CCTV SYSTEM SOLUTION

CCTV Course Content

• What are CCTV Systems?
• Benefits of CCTV
• Concept & Integration of CCTV systems - 3D & M³
• Application & Market Segments of CCTV
• CCTV Components & Terminology
• CCTV System Checklist
• Certis Product lines
 CCTV Systems
Traditional analog surveillance technology (referred to as Closed Circuit
Television or simply CCTV) has been around for over 20 years.
There are three types of CCTV :

Traditional Analog CCTV

DVR + Analog CCTV

NVR (Network Video Recorders)

The picture shows the current market trend of video surveillance and how
over time it is becoming an extension of the computer network.
 3D & M³ Philosophy for CCTV

3-D Philosophy:
• Deter - Visible cameras deter would be intruders
• Detect - Monitoring & Recording used to detect intruders
• Deny - Used together with Access Control, can effectively deny access to
critical areas

Certis M3 Philosophy;
• Man - Security personnel managing and monitoring CCTV system
• Machine - CCTV System assists Security personnel in day to day
operations
• Methods - Pre-defined responses to security breach situations
 CCTV System Components
Typical Setup of a Traditional Analog CCTV System

Cameras

CCTV Monitor

Time Lapse VCR Multiplexer

(OUTDATED)
 CCTV System Components
Typical Setup of a Digital CCTV System
PAL Format
Europe & Asia
Typically Door Contacts/
4/8/9/16 PIR Sensor
Cameras

Removable Permanent
Storage Storage
 CCTV System Components
Camera
Fixed CCTV cameras come in two main types:
• The first type has a camera body, to which a lens
of varying focal lengths may be attached.
• Features such as BLC (Back Light Compensation),
Auto Iris Drive and AES (Auto Electronic Shutter) are
provided.

• The second style is basically a fixed lens mounted on

a camera circuit board. These cameras may be
packaged in a small case (Mini Cameras) or dome
(Mini Dome).

• Remember - All cameras need a power supply! (e.g. 12VDC/ 24V/230VAC).

 CCTV System Components
Camera
Pan, Tilt, Zoom (PTZ) Cameras
• PTZ cameras operate;
• 360 degrees horizontally (Pan)
• 180 degrees vertically (Tilt)
• Provide Optical Zoom.
• Controlled through Keyboard / DVR.
• Auto-scan to move through a range of pre-set positions.
• Allow Privacy Zones (e.g. Cashier NETS Pin Masking)
• Programmable preset positions
 CCTV System Components
Camera
Type and Quality of the Imaging Chip in the camera
- Most cameras use CCD (Charge Couple Device) chips today
- The size of CCD chip is normally 1/4”, 1/3” or 1/2”
- Most common size is 1/3”
- For reference - the bigger the size chip, the higher the quality
of the image produced.
- High end IP cameras use CMOS chip technology
 CCTV System Components
Camera
• The make of the CCD chip
- Sony and Panasonic are generally recognized as the producers
of the best CCD chips.
• The type of DSP (Digital Signal Processing) Chip in the camera
- DSP chip digitize the analog video stream produced by the CCD
chip to produce a better picture quality.
• Number of Horizontal TV lines (TVL)
- The larger the number, the better the resolution and hence the
overall picture quality
- Over 470 TV Lines is considered good resolution
- Over 540 TV Lines is considered high resolution
 CCTV System Components
Camera
• Light Sensitivity (LUX)
 CCTV System Components
Camera
• Light Sensitivity
- Sensitivity ratings are generally given as the minimum
"Lux" levels at which the camera will produce a useable
image (1 Lux equals 1/10 Candle Light).
- The lower the Lux level rating, the more light sensitive the
camera
• Signal to Noise (S/N) Ratio
- The higher the Signal to Noise ratio, the clearer the video
image produced by the camera.
- Good CCTV cameras will have a S/N ratio of at least 48dB.
 CCTV System Components
Camera Lenses
Getting the right CCTV Lens
• Focal length
- Lenses either have a fixed or variable focal length
- Manually variable focal length lenses are called Vari-Focal Lenses.
(Typically used for specifically known area/object surveillance)
- Powered variable focal length lenses are called Zoom Lenses
- Typical Fixed focal length lenses vary from 3.6mm - 16mm
(Typically used for general area surveillance)
- Zoom Lenses can go over 70mm. (Typically used for outdoor
perimeter surveillance)
 CCTV System Components
Getting
the right
CCTV
Lens
 CCTV System Components
Selecting 3.6 mm Lens
the right Picture area 49' w x 35' h
CCTV
Lens
6mm Lens
Picture area 29' w x 21' h

8mm Lens
Picture area 22' w x 16' h
 CCTV System Components
Selecting 15mm Lens
the right Picture area 12' w x 9' h
CCTV
Lens

