya,m*q&m ajymyHt
k &qd&k if
tJ'o
D &Jr[m puf0kH if;xJrmS qd&k if tJ'jD refrmrav;ukd tNrJ
vdu
k yf gapmifah &SmufaewJt
h aMumif;? puft
kH jyifbufuakd wmh
vdu
k yf gEdik pf rG ;f r&Sad Mumif; tJ''D g,dumrav;u jyefvnf
avQmufxm;vdYk Mum;zl;cJ&h yg&JU udx
k ;l a&/
/ tHMh op&mygyJb&k m;/ t&Sib
f &k m;rdecYf w
hJ hJ wda&muk#o
w
k e x
f J
u *gxmeHygwf (5) rSmjyqdx
k m;wJh tMuifaqGrsKd;wd\
Yk (ay;
vSLjcif;[laom) taMumif;aMumifh (pnf;pdrcf srf;omud)k igwdYk
o Z if om ; pm a y
&Muuke\
f / igwd\
Yk tusKd;iSgvnf; ylaZmfru
I kd jyKMuuke\
f /
ay;vSLolaqGrsKd;wdo
Yk nfvnf; tusKd;rsm;uke\
f / xdik gwdUk \
aqGrsK;d wdUk onf Mumjrifph mG touf&n
S Mf uygapukeo
f wnf;
qdw
k mudak wmif oGm;NyD; owd&rdygw,fb&k m;/
k t
f rQa0vdu
k w
f t
hJ wGuf olwUkd wawG
t&Sif / / [kww
f ,f udx
k ;l &JU/ ud,
csrf;omoGm;w,f/ olwdkUuvnf; aus;Zl;wifpGmeJY olwdkU
wwfEdkifwJhbufu jyefapmifha&Smufw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkU trQ
ay;a0rIudk jyKMuygvdkU xyfcgxyfcg ajymae&wmygyJ/ ckeu
o&Jrwdt
Yk aMumif;udk axmufq&if tJ'jD refrmrav;u tp
ueOD;rSm o&Jr&,fvaYkd wmh &nfp;l NyD; trQay;a0cJ[
h efr&Sb
d ;l /
tJ'o
D &Jr&Srd eS ;f olrS rodcb
hJ u
J ;kd / qdak wmh ...? tJ'D trQay;a0
d uyw=d wpfpw
kH pfa,muftwGuf
rIukd (c) eHygwf? tEk'
oD;oefrY [kwb
f J ow0gtrsm;udk ay;a0tyfwhJ trQtzdYk
qdw
k hJ pm&if;xJ xnfMh u&vdrrhf ,f/
qdak wmh? aumufcsucf svu
kd &f if ... wpfpw
kH pfa,muftwGuf
oD;oefrY [kwb
f J Mum;Mum;orQ trQ trQ trQ ,lawmfrl
Muygukeaf vm qdw
k hJ ow0gtrsm;udk ay;a0tyfwhJ trQtzdYk
aMumifv
h nf; wcsdKU &oifx
h u
kd o
f al wG om"kac:&usdK; &SEd ikd f
aMumif; ,H,
k MkH unfMunfrw
S o
f m;Ny;D aeYpOftrQay;a0oifw
h ,f
udx
k ;l &JU/
tJ? e*du
k wnf;u aumif;rIujkd rwfE;kd olrsm;uawmh ynma&;udk
jrwfE;kd wJh udx
k ;l &JU OD;&D;vd?k b,fol trQa0a0 - ra0a0?
b,fow
l pfa,mufawmh aumif;rIwpfcck k vkyaf eo[Jh qdk
wmrsdK; jrifr,fMum;r,fq&kd if (okreolaX;tdru
f xD;csuf
apmifeh wforD;rsm;vd)k tvdv
k kd 0rf;ajrmufEikd Mf uayvdrrhf ,f
udx
k ;l &JU/
o Z if om ; pm a y
Ak'b
mom0ifr[kwcf o
hJ l NydwmawGtaeeJY
trQa0wmudk odEdkifyghrvm;
udx
k ;l / / oabmaygufygNyDb&k m;/ aeYpOf aumif;rIwpfck r&t&jyKNyD;
rysurf uGuf trQa0ygawmhr,fb&k m;/ 'Dae&mrSm ar;p&mwpfck
&Sv
d mygao;w,fb&k m;/ tJ'D rav;&Sm;u o&Jr[m jrefrmvdk
trQa0wmudk b,fvdkem;vnfovJ? vlUb0wkef;u Ak'
bmom0ifr[kwfcJhol NydwmawGtaeeJ
taeeJY b,fvdk0rf;ajrmuf
NyD; om"kac:&r,frSef; b,fvdkodEdkifygovJ odcsifygw,f
bk&m;/
t&Sif / / wu,fawmh vlawGeYJ b0jcm;aewJh Nyw
d m awGv?kd ewfawGvkd
olawGtzdUk rSm bmompum; twm;tqD;r&Sad wmhb;l udx
k ;l
&JU/ b,fompum;eJaY jymajym olwt
Ykd aeeJY tvdt
k avsmuf
odem; vnfMuw,f/ tJ'grsK;d udk urZ 'd d (uHaMumifjh zpfww
hJ efc;kd )
vdYk ac:w,f/ trQa0wmudk om"kac:&aumif;rSe;f odwmudak wmh
obm0tm;jzifh odw,fvYkd ,l&r,f/ bmaMumifv
h q
J akd wmh
a&SUydik ;f rSm OD;Zif;wdYk avhvmcJMh uNyD;jzpfwt
hJ wdik ;f ? Nydwm bHrk mS
oGm;jzpfoal wG[m vlawG pGeyYf pftyfww
hJ aH wG;ESyf pwJh tpm
tm[m&eJaY omfvnf;aumif;? vlawGay;vSLtyfwhJ 'geeJaY omf
vnf;aumif; Nyw
d m bHrk mS rQwMu&w,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tarh
0rf;u xGufvmcgp uav;av;awG[m rdcifEdkUudk b,fvdk
pdkU&r,fqdkwm tvdktavsmuf odMuovdkaygh/ NydwmawG
taeeJYvnf; olwdkYawGtwGuftm[m&jzpfr,fh trQtwef;
ay;a0rIawGukb,f
db,fv0kd rf;ajrmufMu&r,freS ;f tvdt
k avsmuf
odMuwm[m tqef;r[kwfygbl;/ om"kac:zdkY b,fvdk
wwfovJ qdk&mrSmawmh ygVdvdk om"k om"k om"k vdkY
ac:Edik rf S r[kwyf gbl;? 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfwhJ pdwu
f av;eJY
0rf;ajrmufaMumif;pum;wpfpHkwpfckudk a&Gwfvdkuf&ifudkyJ
om"k ac:wJhudp NyD;ygw,f/ a&SUydik ;f rSmwke;f u Adro
d m&
rif;BuD;&JUaqGrsKd;a[mif; Nydwm awG 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om >rufqkd
MuyHak wGukd avhvmMunf&h if tJ'o
D abmudk em;vnfEikd rf mS yg/
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l / / oabmayguf auseyfygNyD bk&m;/ aumif;rIwpfck aeYpOf r&
t&jyKNyD; rysufruGuf trQa0ygawmhr,f bk&m;/
t&Sif / / om"kygAsm/ udik ;f ? tJ'gqdk tEbm&wdq
Yk D jyefomG ;&atmif/
'DaeYajym&rSmu vlvcl sif; trQa0&usdK;udyk g ygatmif ajym
&rSmud;k /
udx
vlvlcsif; trQa0&usdK;
t&Sif / / tJ'rD mS ? tEbm&BuD;u toufxufq;kH aumif;rIjyK? tJ'b
D 0
u aoawmh ewfjynfrmS oGm;jzpfygowJ/h vlUjynf? ewfjynf
qdkovdk pkefqefusifvnfvmvdkufwm a*gwrbk&m;&Sif
vufxufawmfrmS awmh 'dAp uKt&mrSm {w'*f&wJh t&Sif
tEk'k g rax&fjrwfjzpfvmcJw
h ,f/ i,fi,fuwnf;u r&Sb
d ;l
qdw
k mudk rMum;zl;bl;wJ/h vdck sifwm tuke&f w,f/ tJ'gu
yapuAk'g t&Sijf rwfukd qGr;f vSLcJw
h hJ rlvblw ukov
kd &f iS f
(jruf&w
d o
f rm;)&JU tusdK;ay;awGaemf/
udx
t&Sif / / 'Dwpfcgawmh tEbm&&JUaumif;rIukd om"kac:cJw
h hJ olUrdwaf qG
okreolaX;BuD;&JU om"kac:&usdK;udk MunfMh u&rSmaygh/ olu
awmh rk@ed*;kH rSm? r[mrk@Oygoum&JU om;i,f? plVokre
qdo
k l jzpfvmcJw
h ,f/ toufcek pfEpS t
f &G,rf mS &Sio
f mraPjyK
r,fvyk af wmh acgif;&dwv
f t
Ykd NyD;rSmyJ &[Emtjzpfukd a&muf&dS
awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/
q&mjzpfol t&Sit
f Ek'k g rax&fjrwf&UJ avema&m*gudk ukpm;
zdt
Yk wGuf taemwwfa&tdik &f UJ t&Sio
f cif? yE*e*g;rif;udk
ewfjA[mawGtv,frmS wefc;kd NyKd if tEdik ,
f Nl y;D taemwwftikd f
a&udk t&,lEikd cf &hJ mu pvdYk okreomraP&,fvYkd xif&mS ;
vmcJw
h ,f/
aemufyikd ;f bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfwikd t
f wGuf taemwwfa&udk
aqmif,al y;cJw
h ahJ eYrmS yJ touft&G,t
f m;jzifh ckepfEpS o
f m
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
&Sad o;ayr,f?h tmoa0gukecf rf; &[Emvnf; jzpfNyD;om;?

wefc;kd vnf;BuD;rm;wJh okreomraPudk &[ef;yOi;f tjzpfukd
csD;jriahf y;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/
/ MunfE;l p&mygyJb&k m;/ tJ't
D &Sijf rwf (2) yg;&JU axkyw
u
f kd
Mum;em&&if odyaf umif;rSmygyJb&k m;/
/ aemufrsm;rS "ry'pmtkyrf mS &Smzwfayawmh udx
k ;l a&/ ckaetcg
tJ'0D wKaMumif;awGukd tptqH;k ajymae&if aqG;aEG;aeMu
wJh trQa0jcif;taMumif; ausmd;k aysmufomG ;rSm pd;k &ygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm ajymvd&k if;u? tEbm&&JU ukov
kd u
f kd om"kac:cJw
h hJ
okreolaX;&JU tusdK;ay;udk MunfhNyD;? vlvlcsif; trQa0
om"kac:&usdK; {uef&w
dS ,f qdw
k mudk oufaoxlv&kd if;ygyJ
udx
k ;l &JU/
/ oabmaygufygNyDb&k m;/ tJ'gqdk trdtz q&morm;upvdUk
w&m;emy&dwo
f wf vly*k Kd vfawGuykd g trQa0Edik w
f ,f/ vlvcl si;f
trQa0om"kac:&usK;d vnf; wu,f&w
dS ,fvYkd rSw&f rSmayghb&k m;/
ZmPkamPdow
k e t
f vdk Nydwm wdrYk mS om om"kac:&usdK;&Sd
w,fqw
kd mu csufcsif;vufiif; aumif;usKd;&Ekid rf u
I kd &nf
Te;f NyD;a[mawmfrw
l mjzpfw,f/ vlvcl sif;usawmh olwv
Ykd kd
csucf si;f vufiif; r&Edik af yr,fh om"kac:&usK;d wu,f&w
dS ,f
vdYk rSw&f rSmayghb&k m;/
/ [kww
f ,f/ tJ't
D wdik ;f rSw&f r,f/ aemufaeYrmS awmh ud,
k f
apmifeh wf? tdraf pmifeh wf polawGukd bmhaMumifeh mrnfwyf
trQa0oifo
h vJqw
kd mudk ajymMuao;wmaygh udx
k ;l a&/ udik ;f ?
'DaeYawmh 'DavmufeYJ awmfMuOD;pd/Yk
/ aus;Zl;BuD;vSygw,f t&Sib
f &k m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
ewfwdkhudk trQa0rIudk pdppfjcif;

udx
k ;l / / wynfah wmf a&mufygNyDb&k m;/
t&Sif / / wynfah wmfa&mufygNyDb&k m;qdak wmh trQa0yHu
k kd jyefqufMu
wmaygh udx
k ;l a&/ 'DaeYawmh ud,
k af pmifeh wf? tdraf pmifeh wf
polawGukd trQa0vdYk &Edik af Mumif;? bmaMumifh emrnfwyfNy;D
trQa0& aMumif;awG ajymMuwmaygh/
udx
k ;l / / wifyghbk&m;? tJ'Dudk,fapmifhewf? tdrfapmifhewfqdkolawG
wu,faum &Syd govm;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? ud,
k af pmifeh wf &S-d r&Sq
d w
kd mukd yg&mZduPf t|uxmvm
&Sifok'dEtaMumif;t&m tzGifheJY okwfr[m0gt|uxm
r[my'geokwt
f zGiu
hf kd taxmuftxm;jyKNyD; avhvmMu&
r,f udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / rdeyYf gOD;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / &Sio
f 'k ed q
f w
kd m omoemawmfrmS arxkerf u
I kd &[ef;b0eJY
yxrOD;qH;k jyKusio
hf al ygh/ r[m0keaf wmxJrmS r,m;a[mif;udk
om;rsdK;aphay;wJt
h aeeJY arxkerf u
I kd jyKusifah wmh bkrp ;kd ewf
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
awGupNy;D pwkr[m&mZfewfawG? wm0wd o

H mewfawG pojzifh
tqifq
h ifo
h o
d mG ;vdu
k w
f m jA[mawGxad tmif od&o
dS mG ;NyD;?
tcsif;wdYk &[ef;oHCmawG[m ('kv
D ) qdw
k hJ tjrKyfrS
uif;pifw,f? tjypfu uif;pifw,f/ uvEoal X;om; ok'ed f
[m ('kv
D ) qdw
k hJ tjrKyfukd jzpfapcJNh yD? tjypfukd jzpfapcJh
NyD vdYk tqifq
h ifh a<u;aMumfMuwJt
h aMumif; yg&mZduPfygVd
awmfrmS jyqdx
k m;w,f/
tJ'gudk xyfrzH iG jhf ywJh t|uxmtzGirhf mS awmh raumif;rIukd
jyKwJo
h [
l m tjcm;vlawGxuf ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd (r[kww
f mudk
vkyrf rd eS ;f ) t&ifq;kH odaMumif;? tJ'aD emuf ud,
k &hf UJ ud,
k af pmifh
ewfu od&adS Mumif;? tJ'aD emuf olwpfyg;&JUpdwu
f o
kd w
d wfwhJ
ewfawGu od&w
dS t
hJ aMumif;? tJ'gaMumifh awmtkyrf mS aeMu
wJh olwpfyg;pdwu
f kd odMuwJb
h rk p ;kd ewfawG[m tJ'v
D eG u
f sL;rI
udk MunfNh yD; a<u;aMumfMuwm jzpfwt
hJ aMumif; &Si;f jyxm;
w,f udx
k ;l &JU/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ wpfcg okwrf [m0gt|uxm? r[my'geokwt
f zGirhf mS rif;awG
w&m;rapmifw
h t
hJ cg tdraf &SUrif;? trwf? ppfoBl uD;? olaX;
ol<u,fawGutp tm;vH;k aomNrKd UolNrKd Uom;awG w&m;rapmifh
MuwJhtaMumif;? tJ'Dtcg tJ'DvlawGudk apmifha&SmufwJh
ud,
k af pmifeh wfawG w&m;rapmifah wmhwhJ taMumif;? tJ'eD wf
awG&UJ rdwaf qGawGjzpfwhJ ajrrSmaewJh bkrp ;kd ewfawG? aumif;
uifrmS aewJh tmumopd;k ewfawGuae ... [d;k ewfjynf
ajcmufxyf txufb0*fxad tmif t&d,myk*Kd vfawGuvGNJ yD;
tm;vH;k aom ewfjA[m y&dwo
f wfawG w&m;rapmifMh uawmh
wJt
h aMumif;jyqdx
k m;w,f/ tJ'gawGuakd xmufxm;Ny;D ud,
k f
apmifeh wf&w
dS t
hJ aMumif; usef;*eftaxmuftxm;eJY rSwo
f m;
Edik w
f ,f udx
k ;l &JU/
/ rSefyghbk&m;/ tJ'gqdk tdrfapmifhewf&SdwJhtaMumif;udka&m
usef;*eftaxmuftxm; &Syd govm; bk&m;/
/ &Sw
d ,f udx
k ;l ? "ry't|uxm? ygy0*f? temxyd@u
d ao|d
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
0wKtzGirhf mS xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awGUEdik yf gw,f/ tJ'rD mS ? wcgom;

rSm temxydPo
f al |;MuD; pD;yGm;awG qH;k I;H oGm;wJt
h aMumif;?
olaX;BuD;tdr&f UJ pwkwa jrmufwcH g;udak pmif&h wJh wHcg;apmifh
ewfu bk&m;tr;&Sw
d hJ oHCmawmfawGukd vSL'gef;rJt
h pm;
aiGaMu;awGudk pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;xJrSm &if;ESD;jrKyfESHNyD;awmh
wd;k yGm;atmifvyk af qmifzYkd Mo0g'vmay;wJt
h aMumif;? olaX;Bu;D
u tJ'D&wemoHk;yg;udk rMunfndKwJh wHcg;apmifhewfudk
ESix
f w
k v
f u
kd w
f t
hJ aMumif;? wHcg;apmifeh wfvnf; aep&mr&Sad wmh
wJt
h wGuf NrKd Uapmifeh wf? ewfrif;BuD;av;yg;eJY odMum;rif;wdx
Yk H
tqifq
h ifo
h mG ;NyD; olaX;udk awmif;yefay;zdYk toem;cHwhJ
taMumif;awG vm&Sw
d ,f/ tJ'0D wKudak xmufq&if tdraf pmifh
ewfwUkd ? &Gmapmifeh wf-NrdKUapmifeh wfwYkd wu,f&w
dS t
hJ aMumif;
odeikd yf gw,fux
kd ;l &JU/
/ wifyghb&k m;/ tJ'gqd?k tJ'eD wfawGukd trQa0oifah Mumif;udk
usawmha&m bk&m;/
/ tJ'eD wfawGukd trQay;a0oifah Mumif;udak wmh 0denf;r[m0g
ygVdawmf? aboZu@
u? oke"d 0um&0wK? yg#vdmG udk
NrdKUtjzpf wnfaqmufcef;rSm awGUEdik yf gw,f/
/ rdeyYf gOD;bk&m;/
/ wcgom;rSm r*"wdik ;f &JU trwfBuD;awGjzpfMuwJh oke"d trwf
BuD;eJY 0um&trwfBuD;wd[
Yk m 0ZrD if;awG&UJ &efukd ckcyH w
d q
f Ykd
zdUk twGuf yg#vd qdw
k &hJ mG udk NrKd Utjzpf tqifjh ri w
hf nfaqmuf
Muw,f/ tJ't
D cg ewfawG[m tdr&f muGuaf wGukd olUae&m
ighae&mqdNk yD; odr;f ydu
k Mf uygowJ/h tJ't
D aMumif;awGukd od
awmfr?l jrifawmfrw
l b
hJ &k m;&Siu
f nDawmftmeEmudk tmeEm?
wefc;kd BuD;wJeh wfawG odr;f ydu
k Mf uwJh &yfuu
G rf mS wefc;kd BuD;wJh
rif;eJY trwfBuD;awG&UJ tdr&f mawG wnfaqmufzYkd pdwq
f E
jzpfMuw,f? wefcdk;tvwfpm;ewfawG tdrf&modrf;ydkufwJh
&yfuu
G rf mS wefc;kd tvwfpm;rif;ESihf trwfw&Ykd UJ tdr&f mawG
wnfaqmufzYkd pdwu
f ;l Muw,f? wefc;kd enf;wJeh wfawG tdr&f m
odr;f ydu
k w
f hJ &yfuu
G rf mS awmh wefc;kd enf;wJh rif;eJt
Y rwfwUkd &JU
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
tdr&f mawGukd wnfaqmufzYkd pdwjf zpfMuw,f vdYk rdeaYf wmfrl

w,fwhJ udx
k ;l &JU/
/ thMH op&mBuD;ygbk&m;/ bk&m;&Siyf iG ahf wmfrl xkwaf zmfa[mawmf
rlcv
hJ o
Ykd m 'DtaMumif;awGukd odciG &hf Muwmygbk&m;/ t&Sif
bk&m;wdv
Yk kd &[ef;oHCmawGu rdeyYf grSvnf; wynfah wmfwYkd
odciG &hf Muwmygbk&m;/ Ak'H o&PH *pmrd? "rH o&PH
*pmrd? oHCH o&PH *pmrd yg/ qufygOD;bk&m;/
/ tif;? NrdKUwnfNyD;wJt
h cgusawmh bk&m;&Siu
f kd aemufyg&[ef;
oHCmeJw
Y uG qGr;f bkO;f ay;<ua&muf csD;ajrmufawmfrzl Ukd yifh
zdwMf uw,f/ tJ'rD mS bk&m;&Sif tEkarm'emjyKawmfrw
l w
hJ &m;
awmfukd tav;teuf rSw&f r,f/ tdro
f pfwuf? NrKd UopfwufwhJ
tEkarm'em w&m;aygh udx
k ;l &,f/
/ rSeyf ghb&k m;/
/ bk&m;&Siu
f ]],o ya'ao uayw?d 0goH y@dwZmwda,m/
oDv0aEw abmaZwGm? onaw jA[pm&a,m/
,m ww a'0wm tmok?H wmoH 'uP
d rm'dao/
wm ylZw
d m ylZ,E?d rmedwm rme,Ed eH/
wawm eH tEkurE?d rmwm ykw0H Mo&oH/
k hJ
a'0wmEkurad wm aygaom? o'g bj'med ywd/ qdw
*gxmudk a[mawmfrw
l ,f/
jrefrmvdk t"dyg ,fuykPm ;wd?Yk ynm&Sw
d o
hJ [
l m t&yfa'owpfcrk mS tdr&f maqmuf
vkyaf exdik w
f ,f/ tJ't
D &yfrmS oDv&Sw
d ?hJ ud,
k Ef w
I Ef v
S ;kH apmifh
oH;k wJ?h jrwfaomtusif&h w
dS hJ yk*Kd vfawGukd qGr;f auR;NyD;awmh
tJ't
D &yfrmS &Sw
d hJ ewfawGukd tvSL&JUtzdb
Yk m*udk trQ ay;
a0&r,f/
tJovdk trQay;a0vd&Yk &dS if ewfawG[m ylaZmfc&H wJt
h wGuf
tJ'(D trQay;a0wJ)h olukd wkejYf yefNyD; ylaZmfMuw,f/ jrwfE;kd
wemjyKcH&wJh twGuaf Mumifv
h nf; wkejYf yefNyD;awmh jrwfE;kd
wem jyKMuw,f/
o Z if om ; pm a y
tJ'gaMumifh rdcif[m &ifrmS jzpfwhJ om;udk apmifah &Smufovd?k

ewfwaYkd wGuvnf; xdt
k rQay;a0wJo
h u
l kd apmifah &SmufMuw,f/
ewfwdkYapmifha&SmufcH&ol[m tcgcyfodrf; aumif;jrwfwJh
k w
kd ,f/
tmHak wGuo
kd m awGUjrif& avw,f vdYk qdv
q&mBuD; "rmp&d,OD;aX;vdIif rMumcPajymcJhwJh rd b
om;r,m;? aqGrsdK;rsm;ESifh? apyg;vkyfazmf? ewfolawmf?
oifhay:cspfygap qdw
k m 'DygVdawmfukd &nfeT ;f Ny;D ajymcJw
h ,f
xifwmygyJ udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf ghb&k m;/ rSwo
f m;cGi&hf wm aus;Zl;MuD;vSygw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / udik ;f ? tJ'gqdk ud,
k af pmifeh wf? tdraf pmifeh wf? &Gmapmifeh wf?
NrKd Uapmifeh wfawG wu,f&adS Mumif;eJY olwaYkd wGukd aumif;rIjyKNy;D
wdik ;f trQay;a0oifah Mumif; usr;f *eftaxmuftxm; cdik cf ikd f
vHv
k kH &NyDaygh/
*gxmawmfESpfyk'fudk ndwwfap
udx
k ;l / / &ygNyDbk&m;/ &weokwfy&dwfawmf? wom[d blwm
edomarx oaA? arwH ua&mx rmEko,
d m yZm,? 'd0gp
&awmp [&Ed a, Avd ?H wom[d ae &ux tyrwm
qdw
k t
hJ yd'k ?f jrefrmvdk t"dyg ,fukd Munfah wmhvnf; vlawGukd
arwmxm;Muzd?Yk olwu
Ykd kd aeYa&mnOfyh g trQa0- Avdewfpm
ylaZmfoal wGukd apmifah &SmufMuzdYk ewfawGukd bk&m;&Sif wdu
k f
wGe;f awmfrcl w
hJ ,fvYkd rSwo
f m;rdygw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / [kww
f ,f udx
k ;l / odUk aomf wpfco
k wdjyKp&muawmh ewfawG
udk tvGet
f uRH yHNk y;D ,HMk unfwmrsKd ; rjzpfoifMh ubl;/ oajyuef
q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;u oajyuefy&dwBf uD; ed,opfrmS
bmrqdk uHu,
kd NkH yD; yHx
k m;olrsm;uJo
h Ykd ewfu,
kd NkH yD; yHrk rI sKd;
udu
k m; rjyKtyf/ &wemoH;k yg;tay: tmHjk yKvGe;f av aumif;
avjzpfaomfvnf; ewfrsm;tay: tvGet
f uR,
H
kH yHjk cif;rsKd ;?
o Z if om ; pm a y
ewf;l l;onf qd&k avmufatmif jzpfrrI sdK;um; rvdv

k m;tyf
ay/ tcsdKU bk&m;udk qGr;f awmfwif&efum; owdr&? ewfyJG
udrk u
l m; iSuaf ysmoD;rEGr;f ap&atmif wdw
k ao w,kw,
jyKpkyoMu\/ bk&m;xufy
kd dak oav;pm;aom ylaZmfrI
rsm;um; rdr\
d Ak'b
mom ryDorIukd azmfjyjcif;jzpf&m xdt
k rI
rsdK;udk a&Smif&mS ;&ef owdjyKzdYk vdt
k yfayonf qdNk yD; twd
tvif; qH;k rawmfrx
l m;wmudk awGU&w,f udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / q&mawmfBuD;awG&JU tqHk;trawGudkyg wpfvufpwnf;
Mum;em&wm aus;Zl;BuD;vSygw,f bk&m;/
t&Sif / / raeYuwnf;u rSwpf x
k w
k x
f m;&wmav udx
k ;l &JU/ tif;?
'Dae&mrSm OD;Zif; xyfawG;rdwm wpfc&k adS o;w,f/ wcsdKUu
&weokwaf wmfvmewfrsm;wd?Yk vlawGukd arwmxm;Mu?
oifwu
Ykd kd trQa0 AvdewfpmylaZmfoal wGukd aeYa&mnOfyh g
apmifah &SmufMu qdNk yD; bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfwikd f a[mawmfrl
cJw
h ,f? ewfukd ylaZmfwm tjypfqpkd &mvm;qdNk y;D qifajcwuf
wwfMuw,f/ odaYk omfvnf; oajyuef q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;
rdeaYf wmfrcl o
hJ vdk bk&m;udk qGr;f awmfwifzu
Ykd sawmh owd&csirf S
&wwfMuw,f/ tJovdk vlrsdK;awG[m a&SUwpfy'kd jf zpfw-hJ
,HuOd d 0dwH " 0g [k&H 0g?

