EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE CORREIOS E TELGRAFOS ATENDENTE COMERCIAL CARTEIRO OPERADOR DE TRIAGEM E TRANSBORDO

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Compreenso e interpretao de textos. ................................................................................................. Ortografia oficial. ...................................................................................................................................... Acentuao grfica. ................................................................................................................................. Emprego das classes de palavras: nome pronome, verbo, preposies e conjunes. ......................... Emprego do sinal indicativo de crase. ..................................................................................................... Sintaxe da orao e do perodo. .............................................................................................................. Pontuao. ............................................................................................................................................... Concordncia nominal e verbal. ............................................................................................................... Regncia nominal e verbal. ...................................................................................................................... Significao das palavras. ........................................................................................................................ Formao de palavras. .............................................................................................................................

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MATEMTICA:
Nmeros relativos inteiros e fracionrios, operaes e propriedades. ..................................................... Mltiplos e divisores, mximo divisor comum e mnimo mltiplo comum. ................................................ Nmeros reais. ......................................................................................................................................... Expresses numricas. ............................................................................................................................ Equaes e sistemas de equaes de 1.o grau. ..................................................................................... Sistemas de medida de tempo. ............................................................................................................... Sistema mtrico decimal. ......................................................................................................................... Nmeros e grandezas diretamente e inversamente proporcionais. ......................................................... Regra de trs simples. .............................................................................................................................. Porcentagem. ............................................................................................................................................ Taxas de juros simples e compostas, capital, montante e desconto. ....................................................... Princpios de geometria: permetro, rea e volume. ................................................................................. 1 11 22 13 27 27 25 29 31 32 34 33

INFORMTICA:
Conceitos bsicos de computao. ........................................................................................................... 1 Componentes de hardware e software de computadores. ........................................................................ 5 Sistema operacional Windows (XP e VISTA). ........................................................................................... 8 Conhecimentos de Word, Excel, PowerPoint. ........................................................................................... 19 Internet: conceitos, navegadores, tecnologias e servios. .............................................................. 36

CORREIOS - Atendente Comercial/Carteiro/Operador de Triagem e Transbordo

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

A PRESENTE APOSTILA NO EST VINCULADA A EMPRESA ORGANIZADORA DO CONCURSO PBLICO A QUE SE DESTINA, ASSIM COMO SUA AQUISIO NO GARANTE A INSCRIO DO CANDIDATO OU MESMO O SEU INGRESSO NA CARREIRA PBLICA. O CONTEDO DESTA APOSTILA ALMEJA ENGLOBAR AS EXIGENCIAS DO EDITAL, PORM, ISSO NO IMPEDE QUE SE UTILIZE O MANUSEIO DE LIVROS, SITES, JORNAIS, REVISTAS, ENTRE OUTROS MEIOS QUE AMPLIEM OS CONHECIMENTOS DO CANDIDATO, PARA SUA MELHOR PREPARAO. ATUALIZAES LEGISLATIVAS, QUE NO TENHAM SIDO COLOCADAS DISPOSIO AT A DATA DA ELABORAO DA APOSTILA, PODERO SER ENCONTRADAS GRATUITAMENTE NO SITE DA APOSTILAS OPO, OU NOS SITES GOVERNAMENTAIS. INFORMAMOS QUE NO SO DE NOSSA RESPONSABILIDADE AS ALTERAES E RETIFICAES NOS EDITAIS DOS CONCURSOS, ASSIM COMO A DISTRIBUIO GRATUITA DO MATERIAL RETIFICADO, NA VERSO IMPRESSA, TENDO EM VISTA QUE NOSSAS APOSTILAS SO ELABORADAS DE ACORDO COM O EDITAL INICIAL. QUANDO ISSO OCORRER, INSERIMOS EM NOSSO SITE, www.apostilasopcao.com.br, NO LINK ERRATAS, A MATRIA ALTERADA, E DISPONIBILIZAMOS GRATUITAMENTE O CONTEDO ALTERADO NA VERSO VIRTUAL PARA NOSSOS CLIENTES. CASO HAJA ALGUMA DVIDA QUANTO AO CONTEDO DESTA APOSTILA, O ADQUIRENTE DESTA DEVE ACESSAR O SITE www.apostilasopcao.com.br, E ENVIAR SUA DVIDA, A QUAL SER RESPONDIDA O MAIS BREVE POSSVEL, ASSIM COMO PARA CONSULTAR ALTERAES LEGISLATIVAS E POSSVEIS ERRATAS. TAMBM FICAM DISPOSIO DO ADQUIRENTE DESTA APOSTILA O TELEFONE (11) 2856-6066, DENTRO DO HORRIO COMERCIAL, PARA EVENTUAIS CONSULTAS. EVENTUAIS RECLAMAES DEVERO SER ENCAMINHADAS POR ESCRITO, RESPEITANDO OS PRAZOS ESTATUDOS NO CDIGO DE DEFESA DO CONSUMIDOR. PROIBIDA A REPRODUO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTA APOSTILA, DE ACORDO COM O ARTIGO 184 DO CDIGO PENAL.

