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qvkdif;ukdukdOD;a&;onf/
}o*kwfv(16)&uf/ 2009

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bJ,mcif;xJutoD;tESHawGcl;jyD;jyefvmwJh bOD;ukdawG@vkduf&w,f/
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vnf;ygvmw,fqkdygawmhuGm”
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“bm rif;bD,mawG0,fvmcJhw,f [muGm rif;”
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aiGawG/ tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf&vmwJhaiGawGukd ukd,fusKd;twGufrokH;pGJrdbkd@uta&;}uD;ygw,fuG”
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a&;p&dwfeJ@c&D;oGm;Edkifwmolwkd@bJ&Sdawmh tEW&m,fuif;ab;&Sif;atmifvkyfwJhoabmjzpfrSef;odomygw,f”
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rif;b,fvkdjrifovnf;”
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armifydefqkdwJhol&,f&Sd}uw,f/ qifayguf[marmifydefudktjrJwef;tEdkifusifhaeawmh armifydef[mqifaygufukdEdkifEkdifwhJenf;vrf;ukd
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1
qkdwJholeJ@awG@awmh cifrif&if;ESD;atmifvkyfjyD; qifaygufukdtEdkif,lbd@k }uHw,fuG”
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“qvkdif; armifydefbmvkyfr,frif;xifovJuG”
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Edkifw,f 'ga}umifharmifydefuolESifuGsJ}uD;aygif;jyD; qifaygufudkcsbk@d ajymw,f”
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rif;jyoemukdrif;&Sif;Edkifatmif}udK;pm;yguGm rEdkifbl;vk@d rif;tav#mhay;vkduf&if rif;wpfoufvkH;cHae&rSmbJ”
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,SOf;ygvufaqmifay;vkdufw,f”
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EdkifjrJwkdif;Edkif tEdkifusifhjrJusifhaewmbJ/ aemufqkH;armifydef&GmuaeaysmufoGm;w,f/ [J[J qvkdif; 'Daumifb,fa&mufoGm;jyD;
bmawGoGm;vkyfaeovnf;rif;xifovnf;uG”
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ta}umawGtjydKif;jydKif; xaewJharmifydefukd}unfhjyD; tenf;i,fwGef@oGm;w,f 'gayrJh[efrysuf
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2
“tif; cufawmhcufw,fqvdkif;&m wu,fqkd&if'DarmifawGu 'Doabmw&m;ukdrodbl;r[kwfygbl; od&J@om;eJ@vkyfae}uwm
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wpfckwnf;atmufubJoGm;oifhw,f”
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rif;bmajymrvnf;”
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olwkd@odoifhygw,f”
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usvmbkd@bJav”
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vlabmfa}umhvkd@txifcH&wJhtjyif wyf&if;a&muf&ifajz&Sif;Edkif&ifEdkif rEdkif&iftjypfay;cH}u&wm rSwfrdygao;w,fuGm”
“uJav'gawGxm;ygawmh attifpDeJ@ref',fvm;ta}umif;enf;enf;av;aqG;aEG;}u&atmifuGm attifpD&J@tajccHav;awGayghuGm”
“ajymr,fqkd&ifawmft&Snf}uD;ayghuGm olykefwyfaygif;pkuaejyD; w&m;0iftpkd;wyf&yfjzpfvmonfhtxd olwkd *sifea&;bkdif*sifea&;&Sif;
}udK;pm;cJh&wm/ 1912 upjyD;zGJ@pnf;&muae 1994ckESpf/ tm%m&vmwJhtxdqdkygawmh/ ref',fvm;attifpDxJ0ifwhJtcsdefrSm
vli,fav;bJ&Sdao;w,f/ aemufykdif;vli,facgif;aqmifb0uae trfauvk@d twkdaumufac:wJh vufeufukdifwkdufckdufa&;tzGJ@xJrSm
wkdufckdufa&;acgif;aqmif uGefrif;'gjzpfvmw,fqkdygawmhuGm”
“'geJ@oluEdkA,fqkd&Sifr[kwfvm; bmjzpfvkd@wkdufckdufa&;acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufuae jidrf;csrf;a&;EdkA,fqkukd&cJhwmvnf;qvkdif;”
“rif;tJ'DvkdrajymeJ@av tm&mzwfvnf; jidrf;csrf;a&;EdkA,fqkukd&cJhwmbJr[kwfvm;”
“'geJ@attifpDuwpfav#mufvkH; t}urf;rzufenf;eJ@ wkdufvmcJhjyD;rSb,fvdkvkyfjyD; vufeufukdifwyfawGjzpfvm&wmvnf;”
“ref',fvm;wkd@vkdvli,facgif;aqmifawGu t}urf;rzufenf;eJ@wkdufvmwm}umjyD ratmifjrifawmhpdwfysufvm}uw,f