55mm Lens
Picture area 3.25' w x 2.50' h
 CCTV System Components
Camera Lenses Field of View (in feet)

Lens Viewable Angle 5 feet away 10 feet away 15 feet away 25 feet away 50 feet away 100 feet away
Focal (Degrees) Horiz. Vert. Horiz. Vert. Horiz. Vert. Horiz. Vert. Horiz. Vert. Horiz. Vert.
Length Horiz. Vert.
(mm)

3.6 74 55 7.5 5.2 15.1 10.4 22.6 15.6 37.7 26.1 75.4 52.1 151 104

6.0 42 32 3.8 2.9 7.7 5.7 11.5 8.6 19.2 14.4 38.4 28.7 77 57

8.0 32 24 2.9 2.1 5.7 4.3 8.6 6.4 14.4 10.7 28.7 21.3 57 43

12.0 22 17 1.9 1.5 3.9 3.0 5.8 4.5 9.7 7.5 19.4 14.9 39 30

16.0 15 11 1.3 1.0 2.6 1.9 3.9 2.9 6.6 4.8 13.2 9.6 26 19
 CCTV System Components
The Camera Lens

In Summary
Most lenses used today are vari-focal lenses which are
suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications and can be
adjusted on site to the field of view required by the user
 CCTV System Components
The Camera Lens
Auto Iris Lens
- Commonly used in varying light conditions (e.g. outside or
inside facing a window) where the iris on the camera will need
to open and close to accommodate changes in light intensity.
- This is similar to your eye (iris) opening to allow in more light
during low light levels.
- Conversely during bright sunlight your iris closes.
 CCTV System Components
Types of Camera Housings and Brackets

Indoor Housing : In-ceiling, wall and corner mount to

prevent dust.
Outdoor Housing : Designed to withstand wide ranges
of temperature, humidity, rainfall, and sunlight.
May include blower, heater, sun shroud & thermal
insulation.
Minimum standard is IP65
 IP (Ingress Protection) Ratings Chart
First number (Protection Definition
against solid objects)
0 No protection
1 Protected against solids
objects over 50mm (e.g.
accidental touch by hands
2 Protected against solids
objects over 12mm (e.g.
fingers)
3 Protected against solids
objects over 2.5mm (e.g. tools
and wires)
4 Protected against solids
objects over 1mm (e.g. tools,
wires and small wires
5 Protected against dust - limited 5
ingress (no harmful deposit)
6 Totally protected against dust 6
Second number (Protection Definition
against liquids)
0 No protection
1 Protected against vertically
falling drops of water
2 Protected against direct sprays
up to 15o from the vertical
3 Protected against direct sprays
up to 60o from the vertical
4 Protected against sprays from
all directions - limited ingress
permitted
Protected against low pressure
jets if water from all directions
- limited ingress permitted
Protected against strong jets
of water e.g. for use on
shipdecks - limited ingress
permitted
7 Protected against the effects
of temporary immersion
between 15cm and 1m.
Duration of test 30 minutes
8 Protected against long periods
of immersion under pressure
 CCTV System Components

Types of Camera Housings and Brackets

Explosion Proof : Housing required for potentially
combustible atmospheres eg. Laboratory, Chemical storage
areas.
Vandal Proof : Used where structural integrity and
vandalism are a priority eg. for public areas & prison
facilities.
Pressurized Housing : operating in tough environmental
conditions e.g. on board ships
 CCTV System Components

Comparisons between Normal, Back Light Compensation (BLC) and Super

Wide Dynamic Range (WDR) cameras

Back Light Compensation cameras automatically adjusts the image to

compensate for bright sunlight or bright lights, to give more detail on the
darker areas of the image. (eg To focus on the detail of a face of a person that
has sunlight shining from behind.
Wide Dynamic Range cameras allows optimizing an image by automatically
adjusting both dark and light areas to ensure the targeted area has ideal
contrast and visibility.
 CCTV System Components
Camera Feature - Wide Dynamic Range

Camera without Wide Dynamic Range Camera with Wide Dynamic Range
 Day Night Camera

Day night cameras automatically switch to black and

white mode (night) when the light level (lux) decreases
below a preset minimum.
 CCTV System Components
Digital Video Recorder
Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) consist of three main types:

• PC- based DVR (OUTDATED)

- Computer-based system incorporating;

• Video capture and display
• Video multiplexing
• Video recording and playback
• Remote video access via modem, Internet and/or LAN
• Expandable - add on video capture card
• Operating System and application functions installed to Primary
Hard Disk
 CCTV System Components
Digital Video Recorder

• Embedded DVR
- Operating System and all application functions are contained
(embedded) in firmware (software encoded on chips).
- Allows Triplex operation (View, Record and Playback at the
same time)
- Fixed number of camera channels
- Embedded DVR's are more suitable for less protected locations
such as warehouses, manufacturing, restaurants, etc.
 CCTV System Components
Digital Video Recorder

