Biochemistry 18 GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Prepared and presented by Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.

Basic Medical Sciences & CK Teacher

Lipids and Amino Acid Metabolism

Reference resource: Lipid metabolism Wikipedia Protein metabolism - Wikipedia

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Summary

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Blood Lipids. Fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides that result from lipid digestion are absorbed into the lymph, recombined into triglycerides, and deposited into the bloodstream as lipoprotein aggregates.
Fat Mobilization. When stored fats are needed for energy, hydrolysis reactions liberate the fatty acids and glycerol. These component substances of fat then enter the bloodstream and travel to tissues where they are utilized. Glycerol Metabolism The glycerol available from fat mobilization is first phosphorylated and then oxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, an intermediate of glycosis. By entering the glycolysis pathway, glycerol can ultimately be converted into glucose or oxidized to CO2 and H2O.
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Oxidation of Fatty Acids. Catabolism of fatty acids begins in the cytoplasm, where they are activated by combining with CoA-SH. After being transported into mitochondria, the degradation of fatty acids occurs by the beta-oxidation pathway. The beta-oxidation pathway produces reduced coenzyme (FADH and NADH) and cleaves the fatty acid chain into two-carbon fragments b2ound to coenzyme A (acetyl CoA).
The Energy from Fatty Acids. The energy available from a fatty acid for ATP synthesis can be calculated by determining the amount of acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH produced. On an equal mass basis, fatty acids contain more than twice the energy of glucose.

Ketone Bodies. Acetoacetate, beta~hydroxybutyrate, and acetone are known as ketone bodies. They are synthesized in the liver from acetyl CoA. During starvation and in unchecked diabetes, the level of ketone bodies becomes very high, leading to several conditions: ketonemia, ketonuria, acetone breath, and ketosis.
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Fatty Acid Synthesis. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and uses acetyl CoA as a starting material. Two-carbon fragments are added to growing fatty acid molecules while energy is supplied by ATP and NADPH.

Amino Acid Metabolism. Amino acids and proteins are not stored within the body. Amino acids absorbed from digested food or synthesized in the body become a part of a temporary supply or pool that may be used in metabolic processes. The turnover, or life expectancy, of proteins is usually expressed in half-lives. Protein half-lives range from several minutes to hundreds of days. Some amino acids in the body are converted into relatively simple but vital nitrogen-containing compounds. Catabolism of amino acids produces intermediates used for energy production, synthesis of glucose, or formation of triglycerides.

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Catabolism of Amino Acids: Fate of the Nitrogen Atoms. As an amino acid undergoes catabolism, the amino group may be transferred to an alpha-keto acid through a process called transamination. In the process of deamination, and amino acid is converted into a keto acid and ammonia. The urea cycle converts toxic ammonia molecules into urea for excretion. Catabolism of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids. Amino acids are classified as glucogenic or ketogenic based on their catabolic products. Glucogenic amino acids are degraded into pyruvate or intermediates of the citric acid cycle and can be used for glucose synthesis. Ketogenic amino acids are degraded into acetoacetyl CoA and acetyl CoA. Amino Acid Biosynthesis. There are ten amino acids that the body can synthesize. These ten are known as nonessential amino acids. The key starting materials for these processes are intermediates of the glycolysis pathway and the citric acid cycle
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Formative Assessment

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Which of the following has the highest percentage of protein? Chylomicron VLDL LDL HDL

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HDL

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The first step in fatty acid oxidation requires: production of energy addition of energy removal of glycerol saturation

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addition of energy

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Fats can be directly used by the citric acid cycle. True False

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False

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Over production of acetyl CoA results in the formation of: fat fatty acids glucose ketone bodies diabetes

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ketone bodies

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Oxidation of fatty acids occurs where? mitochondria nucleus cytoplasm lysozomes behind Joe's Bar

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mitochondria

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Nitrogen enters the urea cycle as two amino acids. They are: glutamate and alanine alanine and aspartate glutamate and aspartate aspartate and serine alanine and serine

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glutamate and aspartate

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Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body are considered nonessential. True False

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True

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Thank you for your attention

The end

Further Study: Biochemistry and Cell Biology College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University - Biochemistry Online Indiana University - Medical Biochemistry Page MIT - Biology Hypertextbook NLM - Biochemistry NLM - Molecular Cell Biology University of Utah - NetBiochem

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