3
'ga}umifholwkd@acgif;aqmif}uD;awGqDukd ajymuf}um;wyfawGaxmifb@kd wifjyvmw,f yxrawmh acgif;aqmif}uD;awGutifwifwifjzpf
aew,f/ EdkA,fqk&Sifbkef;awmf}uD;'ufprGefwl;wl;eJ@ref',fvm;wkd@awmif 'DudpPrSmoabmxm;uGJcJh}uao;wm/ aemufqHk;rStrnfemr
wpfckokH;pGJjyD;vkyfygvkd@qkdawmhrSm trfaujzpfvmcJhwm/ ref',fvm;vnf; uGefrif;'gjzpfvmwmbJav”
“[mw,f[kwfygvm;qvkdif;&m igwkd@&SmykHawmfrif;om;}uD;awGuawmh trfauvkd@[mrsKd;zGJ@bk@d rajymeJ@ atauav;wpfvufudkifxm;
awmifrS 'kdemawGrjrifatmifzGufckdif;xm;vkdufao;w,f 'ge@J trfauawGubmvkyfovnf;”
“trfau&J@t"du&nf;rSef;csufu vljzLtpkd;&&J@ta&;}uD;wJhtaqmuftOD;awGukdazgufcGJzsufpD;jypfbkd@bJ”
“a[ a[ qvkdif; rif;pum;ukdjyifajymprf;yg zdESdyfa&;,EW,m;awGudkacsr+ef;jypfw,fvkd@okH;prf;yguGm/ azgufcGJzsufpD;jypfw,fqdk&if
igwkd@ukdt}urf;zuform;awGvkd@ rvkdolawGuajymaeygOD;r,fuGm”
“at;yguGm igjyifokH;ygr,fuGm jyD;awmh&Sdao;w,f tar&dueftpkd;&ukd,fwkdifu attifpDukd t}urf;zuftzGJ@tpnf;vkd@owfrSwfcJhao;
wm aemufqkH;ref',fvm;ukd vljzLtpkd;&uzrf;Edkifatmif pDtkdifatubJ ol&SdaewJhae&mukd wpfay;cJhwmrqef;bl;vm;”
“pdwf0ifpm;p&mbJqvkdif; rif;tJ'gukdtao;pdwfighukda&;ay;Edkifrvm; igaocsmavhvmcsifw,f okaooejyKwmawmhr[kwfygbl;uGm”
“at; igaemufwpfacgufvm&if ygvmap&r,fpdwfcsoli,fcsif;”
“'geJ@aemufqkH;ref',fvm;b,fvkdvkyfjyD; EdkA,fqk&oGm;ovnf;”
“aemufqkH;ref',fvm;axmifuvGwfvmawmh attifpDuvnf;enf;rsKd;pkHeJ@}udK;pm;&if; AvarmifattifpDjzpfaejyD/ awmiftmz&du
vlxkuvnf; ref',fvm;rkd',fukdt&rf;twk,l}uawmh vljzltpkd;&uvnf;qifayguf}uD;vkdbJ attifpDukdwkefv+yfa}umufvef@vm
w,f/ olwkd@vljzLawGuyg vlrJawGeJ@twlwGJjyD;wkdufyGJ0ifvmawmh awmiftmz&dutpkd;&u jidrf;csrf;a&;ukdurf;vSrf;&awmhwmygbJ/
tJ'DrSm ref',fvm;uvnf; jyefvnf&if}um;apha&;ukdvufcHvkdufawmh wkdif;jynfvnf;at;csrf;/ vlrJawGvnf;tzdESdyfb0uvGwfajrmuf
EdkA,fqkvnf;&qkdygawmh bOD;&m”
“at;aumif;vkdufwmuGm ref',fvm;u jyefvnf&if}um;apha&;ukd vufcHoifhw,ftcsdefrSmvufcHvdkufawmh atmifjrifoGm;w,faygh
'gayrJhtck&SmykHawmfrif;om;}uD;awGwifwJh jyefvnf&if}um;apha&;eJ@ attifpDutywfwukwf&,l}udK;pm; cJhwJh jyefvnf&if}um;apha&;
uawmh tawmfukduGmjcm;wmbJ/ 'gqkdighwkd@tm;vkH; Avarmif b0a&mufatmifb,fvkd@}udK;pm;}urSmvnf; qvkdif;”
“wu,fvkyf&rSmawGtrsm;}uD;bJ yxrOD;,kd,Gif;aewJhpdwf"gwf/ usaewJhpdwf"gwfawGukdt&ifjyif&r,f/ uGJv$JaewJhtawG;tac:t,l
tqawGukd teD;pyfqkH;jzpfatmif}udK;pm;&,l&r,f/ jyD;rSrdrdwkd@twlwuGoGm;oifhwJhvrf;a}umif;ukdcsrSwfjyD; taumiftxnfaz:aqmif
&GufoGm;}u&rSmbJ/ 'Dvkdjzpfvmbkd@twGufigwkd@tm;vkH; attifpDudkerlem,loifhw,f/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if jrefrmhae&Sife,fuGef*&ufwpfck
ay:xGef;vmapcsifw,fuGm”
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txdpdwful;,Ofae}uwm rif;vnf;todbJuGm”
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oGm;r,fqkd&if tm%m&SifawGeJ@usifhpOfjcif;twlwljzpfaerSmayghuG/ 'Dtusihfp&kdufawGtm;vkH;ukdpGef@vGwfbkd@olwkd@t&ifqkH;vkyfoifhw,f”
“tif; jzpfvm&ifawmh0rf;omp&mayghuGm attifpDuvkyfEdkifcJhovkd igw@kd vnf;vkyfEdkif&rSmaygh/ attifpDuolwkd@ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmusifhokH;
vmcJhwJh EdkifiHa&;&efwkr+oufouft}urf;rzufEdkifiHa&;ukd pGe@f vGwfchJovkd ighwkd@tm;vkH;vnf;'Dae@'DtcsdefrSmpGe@f vGwfjyD; aysmuf}um;v+yf
&Sm;r+awGukd vlxkv+yf&Sm;r+eJ@qufpyfay;bkd@ txl;vkdaeygjyDuGm”
“at;[kwfw,fbOD;'DrSm olwkd@trfauzGJ@wJhae@rSmref',fvm;ajymcJhwJhrl&if;pmom;ukdig,lvmcJhw,f rif;zwf}unfhvkdufygOD;”