oa*ok 0g ,H &weH yPDw/H
eaem orH twd wxm*awe?
'rd Aka' &weH yPDw?H
{awe oape ok0wd a[mwk/
vljY ynf? e*g; *VKef paomjynf? ewfjynf jA[jynfwYkd

&So
d rQ aumif;jrwfaom &wemwdw
Yk iG f jrwfpmG bk&m;ESiw
hf al om
&wemum; r&SEd ikd o
f nfom/ bk&m;jrwf &wem\tjzpf
ESpo
f ufz,
G f *kP&f nfum; xl;jcm;aumif;jrwfvyS gayonf/
opmpum;aMumifh ow0gawG csrf;omygapownf;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
qdw
k hJ bk&m;&Sio
f nfom tjrwfq;kH &wemqdw
k mudk arhaeMu
vd?Yk mPfra&mufMuvdb
Yk J udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / [kwyf g&JUbk&m;/ wynfah wmfvnf; q&mawmfajymrS tJ'&D we
okwaf wmfvm a&SUaemuf *gxmESpcf u
k kd owdjyKrdygawmhw,f
bk&m;/ wu,fawmh wynfah wmfwYkd Ak'b
momrsm;twGuu
f
bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm &wemjrwf oH;k yg;onfom yxr jzpf
oifyh gw,fb&k m;/ ewfwq
Ykd w
kd mawGusawmh rdwaf qGt&m
rSmxm;Ny;D aeYpOfaumif;rIjyKoa&GU rdwaf qGaumif;yDyD olwu
Ykd kd
trQa0 oifw
h ,fvyYkd J cH,rl yd gw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / om"kygAsm/ 'Dae&mrSm OD;Zif;i,fi,fu BuHKcJ&h zl;wJh tawGU
tBuHKav;wpfcu
k kd ajymjy&OD;r,f/
udx
k ;l / / ajymjyygOD;bk&m;/
i,fi,fwkef;u tawGUtBuHKwpfck
t&Sif / / OD;Zif;wdYk vlUb0wke;f u tifrwef cspfcifMuwJh oli,fcsif;
oH;k a,muf&w
dS ,f/ udw
k if0if;qdw
k w
hJ pfa,mufu tjcm;wpfNrKd U
uae OD;Zif;wdNYk rdKUrSm ausmif;vmwufwm/ 1995- ckEpS ?f
q,fwef;pmar;yGaJ jzNy;D MuwJh tcgusawmh udw
k if0if;wdNYk rKd Uudk
OD;Zif;wdYk 'Du oli,fcsif;ESpaf ,mufu tvnfvu
kd o
f mG ;Mu
w,f/ olwNYkd rdKUudak &mufawmh tJ'aD eY naerSmyJ NrdKUv,frmS &Sd
wJh ewfueG ;f qDukd oGm;Mu&w,f/ udw
k if0if;wdYk rdom;pktajym
u olwUkd NrKd Uudak &muf&if NrKd Uawmf&iS u
f kd OD;wdu
k &f w,f? OD;rwdu
k f
&if txdtcdu
k &f w
dS wfw,f vdYk qdw
k ,f/
udx
k ;l / / qufygOD;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / tJ'geJ?Y ewfueG ;f udak &mufomG ;Muawmh udw
k if0if;eJY OD;Zif;&JU
oli,fcsi;f u txJu0kd ifNy;D uefawmh Muw,f/ OD;Zif;uawmh
tjyifuyJ &yfapmifNh yD; arwmydYk trQa0vdu
k yf gw,f/ tJ'gudk
...? udw
k if0if;u OD;Zif;udk r&ruac:w,f/ OD;Zif;uvnf;
tusKd;oift
h aMumif;oifh jyef&iS ;f jy&w,f/ udkwif0if;wdkU
o Z if om ; pm a y
NrdKUawmf&Sifudk av;pm;ygw,f? arwmvnf; ydkUNyD;ygNyD?

trQvnf;a0NyD;ygNyD? ruefawmhwmuawmh &wemoHk;yg;
xuftjyif b,fewfudkrS udk;uG,f&mtjzpf rowfrSwfEdkif
vdkYyg? olwdkUudk rdwfaqGawGvdkyJ oabmxm;ygw,fvdkU
&Sif;jy&w,f/ olwrYkd o
d m;pku OD;Zif;udk {nfo
h nftaeeJY tm;em
vdo
Yk m bmrSrajymMuayrJ?h olwcYkd rsm OD;Zif;wpfcck k txdtcdu
k f
&Srd mS udk pd;k &drf aecJMh uw,f/ wu,fawmh OD;Zif;vnf; ud,
k NhfrKd Uudk
jyefa&mufwt
hJ xd bmrStxdtcdu
k rf &Scd yhJ gbl;/
udx
k ;l / / tJ ...? 'Dae&mrSm ar;p&mwpfck ay:vmygw,fb&k m;/ tJovdk
ewfueG ;f awG? ewfpifawGrmS iSuaf ysmoD;awG tke;f oD;awGeYJ
uefawmhyaJG wG wifvLS yoMuygw,f/ tJ'gudk tJ'eD wfawG
wu,f oH;k aqmifcpH m;Edik Mf uygovm;bk&m;/ vlawG&UJ tpm;
tpmudk olwUkd awG pm;aomufEikd yf ghrvm;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? tJ'u
D pd u
v
kd nf; cGjJ cm;NyD;awmh ajym&r,f/ NyD;awmh?
olwu
Ykd kd bmhaMumifh emrnfwyfNyD; trQa0oifw
h ,fqw
kd mudk
vnf; ajym&OD;r,f/ enf;enf; &Snv
f rd rhf ,f/ 'DaeYtzdaYk wmh
'Davmufqkd awmfavmufNyD udx
k ;l &JU/ em;MuOD;pd&Yk UJ /
udx
k ;l / / wifyghb&k m;/ wynfah wmf aemufaeYvmcJyh ghr,fb&k m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
ewfwifpmewfawGpm;-rpm;
t&Sif / / [dw
k pfaeYu udx
k ;l ar;xm;wmu ewfueG ;f awG? ewfpifawG
rSm iSuaf ysmoD;awG tke;f oD;awGeYJ uefawmhyaJG wG wifvLS yo
Muygw,f? tJ'gudk tJ'eD wfawG wu,fo;kH aqmifcpH m;Ekid f
Muygovm;bk&m;? vlawG&JUtpm;tpmudk olwdkYawGaum
pm;aomufEidk yf ghrvm;bk&m; qdw
k hJ ar;cGe;f aemf/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf gw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / 'Dae&mrSm tJ'eD wfueG ;f ewfpifawGrmS vlwcsdKU ,HMk unfMu
ovdk wu,fhewfawG &Sd-r&Sd qdkwJhjyemudk t&ifqHk;
pOf;pm;Mu&vdrrhf ,f/ 'Djyemudk pOf;pm;wJt
h cg jrefrm&mZ0if
rSm xif&mS ;wJh pmwdik ndK avQmufx;kH udk xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;Mu
&vdrrhf ,f/
udx
k ;l / / atmf? q&mawmfred cYf sifwmu jrefrmou&mZf 730- jynfh
ESpfrSm rdwDvmuefawmfBuD; usdK;aygufawmh tif;0bk&if
o Z if om ; pm a y
rif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ ud,
k af wmfwikd f vma&mufqnfzYkd jyKjyifwhJ
tcg uefaygif;kd ay:rSmawGU&wJh rde;f rkyw
f ek YJ ewfueG ;f udpx
if
w,f bk&m;/
t&Sif / / [kww
f ,f udx
k ;l ? tJ'rD mS bk&ifuar;awmh tJ'rD ed ;f rkyw
f ek YJ
ewfueG ;f taMumif;udk b,forl S wdwyd y ravQmufwifEikd f
Mubl;/ aemufq;kH 0efZif;&GmolBuD;&JUom;ruf pmayorm;udk
ac:ar;Mu&w,f/ tJ'aD wmhrS taemf&xmrif; rdwv
D muef
awmfukd qnfvmwJt
h cg? tifrwefjrwfE;kd awmfrw
l hJ rdz&k m;i,f
wpfa,muf MurmukefwJhtwGuf a&TpifeJYoGef;vkyfxm;wJh
kyfwkwpfckudk uefdk;rSm tcdkiftcefYjrKyfapcJhwJhtaMumif;?
tJ'aD &Tyk ef w
YJ w
l hJ opfom;kyu
f kd wefaqmif;jymom'fjyKNy;D awmh
uefabmif;kd rSm xm;awmfrcl w
hJ m jzpfaMumif;? aemufyikd ;f rSm
vlawGu pm;OD;aomufO;D wifNyD; ewfueG ;f &,fvYkd ac:a0:
ynwfvmMujcif;omjzpfaMumif; odMu&awmhw,f/
tJ'geJY rSe-f rrSeu
f kd uefaygif;dk udw
k ;l NyD; ppfaq;wJt
h cg ckeu
pmayorm;av; ajymwJt
h wdik ;f a&Tyk w
f u
k kd awGUMu&w,f/
tJ'geJY 0efZif;&Gmom;av;&JU trSwt
f om;? twiftavQmuf?
ky&f nfvuPmawGukd ESpo
f ufNyD;awmh qkvmbfrsm;pGm ay;
NyD; eef;awmfoYkd ac:,lawmfrcl w
hJ ,f/ aemufyikd ;f rSm ol[m
pnf;wjypf? rif;&mZm? 0efZif;rif;&mZm? bd;k &mZmqdw
k hJ emrnf
awGeYJ ausmfMum;vmcJw
h ,f/
udx
k ;l / / tJovdk taxmuftxm;rcdik v
f b
kH J uGe;f aeMuwJh ewfueG ;f
rsdK;awG jrefrmjynf wpfew
H pfvsm;rSm b,favmufawmif &Sd
avrvJ rodygbl;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? &SdMur,fxifwmygyJ/ ZmwfememeJY aowJholawG?
Oyap'uuHeYJ aowJv
h al wGvnf; jrefrmjynf ewfavmurSm
txift&Sm; ae&m&aeMuwmyJ udx
k ;l &JU/ at;ayghav/ opfyif
&S&d if iSuv
f mw,f? vlorkw&f if opfiw
k u
f usm;jzpfw,f
qdw
k mvdk b,fwek ;f u b,fvakd Mumifh wnfaqmufcw
hJ mrSe;f
rodcw
hJ mawGvnf; Mumvmawmh ewfueG ;f qdNk yD; jzpfvmMu
r,f/ jzpfvmNyDq&kd if pm;OD;aomufO;D uav; wifvLS olawG
o Z if om ; pm a y
&Sv
d mr,f/ tJ'aD wmh ewfrqd?k Nydwm awGrqdk tJ'aD e&mudk
odr;f ydu
k Nf yD;aevmMur,f/ &Hcg&Hcg olwaYkd wGu ulnw
D mrsdK;?
Ncrd ;f ajcmufwmrsK;d awG &Sv
d mr,f/ tJ'rD mS ewf[w
k [
f w
k f r[kwf
[kw?f ewfqNkd yD; vlawGu vkyMf uawmhrmS ygyJ udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf ghb&k m;? 'gjzif&h if ewfueG ;f qdw
k ikd ;f ewftppf&w
dS hJ ewfueG ;f
jzpfcsifrjS zpfr,f? tJ'eD wfueG ;f udk odr;f ydu
k af exdik o
f al wG[m
ewfvnf;jzpfEikd o
f vd?k Nydwm awGvnf; jzpfEikd w
f ,fvYkd ,l&
rvm; bk&m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? tJovdk ,loifw
h ,f/ ewfawGvnf; jzpfEikd w
f ,fqw
kd m
u [dw
k pfaeYu OD;Zif;wdYk aqG;aEG;cJMh uNy;D Ny/D temxydPf
olaX;BuD;eJY olU&JUwHcg;apmifeh wftaMumif;&,f? yg#vd&mG udk
NrdKUtjzpf wnfaqmufcef;&,fwu
Ykd kd axmufqNyD; OD;Zif;wdYk
ajymcJMh uNy;D Ny/D 'DaeYawmh? Nyw
d m awG? o&JawGvnf; jzpfaeEdik f
aMumif; ajym&r,f/
udx
k ;l / / ajymjyygOD;bk&m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
ewfuGef;qdkayr,fh
NydwmuGef;awGvnf; jzpfcsif?jzpfaeEdkifw,f
t&Sif / / "ry' t|uxmrSmvm&Sw
d hJ umVDbv
D ;l r0wKtaMumif;av;yg/
vlwikd ;f eD;eD; Mum;zl;MuwJh taMumif;ygyJ/ [dak eYwek ;f uvnf;
enf;enf;ajymjycJNh yD;NyD/ qdak wmh ...tusOf;yJ ajymjyr,f/
bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfu 'g,dumrwpfa,mufr,f uav;
arG;zGm;wdik ;f arG;zGm;wdik ;f bDv;l rwpfa,mufu vmvmpm;
w,f/ olwaYkd wGu twdwb
f 0awGwek ;f uvnf; bwpfjyef
usm;wpfjyefqw
kd mvd?k b0wpfcrk mS olUuav;awGukd ud,
k u
f
pm;? aemufwpfb0usjyefawmh ud,
k u
hf av;awGukd olupm;
eJY tjyefjyeftvSev
f eS f &efNidK;zGUJ vmMuwm jzpfw,f/ tJ'g
bk&m;&Siv
f ufxufawmftcgrSmawmh wpfa,mufu bDv;l r?
wpfa,mufu vlred ;f r jzpfvmNyD;? vlred ;f r uav;zGm;wdik ;f
bDv;l ru vmvmpm;aewmjzpfw,f/
tJ'geJY (3) a,mufajrmufuav;udk zGm;jrifwt
hJ csed rf mS awmh
bk&m;ausmif;udk xGuaf jy;&muae bk&m;&Siu
f w&m;a[mawmf
rlvYkd tcsi;f csi;f &efNiKd ;awGajyMuw,f/ aemufawmh bDv;l ru
olonfum;qd&k if [dt
k &ifu ouf&o
dS ufrrhJ a&G; pm;aomufchJ
w,f? ckb,fvkd pm;aomufaexdik f oGm;&ygrvJvYkd awG;Ny;D
idak wmh bk&m;&Siu
f uav;tarudk bDv;l rudk tdru
f akd c:oGm;Ny;D
auR;arG;xm;zdYk rdeYaf wmfrw
l ,f/ aemufyikd ;f ? bDv;l ru tdrrf mS
ae&wm tqifrajybl; ajymvmawmh? &Gmtjyifbuf qdwNf ird w
f hJ
wpfae&mrSm oGm;xm;NyD; aeYpOf xrif;,m*kawGoGm;ydYkNyD;
auR;arG;xm;w,f/ bDv;l ruvnf; aus;Zl;wkeq
Yf yfwt
hJ aeeJU
'DEpS af wmh rd;k aumif;r,f? uke;f jrifrh mS pyg;pdu
k yf g? 'DEpS af wmh
rd;k acgifr,f? ajredrehf rd hf csdKif0h rS ;f awGrmS pyg;pdu
k yf g pojzifh
tBuaH y;w,f/
udx
t&Sif / / tJ'geJY olrsm;awGrmS &moDOwkaMumifh pyg;awG tysuftpD;
&SMd uaomfvnf; tJ't
D rsdK;orD;rSmawmh tysuftpD;r&Sad ybl;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
aemufyikd ;f tjcm;vlawGu taMumif;udak r;Muawmh bDv;l r

qDu tBuH mPf&wJt
h aMumif; ajymjyvdu
k w
f ,f/ 'Dvekd YJ tjcm;
olawGvnf; tJ'DbDvl;rudk xrif;,m*kawGeJY ylaZmfyo
vmMuw,fvq
Ykd w
kd ,f/
qdak wmh ...? 'D0wKudk axmufxm;&if ewfuGef;? ('grS
r[kwf) ewfopfyifqdkwdkif;vnf; ewfawG jzpfcsifrSjzpfr,f?
NydwmawG? o&JawG? bDvl;awGvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfaeEdkif
w,fvUkd rSw&f r,f/ odUk aomfvnf; vlomrefawG&UJ oabm
rSm xl;qef;wJh urZd'dwefcdk;uav; wpfckckavmuf&SdNyD;?
yl;wmuyfwm? ajcmufwmvSefYwm?(odkYr[kwf)ulnDapmifr
wmrsdK; BuHK&&ifyJ Nydwmaom? o&Jaom ra&Smif ... ewf?
ewf qdkNyD; vkyfvdkufMuawmhwmyJ udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / oabmaygufygNyb
D &k m;/ 'gqd&k if 'Dbv
D ;l r0wKudk axmufq&if
bDv;l wd?Yk o&Jw?Ykd Nyw
d m wd[
Yk m ewfueG ;f rSm vmwifwhJ xrif;
,m*kawGukd pm;aomufEikd w
f ,f? tke;f oD;iSuaf ysmoD;awGukd
pm;aomuf Edik w
f ,fvYkd rSw&f rSmayghb&k m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? tJ'b
D v
D ;l rwdv
Yk kd wcsdKUaom bDv;l awG? Nydwm awG?
ewfawGuawmh pm;aomufEidk Mf uayvdrrhf ,f/ 'Dae&mrSm OD;Zif;
wdYk Zmwu-t|uxm? {uuedygwf? 0kP0*f? ku" r
Zmwfawmfvm jrdKUem;&Gmem;rSm ae&mAdrmef,Ml uwJh ewfawG
ajymwJh pum;av;vnf; pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;w,f/ olwu
Ykd
bmajymovJqakd wmh ...
]]awmxJawmifxu
J AdrmefrmS bmvky&f rwke;f ? NrKd Uem;Gmem;rSmyJ
Adrmef,al wmhraygh? *grm'a,m [d Oyedm, 0ormem
a'0wm vmb*,o*yw
m a[mE-d NrdKUem;Gmem;udk rSND yD;ae
wJh ewfawGrmS vmbfoyfyum ta>ct&HawG aygrsm;Muw,f}}
qdw
k mav;wpfck ygaewm awGU&w,f/ tJ'gudk axmufq&if
wcsKd UewfawG[m vlawG ylaZmfyowJh pm;zG,af omuf&mawGukd
arQmv
f ifMh uyH&k w,fvYkd aumufcsucf sEikd w
f ,f/ pm;aomufEikd -f
rpm;aomufEidk u
f akd wmh pmxJrmS vnf; rajymxm;bl;/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf gh? qufygOD;bk&m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
t&Sif / / wpfbufuMunf&h if wcsdKUawGuawmh pm;aomufEidk Mf uvdrhf

r,f rxifb;l / bmaMumifv
h q
J &kd if tJ'ZD mwfawmfrmS yJ bk&m;
avmif;ewfom;&JU ajympum;av;udu
k pOf;pm;p&m aumif;
aevdyYk /J olu tJ'b
D 0rSm [dr0EmawmxJrmS tif;Muif;yif
apmifeh wf jzpfaecJw
h ,f/ tJ't
D csderf mS a00Pfewfrif;
topfwpfyg;ajymif;awmh opfyifNcHKEG,af pmifeh wfrsm;taeeJY
rdrw
d Ukd ESpo
f uf&m&m AdrmefawGukd ,lEikd Mf uaMumif; trdeYf pm
xkww
f ,f/ tJ'rD mS bk&m;avmif;ewfom;u olaY qGrsKd ;awGukd
vGiw
f ;D acgifrmS aygufa&mufaewJh opfyifawGukd AdrmeftaeeJY
r,lMuzd?Yk olt
Y eD;tem;rSm 0dik ;f &Haygufa&mufaewJh opfyif
awGuykd J ,lMuzdUk tBuHjyKw,f/ ynm&Sed wfawGu bk&m;avmif;
pum;udk em;axmifMuw,f/ awmxJrmS yJ AdrmefawGukd ,lMu
w,f/ apmapmuajymcJw
h hJ ewfwpfcsKUd uawmh awmxJrmS bm
vkyrf wke;f ? NrdKUem;jynf&mG rSmrS vmbfoyfyumaygrSmayghqNkd yD;
vlawGeeYJ ;D wJh uGi;f jyifawGrmS aygufa&mufaewJh opfyifawGukd
,lMuw,fvYkd qdw
k ,f/
udx
k ;l / / atmf ... rkew
f ikd ;f wdu
k w
f t
hJ cgusawmh awmxJuopfyifawG
[m wpfyifuw
kd pfyif trS&D MuwJt
h wGuf bmrSrjzpfMuaomf
vnf; uGi;f jyifBuD;rSm aygufaewJh opfyifBuD;awGuawmh
vJNyKd oGm;Muw,fqw
kd hJ ZmwfaMumif;xifw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / [kww
f ,f/ tJ'ZD mwfawmfy/J tJ'rD mS aumufcsufcsvdu
k &f if
NrdKUem;jynf&mG udk oGm;aewJh ewfawGqw
kd mvnf; e*du
k awmh
tifMuif;awmu ewfawGy?J a00Pfewfrif; tajymif;tvJ
umvrSmrS awmudkypfNyD; NrdKUem;&Gmem; ajymif;oGm;Muwm
jzpfw,f/ tJ'rD mS vnf; bk&m;avmif;pwJh ewfwpfcsdKUuawmh
rlvae&m awmxJrmS yJ usefae&pfwmudk awGU&jyefw,f/ qdk
awmh .. 'D kup ;kd ewfawG tukev
f ;kH [m e*dak wmxJrmS aepOf
umvwpfavQmufv;kH olwt
Ykd m[m&eJo
Y w
l Ykd rQwpm;aomufNy;D
aexdik cf MhJ uwmjzpfr,fvYkd aumufcsufcsvdUk &w,f/ wcg ...
NrKd Uem;jynf&mG udk ajymif;oGm;wJh ewfawG&UJ pum;udak xmufxm;
jyef&ifawmh vlawGyal ZmfyowJh tpm;taomufawGuv
kd nf;
o Z if om ; pm a y
pm;aomufEikd Mf ur,fh oabmudk awGU&w,f/