APOSTILAS OPO

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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24

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SER ESTAR TER HAVER PRESENTE sou estou tenho hei s ests tens hs est tem h somos estamos temos havemos sois estais tendes haveis so esto tm ho PRETRITO PERFEITO era estava tinha havia eras estavas tinhas havias era estava tinha havia ramos estvamos tnhamos havamos reis estveis tnheis haves eram estavam tinham haviam PRETRITO PERFEITO SIMPLES fui estive tive houve foste estiveste tiveste houveste foi esteve teve houve fomos estivemos tivemos houvemos fostes estivestes tivestes houvestes foram estiveram tiveram houveram PRETRITO PERFEITO COMPOSTO tenho sido tenho estado tenho tido tenho havido tens sido tens estado tens tido tens havido tem sido tem estado tem tido tem havido temos sido temos estado temos tido temos havido tendes sido tendes estado tendes tido tendes havido tm sido tm estado tm tido tm havido PRETRITO MAIS-QUE-PERFEITO SIMPLES fora estivera tivera houvera foras estiveras tiveras houveras fora estivera tivera houvera framos estivramos tivramos houvramos freis estivreis tivreis houvreis foram estiveram tiveram houveram PRETRITO MAIS-QUE-PERFEITO COMPOSTO tinha, tinhas, tinha, tnhamos, tnheis, tinham (+sido, estado, tido , havido) FUTURO DO PRESENTE SIMPLES serei estarei terei haverei sers estars ters haver ser estar ter haver seremos estaremos teremos haveremos sereis estareis tereis havereis sero estaro tero havero FUTURO DO PRESENTE COMPOSTO terei, ters, ter, teremos, tereis, tero, (+sido, estado, tido, havido) FUTURO DO PRETRITO SIMPLES seria estaria teria haveria serias estarias terias haverias seria estaria teria haveria seramos estaramos teramos haveramos serieis estareis tereis havereis seriam estariam teriam haveriam FUTURO DO PRETRITO COMPOSTO teria, terias, teria, teramos, tereis, teriam (+ sido, estado, tido, havido) PRESENTE SUBJUNTIVO seja esteja tenha haja sejas estejas tenhas hajas seja esteja tenha haja sejamos estejamos tenhamos hajamos sejais estejais tenhais hajais