ighukd,figpGef@vGwfbkd@jyifqifjyD;jyD/
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jy'gef;xm;wJhqef@usifykdifcGifhawGtm;vkH;uvnf; Oya'jyKjyD;ydwfyifxm;jyD; tajctaeu igwkd@ukd'DvkdbJedrhfusaomtqifhtwef;rSm
tjrJwef;aerSmvm; tpkd;&ukdtefwkoGm;rSmvm;qkdwmukda&G;ckdif;aejyD/ ckigwkd@Oya'ukdtefwk}ubkd@vrf;ukda&G;vkdufjyD/ igwkd@yxrOD;qkH;
t}urf;zufr+rjzpfatmifa&Smif&Sm;jyD; Oya'ukdtefwk}ur,f/ wu,fv@dk tpkd;&,EW,m;awGu qef@usifolawGukdtiftm;okH;jyD;
t}urf;zufajz&Sif;bkd@vuQ%mjyvmcJh&if t}urf;zufr+ukd t}urf;zufr+eJ@jyefvnfwkef@jyefbkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;w,f/

4
Motivation for formation of the MK

According to Nelson Mandela, all of the founding members of the MK, including himself, were also members of the ANC. In his
famous "I am prepared to die" speech, Mandela outlined the motivations which led to the formation of the MK:[2]

"I am prepared to die"

Firstly, we believed that as a result of Government policy, violence by the African people had become inevitable, and that unless
responsible leadership was given to canalize and control the feelings of our people, there would be outbreaks of terrorism which
would produce an intensity of bitterness and hostility between the various races of this country which is not produced even by war.
Secondly, we felt that without violence there would be no way open to the African people to succeed in their struggle against the
principle of white supremacy. All lawful modes of expressing opposition to this principle had been closed by legislation, and we
were placed in a position in which we had either to accept a permanent state of inferiority, or to defy the Government. We chose to
defy the law. We first broke the law in a way which avoided any recourse to violence; when this form was legislated against, and
then the Government resorted to a show of force to crush opposition to its policies, only then did we decide to answer violence with
violence.