odaYk omf? 'Dae&mrSm wpfcpk Of;pm;p&mu OD;Zif;wdYk vufawGU
rsufawGU awGU&wmudk ajym&&if vlawGu ewfwifw,f
qdw
k mvnf; wu,fwrf;rSm rpdrYk ydu
Yk av;avmufom wifvLS
Muwmudk awGU&w,f/ OD;Zif;wdYk t&yfrmS ewfpifukd a&Tcsw,f
qd&k ifvnf; a&Ta&mifpuLpuav; vufEpS v
f ;kH - oH;k vH;k avmuf
udk oGm;uyfvu
kd Mf uwmrsdK;udyk J awGU&w,f/ qdak wmh ...
wu,fwrf;rSm olwu
Ykd kd wifvLS yow,fqw
kd hJ tpm;taomuf
toH;k taqmifqw
kd mawG[m wu,fu
h kd rpdrYk ydrYk S rpdrYk ydu
Yk av;
om jzpfw,f/ tJ'eD wfawGtaeeJY wu,fpm;w,fq&kd if
awmif b,fyb
kH ,fenf;pm;aomufMuavrvJ tawmf pOf;pm;
p&mygyJ/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf gw,fb&k m;/ 'Dae&mrSm qufpyfaervm;rodygbk&m;?
wapupd u
kd enf;enf;xnfah vQmuf yg&apbk&m;/ &GmrSm wcsKd U
awGukd wapy;l &if bmpm;csifovJar;&if wcsKdUwapawGu
t&ufaomufcsifw,fvYkd ajymMuygw,fb&k m;/ tJ'geJY olwYkd
TefwJhae&mudk (uefawmhyg&JU) t&ufoGm;ydkYMu&ygw,f/
oGm;ydw
Yk t
hJ cg olwu
Ykd wpfyv
k if;awmif;qd&k if wpfyv
k if;?
ESpfykvif;awmif;qdk&if ESpfykvif;ayghbk&m;/ odkYaomfvnf;
wu,fq
h ikd rf mS oH;k wJh ykvif;awGeYJ oGm;ydw
Yk m r[kwb
f ;l bk&m;/
yifepD v
D ifyv
k if;av;awGeYJ wpfyv
k if;? ESpyf v
k if;vkyNf y;D oGm;ydYk
vdu
k Mf uwmygyJ/ wapy;l cH&olvnf; aumif;oGm;wmyJb&k m;/
t&Sif / / &Dvnf;&Dcsifp&m? oem;vnf; oem;p&mygyJvm; udx
k ;l &/ 'D
ae&mrSm OD;Zif;tjrifukd ajym&&if ewfueG ;f eJU ylaZmfcMH u&ol?
tJ'D ewfqdkolawG[m (wap
(wap? o&J? NydwmawGvnf; jzpfEdkif
w,faemf) vlawGwifvSLwmudk pm;aomufEdkifaumif; pm;
aomufEdkifMuvdrfhr,f/ rpm;aomufEdkif&ifawmifrS b,fol
rqdk udk,fhudk ylaZmfrI,kjyKMuwmudk oabmusMupNrJom
jzpfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhyJ tJovdk ylaZmfyorIudk cHcsifwm
oufoufev
YJ nf; tke;f oD;iSuaf ysmoD;awGukd vufcaH useyf
aeMuwmrsKd;vnf; jzpfEkdifw,f vdYk awG;rdygw,f/
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l / / jzpfEdkifygw,fbk&m;/ wynfhawmfwdkY i,fi,fwkef;uqdk&if
vlawG ewfyal Zmfxm;MuNyq
D &kd if oli,fcsi;f wpfou
kd f ewfpifukd
oGm;Muw,fb&k m;/ wpfa,mufu ewfpifaemufu ae&yg
w,f/ a&SUu vlawGu ]tzGm; tzGm;? om;wdu
Yk kd tke;f oD;
iSuaf ysmoD;av;rsm;ay;yg} vdYk ajymvdu
k &f if ewfpifaemufu
wpfa,mufu toHMoMoBuD;eJY ]at;at; ,lomG ; ,lomG ;}
qdNk y;D ajym&ygw,f/ Ny;D wmeJY aysmaf ysmyf g;yg; ,liifpm;vdu
k Mf u
wmygyJ/ ewfwifwv
hJ al wmif olUtdrjf yefa&mufcsirf S a&mufyg
vdrOhf ;D r,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / udik ;f ? 'gjzifh pm;Ekid w
f m-rpm;Ekid w
f m olwt
Ykd vky?f (pm;Edik o
f l
vnf;&Srd ,f? rpm;Edik o
f v
l nf;&Srd ,f) odaYk omfvnf; pm;Ekid Ef idk -f
rpm;Ekid Ef idk ?f ud,
k u
hf kd tav;tjrwfjyKNy;D wifvLS yowmudak wmh
rBudKufb;l qdw
k o
hJ l r&Sb
d ;l vdo
Yk m toift
h m;jzifh rSwaf yawmh
udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf g? auseyfygNyb
D &k m;/ 'gjzifh taumif;qH;k uawmh olwUkd udk
ud,
k jf yKorQaumif;rIuo
k v
kd u
f kd trQay;a0wmyJayghb&k m;/
t&Sif / / [kww
f ,f? taumif;qH;k uawmh aumif;rIjyKNy;D trQay;a0wm
ygyJ/ a00Pfewfrif;BuD;vdk txufwef;ewfawGawmif
vlawGaumif;rIjyKNy;D trQay;a0Muwmudk om"kac:vdMk uygowJh
udx
k ;l &JU/ tJ't
D aMumif;udk aemufaeYrS qufajymjyyghr,f/
'DaeYawmh em;MuOD;pd&Yk UJ /
udx
o Z if om ; pm a y
txufewfawGvnf; om"kac:vdkMuygw,f
udx
k ;l / / [dw
k pfaeYu rdecYf w
hJ hJ a00Pfewfrif;BuD;wdv
Yk kd txufwef;
ewfawGawmif vlawGaumif;rIjyKNyD; trQay;a0Muwmudk
om"kac:vdMk uw,fqw
kd t
hJ aMumif; &Si;f jyygOD;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / atmf ... tJ't
D aMumif;udk t*Fw
k Kd &fygVdawmf? owuedygwf?
r[m,n0*f? eErmwmokwrf mS awGU&w,f udx
k ;l &JU/ wcgom;
rSm t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & meJY t&Sirf [marm*vmef rax&fjrwf
ESpyf g;[m &[ef;rsm;pGmeJt
Y wl 'uP
d *D&Zd eyk'rf mS c&D;a'opm&D
vSnv
hf nfawmfrMl uw,f/ t&Sijf rwfwo
Ykd mG ;r,fh vrf;c&D;rSm
a0VKu@uD qdw
k NhJ rdKUwpfNrdKU&Sw
d ,f/ tJ'ND rdKUrSm eErmwmvdYk
ac:wJh Oygodumr wpfa,muf&w
dS ,f/ tJ'OD ygodumr[m
reufapmapmxwJNh yD;awmh yg&m,eokwu
f kd omom,m,m
&Gwq
f w
kd ,f/
udx
k ;l / / atmf? t&Sirf [moDv0Hoa&;cJw
h hJ yg&m,e0wKqdw
k m tJ'D
eErmwmOygodumr&Gwq
f ckd w
hJ hJ okwe u
f kd tajccHa&;xm;wm
xifw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / [kww
f ,fux
kd ;l / odUk aomfvnf; yg&m,eokwe q
f w
kd mu Am0&D
qdw
k hJ awmae&aohBu;D &JU wynfah ygif;wpfaomif;ajcmufaxmif
eJY wpfq,fah jcmufO;D udk a[mMum;awmfrx
l m;wJh okwe af 'oem
awmfom jzpfw,f/ tJ'o
D w
k e rf mS *gxmaygif; ESp&f mhig;q,f
avmufygw,f/ eErmwm'g,dumrBuD;u tJ'Dokwefudk
reufapmapmrSm omom,m,m&Gwq
f Nkd yD;aewm/
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
t&Sif / / tJ't
D csderf mS a00Pfewfrif;BuD;[m udpw
pfcek YJ ajrmuf
t&yfuae awmift&yfuo
kd mG ;w,f/ eErmwm'g,dumrBuD;
&JUw&m;awmfukd &Gwzf wfaewJt
h oHukd Mum;wJt
h cg &yfwefNY yD;
em,lw,f/ w&m;qH;k awmh ESra&? om"k? om"k qdNk yD;
aumif;csD;tEkarm'emjyKw,f/ eErmwmu ]om"kac:wm
b,foyl gvJt&Sif } vdYk ar;awmh? ] ESr? igonfum;qd&k if
oifah rmifawmf a00Pfewfrif; jzpfygw,f} vdYk ajzw,f/
tJ'rD mS eErmwmu ]]om"k? bj'rkc? awe [d a,m ar t,H
"ry&d,ma,m bPdawm? 'H aw a[mwk tmwdax,s
- aumif;ygNyD? rsufEmS tqif; wifw
h ,fvyS gwJt
h &Si?f om"k
ac:awmfrw
l hJ twGuf uREykf &f w
G q
f w
kd hJ w&m;a'oemawmfonf
oifewfrif;twGuf vufaqmifawmfyPm jzpfygapt&Si}f }
qdNk y;D awmh ajymvdu
k w
f ,f/ wu,fwrf;rSm tJ'gonf w&m;awmf
udk &Gwzf wfyal Zmf&wJh aumif;rIukd trQay;a0vdu
k w
f mjzpf
w,f/ 'gaMumifh 'gudv
k nf; trQa0wJyh pkH w
H pfrsdK;yJvYkd rSwcf hJ
&r,f udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
t&Sif / / tJ'rD mS a00Pfewfrif;BuD;u ]]om"kyg ESr? w&m;awmf
udv
k nf; vufaqmifawmftjzpf cH,yl gw,f/ eufjzefcg t&Sif
om&dyw
k & mrax&fjrwfeYJ t&Sirf [marm*vmefrax&fjrwfwYkd
trSL;&Sw
d hJ &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m qGr;f csed t
f rD a0VKu@uD
NrKd Uudk <ua&mufawmfrv
l mMuvdrrhf ,f/ tJ'o
D C
H mawmf t&Sif
jrwfawGukd qGr;f qufuyfvLS 'gef;yg/ tvSLtzdb
Yk m*udk ighukd
trQay;a0yg/ tJ'Dvdk trQa0wmonfvnf; ightwGuf
vufaqmifawmfyPmjzpfO;D rSmygyJ}} vdYk ajymw,f/
udx
k ;l / / jrifygNyDb&k m;/ pwkr[m&mZfewfrif;BuD;av;yg; t0iftyg
a00Pfewfrif;BuD;vdk xdyfwef;ewfrif;BuD;awGaomfrS
trQa0wmudv
k ckd sifMuw,f/ om"kac:csifMuw,fqw
kd mudk
oabmaygufyg NyDb&k m;/
t&Sif / / aemufwpfaeYa&mufawmh t&Sijf rwfwu
Ykd kd olUtdro
f Ykd yifNh yD;
o Z if om ; pm a y
qGr;f uyfw,f/ qGr;f bkO;f ay;NyD;wJh tcgusawmh t&Sio

f m&d
ykw& mrax&fjrwfu ]]eErmwm? &[ef;oHCm<uvmr,fh
taMumif; oifu
h kd b,foal jymovJ}} ar;awmfrv
l ?Ykd yg&m,e
okwe u
f kd &Gwzf wfo&Zsm,fwmudk a00Pfewfrif;BuD;
om"kac:&muae oluyJt&SifjrwfwdkY<uvmr,fhtaMumif;
ajymcJyh gw,fqNkd yD; avQmufxm;&w,f/ NyD;wJah emuf ]],'d'H
baE? 'gae yknO yknr[D p wH a00P r[m&mZ
okcg, a[mwk- t&Sijf rwfb&k m;? wynfah wmfr qGr;f tvrmS
ykAr Ok a pwem ukov
kd Ef iS hf ty&apwem ukov
kd o
f nf a0
0Pfewfrif;BuD; csrf;omjcif;twGuf jzpfygapom;}} &,fvYkd
avQmufxm;vdu
k w
f ,f/ tJ'g trQa0vdu
k w
f myJ udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
emrnfwyfNyD; trQa0yg
t&Sif / / udkif;? ar;&OD;r,f/ ckeu eErmwmtrQa0wJh ae&mrSm
bmawGx;l jcm;aewmudk owdxm;rdco
hJ vJ/
udx
k ;l / / atmf? a00Pfewfrif;BuD;udk emrnfwyfNyD; trQa0wmudk
ajymvdw
k mvm;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / [kww
f ,f/ tJ'g[m trQa0wJah e&mrSm tawmfta&;BuD;wJh
tcsufyJ udx
k ;l &JU/ ud,
k u
f wu,fukd vdu
I v
f u
Id v
f v
JS JS &ap
vdo
k al wGukd emrnfwyfNyD; trQa0&w,f/
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf ghb&k m;/ emrnfrwyf&ifa&m r&bl;vm;bk&m;/ oaAowm
qdak wmh tukev
f ;kH yga&myJ r[kwv
f m; bk&m;/
t&Sif / / aumif;Ny?D Oyrmay;r,f/ udx
k ;l wdv
Yk rf;rSm udx
k ;l uwwfEikd v
f Ykd
pwk'o
d mauR;r,fqykd gpd/Yk b,foal wG vmpm;MurvJ/
udx
k ;l / / cifrif&if;ES;D olawGeYJ r&Sq
d if;&Jom;awG vmpm;rSmayghb&k m;/
t&Sif / / odyrf &if;ES;D olawGxu
J udx
k ;l wdv
Yk kd wlww
l efwef pm;Ekid f
aomufEidk w
f o
hJ al wG? udx
k ;l wdx
Yk ufcsrf;omwJo
h al wGtaeeJY
ua&m ../
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l / / tJ? olwu
Ykd awmh olw*Ykd P
k ef YJ olwjYkd 'yfeq
YJ akd wmh pwk'o
d m
qdkayr,fh 'Dtwdkif;awmh vmpm;csifrS pm;MurSmygbk&m;?
odaYk omfvnf; OD;&,f ...vmyg? ta':&,f ...vmyg qdNk y;D
wav;wpm; zdwaf c:&ifawmh vmpm;rSmygyJ bk&m;/
t&Sif / / [efusNyD? tJ'g trQa0wJhtcg udk,f&aphcsifolawGudk
bmhaMumifh txl;jyKemrnfwyfNyD; trQa0oifo
h vJqw
kd m&JU
tajzyJ udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / tJovdq
k kd ewfawG odMum;awGemrnfawGuakd wmif tvGwf
usufxm;&rvdyk b
J &k m;/
t&Sif / / ajyma&mhr,f? tJoavmufvnf; tao;pdwrf vdyk gbl;av/
qdik &f mqdik &f m tkypf zk UJG NyD; tkypf ek mrnfwyfNyD; trQa0&ifvnf;
&wmygyJ/ Oyrmr,f ... opfyifrmS aewJeh wfawGukd kup ;kd ?
ajrrSmaewJh ewfawGukd bkrp ;kd ? aumif;uifrmS aewJeh wfawG
udak wmh tmumopd;k aygh/ wpfcg ckeu a00Pfewfrif;BuD;
wdkYudkusawmh pwkr[m&mZfewfrif;rsm;aygh? (a00Pf
ewfrif;qdw
k m uka0&ewfrif;udak c:wJh aemufxyfemrnfwpfck
qdw
k mudk wcgwnf;rSwcf )hJ ? wcg...odMum;rif;? ,rrif;?
jA[mrif; pojzifah c:qdv
k u
kd w
f maygh/ eD;eD;em;em;awGusawmh
ud,
k af pmifeh wf? tdraf pmifeh wf? ausmif;apmifeh wf? &Gmapmifeh wf?
NrdKUapmifeh wf... pojzifah ygh/ aemufq;kH awmh? txl;ojzifh
uREfyk \
f trQay;a0rIukd om"kac:qd&k ef apmifq
h ikd ;f aeMuukef
aom a'0? em*? ,u? ayw? rEk? jriftyf-rjriftyf
"rrw
d af qGtaygif;wdt
Yk m; trQ trQ trQ ay;a0yguke\
f
qdNk yD; a0vdu
k &f ifjzpfwmyJ udx
k ;l &JU/
'geukodkvfudkomtrQa0vdkY &ovm;
udx
k ;l / / oabmaygufygNyDb&k m;? wpfcak vmufawmh ar;avQmufyg&
apOD;? 'geukov
kd u
f ykd J trQa0vd&Yk ygovm;? usew
f u
hJ o
k v
kd af wG
udak um trQa0vdrYk &Edik b
f ;l vm;bk&m;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
t&Sif / / w&m;awmfa'oemudk &Gwzf wfyal Zmfwu

hJ o
k v
kd u
f kd trQa0Edik w
f hJ
taMumif; 'DaeYyJ ajymcJMh uw,frvm; udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / [kwyf gw,f bk&m;? wynfah wmfar;csifwmu oDvukov
kd ?f
bm0emukov
kd af wGuakd &maygh bk&m;/
t&Sif / / oN*FdK[fbmom#Dum? ywd'getzGifhrSmawmh bmom#Dum
q&mawmfu ]yw'd geukov
kd t
f &m 'gejyK trQa0rIom
t|uxmwdYk vm\? oH*w
D o
d w
k #f u
D mum; tjcm;aumif;rIukd
trQa0rIvnf; yw'd gejzpfonf [k qdyk gao;onf} qdNk y;D awmh
Tejf yawmfrx
l m;w,f udx
k ;l &JU/ aemufNy;D ? 'DeErmwmokwef
rSmvnf; w&m;a'oemawmfudk &GwfzwfylaZmf&wJhaumif;
rIukd trQa0xm;wm awGU&avawmh 'geukov
kd u
f kd omru
tjcm;ukodkvfawGudkvnf; trQa0vdkY &Edkifw,fvdkY OD;Zif;
k ;l &JU/
awmh oabmusw,f udx
udx
k ;l / / 'gqd?k 'geukov
kd u
f kd om"kac:&usKd ;uawmh usr;f *efrsm;rSmvnf;
jyqdck suaf wG &SMd uavawmh txl;avQmufp&mr&Syd gbl;bk&m;/
tjcm;ukov
kd rf sm;udk om"kac:&usKd ;usawmh b,fv&kd EdS idk rf vJ/
Oyrm - oDvukov
kd w
f ?Ykd a0,sm0puo
k v
kd w
f ?Ykd w&m;tm;
xkw&f wJu
h o
k v
kd w
f u
Ykd kd om"kac:&usKd;awGayghb&k m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? 'Dar;cGe;f udk ajzzdu
Yk usrf;*eftaxmuftxm;vnf;
&SmrawGUao;awmh txifoabmeJyY J ajz&wmaygh udx
k ;l &,f?
csed q
f Ny;D ,laygh? 'Dae&mrSm OD;Zif;wd&Yk UJ 'umBuD;OD;armifarmifat;
ajymjycJzh ;l wmudk oabmusw,f/ olu oDvukov
kd u
f kd
om"kac:&&if om"kac:&olrsm;rSm ouf&n
S u
f se;f rmjcif;tusKd ;?
tom;t&nfMunfvifjcif;tusKd ;awG &Ekid af umif;r,f? wpfcg
a0,sm0puo
k v
kd u
f kd om"kac:cGi&hf olrsm;rSmawmh ulnaD z;rr,fh
olawG? ta>ct&HawGw;kd yGm;jcif; qdw
k hJ tusdK;rsdK;awG &Edik f
aumif;r,f? olwpfyg; w&m;tm;xkww
f ahJ umif;rIukd om"k
ac:cGi&hf olrsm;rSmawmh olwu
Ykd ,
kd w
f ikd f w&m;tm;xkwzf Ukd tcGihf
tvrf;aumif;awG ay:aygufvmjcif; pwJh tusK;d rsK;d awG &Edik f
aumif;r,fvYkd wGujf yzl;w,f udx
k ;l &JU/ txifqw
kd mu jzpf
csifjzpfr,f? rjzpfcsifrjzpfb;l ? [kwcf sif [kwrf ,f? r[kwcf sif
r[kwb
f ;l ayghu,
G /f
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l / / rSeyf g? jzpfEikd af vmufygw,fb&k m;/ wynfah wmfpOf;pm;rdwm
uvnf; 'Dw&m;tm;xkww
f hJ ukov
kd u
f sawmh 'geukov
kd w
f Ykd
vdk xyfwo
l mG ;vdrrhf ,fvYkd rxifygbl;bk&m;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
'ge ukov
kd f t&mr,f pm;p&m'geukov
kd u
f kd om"kac:cGi&hf &if
tpm;tpmawG&r,f? t0wftxnftvSLudk om"kac:cGi&hf &if
t0wfwefqmawG&r,f pojzifh ajymEkid yf gw,f/ w&m;tm;
xkww
f musawmh ud,
k b
hf m0emmPf? ud,
k 0hf &D ,
d ? ud,
k o
hf wdorm"deu
YJ ,
kd f mPfpOftqifq
h ifh &if&h rSm jzpfavawmh aom
wmyefjzpfatmif tm;xkwx
f m;olwpfa,muf&UJ tm;xkwrf u
I kd
om"kac:cGi&hf aomfvnf; b,fvrkd S atmfwrkd pfwpf aomwmyef
rjzpfEikd b
f ;l vdYk ,HMk unfygw,fb&k m;/ ckq&mawmf rdeo
Yf vdk
w&m;tm;xkwzf Ykd tcGit
hf vrf;aumif;awG ay:aygufvmjcif;
tusdK;qd&k ifawmh trsm;BuD; obm0usygw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? rSe;f qwGucf suNf y;D ajymMu&awmh [kwcf siv
f nf; [kwrf mS
aygh udx
k ;l a&? xm;vdu
k af wmh/ tJ? a0,sm0p ukov
kd &f iS rf sm;
taMumif;udak wmh ajrZif;a,m*DwpfO;D ajymwmav;udk azmuf
onf cs&OD;r,f/ edrw
d t
f m;aumif;vdYk wm0wd o
H m plVmrPd
apwDawmfukd bk&m;zl;cGiBhf uHKolcsif; twlwrl mS a0,sm0p
ukov
kd f r&So
d rl sm;udu
k sawmh ewfawGu rBuKd qdb
k ;l wJ?h a0,sm
0puo
k v
kd &f o
dS rl sm;udak wmh c&D;OD;BuKd MupNryJ w
J /hJ a,m*D wpfO;D u
edrw
d ef YJ bk&m;awmhz;l &yg&JU? c&D;OD;BudKr,fo
h rl &Sb
d ;l jzpfae
w,f? tJ'g rdbawG&UJ a0,sm0pukd aumif;aumif;rGerf eG f aqmif
&Gux
f m;zl;ol aemufa,m*DwpfO;D u olUa0,sm0pukd trQa0vdYk
om"kac:&w,f? NyD;wJah emuf plVmrPdapwDawmfukd zl;awmh
c&D;OD;BudKr,fh olawGbmawGeYJ jzpfaeowJh udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / tHMh op&mBuD;ygbk&m;? wynfah wmfvnf; tcGio
hf m&if tm;
xkwzf Ykd tm;cJxm;ygw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / tif;? oDvukov
kd t
f zdUk udk 'geukov
kd t
f zdx
Yk uf om"kac:vdo
k l
awGvnf; &Sad o;owJh udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
k ;l / / txl;tqef;ygvm;bk&m;? rdeyYf gOD;bk&m;/
t&Sif / / wu,fawmh rxl;qef;ygbl; udx
k ;l &JU? &yf&mG awGrmS vdak ygh?
o Z if om ; pm a y
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
udx
k ;l /
t&Sif /
b,fo&l UJ om;uav;uawmh taomuftpm; r&S&d mS aybl;?