Lngua Portuguesa

30

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
sejam estejam tenham hajam PRETRITO IMPERFEITO SIMPLES fosse estivesse tivesse houvesse fosses estivesses tivesses houvesses fosse estivesse tivesse houvesse fssemos estivssemos tivssemos houvssemos fsseis estivsseis tivsseis houvsseis fossem estivessem tivessem houvessem PRETRITO PERFEITO COMPOSTO tenha, tenhas, tenha, tenhamos, tenhais, tenham (+ sido, estado, tido, havido) PRETRITO MAIS-QUE-PERFEITO COMPOSTO tivesse, tivesses, tivesses, tivssemos, tivsseis, tivessem ( + sido, estado, tido, havido) FUTURO SIMPLES se eu for se eu estiver se eu tiver se eu houver se tu fores se tu estiveres se tu tiveres se tu houveres se ele for se ele estiver se ele tiver se ele houver se ns formos se ns estiver- se ns tivermos se ns houmos vermos se vs fordes se vs estiver- se vs tiverdes se vs houverdes des se eles forem se eles estive- se eles tiverem se eles houverem rem FUTURO COMPOSTO tiver, tiveres, tiver, tivermos, tiverdes, tiverem (+sido, estado, tido, havido) AFIRMATIVO IMPERATIVO s tu est tu tem tu h tu seja voc esteja voc tenha voc haja voc sejamos ns estejamos ns tenhamos ns hajamos ns sede vs estai vs tende vs havei vs sejam vocs estejam vocs tenham vocs hajam vocs NEGATIVO no sejas tu no estejas tu no tenhas tu no hajas tu no seja voc no esteja voc no tenha voc no haja voc no sejamos ns no estejamos no tenhamos no hajamos ns ns ns no sejais vs no estejais no tenhais vs no hajais vs vs no sejam vocs no estejam no tenham no hajam vocs vocs vocs IMPESSOAL INFINITIVO ser estar ter haver IMPESSOAL COMPOSTO Ter sido ter estado ter tido ter havido PESSOAL ser estar ter haver seres estares teres haveres ser estar ter haver sermos estarmos termos havermos serdes estardes terdes haverdes serem estarem terem haverem SIMPLES GERNDIO sendo estando tendo havendo COMPOSTO tendo sido tendo estado tendo tido tendo havido PARTICPIO sido estado tido havido

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31

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Lngua Portuguesa

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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RESPOSTAS
01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. D A C E A B D E C D 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. B A C E C A B E D A 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. B A C E D E B C D B 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. D B A A B C C A A B 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. D B C E A A D C B C

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46

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das "trocas" de mercadorias entre os homens, foi necessrio criar uma representao numrica para as dvidas. Com isso inventou-se os chamados "nmeros negativos", e junto com estes nmeros, um novo conjunto: o . conjunto dos nmeros inteiros, representado pela letra

Nmeros relativos inteiros e fracionrios, operaes e propriedades. Mltiplos e divisores, mximo divisor comum e mnimo mltiplo comum. Nmeros reais. Expresses numricas. Equaes e sistemas de equaes de 1.o grau. Sistemas de medida de tempo. Sistema mtrico decimal. Nmeros e grandezas diretamente e inversamente proporcionais. Regra de trs simples. Porcentagem. Taxas de juros simples e compostas, capital, montante e desconto. Princpios de geometria: permetro, rea e volume. NMEROS RELATIVOS INTEIROS E FRACIONRIOS, OPERAES E PROPRIEDADES.
Conjuntos numricos podem ser representados de diversas formas. A forma mais simples dar um nome ao conjunto e expor todos os seus elementos, um ao lado do outro, entre os sinais de chaves. Veja o exemplo abaixo: A = {51, 27, -3} Esse conjunto se chama "A" e possui trs termos, que esto listados entre chaves. Os nomes dos conjuntos so sempre letras maisculas. Quando criamos um conjunto, podemos utilizar qualquer letra. Vamos comear nos primrdios da matemtica. - Se eu pedisse para voc contar at 10, o que voc me diria? - Um, dois, trs, quatro, cinco, seis, sete, oito, nove e dez. Pois , estes nmeros que saem naturalmente de sua boca quando solicitado, so chamados de nmeros NATURAIS, o qual representado pela letra . Foi o primeiro conjunto inventado pelos homens, e tinha como inteno mostrar quantidades. *Obs.: Originalmente, o zero no estava includo neste conjunto, mas pela necessidade de representar uma quantia nula, definiu-se este nmero como sendo pertencente ao conjunto dos Naturais. Portanto: N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...} Obs.2: Como o zero originou-se depois dos outros nmeros e possui algumas propriedades prprias, algumas vezes teremos a necessidade de representar o conjunto dos nmeros naturais sem incluir o zero. Para isso foi definido que o smbolo * (asterisco) empregado ao lado do smbolo do conjunto, iria representar a ausncia do zero. Veja o exemplo abaixo: N* = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...} Estes nmeros foram suficientes para a sociedade durante algum tempo. Com o passar dos anos, e o aumento