• Network Video Recorder

- Used for Network centralized storage and remote
monitoring & playback of recorded images
- Multiple site capability
 CCTV System Components
Digital Video Recorder - RAID5 Storage
DVR's can be arranged as fault tolerant enterprise servers
(RAID5) which are often required in casino, law enforcement,
government and various mission-critical applications.
RAID5 server is a DVR with multiple hard drives and if a
single hard drive fails you won't lose your data, unlike a
standard PC where if a hard drive fails you lose everything
on that drive.
RAID5 systems are costly and can increase the costs by as
much as fivefold
 CCTV System Components
Digital Video Recorder
Embedded V’s PC Based
• Embedded DVR
- More stable DVR system compared to PC Based DVR
- Generally more expensive in the market
- Fixed system - unable to customize features
• PC-based DVR

- Generally more economical compared to Embedded DVR, but

comes with system stability issues due to the Operating System (OS)
- Generally more flexible - features customization possible
- PC components are more sensitive to temperature changes, dust
and vibration.
 Recording Format - JPEG Vs MPEG4

"I" frame or initial frame. Use the

same background or limit
simultaneous movements they can
re-use components of other frames.
If much of the image that the capture
board is displaying stays the same
then it only needs to change those
partial frame segments which are
moving, these are known as "P"
frames.

• JPEG compression is very good for capturing high quality images but
requires more storage space on DVR
• MPEG4 compression requires smaller storage space (1/10th of JPEG
approx) and network bandwidth while maintaining high quality moving images
 Recording Format - JPEG Vs MPEG4

Recording Format

Video Recording using JPEG / MJPEG Format Video Recording using MPEG4 Format

Able to zoom in to picture Poor resolution upon zooming in

with good resolution
 CCTV Terminology for DVR’s

• Simplex operation = Live monitoring or Recording or Playback

• Duplex operation = 2 functions of the above - e.g. Recording & Playback
or live monitoring and recording
• Triplex operation = 3 functions of the above - e.g Recording, Playback and
Viewing
• Frames Per Second (fps) is the number of frames
recorded/viewable per second
• ie. The human eye sees 25fps as close to real time
• Recording resolution - 1 CIF, 2 CIF or 4 CIF
1 CIF = 352 x 288 (pixels per line x no. of lines) -1/4 frame
2 CIF = 352 x 576 (pixels per line x no. of lines) -1/2 frame
4 CIF = 720 x 576 (pixels per line x no. of lines) - full frame
 CCTV System Components

New CCTV Technology

• Video Content Analysis (VCA) can provide;
• Unattended object detection
• Removal of object detection (theft)
• Intrusion of pre-determined sensitive zones
• Perimeter defense (fence lines)
• Unusual people movement (against normal traffic flow)
• People counting/direction
 CCTV System Components
All DVR’s ARE NOT ALIKE

Overall, the biggest concern in

DVR performance is reliability
 Determining DVR System Requirements

• Number of Video camera inputs required?

• Record rate ie. real time 25fps or time lapse mode?
• Recording resolution - 1 CIF, 2 CIF or 4 CIF
• Continuous, Time based or Event based recording
• Duration to record images on HDD (no. of days)
You can then determine the Storage Capacity of HDD
Other questions to ask the client;
• Backup / Archiving - How? (CD, External USB drive)
• Remote Monitoring Required? (Dial-up, Broadband)
• P/T/Z control, Audio, ATM/POS Text recording required?
 CCTV system checklist products

HARDWARE Qty’s Required

ELECTRICAL/FITTINGS/CONNECTIONS
• DVR ( w/keyboard & mouse ) • Video Cable
• Monitor
• Power Cable
• Cameras
• Camera Lenses • Audio Cable (if using mic.)
• Camera Brackets • BNC Connectors (if using coax RG cable)
• Cameras Housings (if necessary) • Video Baluns (if using Cat5 cable)
• Rack Cabinet (optional) • Power Supplies (if not using power panels)
• Printer (optional)
• Power Panels (if not using power supplies)
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES • Fuses (if using power panels)
• Power Strip
• Hot Swappable Drives
• Power Cords
• Speakers
• Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
• Microphones
• Conduit
• Relays
• Screws/Bolts/Brackets
• Alarm Bells/Horns/Light
• Tie Wraps
• RAID Storage
• Electrical Tape
• Streaming Server
CCTV Camera Selection

• Main Factors for camera selection :

• Indoor or Outdoor
• Mounting Locations
• Lighting Conditions
• Size of area to be captured
• Quality of the image required
• Available power and type
• Vandalism concerns
• Distance from DVR
• Colour or Black & White
• Security Objective