&yfa&;&Gma&;rSmvJ wufwuf<u<u&Sw
d ,fvMYkd um;&&if pm;zG,f
aomuf&mawGeYJ vmuefawmhwmxuf 0rf;omwwfMuolrsKd ;
awG &Sw
d ,fr[kwv
f m;/
/ atm ...oabmaygufygNyDb&k m;? taomuftpm;r&Sw
d mu
oDvukov
kd u
f kd &nfeT ;f wm? &yfa&;&Gma&;rSm wufwuf<u<u
&Sw
d ,f qdw
k mu a0,sm0puo
k v
kd u
f k d &nfeT ;f wm? [kwyf gw,f
bk&m;? tJ'D oDvukov
kd &f iS ?f a0,sm0puo
k v
kd &f iS af wGu?kd
ydNk yD;oabmus auseyfoal wG trsm;BuD; &Syd gw,fb&k m;/
/ udik ;f ? tJ'gqdk vif;wefoavmufvnf;vif;? &Si;f wefoavmuf
vnf;&Sif;NyD/ qdkawmh ...aeYpOfbmaumif;rIudkyJ jyKjyK?
rysif;r&dpwrf; trQa0ayawmh udx
k ;l &JU/ udk,fhywf0ef;usif
rSm udk,fhvdkaumif;rIjyKcGifhr&&SmwJh jriftyf rjriftyfawG?
om"kac:csif&SmvdkU apmifhpm;aeolawG trsm;BuD; &Sdw,fqdk
wm rarheJY udx
k ;l &JU/
/ rSeyf g/ r&Si;f ao;wm wpfcu
k seaf o;w,fb&k m;/ trQa0wmu
EIwjf rGut
f rQa0rS jzpfrvm;? pdwx
f u
J a0&ifaum &ovm;/
wpfcgwpfav vrf;oGm;&if; trdu
I af wG ykvif;uGaJ wGawGU&if
aumufypfvu
kd w
f wfygw,f/ vrf;v,faumifqakd wmh yg;pyfu
atmfNy;D trQtrQ vkyaf e&ifvnf; vlawGtjrifapmif;rSmvnf;
pd;k &ao;w,fb&k m;/
/ atmf ...? tJovdk tajctaersdK;rSm pdwx
f u
J a0&ifvnf;
&Edik yf gw,f udx
k ;l &JU? pdw
f w
T v
f u
kd f ekH v
YJ nf;&aMumif; t&ifaeY
awGuvnf; ajymcJNh yD;NyD/ 'Dupd u
kd Oyrmav; ay;OD;r,f/
avmurSmvdak ygh? wcsdKUawGusawmh t&dyt
f uJjyvdu
k f ekH YJ od
w,f? wcsdKUawGusawmh wd;k wd;k av;ajymvdu
k f ekH YJ Mum;w,f
odw,f/ wcsKd UawGrsm;usawmh t&dyt
f uJjyHek v
YJ nf; rodb;l ?
wd;k wd;k wdww
f w
d af jymHek v
YJ nf; rMum; rodb;l ? cyfus,u
f s,f
atmfajymrS Mum;w,f odw,f/
om"kac:olawGxrJ mS vnf; tJovdyk aJ ygh? olrsm;pdwu
f o
kd w
d hJ
ewfawGuawmh pdwx
f u
J trQa0Hk eJv
Y nf;&Edik w
f ,f? wcsdKU
o Z if om ; pm a y
awGusawmh EIwcf rf;uav;vIyNf y;D avoHxu

G f u
kH av; trQ
a0&if Mum;w,f? odw,f? wcsdKUawGuusawmh tus,fBuD;
atmfNyD; trQa0rS Mum;w,f? odw,f/ wcsKdUrsm;qdk cyfus,f
us,fatmfaomfvnf; rodrmS pd;k wmeJY aMu;pnfawmif ulay;
&wmrsdK;vnf; &Sad o;w,f/ taumif;qH;k uawmh b,foel YJ
rSvnf; apm'uwufp&mr&Sw
d hJ EIw>f ruftrQa0jcif;uawmh
taumif;qH;k yJ? uJ ... &Si;f yvm;/
udx
k ;l / / &Si;f ygNyDb&k m;/ aus;Zl;BuD;vSygw,fb&k m;/
t&Sif / / udki;f ? &Si;f vd&Yk &dS ifjzifh trQa0yHek yYJ wfoufNyD; aqG;aEG;ar;ajz
cJhMuorQ "r'ge? "r0e? "romupm ukodkvfawGudk
trQa0vdu
k Mf updYk udx
k ;l &JU/
udx
trQ trQ trQ ,lawmfrMl uygukeaf vmh/
om"k om"k om"k
o Z if om ; pm a y
'kwd,ydkif;
ukodkvfb,fvdk&oenf;
ukov
kd jf yKenf;vrf;nTef
o Z if om ; pm a y
atmifjrifoGm;olawGudkMunfUNyD; tm;wufvmwmo'g
trQa0rIoabmudk pmtkyf yxrydik ;f jynfjh ynfph pkH akH zmfjy
cJNh yD; jzpfygonf/ ,cktcg trQay;a0vdo
k rl sm; taejzifh OD;pGm
rdrw
d u
Ykd ,
kd w
f ikd f ukov
kd &f iS rf sm;tjzpfoYkd a&muf&adS e&ef vdt
k yfaeMu
onfjzpf&m ukov
kd \
f oabmoGm;ESihf ukov
kd b
f ,fv&kd oenf;? xuf
oefaomukov
kd jf zpf&ef b,fvjkd yKvky&f rnfenf;[lonfwu
Ykd kd 'ge
ukov
kd Ef iS hf oDvukov
kd jf yKyHu
k kd t&if;xm;Ny;D enf;&avmufonftxd
wdwyd yvrf;Teaf y;oGm;rnf jzpfygonf/ xufoefaom o'g apwem
0D&,
d owd orm"d ynmwdu
Yk kd vufuikd x
f m;um zwfeI m,lawmfrl
Edik Mf uygapownf;/
ukodkvf
tjypfvnf;r&S?d aumif;aomtusKd;udv
k nf; ay;wwfaom
pdwaf pwodut
f pkukd ukov
kd [
f k ac:onf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
ukodkvfjzpf&ef tajccHw&m;(4)yg;
rsdK;wl&mudv
k u
kd
f qd&k vQif ukov
kd o
f nf(1) 'geukov
kd f
(2) oDvukov
kd f
(3) bm0emukov
kd [
f k oH;k rsdK;&So
d nf/
xdo
k ;kH yg;wdw
Yk iG f rnfonfu
h o
k v
kd u
f kd jyKrnfjzpfap o'g?
apwem? 0D&,
d ? owd [laom tajccHw&m; (4)yg;ESihf jynfph &kH ef
vdt
k yfavonf/ trsm;em;vnfEikd af vmufatmif wpfcck sif;pD &Si;f
vif;ygOD;rnf/
o'gryg bmukodkvfrS rjzpf

Ak'b
&k m;&Sit
f m; &nfrw
S
f qGr;f awmfwifjcif;? aomufawmf
a&uyfjcif; ponfwo
Ykd nf Ak'b
mom0if olawmfpifw\
Ykd aiGrukef
aMu;rusaom tajccH 'geukov
kd x
f ;l BuD; jzpf\/ od&Yk mwGif qGr;f awmf
wifvLS vQif? aomufawmfa&uyfvLS vQif ukov
kd &f onf[k ,HMk unf
aomolwrYkd mS om xdu
k o
k v
kd rf sdK; jzpfymG ;Edik af vonf/ rSe\
f /
qGr;f awmfwifjcif;onf <uufpmauR;jcif;om jzpfonf[k
,laomolrsK;d ?
wu,fbOk ;f ay;Edik o
f nfvnf; r[kwaf om qif;wkyk yf mG ;
rsm;tm;qGr;f awmfwifjcif;onf xrif;tm[m&udk tusdK;rJh
jzKef;wD;jcif;oufoufomjzpfonf[k ,laom olrsKd;wdrYk mS
xd'k geukov
kd x
f ;l BuD;rsKd ;udk &,lEikd zf ,
G &f mtaMumif; r&Sad wmh
ay/
aiGuek af Mu;usc
H wul;wuaqmif&u
G &f aom qGr;f avmif;
jcif;? tvSLBuD;ay;jcif; ponfww
Ykd iG v
f nf; odv
Yk LS 'gef;ay;urf;vQif
ukov
kd &f onf[k ,HMk unfaom o'gw&m;om tc&mjzpfavonf/
olwyg;udk ay;urf;jcif;onf ud,
k yhf pn;f udk jzKef;wD;&ma&mufonf?
tusKd ;ay;qdw
k maemufxm;-raocsmbl;? avmavmq,fawmh ud,
k hf
qDu t&ifuek rf mS yJ[k ,laomolrsdK;um; rnfoaYkd om 'gersdK;udrk Q
jyKjzpfvrd rhf nf r[kwaf y/
o Z if om ; pm a y
oruEevuPm o'g
ae&mwGif ,HMk unfro
I 'gw&m;\ oabmoGm;udk odem;
vnfxm;oifMh uyg\/ rdvEd y Omvm&Sad om o'g\vuPm ESp&f yf
wGi?f oruE e vuPm (ajy;0ifjcif;vuPm) Oyrmudk tenf;i,fcsUJ
xGi
f azmfjyygrnf/
vlwpfpo
k nf jrpfurf;em;wpfco
k Ykd a&mufvmMu\/ olwYkd
onf tpm&Sm;yg; ab;&efrsm;vSaom onfbufurf;uae ab;&ef
r&Sd aysmzf ,
G &f mtwdjzpfonfh [dw
k pfbufurf;odYk ul;vdo
k jzifh a&muf
vmMuolrsm;jzpfMu\/ olwrYkd a&mufvmrD txuft&yfqD rd;k BuD;
onf; xefpmG &Gm\/ awmifusacsmif;a&rsm;aMumifh jrpfxw
J iG f a&rsm;
jynfv
h QH jrifw
h ufvm\/ rdausmif; iref;paom tE&m,fjyKwwfaom
taumifrsm;? ausmufaqmif ql;ajimifph aom obm0tE&m,frsm;
&S-d r&SEd iS hf jrpf\twdrt
f eufukd rodMu&um; vltrsm;wdYk xdjk rpfukd
jzwfrul;&JMuawmhNyD/
xdpk Oftcg ud,
k pf rG ;f ud,
k pf ESijhf ynfph akH om a,mufsm;aumif;
wpfa,muf a&mufvmNyD;vQif cg;awmif;udk NrJpmG usdKuf? jrpfxu
J kd
oufqif;NyD; tm;oefoefjzifh ul;cwfavonf/ jrpfurf;ab;rS
vltrsm;vnf; 'Dvl [db
k ufurf;udk a&mufraS &mufyghrvm;? ul;xm;
... ul;xm; ponfjzifh pd;k wxdwx
f w
d f tm;ay;Munfah rQmf Muav
onf/ xdak ,musfm; [dw
k pfbufurf;odYk atmifjrifpmG vSr;f wufvu
kd f
csdew
f iG u
f m; onfbufurf;wGif usefcMhJ uolw\
Ykd pdww
f iG f ]][dv
k l
ul;oGm;wm [db
k ufurf;udk a&mufo[? 'dUk vnf; olUvdu
k ;l &if olUvdk
a&mufrmS yJ}}[laom pdw"f mwfceG t
f m;wrsKd ; ud,
k pf u
D ,
kd pf D jzpfymG ;vm
Muavonf/ xdpk w
d "f mwfceG t
f m;udyk if ,HMk unfrI (o'gw&m;) [kqkd
&avonf/ xdaYk Mumifyh if oH,w
k yf gVdawmf ]o'g, w&wD MoCH,HMk unfrI o'gw&m;jzifh MoCav;jzm oHo&mudk ausmfveG f ul;
ajrmufEikd \
f } [k bk&m;&Sirf ed aYf wmfrcl ahJ vonf/
rSeyf g\/ a&SUuatmifjriful;ajrmufoGm;olrsm;udkMunfh&if;
'dkUvnf;olUvdkvkyf&if olUvdkatmifjrifrSmyJ [laom pdwf"mwfcGeftm;
(,HkMunfrI) onf vJusaeoludk xlrwfapEdkif\? tm;i,faeoludk
tm;MuG,fvmap\? &HIUrJhaeoludk rsufESmta&mif vufvmap\?
o Z if om ; pm a y
wGefYqkwfaeoludkyif a&SUudkwdk;xGufvmapEdkifpGrf;&Sdavonf/
xdkoabmudk pmayu oruEevuPm o'g- o'gw&m;\
ajy;0ifjcif;vuPm [kqdkavonf/ &Si;f atmifajym&ygvQif a&SUu
ul;ajrmufomG ;oluMkd unf&h if; ud,
k w
f ikd yf if jrpfoYkd ajy;0ifoufqif;
ul;jzwfjcif;rsKd;[k rSwo
f m;Mu&rnf jzpfayonf/
xdaYk Mumif-h
'geukov
kd jf yKzdt
Yk a&; zifah ES;wGeq
Yf w
k af evQif 'geukov
kd f
&Sirf sm;\ atmifjrifrI ('geuxm) rsm;udk zwfMI um;em
Mu&rnf/
oDvaqmufwnfzt
Ykd a&; zifah ES;wGeq
Yf w
k af evQif oDv
ukov
kd &f iS rf sm;\ atmifjrifrI (oDvuxm) rsm;udk zwfI
Mum;emMu&rnf/
bm0emyGm;rsm;zdt
Yk a&; zifah ES;wGeq
Yf w
k af evQif bm0em
ukov
kd &f iS rf sm;\ atmifjrifrI (bm0emuxm) rsm;udk zwfI
Mum;emMu&rnfomjzpfavonf/ rSeyf g\/ a&SUa&SUuvlwUkd \
atmifjrifrrI sm;onf aemufaemufvw
l \
Ykd ,HMk unfrcI eG t
f m;o'gw&m;udk wd;k yGm;xufoefapEdik o
f nfom jzpfavonf/
rSwcf suf / / t&Sif oabmus ud,
k w
f ikd yf ifyg0ifvyk af qmifygawmh
rnf [laom pdw"f mwfceG t
f m;-o'gw&m;rsdK;udk jzpfap
Edik o
f nfh pmtkyrf sm;ukd ajymjy&ygvQif trsm;vufvrS ;f
rDEikd o
f nfh q&mBuD; "rmp&d,OD;aX;vdiI \
f &[EmESihf
yk*Kd vfx;l rsm;? oD[Vkd af cwfpaH wmf0ift&d,mrsm;? "r'w
l
(y^'k^w) pmtkyrf sm;udk Te;f vdyk gonf/
orom'evuPm o'g
xdo
k Ykd wu,fo'gw&m;jzpfymG ;vmvQif rvky&f aJ omukov
kd f
[l r&Sad wmhNyD/
'ge ,HMk unfoo
l nf 'gejyK&ef rwGeq
Yf w
k af wmhNyD/
oDv,HMk unfoo
l nf oDvaqmufwnf&ef rwGeq
Yf w
k af wmhNy/D
bm0em,HMk unfoo
l nf bm0emyGm;&ef rwGeq
Yf w
k af wmhNy/D
o Z if om ; pm a y
xdo
k Ykd qdik &f mqdik &f mudpw
Ykd wGeq
Yf w
k w
f eG q
Yf w
k rf jzpfawmhbJ
pdw&f v
J mjcif;udk orom'evuPm o'g- o'gw&m;\ Munfvif
apjcif;vuPm [k pmayuqdak vonf/ xdak Mumifh bk&m;&Siu
f
]o'"D 0dwH yk&o
d ao|H- avmu a,musfm;\ jrwfaom
Opmypn;f um; ,HMk unfro
I 'gw&m;yifwnf;} [k ck'uedum,f
a[mawmfral vonf/
ae&mwGif ,HMk unfrjI zpfrkH QESihf ukov
kd &f NyDavm[k wpf
qifw
h uf ar;p&m&Sv
d m\/ apwemvnf; &Szd v
Ykd akd o;onf[k wpf
qifw
h uf ajz&rnfom jzpfavonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
jzpfajrmufatmifvIHYaqmfapUpyfwm apwem
ae&mwGif ,HMk unfrjI zpfrkH QESihf ukov
kd &f NyDavm[k wpf
qifw
h uf ar;p&m&Sv
d m\/ apwemvnf; &Szd v
Ykd akd o;onf[k wpf
qifw
h uf ajz&rnfom jzpfavonf/ rSe\
f /
qGr;f awmfwifvQif ukov
kd &f onf[k ,HMk unfocl si;f twlwl
wGif qGr;f awmfwifvakd omapwem r&So
d rl mS qGr;f awmfwif
vSL&aom ukov
kd rf sdK; rjzpfymG ;Edik /f
oDvaqmufwnfvQif ukov
kd &f onf[k ,HMk unfocl sif;
twlwlwGif oDvaqmufwnfvdkaomapwem r&SdolrSm
oDvaqmufwnfaom ukov
w&m;bm0em yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvQif ukodkvf&onf[k
,HMk unfocl sif;twlww
l iG f w&m;bm0em yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
vdak om apwemr&So
d rl mS w&m;tm;xkwaf om ukov
kd rf sdK;
rjzpfyGm;Edkif/
o Z if om ; pm a y
xdaYk Mumifh rnfonfu

h o
k v
kd rf sdK;rqdk jzpfymG ;vdv
k Qif 'ge?
oDv?bm0emaumif;rIqikd &f mudpw
Ykd trIukd vkyv
f Qi?f wd;k wuf
&efom&S\
d ? qkw,
f w
k &f efr&S[
d k o'gpGr;f tm;jzifh ,Hv
k nf; ,Hyk grS?
jzpfajrmufatmif aqmif&u
G &f ef vHak vmufaomvHUI aqmfrI apwem
t[kev
f nf;aumif;ygrS rnfonfu
h o
k v
kd rf sK;d rqdk jzpfymG ;Edik af Mumif;
odrw
S Mf u&rnf jzpfavonf/
xdw
k iG f
'gerIjyK&ef vHUI aqmfru
I kd tavmbapwem?
oDvaqmufwnf&ef vHUI aqmfru
I kd ta'goapwem?
bm0emyGm;&ef vHUI aqmfru
I kd tarm[apwem?
[l oH;k rsdK; oH;k pm; tMurf;zsif; cGjJ cm;Edik af vonf/
'get&m rNidrwG,fatmifvHIaqmfaphpyfrI
tavmbapwem
rSeyf g\/ udk,fh&Sdypnf;Opm? t*Fgajcvuf? udk,ftouf
udk pGefYvTwfay;urf;v'gef;vQif 'geukodkvfrI jzpfonf[k o'g
w&m;jzifh ,HkMunfyif,HkMunfjim;aomfvnf;? pGefYvTwfvdkuf
vdkaom tavmbapwem rxufoefvQif xdk'ge rnfodkYrQ
taumiftxnf ay:&vdrfhrnf r[kwfay/ xdUk aMumifh 'get&m
avmb\ tjypfukd jrifatmifMunfjh cif;? 'ge\aus;Zl;udk Munfh
jcif;jzifh rdr\
d o'gw&m;ESihf tavmbapwem vHUI aqmftm;udk
xufoefapMu&rnfjzpfavonf/
(pma&;oltaejzifrh l rdryd ikd yf pn;f Opm tcsdKUudk vSL'gef;aom
trI o'gvnf;xufoef apwemvnf;xufoefEikd af omfvnf;?
t*Fg ajcvufEiS yhf wfoufvmvQifr?l vSLvQifuo
k v
kd &f rnf[o
k m
,HMk unfEikd
f (aoG;tvSLrSwpfyg;) ausmufuyf? tonf;ponfukd
vSLvdak om apwem ,ckwikd w
f pfcgzl;rQ rjzpfay:zl;aMumif; 0efcH
&ygonf)
o Z if om ; pm a y
onfudkaxmufI 'get&mwGifvnf; pGefYvTwf

vSL'gef;zG,&f m 0wKaMu;aiG ajcvuft*FgwdYk tay:rlwnf o'gESihf
apwemxufoefr-I wGeq
Yf w
k rf pI rG ;f tm; tenf;trsm;&SEd ikd af Mumif;
owdjyKrSwo
f m;awmfrMl u&ef jzpfygonf/ xdaYk Mumifyh if jyKEdkifcJaom
'gerIudkjyKjcif;udk 'ku&'ge[k ac:qdk? ololigig jyKvG,faom
'gerIrsKd;udkyif rjyKjzpfbJ wG,fuyfaevQif rp
rp&d&,
d [k ac:qdk&
avonf/
oDvt&m udk,fcsif;pmem csrf;omapvdkatmif

vHIUaqmfaphpyfrI ta'goapwem
oDvt&mESiyhf wfoufvQirf I wzufom;tay: ud,
k cf si;f
pmem csr;f omapvdrk I ta'goapwemu OD;aqmifavonf/ rSe\
f
wzufom;tay: arwmrxm;Edik o
f rl sm;taejzifh ig;yg;oDvudyk if
aqmufwnfEikd pf &m taMumif; r&Sad y/ Oyrmtm;jzif-h
olUtoufu&kd ef&mS ygrS rdr0d rf;a&;zlv&kH &Smaom ig;&Sm
zm;du
k f awmvdu
k &f olrsm;taejzifh ygPmwdygwuHukd
xde;f odr;f &ef?
olOY pmudk rawmfrw&m;BuHzefjcif;jzifh toufarG;&&Sm
aom tav;wif;awmif; rrSerf uefjyKolrsm;? vmbf
pm;olrsm;? olc;kd "m;jyrsm;taejzifh t'dEm 'geuHukd xde;f
odr;f &ef?
olwyg;tdraf xmifa&;? olwyg;todu
k t
f NrHK ysufp;D rnfh
ta&;udkrQ trIrxm;tm;bJ udk,fhtvdkjynfh0ap&ef
olrsm;tdr,
f mudk usL;vGeaf eMuolrsm;taejzifh umarok
rdpm pm&uHukd xde;f odr;f &ef?
olwpfbufom; 'kur sm;rnfurkd Q roem;Edik b
f J vdrn
f m
vSnzhf sm; acsmufweG ;f ajcxd;k wwfMuolrsm;taejzifh rkom
0g'uHudk xdef;odrf;&ef?
o Z if om ; pm a y
rdrad omufpm;rl;,pf&rf;um;ojzifh pD;yGm;ysujf yKef; vlv;kH

rvS rsufEmS i,fMu&&Smrnfh rdr\
d rdom;pkurkd Q roem;
wwfMuolrsm;taejzifh ok&mar&,uHukd xdr;f odr;f &ef
tb,fov
Ykd Qif pGr;f Edik Mf uygrnfenf;/
xdUk aMumifh oDvt&monf om;ig;rStp wpfbufom;
tay: arwmxm;EdkifMuol ta'goapwemydkif&Sifrsm;\ t&m
omjzpfavonf/ a'go\tjypfukd jrifatmifMunfjh cif;? arwm\
aus;Zl;? oDv\aus;Zl;udk jrifatmifMunfjh cif;jzifh oDvtay:
,HMk unfaom o'gw&m;ESihf ta'goapwemvHUI aqmftm;udk xuf
oefapMu&rnfjzpfavonf/
bm0emt&m [kwfwdkif;rSefpGmodjrifatmif
vHIUaqmfaphpyfrI tarm[apwem
bm0emt&mESiyhf wfoufvmvQif [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odjrif
rI tarm[apwemu OD;aqmifavonf/ rSe\
f / orxur|mef;
bm0emudk tm;xkwf&mjzpfap? 0dyemur|mef;bm0emudk
tm;xkw&f mjzpfap rdr\
d tIcH ur|mef;tmHu
k kd rSerf eS u
f efuef
odrI tarm[apwemonf tc&mjzpfavonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
yx0DuodP
k ;f udk tm;xkwv
f Qif yx0D? yx0D [kvnf;aumif;?
tedpo
abmudk Irw
S v
f Qif tedp? tedp [kvnf;aumif;? qdik &f m
qdik &f m ur|mef;udv
k u
kd
f rSeu
f efpmG odrw
S &f rnf jzpfavonf/
rSeyf g\/ O',A,(jzpf-ysuf) [k IrSwf&ygrnfudk
O'uAu (a&-AsdKif;) ponftm;jzifh tvGv
J t
JG acsmfacsmf Irw
S f
rdrSm;vQif w&m;pOftwdkif; mPftjrifxGif;azmuf odjrifoifh
oavmuf odjrifcGifh a&mufMuvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/ xdUk aMumifh
bm0emukov
kd t
f &m w&m;tm;xkwjf cif;aMumifh wd;k wuf&ef
om&Sdonf? qkwf,kwf&efr&Sd[laom ,HkMunfrIo'gw&m;udk
vufuikd x
f m;? rSerf eS u
f efuefajzmifah jzmifph if;pif; Irw
S &f ef xuf
oefaomvHUI aqmfrI apwemw&m;udk jzpfymG ;aptyfavonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
jzpfajrmufatmifvIHUaqmfaphpyfwm apwem
ae&mwGif usrf;*efrsm;jyqdkxm;aom apwem\
oabmobm0udk avhvmoifMh uNyD jzpfygonf/ usrf;*efwYkd
apwemudk wynfBh uD;? ppfAv
kd cf sKyfBuD;wdjYk zifh OyrmjyKMu\/
pmusufcef;xJ&dS ausmif;om;rsm;xJwiG f acgif;aqmifjzpf
olonf q&mvmonfujkd rifvQif ud,
k w
f ikd v
f nf; pm
usu?f tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;udv
k nf; pmusu&f ef wdu
k f
wGe;f ouJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;?
ppfajrjyif&dS Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;onf wzuf&efou
l kd rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd f
vnf;wdkufcdkuf? rdrdvufatmufi,fom;rsm;udkvnf;
tm;ay;wdu
k w
f eG ;f wdu
k cf u
kd af pouJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;?
apwemonf qdik &f mudpt
00 rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd v
f nf; rdrd
aqmif&u
G cf iG &hf o
dS rQ vHUI aqmfjcif;trIukd aqmif&u
G &f if;? tjcm;
o'g? 0D&,
d paom apwoduw
f &m;rsm;udv
k nf;? if;wdYk qdik &f m
qdik &f m udpt
oD;oD;wdYk rvpfr[if; aqmif&u
G Mf uavatmif
tm;ay;vHUI aqmfaomoabm &Sad vonf/
tr&yl&? r[m*EmHq
k &mawmfb&k m;BuD;u ud,
k u
f sifh
tbd"rm ]]tmHw
k pfck twljzpfMu&aom pdwaf pwodurf sm;udk
taygif;tazmfwpfpk (toif;wpfc)k [k oabmxm;vQif pdwo
f nf
xdt
k oif; acgif;aqmifOu|? apwemonf tusdK;awmfaqmif?
usefaomapwodurf sm;um; d;k d;k toif;om;rsm;ESihf wlaMumif;
OyrmaqmifawmfrlcJh\/ dk;dk;toif;rsm; tusdK;aqmifonf
toif;om;rsm;udv
k nf; qdik &f mudpr sm; rvpfvyf&atmif aqmf
Mo&? rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; toif;udpudk BudK;pm;vkyfaqmif&
aMumif;? tjcm;aomtoif;om;rsm;xuf Asmyg&rsm;Ny;D vQif ESpq
f
avmufwm0efBuD;aMumif;? xdt
Yk wl apwemonfvnf; tjcm;
pdwaf pwodurf sm;udk qdik &f mudp rvpfvyfapbJ tmHEk iS hf aphpyf
uyfaeouJo
h jYkd zpfatmif Asmyg&rsm;&NyD;vQif? rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd v
f nf;
rdru
d pd udk aqmif&u
G &f aMumif;}} &Si;f jyawmfrx
l m;avonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
]]xdaYk Mumifh udpw

