Kerangka Dasar Geodetik

Irwan Meilano 2008

Objective
Memberikan pengetahuan dasar tentang pembangunan kerangka dasar geodetik Perencanaan, pengambilan data, pengolahan data, dan evaluasinya. Merancang pembangunan suatu kerangka dasar geodetik dengan pendekatan terkini

Topik Perkuliahan
Hitung perataan (review) Sistem koordinat & sistem referensi (review) Sistem tinggi dan penentuan posisi vertikal

Pemodelan bobot data ukuran

Hitung perataan jaring kerangka dasar Desain jaring kerangka dasar Presentasi.

References
PR Wolf, CD Ghilani, Adjustment Computations, John Wiley & Sons, 1997 Linear Algebra, Geodesy and GPS, Strang and Borre,1997 S Kuang, Geodetic Network Analysis and Optimal Design, Ann Arbor Press, 1996 P Vanicek, EJ Krakiwsy, Geodesy : The Concepts, North-Holland Pub.Co., 1982

Basic concepts
1. Statistical concepts

Distributions Normal-distribution

2. Linearizing 3. Least-squares
The overdetermined problem The underdetermined problem

Histogram.
Describes distribution of repeated observations At the same place but different times

Aturan dasar dalam survey

1. No Measurement is exact 2. Every measurement contains errors 3. The true value of a measurement is never known 4. The exact size of the error present are always unknown

Pertanyaan

Apa perbedaan Precision and Accuracy ?

PRECISION
The number of decimal places assigned to the measured number It is sometimes defined as reproducibility

ACCURACY
Accuracy can be defined as how close a number is to what it should be. Accuracy is determined by comparing a number to a known or accepted value.

Contoh
How long is a piece of string?
Budi measures the string at 2.63 cm. Using the same ruler, Badi measures the string at 1.982 cm. Who is most precise? Who is most accurate?

Accuracy vs. Precision

The actual measurement is 2.65 cm. Budi is fairly accurate and also very precise. Badi is very precise, however, he is not very accurate. His lack of accuracy is due to using the ruler incorrectly.

ACCURACY/PRECISION
You can tell the precision of a number simply by looking at it. The number of decimal places gives the precision. Accuracy on the other hand, depends on comparing a number to a known value. Therefore, you cannot simply look at a number and tell if it is accurate

Position errors and maps

Map Scale Ground Distance (m) corresponding to 0.5 mm map distance 0.625 1.25 2.5

large scale

1:1,250 1:2,500 1:5,000

small scale

1:10,000 1:24,000 1:50,000 1:100,000 1:250,000 1:1,000,000 1:10,000,000

5 12 25 50 125 500 5000

Mengapa kita peduli?

Scientific value
Do the data support the conclusions youre drawing from them?

Data distribution
People may use freely-distributed data without knowing the consequences

Management purposes
Risk management important in many environmental applications

Legal purposes
Presentation of uncertainty important in litigation

Beberapa konsep statistik: Average, Standard Deviation, RMSE

1 n x xi : unweighted mean n i 1

2 ( x x ) i i 1

n(n 1)
2 ( x x ) i i 1 n

x
n

: standard deviation of unweighted mean

n 1
n i 1

standard deviation of single measuremen t

RMSE

2 ( x x ) i

root mean square error ("average error")

Statistical Errors Bias

Systematic but unaccounted-for error in measurement affects accuracy of result

measurements

True value
Noise
Random error in measurement affects precision (repeatability) of result

Precise, but inaccurate

Less precise, but more accurate

Rencana Materi Perkuliahan