O conjunto dos nmeros inteiros formado por todos os nmeros NATURAIS mais todos os seus representantes negativos. Note que este conjunto no possui incio nem fim (ao contrrio dos naturais, que possui um incio e no possui fim). Assim como no conjunto dos naturais, podemos representar todos os inteiros sem o ZERO com a mesma notao usada para os NATURAIS. Z* = {..., -2, -1, 1, 2, ...} Em algumas situaes, teremos a necessidade de representar o conjunto dos nmeros inteiros que NO SO NEGATIVOS. Para isso emprega-se o sinal "+" ao lado do smbolo do conjunto (vale a pena lembrar que esta simbologia representa os nmeros NO NEGATIVOS, e no os nmeros POSITIVOS, como muita gente diz). Veja o exemplo abaixo: Z+ = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...} Obs.1: Note que agora sim este conjunto possui um incio. E voc pode estar pensando "mas o zero no positivo". O zero no positivo nem negativo, zero NULO. Ele est contido neste conjunto, pois a simbologia do sinalzinho positivo representa todos os nmeros NO NEGATIVOS, e o zero se enquadra nisto. Se quisermos representar somente os positivos (ou seja, os no negativos sem o zero), escrevemos: Z*+ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...} Pois assim teremos apenas os positivos, j que o zero no positivo. Ou tambm podemos representar somente os inteiros NO POSITIVOS com: Z - ={...,- 4, - 3, - 2, -1 , 0} Obs.: Este conjunto possui final, mas no possui incio. E tambm os inteiros negativos (ou seja, os no positivos sem o zero): Z*- ={...,- 4, - 3, - 2, -1} Fonte: http://www.tutorbrasil.com.br/estudo_matematica_online/co njuntos/conjuntos.php Assim: Conjunto dos Nmeros Naturais: So todos os nmeros inteiros positivos, incluindo o zero. representado pela letra maiscula N. Caso queira representar o conjunto dos nmeros naturais no-nulos (excluindo o zero), deve-se colocar um * ao lado do N: N = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, ...} N* = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, ...} Conjunto dos Nmeros Inteiros: So todos os nmeros que pertencem ao conjunto dos Naturais mais os seus respectivos opostos (negativos). So representados pela letra Z: Z = {... -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...} 1

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O conjunto dos inteiros possui alguns subconjuntos, eles so: - Inteiros no negativos: So todos os nmeros inteiros que no so negativos. Logo percebemos que este conjunto igual ao conjunto dos nmeros naturais. representado por Z+: Z+ = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6, ...} - Inteiros no positivos: So todos os nmeros inteiros que no so positivos. representado por Z-: Z- = {..., -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0} - Inteiros no negativos e no-nulos: o conjunto Z+ excluindo o zero. Representa-se esse subconjunto por Z*+: Z*+ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...} Z*+ = N* - Inteiros no positivos e no nulos: So todos os nmeros do conjunto Z- excluindo o zero. Representa-se por Z*-. Z*- = {... -4, -3, -2, -1} Conjunto dos Nmeros Racionais: Os nmeros racionais um conjunto que engloba os nmeros inteiros (Z), nmeros decimais finitos (por exemplo, 743,8432) e os nmeros decimais infinitos peridicos (que repete uma seqncia de algarismos da parte decimal infinitamente), como "12,050505...", so tambm conhecidas como dzimas peridicas. Os racionais so representados pela letra Q. Conjunto dos Nmeros Irracionais: formado pelos nmeros decimais infinitos no-peridicos. Um bom exemplo de nmero irracional o nmero PI (resultado da diviso do permetro de uma circunferncia pelo seu dimetro), que vale 3,14159265 .... Atualmente, supercomputadores j conseguiram calcular bilhes de casas decimais para o PI. Tambm so irracionais todas as razes no exatas, como a raiz quadrada de 2 (1,4142135 ...) Conjunto dos Nmeros Reais: formado por todos os conjuntos citados anteriormente (unio do conjunto dos racionais com os irracionais). Representado pela letra R. Representao geom trica de A cada ponto de uma reta podemos associar um nico nmero real, e a cada nmero real podemos associar um nico ponto na reta. Dizemos que o conjunto denso, pois entre dois nmeros reais existem infinitos nmeros reais (ou seja, na reta, entre dois pontos associados a dois nmeros reais, existem infinitos pontos). Veja a representao na reta de :