pfcu
k kd aqmif&u
G &f m apwemnHv
h Qif
pdwv
f nf; ryghwygjzpfNy;D tjcm;apwodurf sm;vnf; nHMh uaMumif;?
apwemxufoefaevQif pdwaf pwodurf sm;vnf; xufoefvm
MuaMumif;? xdak &mtcg cEmud,
k v
f nf; xdu
k pd t
wGuf oGuv
f uf
vmaMumif;ESihf rnfonft
h mHu
k rkd qdk ,l&mwdik ;f apwemom
tcsKyftcsm tc&mjzpfaMumif;}} us,f0ef;pGm &Si;f jyawmfrcl ahJ v
onf/
xdUk aMumifh rnfonfah umif;rIujkd yKrnfyifjzpfap 'gvkyv
f Qif
ukov
kd &f onf[k ,HMk unfaom o'gw&m;rQjzifh ukov
kd jf zpfonf
r[kwaf o;? xdt
k &mudk jyKvky&f ef vHUI aqmftm;ay;onfh apwem
vnf; yg&S&d OD;rnfom jzpfavonf/
wGif o'gESiahf pwem &Sd rkH Qjzifh ukov
kd &f Edik Nf yDvm;[k
wpfqifw
h uf ar;p&m&Sv
d m\/ taumiftxnf azmfaqmifrI
0D&,
d vnf;vdak o;\[k wpfqifw
h ufajz&rnfom jzpfavonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
jzpfajrmufatmiftm;xkwfaqmif&Gufwm 0D&d,
wGif o'gESiahf pwem &Sd rkH Qjzifh ukov
kd &f Edik Nf yDvm;[k wpfqifh
wuf ar;p&m&Sv
d m\/ taumiftxnfazmfaqmifr0I &D ,
d vnf; vdak o;
\[k wpfqifw
h ufajz&rnf jzpfavonf/ rSe\
f /
kd &f onf[k ,HMk unfaomo'g? qGr;f awmf
wifvdkaomapwem&Sdolcsif; twlwlwGif taumiftxnf
azmfaqmifrI x<uvHv
Yk 0D&,
d r&So
d rl mS qGr;f awmfwifvLS &aom
ukov
kd rf sKd; rjzpfymG ;Edik /f
kd &f onf[k ,HMk unfaomo'g? oDv
aqmufwnfvakd om apwem&So
d cl si;f twlww
l iG f taumiftxnf
azmfaqmifrI x<uvHv
Yk 0D&,
d r&So
d rl mS oDvaqmufwnfaom
ukov
kd rf sKd; rjzpfymG ;Edik /f
o Z if om ; pm a y
w&m;bm0emyGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f Qif ukov
kd &f onf[k ,HMk unf
aom o'g? w&m;tm;xkwv
f akd om apwem&So
d cl sif;twlww
l iG f
taumif txnfazmfaqmifrI x<uvHv
Yk 0D&,
d r&So
d rl mS w&m;
tm;xkwrf S &Edik af om bm0emukov
h o
k v
kd rf sdK;rqdk jzpfymG ;vdv
k Qif 'ge? oDv? bm0em
aumif;rIqikd &f mudpw
Ukd ...
trIuv
kd yk v
f sS if wd;k wuf&efom&S\
d ? qkw,
f w
k &f efr&S[
d k o'g
pGr;f tm;jzifh ,Hv
k nf;,Hyk grS?
G &f ef vHak vmufaomvHUI aqmfraI pwem
t[kev
f nf; aumif;ygrS?
jzpfajrmufatmifaqmif&u
G af om x<uvHv
Yk 0d&,
D vnf;&Syd grS rnf
odYk ukov
kd rf sdK;rqdk jzpfymG ;Edik af Mumif; wpfqifw
h uf odrw
S Mf u&rnf jzpf
avonf/
tysif;xl ulaomfvnf; r&

rSe\
f / avmu tcsKdUaomolwrYkd mS trIukd aqmif&u
G v
f Qif
odUk aom tusdK;tjrwfu&kd vdrrhf nf[k odjrif,MkH unfMuygaomfvnf;?
taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u
G &f ef 0D&,
d pdu
k x
f w
k rf u
I m; enf;yg;vGe;f wwf
Mu avonf/ xdu
k o
hJ Ykd taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u
G &f ef wGeq
Yf w
k zf ifEh JG
ysi;f &daewwfonfo
h abmudk pmayu tmvos? ukow
D ? wED ? aumoZ
ponfjzifh a0g[m&rsm;pGmjzifh ac:a0:oH;k EIe;f avonf/
bk&m;&Sio
f nf ysif;&djcif;taMumif;ESihf ysif;&djcif;\tjypfrsm;udk
od*gF vokwf atmufyguJo
h Ykd a[mawmfro
l nf/
ol<u,fom; ysif;&davh&jdS cif; tjypfwo
Ykd nf ajcmufyg;wdw
Yk nf;at;vGe;f onf[k trIupd u
kd rjyK?
ylveG ;f onf[k trIupd u
kd rjyK?
rd;k csKyfveG ;f onf[k trIupd u
kd rjyK?
apmvGe;f onf[k trIupd u
kd rjyK?
qmvGe;f onf[k trIupd u
kd rjyK?
0vGe;f onf[k trIupd u
kd rjyK?
o Z if om ; pm a y
odYk rcdik v
f akH om udpr sm;udk ,d;k r,fzUGJ aeaom xdo
k t
l m;- rjzpfao;aom pnf;pdrw
f Ukd onfvnf; rjzpfuek ?f
- jzpfNyD;aom pnf;pdrw
f o
Ykd nfvnf; ysufp;D jcif;odYk a&mufuek \
f /
ol<u,fom;? ysif;&davh&jdS cif; tjypfwo
Ykd nf ajcmufyg;wdw
Yk nf; [k
a[mawmfr\
l /
rdk;ukwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'
aus;Zl;awmf&iS f rd;k ukwq
f &mawmfb&k m;BuD;uvnf; ysif;wmudk
jyifzv
Ykd akd Mumif;udk ]bke;f BuD;wdYk 'um? 'g,dumrawGtwGuf vdt
k yfwm
wpfcsufp&D w
dS ,f/ tJ'w
D pfcsufu-ud,
k w
f ikd yf sif;wm? zsif;wmudk jyifMu
&vdrrhf ,fqw
kd hJ tcsufy/J &dyrf Md uyvm;/
'Dawmh ud,
k t
hf jypf ud,
k jf rifNyD; ud,
k w
f ikd jf yifMu&r,f/
'DtxJ zsif;aewmudak wmh q&mbke;f BuD;u ulEikd w
f ,f/
ysif;aewmudak wmh ud,
k w
f ikd t
f m;xkwNf yD; jyifMu/
zsif;wmudk bke;f BuD; ulnaD y;r,f/
ysif;wmwpfcu
k akd wmh 'umwdYk wm0efyJ rSwv
f u
kd Mf u? &dyrf yd vm;}
[k a[mawmfrcl \
hJ /
xdUk aMumifh tysif;xlvQif ,HkMunfrIo'gESifh vIHUaqmfrIapwem
yif &Sdapumrl? 0D&d,cRwf,Gif;rIaMumifh xlaomfrS xvdrfhrnfr[kwf
ouJhodkY ulaomfrSvnf; &vdrfhrnfr[kwfygacs/
0D&d,\ udpav;rsdK;
0D&,
d ESiyhf wfoufvmvQif aAm"dyu,
d w&m; (37) yg;wGif t0if
tygjzpfaom ory" mefw&m; (4)yg; [lonf w&m;ud,
k t
f m;jzifh 0D&,
d
wpfyg;wnf;omjzpfaMumif; odrw
S Mf u&ayonf/ xdo
k Ykd 0D&,
d wpfyg;wnf;
yifjzpfaomfvnf; xd0k &D ,
d onfjzpfNyD;aom tukov
kd -f OyEy gyuudk y,fjcif;udp?
o Z if om ; pm a y
rjzpfao;aom tukov
kd -f tEkyE y gyuudk rjzpfapjcif;udp?
rjzpfao;aom ukov
kd -f tEkyE u
o
k vudk jzpfapjcif;udp?
jzpfNyD;aom ukov
kd -f OyEu
o
k vudk wd;k yGm;apjcif;udp?
[l udpa v;rsKd ;udk aumif;rGepf mG tm;xkwaf qmif&u
G &f aomaMumifh
ory" mew&m; (4)yg;[l av;rsKd ;cGu
J mjyqd&k aMumif; usr;f *efrsm;u rdeq
Yf kd
awmfrMl uavonf/
0D&d,jzpfaMumif;w&m;rsm;
ae&mwGif 0D&,
d jzpfaMumif;w&m;rsm;udk azmfjyoif\
h /
1/ Zmwdab; (y#doaE wnfae&rI ab;qd;k BuD;)
2/ Z&mab; (tdrk if;&ifah &mf&rI ab;qd;k BuD;)
3/ Asm"dab; (em&rI ab;qd;k BuD;)
4/ r&Pab; (aoaus ysufp;D &rI ab;qd;k BuD;)
5/ tyg,fab; ('k*w
b
d b
kH 0odu
Yk sa&muf&rI ab;qd;k BuD;)
6/ twdwo
f o
H &m0#fqif;&JvQif taMumif;&if;&Sad om 'ku
7/ tem*wfoo
H &m0#fqif;&JvQif taMumif;&if;&Sad om 'ku
8/ tm[m& y&da,oe 'ku (ypKyef tpmtm[m& (pnf;yGm;)
&SmrS;D &jcif; 'ku) [laomxdk (8)Xmewdu
Yk kd tmkjH yK qifjcifwu
G q
f onft
h cg jzpfay:vmaom
xdwv
f efaY Mumuf&UHG onfo
h abm oHa0*mPfonf 0D&,
d jzpfz&Ykd ef eD;pGmaom
taMumif;- y'|mefjzpfaMumif; pmayu qdyk gonf/
rSeyf g\/ oHa0*rjzpfolwdkYrSm aumif;rIjyKzdkY&m cJ,Of;wwfMu
aomfvnf;? oHa0*tm;BuD;olwdkYrSmum; rnfonfhaumif;rIudkrqkd jyK
vG,fwwfMuonfomjzpfavonf/ raMumuf&GUHvQif tysif;"mwf0if
wwfaomfvnf; aMumuf&GHUvQifrI tysif;"mwf uif;pifwwfonfom
jzpfavonf/
xdUk aMumifh
txufyg oHa0*jzpfaMumif;w&m; (8) yg;udk MuyfMuyfxifxif
qifjcifpOf;pm;jcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;?
o Z if om ; pm a y
ukov
kd af umif;rI xufoefaom 0D&,
d &So
d rl sm;ESihf aygif;oif;jcif;
jzifh vnf;aumif;?
aumif;rIjyKrnft
h a&; taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;jyum wGew
Yf q
kd w
k ef pf
wwfMuolrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? oHa0*mPf
&ifo
h efap&efEiS hf aumif;rIjyKrnft
h a&; 0D&,
d w&m; wd;k wuf
jzpfymG ;vmap&ef tm;wdu
k Bf udK;pm;Mu&rnfjzpfavonf/
rdvdEyOm\ tqdktrdefY
0D&,
d \oabmvuPmudk rdvEd y Om
rif;jrwf? a,musmf ;onf tdrNf yKd usonf&adS omf tjcm;aom opfjzifh
axmufuefxm;&m\/ axmufuefxm;onf&adS omf xdt
k rd o
f nf
rNyKd us&mouJo
h ?Ykd rif;jrwf twlomvQif 0D&,
d onfaxmufuef
xm;jcif;vuPm&S\
d / 0D&,
d jzifh axmufuefxm;tyfuek af om
ukov
kd w
f &m;tm;vH;k wdo
Yk nf rqkw,
f w
k Mf uuke/f
rif;jrwf? tenf;i,faomppfonfukd rsm;jym;aom ppfonfwo
Ykd nf
zsuq
f ;D &m\/ xdo
k Ukd zsuq
f ;D aomtcg rif;onf tcsi;f csi;f owd
ay;&m\? xyfyjYkd znfph u
G &f m\/ rdr\
d tenf;i,faomppfonfxH
wyfupl pftiftm;udk jznfph u
G af y;&m\/ xdk wyfupl pftiftm;ESihf
wuG tenf;i,faomppfonfonf rsm;pGmaomppfonfuzkd suq
f ;D
&mouJo
h ?Ykd rif;jrwf? twlomvQif 0D&,
d onf cs;D ajrm ufaxmuf
uefxm;jcif; vuPm&S\
d / 0D&,
d jzifh axmufuefxm;tyfuek af om
ukov
kd w
f &m;tm;vH;k wdo
Yk nf rqkw,
f w
k Mf uuke/f
rif;jrwf? jrwfpmG bk&m;onf ]]&[ef;wdkU vkHUvESifh jynfhpHkaom
t&d,mwynfo
h nf tukov
kd u
f kd y,fpeG \
Yf / ukov
kd u
f kd yGm;rsm;\/
tjypf&o
dS nfukd y,fpeG \
Yf ? tjypfuif;onfukd yGm;rsm;\/ udav
omrS pifMu,faom rdrdudk,fudk aqmif&m\ }}}}[k pum;udk
vnf; a[mMum;awmfrt
l yf\ [k t&Sief m*odef rax&fjrwfu
rdvEd r if;BuD;udk rdeaYf wmfral vonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
0D&d,udkvnf; vufudkifxm;&rnf
xdUk aMumifh ukov
kd w
f &m;rsm;udk jzpfymG ;wd;k wufapvdMk uvQiv
f nf;
aumif;? tukov
kd w
f &m;rsm;udk y,f&mS ;a&SmifcmG vdMk uvQiaf omfvnf;aumif;
o'g? apwemwdt
Yk jyif udavomudk ylyefapwwfonfh ory" mef vHUk v0D&,
d
udv
k nf; rjzpfrae vufuikd jf yKMu&rnfjzpfaMumif; aumif;pGmrSw,
f Ml u&
rnf jzpfavonf/
rSe\
f / 'ge? oDv? bm0em b,fvu
kd o
k v
kd rf sKd ;udrk qdk jzpfymG ;&,lvkd
MuygvQif ...
trIujkd yKvQif wd;k wuf&efom&S\
d qkw,
f w
k &f efr&S[
d
l ,HMk unf
aom o'g?
xdt
k rIukd jyKvky&f ef vHak vmufaom vHUI aqmfraI pwemwdt
Yk jyif?
aumif;pGmtm;xkw&f u
G af qmifwwfonfh 0D&,
d w&m;
oH;k yg;vH;k udk rvGrJ aoG vdt
k yfonf[k wd;k wuf odrw
S Mf u&
rnf jzpfavonf/
ae&mwGif o'g? apwem? 0D&,
d w&m; oH;k yg;&Sd rkH Qjzifh
ukov
kd &f Edik Nf yaD vm wpfqifw
h uf ar;p&m&Sv
d m\/ pifppfaomfum; owd
w&m;yg ygzdv
Yk akd o;onf[k wpfqifw
h uf ajz&rnfom jzpfavonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
tmHktay:rSmcdkifNrJpGmxm;wmowd
d w&m;oH;k yg;&Sd rkH Qjzifh ukov
kd f
&Edik Nf yaD vm wpfqifw
h uf ar;p&m&Sv
d m\/ pifppfaomfum; owdw&m;yg
ygzdv
Yk akd o;onf[k wpfqifw
h uf ajz&rnfom jzpfavonf/ rSe\
f /
jyqdck NhJ yD;aom o'g? apwem? 0D&,
d paom jzpfazmfjzpfzuf w&m;wdu
Yk kd
oufqikd &f m 'gerI? oDvrI? bm0emrIwUkd cdik Nf rJwnfwahH tmif jyKay;wwf
aom w&m;onfum; owdw&m;yif jzpfavonf/ rSe\
f /
kd &f onf[k ,HMk unfaomo'g? qGr;f awmf
wifvakd om apwem? qGr;f awmfwifvLS &ef x<uvHv
Yk jyKrI 0D&,
d &Sd
olcsif;twlww
l iG ?f qGr;f awmfwifrI xdo
k 'gpaomw&m;rsm;udk
cdik Nf rw
J nfwahH tmif jyKwwfaom owdw&m;r&So
d rl mS aeYpOfrjywf
qGr;f awmfwifvLS &aom ukov
o Z if om ; pm a y
kd &f onf[k ,HMk unfaom
o'g? oDvaqmufwnfvakd om apwem? oDvaqmuf
wnf&ef x<uvHv
Yk jyKrI 0D&,
d &So
d cl sif;twlww
l iG ?f oDv
aqmufwnfrI xdo
k 'gpaom w&m;rsm;udk cdik Nf rJwnfwhH
atmif jyKwwfaom owdw&m;r&So
d rl mS aeYpOfrjywf oDv
aqmufwnfaom ukov
w&m;bm0emyGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvQif ukodkvf&onf[k
,HMk unfaomo'g? w&m;tm;xkwv
f akd om apwem? w&m;
tm;xkw&f m x<uvHv
Yk &Srd I 0D&,
d &So
d cl sif;twlww
l iG ?f
w&m;tm;xkwrf I xdo
k 'gpaomw&m;rsm;udk cdik Nf rJwnf
wHah tmif jyKwwfaom owdw&m;r&So
d rl mS aeYpOfrjywf
w&m;tm;xkwaf om bm0emukov
h o
k v
kd rf sKd;rqdk aeYpOfjzpfymG ;vdv
k Qif
'ge? oDv? bm0em aumif;rIqikd &f mudpw
Ukd
trIukd vkyv
f Qif wd;k wuf&efom&S\
d ? qkw,
f w
k &f efr&Sd
[k o'gpGr;f tm;jzifh ,Hv
k nf;,Hyk grS?
G &f ef vHak vmufaomvHUI aqmfrI
apwemt[kev
f nf; aumif;ygrS?
G af om x<uvHv
Yk 0D&,
d vnf;
&Syd grS?
cdik Nf rJwnfwahH tmif jyKwwfaom owdw&m;vnf;&Syd grS
rnfonfu
h o
k v
kd rf sdK;rqdk aeYpOfjzpfymG ;Edik af Mumif; wpfqifh
wuf odrw
S Mf u&rnf jzpfavonf/ (aeYpOf[al om pum;
vH;k udk owdjyKcJyh g)
tyrm'rnfaom owdw&m;
yd#uwfawmf owd\ud,
k yf mG ; tyrm'[laom pum;vH;k
udk Budrzf efrsm;pGm awGUEdik Mf u\/ ukov
kd w
f &m;wdUk rarhavsmah Mumif;
o Z if om ; pm a y
jzpfaom w&m;udk tyrm' [kac:\/ bk&m;&Sio

f nf owdw&m;\
ud,
k yf mG ;jzpfaom xdt
k yrm' [laom pum;vH;k udk oH;k a0ae,s
wdt
Yk m; aeYpOfq;kH rMo0g'ay;awmfrcl ahJ vonf/ rSeyf g\/ jrwfpmG
bk&m;&Sio
f nf eHeufcif;qGr;f udpN y;D awmfrv
l Qif *Eu#k ad usmif;awmf
teD; tvkyt
f auR;&[ef; cif;xm;ay;aomae&m xdik af wmfru
l m
ajcawmfwu
Ykd kd aq;aMumawmfral vh&adS vonf/ xdk ajcaq;tif;jyif
&yfawmfr&l if;uyif &[ef;oHCmud-k
&[ef;wdUk .....
tyrm'w&m;jzihf odum oH;k yg;udk jynhpf akH tmif BudK;pm;tm;
xkwMf uukeaf vmh/
avmu jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif jzpfyiG ahf wmfr&l m tcgumvudk
&cJv\
S /
vlUtjzpfuv
kd nf; &cJv\
S /
o'gw&m;ESihf jynhpf jkH cif;udv
k nf; &cJv\
S /
&Si&f [ef;tjzpfuv
kd nf; &cJv\
S /
olawmfaumif;w&m; emMum;&jcif;udv
k nf; (Mum;em&ef
tcGiu
hf v
kd nf;) &cJv\
S [k
tyrm' Mo0g'a'oemjzihf qH;k rawmfral vonf/
(o*gxm0*o,
H w
k ?f jA[PoH,w
k ?f uodbm&'GgZ okwt
f zGi)hf
wdy#d u ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mefu tyrm' [lonf owd
t0dy0 go owd\ ruif;jcif; (odrYk [kw)f owdEiS rhf uif;jcif; yif
jzpf ,if;\t&udv
k nf; tNrJuyfwnfaom owd? mPfEiS hf
,SOaf omowdukd aumuf&onf zGiq
hf &kd iS ;f jyxm;\/ (tyrma'g
0kpw
d owd,m t0dy0 gaom/ 'D? |? 1? 97)
xdaYk Mumifh tyrm' [lonf ukov
kd t
f mHk tNrJuyf
wnfaom owd? mPfEiS ,
hf OS af om owdukd qdv
k jkd cif;yifjzpfaMumif;
aumif;pGmodrw
S Mf uNyD;vQif? aemufq;kH ydwf y&deAd m efp0H ifawmfrcl geD;
yif txl;ta&;xm; rSmMum;awmfrcl ahJ om tyrma'e orma'x
[laom Mo0g'awmfukd OD;xdy&f u
G yf efqifMuNyD;vsuf? 'ge? oDv?
bm0em aumif;rIw&m;wdUk rarhravsmh rayghrq tNrJuyf pdwf
o Z if om ; pm a y
a&mufwnfaeaom owdw&m;jzifh jynfph akH tmif tm;xkwBf udK;

yrf;awmfro
l ifMh uonfom jzpfavonf/
owd\ eD;pGmaomtaMumif;
ae&mwGif owdw&m;jzpfymG ;zd&Yk m eD;pGmaomtaMumif;
udk odrw
S o
f ifMh uyg\/ tmHk cdik Nf rJaomtrSwo
f nm (xd&onm)
onf owdjzpfjcif;\ eD;pGmaomtaMumif; (y'|mef) jzpfaMumif;
pmayu qdyk gonf/
aus;Zl;awmf&iS f tr&yl&r[m*EmHq
k &mawmfb&k m;BuD;u owd\ tmHu
k kd rarhraysmufatmif apmifah &SmufrI
onmonf rsm;pGmuln\
D /
ukov
kd af umif;rI udpp k rjywfavhvm txHyk g onm
trSwu
f MuyfMuyfcikd Nf rJygrl b0qH;k cgeD; avmavmq,f
rSmyif xdak umif;rIrsm; ay:xifvmwwf&m uH\ tpGr;f
csnf;omr[kw?f cdik Nf rJaom onmt&if;cH&adS om owd
tpGr;f vnf;ygonf[k oN*K[fbmom#Dum rdeq
Yf akd wmf
rlcahJ vonf/
rSeyf g\/
bk&m;qGr;f awmfaeYpOfwifvLS ol? qGr;f avmif;vSLavh&o
dS l
wdYk igonf qGr;f 'um? igonfum; qGr;f 'umr [laom
trSwo
f nmonf aeYpOf qGr;f awmfwifjcif;? qGr;f avmif;
jcif;wnf;[laom 'geaumif;rIukd cdik Nf raJ tmifjyKwwfaom
owdw&m;\ eD;pGmaom taMumif;jzpf\/
oDvapmifah omol igoDvaqmufwnfxm;onf? ig
oDvo,fjzpfonf [laom trSwo
f nmonf oDvudk r
csKd;zsufrad tmif? rdrad qmufwnfxm;aom oDvudk cdik Nf rJ
atmifjyKwwfaom owdw&m;\ eD;pGmaomtaMumif;
jzpf\/
&[ef;jzpfaomol ig&[ef;[laom trSwo
f nmonf
o Z if om ; pm a y
yg&mZdu (4) yg;ponfh &[ef;oDvudk rcsdK;zsufrad tmif?

yg&mZdurusaprl &[ef;tjzpfcdik Nf raJ tmif jyKwwfaom
owdw&m;\ eD;pGmaom taMumif;jzpf\/
rdcifjzpfaomol igrdcif[al om trSwo
f nm? zcifjzpf
aomol igzcif[al om trSwo
f nmonf om;orD;wdYk
tay: rdb0wfudk rcRwfap&? rdbwdkY\ 0w&m;udk
usifah qmifjcif; cdik Nf rJatmif jyKwwfaom owdw&m;\
eD;pGmaomtaMumif; jzpf\/
w&m;tm;xkwaf eolwpfa,muf iga,m*D[al om trSwf
onmonf w&m;tm;xkwrf t
I ay: cdik Nf rJatmifjyKwwf
aom owdw&m;\ eD;pGmaom taMumif;jzpfavonf/
xdUk aMumifh ukov
kd w
f &m; aeYpOfjzpfymG ;vdo
k l rnforl qdk
rdr\
d taetxm; (&[ef;qdv
k Qif &[ef;? a,m*Dqv
kd Qif a,m*D?
rdbqdv
k Qifrb
d ) ESihf rdru
d sifah qmif&rnfh 0w&m;rsm;tay: owf
owfrw
S rf w
S f em;vnfo&d rdS w
S o
f m;rI (xd&onm) udk aumif;pGm
ESv;kH ydu
k Nf yD;vQif? oufqikd &f m 'ge? oDv? bm0em ukov
kd t
f rIwYkd
tay: cdik Nf rJatmifjyKwwfaom owdw&m;udk wpfqifw
h uf
jzpfymG ;apMu&rnfom jzpfavonf/
ae&mwGif owd\ oabmvuPmudk OyrmESiw
hf uG
xyfraH vhvmoifMh u\/ rdvEd y Om t&Sief m*aoe rax&fjrwfu
owd\vuPmESp&f yfukd pMum0aw;rif;\b@mpd;k ESihf pMum0aw;
rif;\ om;MuD;&wemwnf;[laom OyrmESp&f yfEiS w
hf uG atmufyg
uJo
h Ukd rdeaYf wmfrcl \
hJ /
rif;jrwf? pMu0aw;rif;\ b@mpd;k onf pMu0aw;rif;udk
nOfw
Y ikd ;f ? eHeufwikd ;f ]]rif;jrwf oifrif;jrwf\ qifwo
Ykd nf
rQ&Su
d ek \
f / jrif;wdo
Yk nf rQ &Su
d ek \
f / &xm;wdo
Yk nf
o Z if om ; pm a y
rQ&Sd uke\
f / ajconfwo
Ykd nf rQ&Su
d ek \
f / aiGonf
rQ&u
dS ek \
f / a&Tonf rQ&u
dS ek \
f / Opmb@mtpkonf
rQ&Su
d ek \
f xdpk nf;pdru
f kd t&Sirf if;jrwfonf atmuf
arhawmfryl gavmh}} [k pnf;pdru
f kd atmufarhvsuf rif;\
Opmb@mtpkukd raysmufysufapouJo
h Ukd ?
rif;jrwf? owdjzpfonf&adS omf ukov
kd ?f tukov
kd ?f tjypf
&S?d tjypfr?hJ t,kw?f tjrwf? rnf;npf? jzLpifaom tzd&Yk dS
]w&m;wdkYum; owdy|mef av;yg;
aom w&m;wdUk udk ]]w&m;wd
wdkYwnf;? w&m;wdkYum; ory"mefav;yg;wdkYwnf;?
w&m;wdkYum; 'dyg'fav;yg;wdkYwnf;? w&m;
wdu
Yk m; ajEig;yg; wdw
Yk nf;? w&m;wdu
Yk m; Adv
k if g;yg;
wdkYwnf;? w&m;wdkYum; aAmZifckepfyg; wdkYwnf;?
w&m;wdkYum; t*Fg&Spfyg;&Sdaom t&d,mr*fwnf;?
w&m;um; orxwnf;? w&m;um; 0dyemwnf;?
w&m;um; 0dZmwnf;? w&m;um; 0drkwdwnf;}}
[k raysmufysufapwwf/
xdo
k Ukd raysmufysuaf pwwfaomaMumifh ur|mef;tm;xkwf
aom yk*Kd vfonf rS0D o
J ifah om w&m;wdu
Yk kd rS0D \
J / rrS0D J
oifah om w&m;wdu
Yk kd rrS0D ?J qnf;uyfoifah omw&m;wdYk
udk qnf;uyf\/ rqnf;uyfoifah omw&m;wdu
Yk kd rqnf;
uyf/ rif;jrwf odv
Yk Qif owdonf raysmufysufapjcif;
vuPm (tydvmyevuPm) &S\
d /
rif;jrwf? pMu0aw;rif;\ om;BuD;&wemonf ]]ol
wdu
Yk m; rif;tm; tpD;tyGm;&Su
d ek \
f / olwu
Ykd m; rif;tm;
tpD;tyGm;r&Su
d ek ?f olwUkd um; aus;Zl;rsm;uke\
f / ol
wdu
Yk m; aus;Zl;rrsm;uke}f }[k rif;\ tpD;tyGm;&So
d ?l r&Sd
olwu
Ykd kd od\/ xdo
k o
Ykd jd cif;aMumifh tpD;tyGm;r&So
d w
l u
Ykd kd
y,f tpD;tyGm;&So
d w
l u
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;ouJo
h ?Ykd aus;Zl;
r&So
d w
l u
Ykd kd y,f aus;Zl;&So
d w
l u
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;ouJo
h ?Ykd
rif;jrwf? odv
Yk Qif owdjzpfonf&adS omf tpD;tyGm;&S?d
tpD;tyGm;r&Su
d ek af om w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; oabmwdu
Yk kd
o Z if om ; pm a y
]]w&m;wdu
Yk m; tpD;tyGm;&Su
d ek \
f / w&m;wdu
Yk m;
tpD;tyGm;r&Sdukef? w&m;wdkYum; aus;Zl;rsm;ukef\/
w&m;wdu
Yk m; aus;Zl;rrsm;uke}f } [k aumif;pGmpl;prf;
wwf\/ xdo
k pYkd pl rf;wwfaomaMumifh ur|mef;tm;xkwf
aom yk*Kd vfonf tpD;tyGm;r&Sad om w&m;wdu
Yk kd y,f?
tpD;tyGm;&Sad om w&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;\/ aus;Zl;rrsm;
aom w&m;wdu
Yk kd y,f? aus;Zl;rsm;aom w&m;wdu
Yk kd
odr;f qnf;\/ rif;jrwf odv
Yk Qif owdonf odr;f qnf;
jcif; vuPm (Oy*PeS vuPm) &S\
d /
rif;jrwf? jrwfpmG bk&m;onf ]]&[ef;wdUk igonf atmufarh
rI ]owd} udk t&mcyford ;f tvd&k t
dS yf\}} [laom
pum;udv
k nf; a[mMum;awmfr\
l [k (om"uaqmif rdeYf
awmfr\
l )/
owdw&m; vufudkifxm;&rnf
xdUk aMumifh ukodkvfw&m;rsm;udk txyfxyftcgcg jzpfyGm;?
wd k ; wuf a pvd k M uvQif v nf ; aumif ; ? tuk o d k v f w &m;rsm;ud k
y,f&Sm;? a&SmifcGmvdkMuvQifaomfvnf;aumif; o'g? apwem?
0D&d,wdkUtjyif ukodkvfw&m;wdkU NrJpGmatmufarhtrSwf&wwf
aom owdw&m;udkvnf; rjzpfraevufudkifjyKMu&rnf jzpf
aMumif; aumif;pGm rSw,
f Ml u&rnf jzpfavonf/
rSe\
f / owdukd vufuikd jf yKum txyfxyftcgcg jzpfymG ;ap
wwfaom ukov
kd rf sK;d onfomvQif tmpdPu
H ukov
kd f (tNrrJ jywf
jzpfymG ;aptyfaom ukov
kd )f tjzpfoaYkd &muf tusdK;ay;rSew
f wf?
tusdK;ay;oefwwfNrJ jzpfavonf/
xdaYk Mumifh 'ge? oDv? bm0em b,fvu
kd o
k v
kd rf sKd;udrk qdk
aeYpOf tmpdPu
aH jrmufatmif jzpfymG ;&,lvMkd uygvQif
trIujkd yKvQif wd;k wuf&efom&S\
d qkw,
f w
k &f efr&S[
d
l
,HMk unfaom o'g?
o Z if om ; pm a y
xdt
k rIukd jyKvky&f ef vHak vmufaom vHUI aqmfrI apwem?
aumif;pGmtm;xkw&f u
G af qmifwwfonfh 0D&,
d wdt
Yk jyif
ukov
kd w
f &m;tmHw
k Ukd tNrrJ jywf cdik cf ikd Nf rNJ rJ trSw&f wwf
onfh owdw&m;
av;yg;vH;k udk rvGrJ aoG vdt
k yfonf[k wd;k wuf
odrw
S Mf u&rnf jzpfavonf/
d ? owd w&m;
av;yg;&Sd rkH Qjzifh ukov
kd f &Edik Nf yDavm ar;p&m&Sv
d m\/ rSe\
f / xdk
tajccHw&m;av;yg; pHn
k v
D Qifyif ukov
kd &f Edik Nf yD[k ajzqdx
k u
kd Nf yD
jzpfavonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
ukodkvf b,fvdk&oenf;
d ? owd w&m; av;yg;&Sd kH
rQjzifh ukov
kd &f Edik Nf yDavm ar;p&m&Sv
d m\/ rSe\
f / xdt
k ajccHw&m;av;yg;
pHn
k v
D Qifyif ukov
kd &f Edik Nf yD[k ajzqdx
k u
kd Nf yD jzpfavonf/ trsm;em;vnf
atmif tenf;i,f &Si;f vif;ygOD;rnf/
azmfjycJyh g o'g? apwem? 0D&,
d ? owd [laom tajccHw&m;av;
yg;onf 'ge? oDv? bm0em aumif;jrwfaom trIwu
Ykd kd tmHjk yK
jzpfaompdww
f Ykd ,SO
f jzpf&um; tjypfr&Sad omw&m;wdo
Yk m
jzpf\? tjypf&adS omw&m;wdYk r[kwMf u/ aumif;aomtusK;d udak y;
rnfh w&m;wdo
Yk mjzpf\? raumif;aom tusK;d udk ay;rnfw
h &m;wdYk
r[kwMf u/
xdo
k Ukd tjypfvnf;r&S?d aumif;aomtusK;d udak y;rnfh w&m;rsm;om
jzpfaomaMumifh xdw
k &m;wdUk udk ukov
kd [
f o
k mac:&\/ tukov
kd [
f k
rac:/
o Z if om ; pm a y
xdaYk Mumifh xdo

k Ykd ukov
kd t
f rnf&aom o'g? apwem? 0D&,
d ?
owd ponfw
h &m;aumif;rsm; rdro
d Eef jzpfciG &hf vdu
k o
f nfuykd if
ukov
kd &f onf[k ac:a0:&avawmhonf/
txl;rSwfcsuf / / ae&m tbd"rmudk roifz;l aom omrefvrl sm;yif
em;vnfEikd af tmif a&;om;&onf jzpfaomaMumif-h
o'g? apwem? 0D&,
d ? owd w&m;av;yg;rQukd tajccHxm;?
xdw
k &m;rsm;onf aumif;aomw&m;rsm;omjzpf ukov
kd t
f rnf
&onf/
(rdrw
d Ukd tm;xkw&f m 'gerI? oDvrI? bm0emrIwu
Ykd t
kd aMumif;jyK)
xdo
k Ykd ukov
kd t
f rnf&aomw&m;rsm; rdrw
d o
Ykd Emef jzpfciG &hf vdu
k f
onfuykd if ukov
kd &f onf[ak c:aMumif; odv,
G af tmif a&;om;
azmfjyvdu
k &f ygonf/
tbd"rmudk oifz;l pdw,
f OS ?f apwodu,
f OS f oabmobm0rsm;
udk em;vnfuRrf;usifawmfrMl uonfh olrsm;tzdrYk mS rl (rdrw
d Ykd tm;
xkw&f m 'gerI? oDvrI? bm0emrIwt
Ykd vdu
k f jzpfymG ;&&SEd ikd cf iG &hf o
dS rQ)
ukov
kd pf w
d f 21-yg;ESihf apwoduf 38-yg;udk xdu
k o
f ifo
h vdk ,l
awmfrMl uNyD;vQif xdu
k o
k v
kd pf w
d -f apwodurf sm; rdrw
d o
Ykd Emef
jzpfciG &hf vdu
k o
f nfuykd if ukov
kd &f onf[k aqmif;yg;rsm;u &nf
Te;f ygaMumif; odrw
S af wmfrMl u&ef jzpfygonf/
apwemESifhuHw&m;\jcm;em;csuf(odkYr[kwf)
jynfph jkH cif;ig;rsKd ;
ae&mwGif apwemESihf uHwUkd \ jcm;em;csuu
f kd avhvmoifMh uyg
\/ t*Fw
k Kd &ft|uxm? t|meygVd- 'kw,
d 0*ftzGihf tm,l[eor*wm?
apwemor*wm? uror*wm? 0dyguor*wm? Oy|meor*wm [laom
or*wmw&m; (5) yg;udk zGiq
hf &kd iS ;f jyxm;\/ odrw
S v
f ,
G af tmif &Si;f vif;
azmfjyygrnf/ xdik g;yg;wdw
Yk iG -f
1/ aumif;rI? raumif;rIuw
H &m;rsm;udk tm;xkwq
f J ypKyecf Ponf
o Z if om ; pm a y
&S\
d / xdt
k m;xkwrf EI iS jhf ynfph akH eonfh tcdu
k t
f wefu
Y kd tm,l[e
or*wm- tm;xkwrf EI iS jhf ynfph akH ejcif; [kac:\/
2/ xdak umif;rI? raumif;rI w&m;rsm;udk jyKaomtcg xdt
k rIupd r sm;
udk Ny;D apwwfaom ukov
kd -f tukov
kd af pwemrsm; xif&mS ;jzpfymG ;
vm\/ xdu
k o
k v
kd -f tukov
kd af pwemrsm; cPtaetm;jzifh xif
&Sm;&Sad ecdu
k u
f kd apwemor*wm- vIUH aqmfaphpyfrEI iS hf jynfph akH e
jcif;[kac:\/
3/ xdkapwemw&m;wdkYonfvnf; rNrJaomobm0&Sdonfhavsmuf
jzpfNy;D onfah emuf csKyfaysmufMuNrJ jzpfavonf/ xdo
k cYkd sKyfaysmuf
Muygaomfvnf; (tjcm; o'g paom w&m;wdYk csKyfaysmufomG ;
ouJo
h Ykd r[kwrf
l ) taMumif;tcGin
hf
D w
G v
f Qif tusdK;0dygufukd
jzpfay:apwwfaom owx
d ;l wpfrsdK;udk csefxm;&pfcNhJ yD;rS csKyf
aysmufMuavonf/ xdo
k wx
d ;l onf &[EmtjzpfoYkd ra&muf
ao;orQ? tusK;d ay;cGi&hf onfw
h ikd af tmif cEmtpOf ude;f 0yfvu
kd f
ygNrJjzpfavonf/ xdo
k t
Ykd usdK;ay;Edik pf rG ;f onfh owx
d ;l ESihf jynfph kH
aejcif;udk uror*wm- uHw&m;ESijhf ynfph jkH cif; [kac:\/
4/ xdo
k Ykd uHw&m;ESijhf ynfph o
kH nfrS tusdK;ay;cGiBhf uHKaomtcg xdu
k f
oif&h mb0 y#doaEwnfaejzpfymG ;jcif;tusdK;? y#doaEaeNyD;
onfraS emufvnf; xdb
k 0 tvsOjf ywfawmufroGm;ap&ef 0Dxd
pdww
f \
Ykd tMum;tMum; b0ifpw
d rf sm;jzpfymG ;jcif;tusdK; ponf
jzifh y#doaEtusdK;? y0wt
d usdK;rsm; jzpfymG ;vm avonf/ xdo
k Ykd
tusKd;w&m;rsm; xif&mS ;pGm jzpfymG ;vmonfukd 0dyguor*wmtusKd;ay;ESijhf ynfph jkH cif; [k ac:\/
5/ xdkuHw&m;rsm;onf tusKd;ay;csdefwefaomtcg? ukodkvfuH?
tukov
kd t
f m;avsmfpmG i&JjzpfvwUH aomoltm; i&Jr;D vQH? trd
0rf;jzpfvwUH aomoltm; trd\0rf;Mumwdu
k ?f ewfjzpfvwUH
aomoltm; ya'omyif? Adrmefpaom edrw
d rf sm; xif&mS ;jzpfay:
vmapwwfavonf/ xdo
k aYkd om edrw
d Ef iS jhf ynfph akH ejcif;udk Oy|me
or*F dwm - edrw
d x
f ifay:vmrIEiS hf jynfph jkH cif;[k ac:\/
xdik g;yg;wdUk wGif apwemESijhf ynfph jkH cif;? uHEiS jhf ynfph jkH cif;? tusdK;ay;
ESijhf ynfph jkH cif;[laom jynfph jkH cif; (3) rsdK;onfom vd&k if;jzpf\/ xdo
k ;kH rsdK;udk
o Z if om ; pm a y
d;k &mpum;jzifh em;vnfatmif ajym&vQifaumif;rI?raumif;rIrsm;udk tm;xkwaf eonft

h cdu
k w
f iG f apwem/
xdak pwem csKyfaysmufomG ;Ny;D aemuf tusK;d ay;onfw
h ikd af tmifaom
umvtwGi;f cEmtpOf ude;f 0yfvsuf vdu
k yf guse&f pfco
hJ nfum;
uHw&m;/
xdu
k w
H &m;rsm;u vlewfe,fy,f? tyg,fb0 ponftm;jzifh
wpfcck ak om tusdK;w&m;udk xif&mS ;pGmay;jcif; 0dygu?- [laom
tqifh (3) qifo
h m vd&k if;jzpfavonf/
Oy|meor*wmESiyhf wfouf txl;odrw
S &f efrmS ...tcsKd Uyk*Kd vf
rsm;onf rdwaf umif;aqGaumif;udk trS&D ojzifv
h nf;aumif;? rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd u
f
pdwaf epdwx
f m;wdu
Yk kd avhusifx
h m;wwfavh &So
d jzifv
h nf;aumif; aocgeD;
umv edrw
d jf zpfay:onfh (Oy|meor*wm) tcdu
k w
f iG f raumif;aom
*wderd w
d jf zpfay:vmcJv
h Qif xdek rd w
d u
f kd ajymif;vT
J &Edik af umif;wwfavonf/
(aomPrax&f\zcif rkq;kd BuD;wjzpfvJ &[ef;MuD;0wKudk axmufyg/)
(tH?|?1?365) rdwaf umif;&Szd EYkd iS hf pdwu
f kd avhusifx
h m;zdUk om rarhoifMh uyg
aMumif;/
ukodkvf b,fvdk vdkufygoenf;

rQjzifh rdrjd yKvdu
k af om ukov
kd ?f tukov
kd f uHw&m;rsm;onf
tusKd ;ay;cGirhf &ao;orQ umvywfv;kH uror*wm tjzpfjzifh wnf&adS e
MuaMumif; txdu
k t
f avsmuf em;vnfciG &hf &Scd MhJ uygNyD/ wpfqifw
h uf xdk
ukov
kd ?f tukov
kd u
f w
H &m;rsm;onf uHjyKol\aemufoYkd rnforYkd nfykH vdu
k f
ygaeMuaMumif; od&edS m;vnfMuzdYk vdt
k yfvmygonf/ rdvEd r if;BuD;ESihf t&Sif
d m0yOm vm tar;tajzudk
em*aoe rax&fjrwfw\
Ykd urzvtwb
avhvmoihMf uyg\/
rdvEd
/ / t&Sib
f &k m;em*aoe? emrfyk jf zifh ukov
kd u
f H
udk vnf;aumif;? tukov
kd u
f u
H kd vnf;aumif;
jyKvkyMf uyg\/ xdu
k w
H o
Ykd nf tb,fae&m wnf
&Sad eygukeo
f enf;/
o Z if om ; pm a y
t&Sief m*aoe /
/ rif;jrwf? xdu
k w
H o
Ykd nf t&dyu
f o
hJ Ykd tpOfwpdu
k f
aemufrS vdu
k u
f ek \
f /
rdvEd
/ / t&Sifbk&m;? xdkuHw&m;wdkYonf ae&m
vnf;aumif;? ae&mvnf;aumif; wnf&dS
uke\
f [k jyEdik yf grnfavm/
t&Sief m*aoe / / rif;jrwf? xdu
k w
H &m;wdo
Yk nf ae&mvnf;
aumif;? ae&mvnf;aumif; wnf&u
dS ek \
f
[k jyjcif;iSm rwwfaumif;yg/
rdvEd
/ / Oyrmay;awmfryl g t&Sib
f &k m;/
t&Sief m*aoe / / rif;jrwf? toD;roD;ao;aomopfyifwYkd
opfyif\ toD;wdo
Yk nf ae&m? ae&m
wnfuek \
f [k xdo
k pfyif\ toD;wdu
Yk kd jyEdik yf g
rnfavm/
rdvEd
/ / t&Sib
f &k m;? rjyEdik yf g/
t&Sief m*aoe / / rif;jrwf? twlomvQif tpOf\ rjywfjcif;
aMumifh ae&mvnf;aumif;? ae&mvnf;
aumif; xdu
k w
H o
Ykd nf wnf&u
dS ek \
f [k jyjcif;iSm
rwwfaumif;/
rdvEd
/ / t&Sifbk&m;em*aoe oifhavsmfavsmufywfyg
ay\/
em;rvnfEikd af o;olrsm;twGuf txufygtar;tajzudyk if tenf;
i,f &Si;f vif;jyygOD;rnf/ uHw&m;wdo
Yk nf cEmtpOf t&dyo
f zG,v
f u
kd yf g
aeonf[al om rlu,
kd
l rdvEd rif;BuD;u xdu
k w
H &m;wdo
Yk nf uHjyKol\ OD;acgif; ude;f
atmif;vsuf vdu
k yf gaeonf? ESv;kH tdrf ude;f atmif;vsuf vdu
k yf g
aeonf? vufarmif;ude;f atmif;vsuf vdu
k yf gaeonf ponfjzifh
jyEdik yf grnfavm[k ar;\/
t&Sief m*odeu
f xdo
k jYkd y rjzpfEikd af Mumif;? toD;roD;ao; (oD;
vwHU) aomopfyif xdkopfyif\ toD;wdkYonf ckaetcg
tjrpfem;udk a&mufaeNyD? yifpnfem;udk a&mufaeNyD? tudik ;f rBuD;
o Z if om ; pm a y
em; a&mufaeNyD? udik ;f vufwufawGem; a&mufaeNyD[k ajymEdik yf g

rnfvm; jyefar;\/
xdo
k aYkd jym rjzpfEikd yf gaMumif; rdvEd rif;BuD;u jyefajzavonf/
xdt
k ar;tajzudk axmufaI omf opfoD;yif roD;ao;apumrl
opfoD;udk jzpfapwwfaom "mwfowdrsm; opfyif xif&Sm;&SdouJhodkU
aumif;rIuH? raumif;rIuHrsm;udk jyKolwdkY\ oEmeftpOf cEmtpOf
vnf; aumif;usdK;? raumif;usKd;udk jzpfapwwfonfh uHw&m;owrd sm;
udef;0yfvQuf &SdaeaMumif;udk ,Hrk mS ;uif;pGm aumif;aumif;BuD; odEikd Mf u
NyDjzpfygonf/
(odkYjzifh trQa0vdkaomolwdkYonf OD;pGm rdrdwdkYoEmef 'ge?
oDv? bm0emrsm;udk t&if;cHaom ukodkvfw&m; jzpfyGm;wnf&Sdvm
atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMu&avonf/ xdkodkYtm;xkwfojzifh rdrdoEmef
jzpfcGifh&vdkufaom ukodkvfuH (apwem\owd) rsm;udk ywd [kac:av
onf/ xdkywdudk jyefvnf rQa0ay;jcif;udkyif ywd'ge [k ac:&av
awmhonf/)
ae&mrSp wd[w
d rf [mukov
kd ?f orx-0dyemukov
kd f
rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom orm"dw&m;ESihf ynmw&m;wdt
Yk aMumif;udk quf
vufa&;om;azmfjyygOD;tH/h
o Z if om ; pm a y
tmHkwpfckwnfMunfNidrfoufpGm&Sdaewmorm"d
pifppftm;jzifh ae&mwGif wd[w
d f r[mukov
kd jf zpfymG ;&eftwGuf
t"duusaom ynmtaMumif;udk ajymoifNh yrD eS af omfvnf; orm"duo
k v
kd f
udk xlaxmifvMkd uolrsm;\ tusK;d iSmvnf;aumif;? orm"d b
H u
d a 0 bma0x?
orm[dawm? bdua 0? bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd [laom ygVdawmft&
orm"d&adS omoltm; [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG jrifoEd ikd af ommPf jzpfvm&onfom
jzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? 'geukov
kd pf onfvnf; wnfMunfNidrf
oufaom orm"d&rdS \
I tcef;u@onf ta&;ygonfom jzpfaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif; ynm\ a&SUOD;pGmorm"dtaMumif;udk tweftoifrh Q a&;om;
azmfjy&ygvdrOhf ;D rnf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
orm"d
tmHw
k pfct
k ay: (,Hrk mS ;oHo,jzifh *PSmrNidrjf zpfaewwfaom
0dpu
d pd m ESihf ysHUvGirhf I O'p oabmwdu
Yk kd qefu
Y sif) wnfMunfNidro
f ufpmG
wnfaeaom oabmudk orm"d[k ac:&\/ xdo
k rm"donf o'g? apwem?
0D&,
d ? owd? ynm paom twlwuG jzpfay:jzpfzufw&m;rsm;udk tmHk
wpfcw
k nf;tay: wpfpw
k pfpnf;wnf; pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k jzpfatmif aygif;pk
ay;jcif;oabm&S\
d / ud,
k pf w
d Ef pS yf g; csrf;omjcif; okconf orm"d\ eD;pGm
aomtaMumif; y'|mefjzpfaMumif; pmayu qdak vonf/
rdvdEyOm\tqdktrdefY
ae&mwGif orm"d\ oabmvuPmudk OyrmESiw
hf uG avhvm
oifMh u\/ rdvEd y Om t&Sief m*aoe rax&fjrwfu orm"donf BuD;rSL;
jy|mef;jcif; yrkc vuPm&Sad Mumif; Oyrmrsm;ESiw
hf uG atmufyguJo
h Ykd
ajzMum;awmfrcl \
hJ /
rif;jrwf? pkvpfrGrf;cReftxGwfwyfaom tdrf\ tjcif[lorQ
tm;vH;k wdo
Yk nf pkvpfrrG ;f cReftxGwo
f Ukd a&mufuek \
f / txGwf
Gwu
f ikd ;f uke\
f / txGwf pk;kH uke\
f / pkvpfrrG ;f cReftxGwu
f kd
xdt
k jcifopf0g;wdx
Yk uf jrwf\[k qd&k ouJo
h ?Ykd rif;jrwf? twl
omvQif ukov
kd w
f &m;tm;vH;k wdo
Yk nf orm"dvQif jy|mef;uke\
f /
orm"d Gwu
f ek \
f / orm"d udik ;f uke\
f / orm"d Iid ;f uke\
f /
rif;jrwf? wpfpw
kH pfO;D aomrif;onf t*Fgav;yg;&Sad om ppfonfEiS hf
twl ppfajrjyifoUkd oufa&muf&m\/ qifwyf? jrifwyf? &xm;wyf?
ajconfo&l w
J yf[al om ppfwyftiftm;wdo
Yk nf xdrk if;omvQif
tBuD;trSL; &Su
d ek \
f / xdrk if; Gwu
f ek \
f / xdrk if; udik ;f uke\
f /
xdrk if; Iid ;f uke\
f / xdrk if;odo
Yk mvQif tpOfvu
kd u
f ek o
f uJo
h ?Ykd rif;
jrwf? twlomvQif ukov
kd w
f &m;tm;vH;k wdo
Yk nf orm"dvQif
jy|mef;uke\
f / orm"d Gwu
f ek \
f / orm"d udik ;f uke\
f / orm"d
Iid ;f uke\
f / rif;jrwf odv
Yk Qif orm"donf? BuD;rSL;jy|mef;jcif;
vuPm &S\
d /
o Z if om ; pm a y
rif;jrwf? jrwfpmG bk&m;onf &[ef;wdYk wnfMunfrI orm"d