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ADIO E SUBTRAO Veja a operao: 2 + 3 = 5 . A operao efetuada chama-se adio e indicada escrevendo-se o sinal + (l-se: mais") entre os nmeros. Os nmeros 2 e 3 so chamados parcelas. 0 nmero 5, resultado da operao, chamado soma. 2 +3 5

parcela parcela soma

A adio de trs ou mais parcelas pode ser efetuada adicionando-se o terceiro nmero soma dos dois primeiros ; o quarto nmero soma dos trs primeiros e assim por diante. 3+2+6 = 5 + 6 = 11 Veja agora outra operao: 7 3 = 4 Quando tiramos um subconjunto de um conjunto, realizamos a operao de subtrao, que indicamos pelo sinal . 7 3 4

minuendo subtraendo resto ou diferena

O minuendo o conjunto maior, o subtraendo o subconjunto que se tira e o resto ou diferena o conjunto que sobra. Somando a diferena com o subtraendo obtemos o minuendo. Dessa forma tiramos a prova da subtrao. 4+3=7 EXPRESSES NUMRICAS Para calcular o valor de uma expresso numrica envolvendo adio e subtrao, efetuamos essas operaes na ordem em que elas aparecem na expresso. Exemplos: 35 18 + 13 = 17 + 13 = Veja outro exemplo: 47 + 35 42 15 = 82 42 15 = 40 15 = 25 30

Quando uma expresso numrica contiver os sinais de parnteses ( ), colchetes [ ] e chaves { }, procederemos do seguinte modo: Efetuamos as operaes indicadas dentro dos parnteses; efetuamos as operaes indicadas dentro dos colchetes; efetuamos as operaes indicadas dentro das chaves. 1) 35 +[ 80 (42 + 11) ] = 35 + [ 80 53] = 35 + 27 = 62 2) 18 + { 72 [ 43 + (35 28 + 13) ] } = 18 + { 72 [ 43 + 20 ] } = 18 + { 72 63} = 18 + 9 = 27

Fonte:http://www.infoescola.com/matematica/conjuntosnumericos/

CONJUNTO DOS NMEROS NATURAIS (N)

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CLCULO DO VALOR DESCONHECIDO Quando pretendemos determinar um nmero natural em certos tipos de problemas, procedemos do seguinte modo: - chamamos o nmero (desconhecido) de x ou qualquer outra incgnita ( letra ) - escrevemos a igualdade correspondente - calculamos o seu valor Exemplos: 1) Qual o nmero que, adicionado a 15, igual a 31? Soluo: Seja x o nmero desconhecido. A igualdade correspondente ser: x + 15 = Calculando o valor de x temos: x + 15 = x + 15 15 = x = x = 31 31 15 31 15 16 31

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resultado da operao, chamado produto. 3 X 4 = 12 3 X 4 12 produto Por conveno, dizemos que a multiplicao de qualquer nmero por 1 igual ao prprio nmero. A multiplicao de qualquer nmero por 0 igual a 0. A multiplicao de trs ou mais fatores pode ser efetuada multiplicando-se o terceiro nmero pelo produto dos dois primeiros; o quarto numero pelo produto dos trs primeiros; e assim por diante. 3 x 4 x 2 x 5 = 12 x 2 x 5 = 24 x 5 = 120 EXPRESSES NUMRICAS Sinais de associao O valor das expresses numricas envolvendo as operaes de adio, subtrao e multiplicao obtido do seguinte modo: efetuamos as multiplicaes efetuamos as adies e subtraes, na ordem em que aparecem. 1) 3.4 + 5.8 2.9 = 12 + 40 18 = = 34 2) 9 . 6 4 . 12 + 7 . 2 = 54 48 + 14 = = 20 No se esquea: Se na expresso ocorrem sinais de parnteses colchetes e chaves, efetuamos as operaes na ordem em que aparecem: 1) as que esto dentro dos parnteses 2) as que esto dentro dos colchetes 3) as que esto dentro das chaves. Exemplo: 22 + {12 +[ ( 6 . 8 + 4 . 9 ) 3 . 7] 8 . 9 } = 22 + { 12 + [ ( 48 + 36 ) 21] 72 } = = 22 + { 12 + [ 84 21] 72 } = = 22 + { 12 + 63 72 } = = 22 + 3 = = 25 DIVISO Observe a operao: 30 : 6 = 5 Tambm podemos representar a diviso das seguintes maneiras: 30 6 0 5 ou fatores