w&m;udk yGm;rsm;ukeaf vmh? wnfMunfaom &[ef;onf [kwf
k nf; a[mawmfrt
l yf\/ ([k
wdik ;f rSepf mG od\[k a'oemudv
om"uaqmif rdeaYf wmfr\
l )
orm"dr*if(3)yg;
ae&mwGif orm"d\ oabmudk r*i&f pS yf g;twGi;f odYk oGi;f
azmfjy&vQif tawmftwef em;&Si;f zG,&f m &S\
d / r*i(f 8)yg;udk oDvr*i?f
orm"dr*i?f ynmr*i[
f k tkypf zk UJG vQif(1) orm0gpm? ormurE ? ormtmZD0wdu
Yk kd oDvr*it
f yk pf ?k
(2) orm0g,mr? ormowd? ormorm"dwu
Ykd kd orm"dr*it
f yk pf ?k
(3) orm'd|Ed iS hf ormouFyw
u
Ykd kd ynmr*it
f yk pf k [k oH;k tkypf k cGjJ cm;
owfrw
S f Edik af vonf/
xdw
k iG f trSwpf Of(2) eHygwfjy orm"dr*if oH;k yg;tkypf w
k iG f orm
0g,mr [lonf aumif;rGerf eS u
f efpmG tm;xkwo
f nfh 0D&,
d ? ormowd[l
onf pdwu
f kd tmHt
k ay: aumif;pGmxm;&Srd I owdjzpfNyD;? ormorm"d
[lonfum; tmHt
k ay: wnfMunfNidro
f ufro
I abm {u*wmyif jzpf
avonf/
tmHkwpfcktay:
wnfMunfNidrfoufpGm&Sdaewm orm"d
ur|mef;tvkyfudk BudK;ukwftm;xkwfolwdkUonf owd ESifh
f ?
0D&d,udk ajcukwf,l orm"dudk xlaxmifMu &NrJ jzpfavonf/ rSe\
Oyrmtm;jzifh tmemygeur|mef;udk tm;xkwo
f w
l Ykd ? av0ifwikd ;f - xGuf
wdik ;f rjywfwrf; apmifMh unfah erIonf owdjzpfNy;D ? ,cifvkd tvdt
k avsmuf
0ifaexGuaf erIrsdK; rjzpfap&bJ &Snaf pvdu
k &Sn?f wdak pvdu
k wd?k vdo
k vdk
o Z if om ; pm a y
jyKjyifxed ;f
d qufumqufum SLoGi;f SLxkwrf I jyKvky&f ef tm;pdu
k af erI
oabmonf 0D&,
d jzpfavonf/
xdo
k wdEiS hf 0D&,
d onf ESmacgif;aygufrS 0ifxu
G af eaom av
tay:om apmifMh unf?h xde;f jd cif; jyKaeMuonf jzpf&um; pdwt
f pOfonf
rMumrwifrrD mS yif xdEk mS acgif;avtay:om Nidro
f ufpmG wnfvmav
awmhonf/ xdo
k Ykd (tmemygetvkyu
f kd tm;xkwo
f w
l Ykd ) ESmacgif;avwnf;
[laom tmHk pdwt
f pOfNidro
f ufpmG wnfNidrv
f mrIukd orm"d [k ac:qdk
&avonf/
xdo
k Ykd pdwt
f pOf Nidro
f ufwnfNidrv
f monf [l&mvnf; pdww
f Ykd
xH;k pH&o
dS nft
h wdik ;f pdwu
P
wpfcsufcefrY Q wnfwjhH cif;rsKd;um;r[kwaf y/
0ifavxGuaf vpaom wpfcw
k nf;aomtmHk pdww
f pfcNk y;D pdww
f pfck pOf
qufrjywf xyfumxyfum wnfMunfNidro
f ufaerIoabmudo
k m orm"d
[k qdv
k akd vonf/ xdo
k abmudk pmayu ]avNidrf&m wnfNidrfpGmxGef;
awmufyaeonfh qDrD;vQHESifhwlonf} [k Oyrmay;awmfrMl uavonf/
psmeft*Fgrsm;jzpfay:vmjcif;
ae&mwGif orm"duo
k v
kd t
f vkyu
f kd tm;xkwBf udK;ukwaf wmfrl
Muukefaom a,m*DoljrwfwdkYtusdK;iSm psmeft*Fgrsm;xif&Sm;jzpfay:
lypsmefuo
k v
kd w
f &m;rsm; jzpfymG ;ay:aygufyu
kH kd &dyrf d rkH Q azmfjycJ&h ygvdrOhf ;D rnf/
psmeft*Fg ig;yg;wdw
Yk iG -f
tmHt
k ay: pdwu
f kd wGe;f wifay;rIoabmudk 0dwuf/
xdt
k mHt
k ay: xyfwvJvJ oH;k oyfrI oabmudk 0dpm&/
xdt
k mHt
k ay: ESpo
f ufrI oabmudk yDw/d
xdt
k mHu
k t
kd rSjD yK csrf;omudk cHpm;&rIoabmudk okc/
xdt
k mHt
k ay: wnfNird v
f mrI oabmudk {u*wm [k ac:qdo
k nf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh tmemygeur|mef;udk tm;xkw&f m xdpk smeft*Fg
ig;yg;jzpfymG ;yHu
k kd azmfjyygOD;rnf/ tmemygeur|mef;udk Irw
S &f m ESmacgif;rS
0ifaexGuaf eaomavonf tIcHtmHk(y&duredrdwf)jzpf\/ xdk tIcH
tmHk avedrw
d t
f ay: pdwu
f kd ra&mufa&mufatmif wGe;f wifay;aerIoabm
o Z if om ; pm a y
onf 0d w uf oabmjzpf\/ xdak vedrw

d t
f ay: rvGww
f rf;apmifMh unfh
aerIoabmonf owd? 0ifav xGuaf vudk tpOfrysufap&bJ rdrt
d vdk
&So
d vdk twdt
k &Snf xde;f
d SLdu
I &f ef tm;pdu
k af erIoabmonf 0D&d,
jzpf\/
xdo
k Ykd pOfqufrjywf av0ifwikd ;f xGuw
f ikd ;f owd0&D ,
d tm;aumif;
aumif;jzifh Irw
S v
f maomtcg pdwo
f nf y&durerd w
d -f avaMumif;tay:
wpfpxufwpfp wd;k wufwnfMunf Nidro
f ufvm\/ xdt
k cg avedrw
d rf S
onf ykvv
J ;kH o@mef? 0g*Gr;f qdik o
f @mef? rd;k wdrw
f u
kd o
f @mef a&Ta&mif?
aiGa&mif pojzifh xl;jcm;aom ta&miftvif; edrw
d u
f av;rsm;udk jrifawGU
vmMu&\/ xdo
k Ukd jrifawGUvm&aom tvif;edrw
fd rf sm;udk O*[edrdwf [k
ac:\/ xdOk *[edrw
d f ta&miftvif;onfum; wm&Snw
f mrsm; tMunfrh cH
wwfao;? pdu
k Mf unfrh nfjyKvdu
k v
f Qif rMumrwif aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;wwf\/
xdt
k csderf sKd;wGif a,m*Donf 0dwufoabmudk ydrk x
kd if&mS ;apNyD;
vQif rlv 0ifav xGuaf v- y&durerd w
d f tay:odo
Yk m pdwu
f kd wGe;f wif
owd 0D&,
d aumif;aumif;jzifh 0ifav-xGuaf v ponfjzifh Irw
S Nf rJ
Irw
S &f \/ xdo
k Ukd Irw
S v
f maomtcg wpfbufu jzpfay:vmaom ta&mif
tvif; O*[edrw
d o
f nf ,cifxuf cyfMumMum tMunfch v
H monfukd
awGUvm&wwf\/ pdu
k Mf unfah omfvnf; raysmufrysuf ra&TUrajymif;awmh
bJ tMunfch o
H nfh tqifu
h kd a&mufvm\/ xdo
k Ykd wpxufwp wd;k wuf
Munfvif tMunfch v
H mvQif xdek rd w
d u
f kd y#dbm*edrdwf [k wpfqifw
h uf
ac:&\/
xdyk #dbm*edrw
d t
f qifo
h Ykd a&mufaomtcg xdek rd w
d u
f kd rlvt&G,f
tpm;xuf BuD;apjcif;? ao;apjcif;? vH;k apjcif;? jym;apjcif;? &Snaf pjcif;?
wdak pjcif; pojzifh rdrt
d vd&k o
dS vdk Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; apcdik ;f Edik &f ef wpfqifw
h uf
BudK;pm;&\/ xdo
k Ykd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; vdo
k vdk apcdik ;f Edik v
f maomtcg psmeft*Fg
rsm; jzpfymG ;rIrsm; txl;xif&mS ;vm\/
xdMk unfvifawmufyaeaom y#dbm*edrw
d t
f mHt
k ay:odYk pdwu
f kd
wGe;f wifay;rI oabmonf 0dwuf/
xdek rd w
d t
f mHu
k kd rdrt
d vd&k o
dS vdk BuD;ap? ao;ap? vH;k ap? jym;ap?
&Snaf p? wdak p&eftwGu?f BuD;apBuD;ap? ao;ap-ao;ap pojzifh
xyfwvJvJ oH;k oyfay;aerI oabmonf 0dpm&/
o Z if om ; pm a y
xdky#dbm*edrdwftmHktay: tifrwef ESpfoufauseyfvmrI

oabmonf yDw/d
xdyk #dbm*edrw
d t
f mHu
k t
kd rSjD yK xl;jrwfaom csrf;omwpfrsdK;udk
cHpm;vm&rIoabmonf okc/
xdyk #dbm*edrw
d t
f mHt
k ay: pdwt
f pOf xl;xl;uJuJ wnfNidrv
f m
rI oabmonf {u*wm/
xdo
k Ykd 0ifavxGuaf vudk tmHjk yK Irw
S af eaompdwf xdpk smef
t*Fgig;yg; odoo
d mom xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfygG ;ay:aygufvmvQif if;udk
lyg0p& yxrpsmef ukov
kd pf w
d [
f k ac:&avawmhonf/
ae&mwGif lyg0p&r[*Kwfpsmefuo
k v
kd pf w
d f z ponfh
twlwuG jzpfazmfjzpfzuf apwodurf sm;pGm &Syd gvsuf tb,faMumifh 0dwuf
paom apwoduif g;yg;udo
k m psmeft*Fgtjzpf owfrw
S &f ygoenf;[k ar;jref;
zG,f &Sd\/
xdt
k ar;twGuf - lyg0p&psmefuo
k v
kd pf w
d f z ponfh twl
wuG jzpfazmfjzpfzuf apwodurf sm;pGm &Syd gaomfvnf; 0dwufpaom
apwoduif g;yg;uom tmHk pl;pdu
k pf mG Ijcif;[laom OyedZs meudp? qefu
Y sif
buf eD0&Pw&m;wdu
Yk kd y,f&mS ;avmifNrKd ufjcif;[laom psm,eudp &Sad om
aMumif?h apwoduif g;yg;udo
k m psmeft*Fg[l owfrw
S rf n
S ahf c:&aMumif;
q&mwdYk ajzqdak wmfrMl uavonf/
(onfrSm orxpsmefukodkvf jzpfyGg;yHkudk odvG,fHk azmfjycJhjcif;rQom
jzpfNy;D ? <uif;aom ur|mef;rsm;ESihf <uif;aom psmeftqifq
h ifh wufyrkH sm;udk
pmtkyfESifh roufqdkifvGef;ojzifh csefvSyfcJh&ygawmhonf/)/ )
tvSLjyKpOfrSmvnf;
pdwftpOfwnfMunfrIta&;ygygonf
pifppf orm"dw&m;onf psmefw&m;wnf;[laom r[*Kwfuo
k v
kd f
udk tm;xkwrf I om ta&;ygonfum; r[kw?f 'ge oDv paom umrm
0p&ukov
kd u
f kd tm;xkwrf I vnf; ta&;ygonfom jzpfyg\/ 'get&m
o Z if om ; pm a y
tvSLjyKvkyo
f o
l nf tvSLjyKpOftcg vSLvdak omapwem? vSLzG,0f wK?
tvSLcHy*k Kd vfwt
Ykd ay:om pdwu
f kd a&mufapoifMh u\/ xdo
k ;kH rsKd;rSwyg;
tjcm;wpfyg;udk pdwaf &mufaevQif xd'k geukov
kd f orm"dw&m; qkw,
f w
k f
rIaMumifh tusKd ;ay; xufoefoifo
h avmuf rxufoefbJ &Sw
d wfavonf/
ae&mwGif orm;d;k usqGr;f uyfvLS rIwpfck BuHKcJ&h yHu
k kd odom
Hrk Q Mum;nyaf zmfjyvdyk g\/ xdt
k vSLwGif tvSL&Sirf sm;\ rsufEmS onf
(qGr;f uyfqt
J cg) qGr;f 0dik ;f vnf;r&S?d tvSLcH yk*Kd vfwUkd vnf; r&S?d wzswf
zswfvufaeaom uifr&mrD;rsm;qDom &Scd \
hJ / w&m;emaomtcgvnf;
olw\
Ykd pdwo
f nf w&m;awmftay: oufouf0if0ifr&S?d wDww
D mwmjyK
aeaom tcgvnfom;uav; tay:vnf;aumif;? w&m;a[mpOfwek ;f rSm
rS a&muf&v
dS maeMuaom {nfo
h nfwt
Ykd ay:vnf;aumif;om &Sad ecJ\
h /
O'pE ydS pf uf pdwyf sUH vGirhf 'I Pfukd cHaecJMh u&&Smaom oabmaywnf;/ (tvSL
udk aumif;pGmay;vSLNyD;onfah emufrS trSww
f &"mwfykH u
kd ,
f Ml ujcif;udrk l
rqdv
k ykd g/)
rQqdv
k Qif xdo
k Ykd orm"duif;uGm wnfMunfrrI ygbJ ay;vSLMu
aom 'gersdK;ESihf orm"d&&dS dS wnfMunfrrI sm;pGmjzifh ay;vSL&aom'gersdK;
tusKd ;ay; rnfrQumG jcm;rnfukd tuJcwfEikd Mf uavmufNyD jzpfyg\/ xdkUaMumifh
tv'gejyKpOfvnf; rdrdtvSLtay: orm"dudk jzpfyGg;apMuNyD;vQif
bkef;BuD;a[mcJhaom 'gew&m;\ trnfudkrQ rrSwfrdEdkifcJhavmufaom
tvSL&Sifrsm; pm&if;rS rdrdwdkUudk,fudk y,fzsufawmfrlMuukef&m\/
oDvaqmufwnfaomtcgvnf;
wnfMunfrIoabm ta&;ygygonf
pifppftm;jzifh 'gerI jyKMuaomtcgrSom r[kwaf o;? oDvaqmuf
wnfaomtcgvnf; rdrad qmufwnfaom oDvodum yk'af wmfwt
Ykd ay:
wnfMunfrI orm"doabmudk jzpfapoifMh u\/ q&mbke;f BuD;u t'dEm
'gem .... [k wdik af y;onfuykd if t'dE' gem .... ponfjzifh qdrk q
d &kd m
vdu
k q
f akd eMuolrsm; trsm;yif&MdS u\/ oDvaqmufwnfNy;D onfh aemufwiG f
vnf; rdrad qmufwnfxm;cJah om oDvtay: tenf;i,frQ jyefveS f
o Z if om ; pm a y
oH;k oyfjcif; rjyKMubJ axGaxG&m&m awmpum;awmifpum; ajyma[m

&,farmaerIrsm;jzifh tcsdeu
f kd ukeq
f ;kH apMuolrsm; trsm;tjym;yif &SMd u\/
wu,fwrf;rSm oDvaqmufwnfqJtcgvnf; rdrdcH,l
aqmufwnfaeaom oDvodumyk'fawmfwdkYtay: teuft"dyg,fudk
NcKH iHrk o
d nftxd wnfMunfro
I rm"doabmudk jzpfapoifMh uNy;D ? aqmufwnf
Ny;D onfah emufwiG v
f nf; rdrad qmufwnfcahJ om oDvodum yk'af wmfrsm;udk
atmufarhjcif; oDvmEkwd paom bm0emwpfrsK;d rsK;d udk vufuikd jf yKum
wnfMunfNidro
f ufro
I abm orm"dw&m;udk jzpfymG ;apoifMh uonfom
jzpfavonf/
rSe\
f / odo
Yk rm"d tNct
H &Hjzifh jyKvkyMf uaom 'ge? oDvponfh
umrm0p& ukov
kd w
f &m;wdo
Yk nf ynmmPf jzpfapEdik &f eftwGuf BuD;pGm
aom taxmuftulukd ay;Edik Mf uonfom jzpf&um;? mPor,w
k fmPfEiS ,
hf OS af om wd[w
d u
f o
k v
kd jf zpfygG ;&eftwGuf vGepf mG eD;uyf vG,u
f l
oGm;NyD jzpfavonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
tmHk\trSefoabmudkodwm mPf
,cktcgrSp jyKMuorQ aumif;rI[o
l rQwdo
Yk nf mPor,w
k f
wd[w
d u
f o
k v
kd rf sdK; jzpfygapjcif;tusdK;iSm? jyKvkyo
f rQ aumif;rIt00wdUk
a&SUjyqdck NhJy;D aom o'g? apwem? 0D&,
d ? owd? orm"d paomw&m;rsm;tjyif
mPfynmudv
k nf; rjzpfrae ygap&rnft
h aMumif; jyqd&k awmhrnf jzpfyg\/
mPf
tmHu
k v
kd u
kd
f tedp 'ku tew [lvnf;aumif;? 'kuo
pm
ork',opm r*opm eda&m"opm [lvnf;aumif;? ukodkvf"rtukodkvf"r [lvnf;aumif;? uH-uH\tusKd; [lvnf;aumif;
ponftm;jzifh [kwrf eS o
f nft
h wdik ;f txl;txl;tjym;jym; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;pGm
odwwfaomoabmudk mPf[k ac:&\/ xdk mPfuykd if orm'd|?d tod?
tvdrm ? ynm? 0dZm ? tarm[ ponfjzifv
h nf; tvsO;f oifo
h vdk ac:qd\
k /
xdk mPfonf [kwrf eS af omoabmudk xd;k xGi;f odwwfaom oabm&S\
d /
tmH\
k trSeo
f abmudk xif&mS ;xGe;f yatmifjyKwwf\/ oifw
h ifah vsmufywf
pGm ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; a,medaomreodum&onf mPfjzpf&eftwGuf eD;pGm
aomtaMumif;jzpfaMumif; pmayu qdak yonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
ae&mwGif rdvdEyOmvm mPfynm\oabmvuPmudk
OyrmESiw
hf uG avhvmoifMh uyg\/ rdvEd y Om t&Sief m*aoe rax&fjrwf
onf ynm\ eD;pGmaomtaMumif;jzpfonfh reodum&ESihf ynm\ vuPm
wdu
Yk kd atmufyguJo
h Ykd jcm;em;pGm rdeaYf wmfrcl \
hJ /
rif;jrwf? reodum&onf H;k pkjcif;vuPm &S\
d ? ynmonf
ydik ;f jzwfjcif;vuPm &S\
d /
rif;jrwf? rka,mpyg;&dwo
f rm;onf vuf0v
J ufjzifh rka,mpyg;qkyf
udk udik q
f yk
f vuf,mvufjzifh wHpOfukd udik q
f yk Nf yD;vQif rka,m
pyg;qkyu
f kd &dwjf zwfouJo
h ?Ykd rif;jrwf? twlomvQif ur|mef;
tm;xkwaf om yk*Kd vfonf reodum&jzifh pdwu
f kd zrf;,lqyk u
f ikd f
ynmjzifh udavomwdu
Yk kd ydik ;f jzwf\/ rif;jrwf? odUk vQif
reodum&onf H;k pkjcif;vuPm&S\
d / ynmonf ydik ;f jzwfjcif;
vuPm&S\
d / ([k ajzMum;awmfr\
l )
wzefvnf; ynm\ xGe;f vif;awmufyjcif;vuPm &So
d nf\
tjzpfu-kd
wpfenf;aomfum; ynmonf xGe;f vif;awmufyjcif;vuPm&S\
d /
rif;jrwf? a,musmf ;onf rdu
k af rSmifaomtdrf qDr;D udk oGi;f &m\/
oGi;f NyD;aomqDr;D onf trdu
k af rSmifukd rIwv
f iT v
hf suf ta&mifukd
jzpfapum tvif;udx
k eG ;f jy tqif;wdUk udk ay:vGiaf tmifjyKouJo
h ?Ykd
rif;jrwf? twlomvQif ynmjzpfonf&adS omf t0dZm trdu
k af rSmif
wdu
k u
f kd rIwv
f iG (hf zsufq;D )\/ 0dZmtvif;a&mifukd jzpfay:ap\/
mPftvif;a&mifukd xGe;f jy\/ t&d,mopmwdu
Yk kd xif&mS ;ay:vGif
atmif jyK\/
xdkodkYxif&Sm;jcif;aMumifh ur|mef;tm;xkwfaom yk*dKvfonf
tNrJr&Sd tedp [k vnf;aumif;? qif;&Jtwd'u
k [k vnf;
aumif;? om,mwyfrufp&m tpdik t
f cJtESprf &Sd tew[kvnf;
aumif;aumif;rGerf eG af jzmifrh eS af ommPfjzifh IjrifEikd \
f / rif;jrwf
odUk vQif ynmonf xGe;f vif;awmufyjcif; vuPm&S\
d [k
(ajzMum;awmfr\
l )/
o Z if om ; pm a y
tvdrfmPf ESifh 0dwuf

avmu rm,m[k ac:aom tvdrf mPfwpfrsdK;vnf;&Sad o;\/
pifppf xdu
k vdru
f uspfjyKwwfaom 0Oeynm
ynm- rm,mmPf[o
l nfum;
mPftppfr[kwf? mPftwkomjzpfonf (odkYr[kwf) tBuHtpnf
tm;aumif;rI 0dwufrsK;d om jzpfonf[k q&mjrwfwUkd rdeq
Yf akd wmfrMl uuke\
f /
rsm;aomtm;jzifh *kPyf umoeudk rufow
l \
Ykd oEmef mPf
tppfr[kwaf om xd0k OemPf? rm,mmPfw\
Ykd oabmudk aygavmBuD;
awGU&wwf\/ wcgw&H xdk mPftwkwo
Ykd nf 'ge oDv paom aumif;aom
trIukd jyKMu&maomfrv
S nf; yl;0ifwu
JG yf ESyd pf ufwwfaom oabm&S\
d /
tcsKdUaom 'geyGBJ uD;rsm;? tcsKdUaom w&m;yGBJ uD;rsm;udk aqmif&u
G Mf u&m
pDpOfaqmif&u
G o
f t
l csdKU\ oEmefwiG f xdo
k abmrsm;udk tawGU&rsm;wwf
avonf/
xdo
k rl sdK;wdo
Yk nf 'getay:? w&m;tay: mPfoufa&mufonf
roufa&mufonfxuf? vlpnfum;&ef twGuu
f rkd l bufpakH xmifph rkH S BuHzef
pOf;pm;avh&w
dS wfMu\/ pifppf xdo
k abmonf mPfoabmum;r[kw?f
BuHpnfpOf;pm;wwfaom 0dwufoabmrQomjzpfavonf/ (,aeYacwf
w&m;yGJrsm;pDpOfMu&m txl; [laompum;vHk;udk ryg-ygatmif xnfh
oHk; ae&mwum txl;w&m;yGJ[k aMumfnmaeMujcif;udkvnf; pOf;pm;
oifhMu\)
ukodkvfjyK&m tvdk&SdtyfaommPf
pifppf wd[w
d u
f o
k v
kd jf zpfap&eftwGuf tvd&k t
dS yfaom mPfrsKd ;
um; uyfvsufqckd ahJ om 0OemPf rm,mmPfrsm;ESihf tBuHtzefaumif;
aom 0dwufoabmrsKd ;um; r[kw?f aumif;aomtrIukd jyKMupOfwiG f qdik &f m
qdik &f m tmHu
k v
kd u
kd
f onfum;tedp onfum;'ku onfum;
tew[
l vnf;aumif;? oabmum;'kuo
pm oabmum;ork',
opm oabmum;r*opm oabmum;eda&m" opm[lvnf;aumif;?
onfum;ukov
kd "f r-onfum;tukov
kd "f r [lvnf;aumif;?
o Z if om ; pm a y
onfum;uH- onfum;uH\tusdK;[lvnf;aumif; ponftm;jzifh

tmH\
k oabmtrSeu
f kd [kwrf eS o
f nft
h wdik ;f txl;txl;tjym;jym; uGjJ ym;
jcm;em;pGm odwwfaommPftppf ynmtppfoabmudo
k m tvd&k t
dS yf
avonf/
orm'd|d trsdK;tpm;rsm;
ae&mwGif mPf\ trnfrsKd;uGjJ zpfaom orm'd|t
d rsdK;tpm;
rsm;udk avhvmoifMh u\/ Oy&dyPmo ygVdawmf? r[mpwm&Douokwf tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk tmHjk zpfaom aumif;rI\tzdjYk zpfaom cEm
[laomtusdK;udak y;wwfaom rSepf mG odjrifjcif;orm'd|dESihf
tjypfuif;aom tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk tmHrk [kwaf om avmuudk
vGeaf jrmuf avmukw& mjzpfaom r*f\tpdwt
f ydik ;f jzpfaom
rSepf mG odjrifjcif;orm'd|d [l orm'd|d ESprf sK;d &Sad Mumif; bk&m;&Sif
a[mawmfrcl \
hJ /
xdo
k w
k e f\tzGihf (u) 0dyemorm'd|d (c) uruwm
orm'd|d (*) r*orm'd|d (C) zvorm'd|d (i) ypa0uPmorm'd|d [l
orm'd|d ig;rsKd ;jzpfEikd o
f nft
h aMumif;udk t|uxmq&mu zGiq
hf &kd iS ;f jyxm;\/
xdik g;rsdK;wdw
Yk iG -f (u) ESihf (c) udk avmuDorm'd|d [lvnf;aumif;? (*?
C? i) trSwjf ywdu
Yk kd avmukw& m orm'd|d [lvnf;aumif; q&mjrwfwYkd
xyfrcH jJG cm;jyawmfrMl ujyefavonf/
uruwm orm'd|dmPfESifh 0dyemorm'd|dmPf

xdw
k iG f 'ge? oDvpaom trIwu
Ykd kd jyKvky&f m mPor,w
k f
wd[w
d u
f o
k v
kd f jzpfap&eftwGuf avmuDorm'd|d ESpyf g;udk tvd&k t
dS yf
avonf/ xdEk pS yf g;wdw
Yk iG -f
ukov
kd u
f H tukov
kd u
f w
H u
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;? xdu
k w
H \
Ykd aumif;usKd ;
ay;[ef raumif;usKd ;ay;[efwu
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif; ouf0if,MkH unfMu
o Z if om ; pm a y
onft
h avsmuf ow0g[lorQ uHomvQif ud,
k yf ikd Of pm&SMd u
onf ponfjzifh [kwrf eS pf mG odwwfaommPfukd uruwm
orm'd|d[k ac:&onf/
kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdt
Yk ay: onfum; tedpo
abmrQom
jzpf\? onfum; 'kuo
abmrQom jzpf\? onfum; tew
oabm oufoufrQomjzpf\ ponfjzifh [kwrf eS o
f nft
h wdik ;f
odjrifaom mPfukd 0dyem orm'd|d [k ac:&onf/
rSwfcsuf/ / t|uxmtpOf 0dyemorm'd|?d uruwmorm'd|d
[l&Syd gaomfvnf;? t"dyg ,fukd &Si;f jycJ&h mrl zwfrw
S &f vG,u
f yl gapjcif;
tusKd ;iSm ajymk;d ajympOftwdik ;f uruwmorm'd|Ed iS hf 0dyemorm'd|d
[k jyqdv
k u
kd yf gonf/
(avmukw& m r*fzv
kd Ef iS hf ,SOaf om mPfurkd l avmukw& morm'd|d [k
tusOf;tm;jzifh rSw,
f yl g/ xdak vmukw& m orm'd|d oH;k yg;taMumif;udk
us,fveG ;f rnfp;kd pmtkyf csefvyS cf &hJ ygawmhonf/)
mPfrygaomukodkvfESifh mPfygaomukodkvf
tusdK;ay;uGmjcm;yHk
pifppf mPfrygaomukodkvfESifh mPfygaomukodkvfwdkYonf
tusK;d ay;aomtcg tusK;d ay;tvGew
f &m uGmjcm;vS\/ 'ge oDv paom
umrm0p&ukov
kd w
f pfcu
k k d jyKaomtcg o'g apwem 0D&,
d owd orm"d
rnfrQyif&o
dS nf qdak pumrl? mPfrygvQif xdu
k o
k v
kd o
f nf wd[w
d u
f o
k v
kd f
tqifo
h Ukd ra&muf? tavmb- ta'go[laom [dwEf pS yf g;omygonfh 'G[
d w
d f
ukodkvf tqifhrQodkYoma&muf\/ mPfvnf;ygrSom xdkukodkvfonf
tavmb-ta'go-tarm[[laom [dwo
f ;kH yg;vH;k yg0ifonfh wd[w
d f
ukov
kd f tqifo
h Ykd a&muf\/
mPfrygaom 'G[
d w
d u
f o
k v
kd u
f kd (mPfrygojzif)h mP0dy,kwf
ukodkvf [k ac:\/ mPfygaom ukov
kd u
f rkd l (mPfygojzif)h mPor,kwf
ukov
kd [
f k ac:\/ mPfrygaom 'dG[dwfukodkvfonf vltjzpf ewf
tjzpfwdkifxd tusKd;ay;Edkifjcif;&Sdaomfvnf; r*fzdkvf&&ef rxdkufwefonfh
o Z if om ; pm a y
'Gd[dwfy#doaE cEmtopfrsKd;udkom tusdK;ay;EdkifpGrf; &Sdavonf/

mPfygaom umrm0p& wd[dwfukodkvfwdkYonfum; r*fzdkvf&&ef xdkuf
wefonfh vltjzpf ewftjzpf wd[dwfy#doaE cEmopfudk jzpfapEdkif
usKd;&Sdavonf/
'gerIjyK&m mPfudkjzpfapjcif;
xdaYk Mumifh 'gerIjyK&mponf mPfygaom wd[w
d u
f o
k v
kd jf zpfap
&eftwGuf uruwmorm'd|Ed iS hf 0dyemorm'd|Ed pS yf g;wGif wpfyg;yg;udk
aumif;pGmjzpfymG ;aptyfavonf/ xdw
k iG -f
tvSL\ tusK;d onf &S\
d ? ylaZmfjcif;\ tusK;d onf &S\
d ? ay;urf;
jcif;\ tusK;d onf&\
dS ? aumif;rI raumif;rIw\
Ykd tusK;d 0dygufonf
&S\
d ? avmuonf &S\
d ? wpfyg;aom avmuonf &S\
d ? trdukd
jyKpktyfaom tusKd;onf &S\
d ? tzudk jyKpktyfaom tusKd;onf
&S\
d ? y#doaEtm;jzifh ud,
k x
f if&mS ;bGm;ueJjzpfaom Oyygwfow0g
wdo
Yk nf &Su
d ek \
f ? ud,
k w
f ikd f mPftxl;jzifo
h jd rif rsufarSmufjyK
vsuf avmuESihf wpfyg;aom avmuwdjYk zpfaMumif;jcif;&mudk
a[mMum;Edik u
f ek af om ajzmifrh eS o
f nfh t&d,r*foaYkd &mufuek af om
nDnn
D w
G n
f w
G v
f nf;&Su
d ek af om aumif;aomtusifv
h nf;&Su
d ek f
aom orPjAm[Pwdo
Yk nf avmu &Su
d ek \
f ... ponfh
todtjrifww
Ykd iG f wpfyg;yg;aom todtjrifukd vufqyk v
f ufuikd f
jyK tvSL'geudjk yKvQif? xdt
k vSLudk uruwmorm'd|d mPf
ygonfh wd[w
d t
f vSL[k rSwt
f yf\/ ]]tw'd Ed w
H t
d m'dem ea,e
0kwm uruwmorm'd|d emr (r?|?4?95)
tvSLjyKvkypf Of tvSLay;jcif;\ tusK;d onf&\
dS ponfjzifh rSeu
f ef
d &m;
aomtjrif orm'd|d jzpfymG ;vmvQif onfum; orm'd|w
wnf;? tvSLjyKjcif;jzifh tusK;d r&SEd ikd pf onfjzifh rSm;,Gi;f aomtjrif
rdpm 'd|d jzpfymG ;vmvQif onfum; rdpm 'd|w
d &m;wnf; ponf
jzifh rdro
d Emef jzpfymG ;vmaom pdwaf epdwx
f m;rsm;udk [kwrf eS f
onft
h wdik ;f aumif;pGmem;vnfoabmaygufonfh todtjrifukd
o Z if om ; pm a y
vufqyk v
f ufuikd jf yK tvSL'geudjk yKvQi?f xdt
k vSLudk y&rw"r
obm0 (pdwaf epdwx
f m;ponf)udk aumif;pGmodjrifonfh 0dyem
orm'd|d mPfygonfh wd[w
d u
f o
k v
kd [
f rk w
S t
f yf\/ ww ]]rdpm 'd|
rdpm 'd|w
D d yZmemwD }} wdtm'dem ea,e 0kwm 0dyemorm'd|d
emr/ (r?|?4?95)
wpfenf;tm;jzifh vdk&if;usrSwfom;&ef
wpfenf;tm;jzifh vd&k if;us rSwo
f m;&efrmS ow0gwdrYk mS uHomvQif ud,
k yf ikd Of pm&Su
d ek \
f / uHonfomvQif
b0cEmtqufquf vdu
k yf gEdik \
f ? ypn;f Opmwdo
Yk nfum; rvdu
k f
ygEdik ?f ,ck aumif;rIukd jyKaejcif;onf oHo&mc&D;twGuf &dum
xkyu
f kd xky,
f al ejcif;jzpfonf? ,cifb0u 'geenf;cJ
h ,ckb0
qif;&J&onf? ,ck 'gejyKrSawmfrnf? ,cifb0u 'getm;aumif;
cJ
h ,ckb0 csrf;om&onf? ,ckb0wGiv
f nf; 'geudk qufjyK
oifo
h nf ponfjzifh uHEiS hf uH\tusKd;ay;yHu
k kd trSeo
f jd rif em;
vnfjcif;jzifh ay;vSLvQif xdt
k vSLudk uruwm orm'd|d mPf
ygonfh wd[w
d u
f o
k v
kd [
f k rSwt
f yf\/
tvSLjyKvkypf Of pOfqufrjywf jzpfay:csKyfaysmufaeaom pdwaf e
pdwx
f m; trlt,mrsm;tay: aphaphpyfpyf tuJcwfNyD;vQif
onfum; o'gw&m;wnf;? onfum; apwemw&m;wnf;?
onfum; orm'd|w
d nf; ponfjzifh em;vnfojd rifjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? xdx
k kd pdw-f apwodu-f kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk rNrrJ I tedp?
qif;&JrI 'ku? tpd;k rydik rf I tew obm0wdu
Yk kd tcsufusus
Irw
S yf mG ;rsm; uGu
J jJG ym;jym; odjrifem;vnfjcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;
ay;vSLvQif? xdt
k vSLudk 0dyemorm'd|d mPfygonfh wd[w
d f
ukov
kd [
f k rSwt
f yfay\/
rQqv
kd Qif oDvaqmufwnfaomtcg ponfwYkd vnf; mPfEiS hf
,SOaf om wd[w
d u
f o
k v
kd f jzpfymG ;&eftwGuf rnfoo
Ykd jd rif ESv;kH oGi;f qifjcif
&rnfukd em;vnfoabmaygufEikd Mf uavmufayNy[
D k ,HMk unf&ygonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
mPf,SOfaMumif;w&m; (5) yg;

ae&m #Dumausmu
f sr;f vm mPfEiS ,
hf OS af ompdwf tjzpfrsm;&
jcif; taMumif;w&m; (5)yg;udk atmufyguJo
h aYkd vhvmrSwo
f m;oifMh uyg\/
1/ aumif;rIjyKcJph Ofwek ;f u aumif;rIaMumifh jzpf&mb0 mPfynm
xl;cRex
f ufjrufol jzpf&ygvd\
k ponfjzifh mPfynmudjk zpfapwwf
aom uHukd qnf;yl;cJjh cif;aMumifh xdak umif;rIuH tusK;d ay;&mb0
wdYk mPfynmxufjrufojl zpf mPfEiS ,
hf OS af ompdwf tjzpfrsm;
wwfonf/
2/ a'goAsmyg'r&Sad om jA[bkH y#doaEwnfaejzpfymG ;vQifvnf;
mPfynmxufjruf mPfEiS ,
hf OS af ompdwf tjzpfrsm;wwfonf/
3/ umr*kPt
f mHu
k kd vku
d pf m;rItm;enf;Ny;D yndajE& ifu
h sujf cif;aMumifh
vnf; mPfynmxufjruf mPfEiS hf ,SOaf ompdwf tjzpfrsm;
wwfonf/
4/ bm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;tm;xkwo
f nf\ tpGr;f jzifh udavom
w&m;rsm; a0;uGmacgif;yg;jcif;aMumifv
h nf; mPfynmxufjruf
mPfEiS ,
hf OS af ompdwf tjzpfrsm;wwfonf/
5/ y#doaE wnfaeuwnf;u wd[w
d yf #doaEtrsdK;tpm; jzpfcNhJ yD;
mPf"mwfygvmcJjh cif;aMumifv
h nf; mPfynmxufjruf mPfEiS hf
,SOaf ompdwf tjzpfrsm;wwfavonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
ed*Hk;
pifppfwiG f Ak'b
mom0iftrsm;pkwrYkd mS rnfonfah umif;rIujkd yKonf
yifjzpfap uHEiS hf uH\ tusKd ;ay;udk ,HMk unfojd rifaom uruwmorm
'd|d mPfu tvdt
k avsmufygaeNyD;om;yif jzpfaewwfMuavonf/
0dyemorm'd|d jzpfymG ;&eftwGuu
f rkd l "robm0rsm;udk odjrif
em;vnfatmif oif,al vhvmjcif;? Irw
S t
f m;xkwjf cif;? qdik &f maumif;rIukd
jyKqJtcg aumif;rGepf mG Irw
S q
f ifjcifjcif;wdjYk zifh jriw
hf if,Ml u&rnf jzpf
avonf/
rQjzifh pmtkyw
f iG f a&;om;azmfjyrnf[k &nfreS ;f xm;cJah om
ukov
kd jf yKenf; ed&nf;ESiphf yf,OS o
f nfh qdpk &mpum;tpOf twdik ;f twm
wpfct
k xd jynfph v
kH ifNyDjzpfaomaMumif?h tpOftwdik ;f jyqdck NhJ yD;aom o'g
apwem 0D&,
d owd orm"d ynm paomw&m;rsm;udk vufqyk v
f ufuikd jf yK
? 'ge oDv bm0em aumif;rIw&m;rsm;pGmwdu
Yk kd t&awmfonfh vlUb0?
omoemawmfEiS hf awGUcGi&hf Muonfh tcgaumif;wGif a'gif;wif armif;wif
r&t& odr;f qnf;,liif xkyyf ;kd awmfrEl ikd Mf uygapaMumif; arwmavmif;
H;k aygif;odr;f tkyf ed*;kH csKyfvu
kd &f ygawmhownf;/
ESv;kH pdw0f rf; &Tiv
f ef;csrf;om &Sad wmfrMl uygapownf; .....
arwmjzifh
t&S i f 0 d o m&'(&r m 0wD )

oD&dvuFmEdkifiH?udkvHbdkNrdKU?y#dAdrm&mrausmif;wdkufwGifaexdkifonfhtcdkuf
pmtkyfudk a&;om;onf/
04^09^2013 aeY? reuf (1;44) rdepfwGif tNyD;odkYa&mufonf/
o Z if om ; pm a y
&MuygaptrQa0\
uREkyf o
f nf ]]y&avmuom;rsm;twGuf y&[dw}}
trnf&aom pmtkyu
f kd ukov
kd jf yKvdo
k rl sm; ukov
kd f b,fvkd
&onfukd tajccHusus odem;vnfMuygapjcif; tusKd ;iSmvnf;
aumif;? trQa0&ef pdw
f w
G rf Md uojzifh y&avmuom;rsm;
vnf; rsm;pGmcsrf;omcGi&hf Muygapjcif; tusdK;iSmvnf;aumif;
aumif;jrwfaomormqEjzifh aumif;pGma&;om;rQa0jcif;
"r'geukov
kd x
f ;l udk BudK;pm;qnf;yl;cJyh gNyD/ aumif;rIonf
r*fzv
kd ef Ad m efukd vsijf refpmG rsuaf rSmufjyK&jcif;taMumif; aumif;
jrwfaom taxmuftyHh jzpfygapom;/
aumif;rItzdb
Yk m* [lorQudk aus;Zl;&Sif trdtz
q&morm; bd;k bGm;rdwaf qG mwumwdt
Yk m;vnf;aumif;?
ud,
k af pmifeh wf? tdraf pmifeh wf? ausmif;apmifeh wf? &Gmapmifh
ewf? NrdKUapmifeh wf? kup ;kd ? bkrp ;kd ? tmumopd;k ? pwkavmu
ygv orma'0ewfjrwfewfaumif; ewftaygif;wdt
Yk m;vnf;
aumif;? odMum;rif;? ,rrif;? jA[mrif;? tpd;k &rif;rsm;wdEYk iS hf
wuG tNcHt&H y&dowftaygif;wdt
Yk m;vnf;aumif;? a0;eD;
aMunmt&yfrsufEmS toD;oD;&SMd uukeaf om jriftyf rjrif
tyf "rrw
d af qGoal wmfaumif;taygif;wdt
Yk m;vnf;aumif;?
txl;ojzifh uREfyk af y;a0aom ukov
kd af umif;rI\
tzdb
Yk m*udk 0rf;ajrmufEak rmf om"kac:&ef arQmfvifah eMu&Sm
aom a0;eD;aMunm t&yfrsufEmS toD;oD; &SMd uukeaf om
a'0 em* ,u ayw rEk taygif;wdt
Yk m; trQ trQ
trQay;a0iSyg\/ tydwt
f yif t[eft
Y wm; taESmift
h ,Suf
wpHw
k &mr&Sb
d J Mum;Edik o
f Ed ikd 0f rf;ajrmufEikd Mf uukeo
f nfjzpf
o Z if om ; pm a y
ud,
k pf w
d Ef pS jf zmcsrf;omMuukeo
f nfjzpf Ak'j rwfpmG omoem
awmfuv
kd nf;aumif;? avmuudv
k nf;aumif; wd;k wufatmif
BuD;yGg;atmif at;csrf;atmif wpfzufwpfvrf;rS uln0D ikd ;f
apmifah &Smufcs;D ajrm ufawmfrEl idk Mf uygapukeo
f wnf;/
trQ trQ trQ ,lawmfrMl uygukeaf vm/
arwmjzifh
t&Sif0dom&'(&rm0wD)
o Z if om ; pm a y
y&avmuom;rsm;twGuf
y&[dwtmoDo
ukov
jyKjzpfMu rsm;olig?
trQ,lawmfrlMuygvdkY
csdKompGm oHcsdKat;&,feJY
ay;a0Mu&Sm/
om"kygAsm
ac:&SmwJh rdwfaqGrsm;?
(om"kyg&Sif MunfvifwJh rdwfaqGrsm;)
ukodkvfvSrf;qufyGg;vdkY&,f
csrf;jrapom;?
t&Si0f o
d m&'(&rm0wD)
o Z if om ; pm a y

ပရေလာကသားမ်ားအတြက္ပရဟိတ (အမွ်ေဝနည္းႏွင့္ကုသိုလ္ျပဳနည္းလမ္းညႊန္)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ပရေလာကသားမ်ားအတြက္ပရဟိတ (အမွ်ေဝနည္းႏွင့္ကုသိုလ္ျပဳနည္းလမ္းညႊန္)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

t&Sif0dom&'?&rm0wD?

jz efY csd a & ;

vGecf ahJ om ud;k q,fEh pS u

tHUMozG,ftrQa0 - om"kac:&usdK; .................................................................. 45

ewfwdkhudktrQa0rIudk pdppfjcif; ......................................................................... 55

'get&m rNidrwG,af tmifvaIH qmfaphpyfrI tavmbapwem

tysif;xl ulaomfvnf; r&

ed*;kH ............................................................................................................... 127

y#dywed ,fy,fwiG f rScD t

(2) tJ'D apwemuav;uvnf; jzpfNy;D &if ysuo

ZmPkamPdokwefvm trQa0 &-r&aom

ww ,mayEd qdNk yD; zGiq

r&SMd uaybl; udx

jzpfygap? aqGrsdK;awG csrf;omMuygapownf; vdkY

vGefcJhaom udk;q,fhESpfurmu tjzpftysuf

wifru? rD;yg dUI Muao;wmud;k bk&m;/

tcgrS tJovdk pnf;pdrcf srf;omrsdK;udk &Muayvdrrhf ,f

arm'Ed tEkarm'E?d yDwad omreZmwm a[mEw

rsm;pGmaom xrif;tazsmf cJz,

tusKd;iSgvnf; ylaZmfrIudk jyKMuukef\/ ay;vol aqGrsKd;

u trQ trQ trQ qdw

olqif;&Jwpfa,mufudk t0wftpm;awG yHkatmNyD;

amPdokwefeJYa&m? okreomraP 0wKwdkYeJYa&m

raygheAYJ s/ aeYpOf qGr;f -qGr;f [if;uav; wwfprG ;f o rQ

uvnf; tif;? tJ'gqdk ceapmifh qdNk yD; t&Sijf rwfukd

olaX;? trQ,lawmfrlyg qdkwmav; 'D0wKrSm ygwJh

aumif;rIrsKd ;wGrmS a&pufcu

rif; 'DaeYupNy;D tvkyrf vkyef aYJ wmh? rif;vrf;rrSm tdrw

om"kac:&aom ywmEkarm'eESihf tusdK;ay; uGmjcm;vSrnf

wpfO;D yl;uyfNcrd ;f ajcmufNy;D tJ'jD refrmrav;udk awmif;yefcikd ;f

&Sad o;ayr,f?h tmoa0gukecf rf; &[Emvnf; jzpfNyD;om;?

ewfwdkhudk trQa0rIudk pdppfjcif;

awGupNy;D pwkr[m&mZfewfawG? wm0wd o

0wKtzGirhf mS xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awGUEdik yf gw,f/ tJ'rD mS ? wcgom;

tdr&f mawGukd wnfaqmufzYkd pdwjf zpfMuw,f vdYk rdeaYf wmfrl

tJ'gaMumifh rdcif[m &ifrmS jzpfwhJ om;udk apmifah &Smufovd?k

ewf;l l;onf qd&k avmufatmif jzpfrrI sdK;um; rvdv

,HuOd d 0dwH " 0g [k&H 0g?

vljY ynf? e*g; *VKef paomjynf? ewfjynf jA[jynfwYkd

NrdKUawmf&Sifudk av;pm;ygw,f? arwmvnf; ydkUNyD;ygNyD?

aemufyikd ;f tjcm;vlawGu taMumif;udak r;Muawmh bDv;l r

t&Sif / / wpfbufuMunf&h if wcsdKUawGuawmh pm;aomufEidk Mf uvdrhf

pm;aomufEikd Mf ur,fh oabmudk awGU&w,f/

qGr;f uyfw,f/ qGr;f bkO;f ay;NyD;wJh tcgusawmh t&Sio

t&Sif / / w&m;awmfa'oemudk &Gwzf wfyal Zmfwu

b,fo&l UJ om;uav;uawmh taomuftpm; r&S&d mS aybl;?

awGusawmh EIwcf rf;uav;vIyNf y;D avoHxu

o'gryg bmukodkvfrS rjzpf

xdaYk Mumifh rnfonfu

onfudkaxmufI 'get&mwGifvnf; pGefYvTwf

oDvt&m udk,fcsif;pmem csrf;omapvdkatmif

rdrad omufpm;rl;,pf&rf;um;ojzifh pD;yGm;ysujf yKef; vlv;kH

]]xdaYk Mumifh udpw

tysif;xl ulaomfvnf; r&

jzpfaom w&m;udk tyrm' [kac:\/ bk&m;&Sio

100 y&avmuom;rsm;twGuf y&[dw?trQa0enf;ESifhukodkvfjyKenf;vrf;Tef

a&mufwnfaeaom owdw&m;jzifh jynfph akH tmif tm;xkwBf udK;

yg&mZdu (4) yg;ponfh &[ef;oDvudk rcsdK;zsufrad tmif?

102 y&avmuom;rsm;twGuf y&[dw?trQa0enf;ESifhukodkvfjyKenf;vrf;Tef

104 y&avmuom;rsm;twGuf y&[dw?trQa0enf;ESifhukodkvfjyKenf;vrf;Tef

106 y&avmuom;rsm;twGuf y&[dw?trQa0enf;ESifhukodkvfjyKenf;vrf;Tef

xdaYk Mumifh xdo

108 y&avmuom;rsm;twGuf y&[dw?trQa0enf;ESifhukodkvfjyKenf;vrf;Tef

vljY ynf? eg; VKef paomjynf? ewfjynf jA[jynfwYkd