Na prtica , quando um nmero passa de um lado para outro da igualdade ele muda de sinal. 2) Subtraindo 25 de um certo nmero obtemos 11. Qual esse nmero? Soluo: Seja x o nmero desconhecido. A igualdade correspondente ser: x 25 = 11 x = 11 + 25 x = 36 Passamos o nmero 25 para o outro lado da igualdade e com isso ele mudou de sinal. 3) Qual o nmero natural que, adicionado a 8, igual a 20? Soluo: x + 8 = 20 x = 20 8 x = 12 4) Determine o nmero natural do qual, subtraindo 62, obtemos 43. Soluo: x 62 = 43 x = 43 + 62 x = 105 Para sabermos se o problema est correto simples, basta substituir o x pelo valor encontrado e realizarmos a operao. No ltimo exemplo temos: x = 105 105 62 = 43 MULTIPLICAO Observe: 4 X 3 = 12 A operao efetuada chama-se multiplicao e indicada escrevendo-se um ponto ou o sinal x entre os nmeros. Os nmeros 3 e 4 so chamados fatores. O nmero 12,

30 =5 6

O dividendo (D) o nmero de elementos do conjunto que dividimos o divisor (d) o nmero de elementos do subconjunto pelo qual dividimos o dividendo e o quociente (c) o nmero de subconjuntos obtidos com a diviso. Essa diviso exata e considerada a operao inversa da multiplicao. 3

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Se 30 : 6 = 5, ENTO 5 x 6 = 30 observe agora esta outra diviso: 32 6 2 5 32 = dividendo 6 = divisor 5 = quociente 2 = resto Essa diviso no exata e chamada diviso aproximada. ATENO: Na diviso de nmeros naturais, o quociente sempre menor ou igual ao dividendo. O resto sempre menor que o divisor. O resto no pode ser igual ou maior que o divisor. O resto sempre da mesma espcie do dividendo. Exemplo: dividindo-se laranjas por certo nmero, o resto ser laranjas. impossvel dividir um nmero por 0 (zero), porque no existe um nmero que multiplicado por 0 d o quociente da diviso. PROBLEMAS Determine um nmero natural que, multiplicado por 17, resulte 238. x . 17 = 238 x = 238 : 17 x = 14 Prova: 14 . 17 = 238 Determine um nmero natural que, dividido por 62, resulte 49. x : 62 = 49 x = 49 . 62 x = 3038 Determine um nmero natural que, adicionado a 15, d como resultado 32 x + 15 = 32 x = 32 15 x = 17 Quanto devemos adicionar a 112, a fim de obtermos 186? x + 112 = 186 x = 186 112 x = 74 Quanto devemos subtrair de 134 para obtermos 81? 134 x = 81 x = 81 134 x = 53 (multiplicando por 1) x = 53 Prova: 134 53 = 81 Ricardo pensou em um nmero natural, adicionou-lhe 35, subtraiu 18 e obteve 40 no resultado. Qual o nmero pensado? x + 35 18 = 40

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x = 40 35 + 18 x = 23 Prova: 23 + 35 18 = 40 Adicionando 1 ao dobro de certo nmero obtemos 7. Qual esse numero? 2.x+1 = 7 2x = 7 1 2x = 6 x = 6:2 x = 3 O nmero procurado 3. Prova: 2. 3 +1 = 7 Subtraindo 12 do triplo de certo nmero obtemos 18. Determinar esse nmero. 3 . x 12 = 18 3 x = 18 + 12 3 x = 30 x = 30 : 3 x = 10 Dividindo 1736 por um nmero natural, encontramos 56. Qual o valor deste numero natural? 1736 : x = 56 1736 = 56 . x 56 . x = 1736 x . 56 = 1736 x = 1736 : 56 x = 31 O dobro de um nmero igual a 30. Qual o nmero? 2 . x = 30 2x = 30 x = 30 : 2 x = 15 O dobro de um nmero mais 4 igual a 20. Qual o nmero ? 2 . x + 4 = 20 2 x = 20 4 2 x = 16 x = 16 : 2 x = 8 Paulo e Jos tm juntos 12 lpis. Paulo tem o dobro dos lpis de Jos. Quantos lpis tem cada menino? Jos: x Paulo: 2x Paulo e Jos: x + x + x = 12 3x = 12 x = 12 : 3 x = 4 Jos: 4 - Paulo: 8 A soma de dois nmeros 28. Um o triplo do outro. Quais so esses nmeros? um nmero: x o outro nmero: 3x x + x + x + x = 28 (os dois nmeros) 4 x = 28 4

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x = 28 : 4 x = 7 (um nmero) 3x = 3 . 7 = 21 (o outro nmero). Resposta: 7 e 21 Pedro e Marcelo possuem juntos 30 bolinhas. Marcelo tem 6 bolinhas a mais que Pedro. Quantas bolinhas tem cada um? Pedro: x Marcelo: x + 6 x + x + 6 = 30 ( Marcelo e Pedro) 2 x + 6 = 30 2 x = 30 6 2 x = 24 x = 24 : 2 x = 12 (Pedro) Marcelo: x + 6 =12 + 6 =18 EXPRESSES NUMRICAS ENVOLVENDO AS QUATRO OPERAES Sinais de associao: O valor das expresses numricas envolvendo as quatro operaes obtido do seguinte modo: efetuamos as multiplicaes e as divises, na ordem em que aparecem; efetuamos as adies e as subtraes, na ordem em que aparecem; Exemplo 1) 3 .15 + 36 : 9 = = 45 + 4 = 49 Exemplo 2) 18 : 3 . 2 + 8 6 . 5 : 10 = = 6 . 2 + 8 30 : 10 = = 12 + 8 3 = = 20 3 = 17

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1 =1.1.1=1 5 1 =1.1.1.1.1=1 4) Por conveno, tem-se que: a potncia de expoente zero igual a 1 0 (a = 1, a 0) 0 0 0 3 = 1 ; 5 = 1 ; 12 = 1 1 a potncia de expoente um igual base (a = a) 1 1 1 2 = 2 ; 7 = 7 ; 100 =100 Exemplos: PROPRIEDADES DAS POTNCIAS para multiplicar potncias de mesma base, conserva-se a base e adicionam-se os expoentes. m n m+n a .a =a 2 8 2+8 10 =3 Exemplos: 3 . 3 = 3 6 1+6 7 5.5 = 5 =5 para dividir potncias de mesma base, conserva-se a base e subtraem-se os expoentes. m n m-n a :a =a Exemplos: 7 3 73 4 =3 3 : 3 = 3 10 8 10 8 2 5 : 5 = 5 = 5 para elevar uma potncia a um outro expoente, conservase base e multiplicam-se os expoentes. 2 4 2.4 8 Exemplo: (3 ) = 3 =3 para elevar um produto a um expoente, eleva-se cada fator a esse expoente. m m m (a. b) = a . b 3 3 3 2 2 2 Exemplos: (4 . 7) = 4 . 7 ; (3. 5) = 3 . 5 RADICIAO Suponha que desejemos determinar um nmero que, elevado ao quadrado, seja igual a 9. Sendo x esse nmero, 2 escrevemos: x = 9 De acordo com a potenciao, temos que x = 3, ou se2 ja: 3 = 9 A operao que se realiza para determinar esse nmero 3 chamada radiciao, que a operao inversa da potenciao. Indica-se por:
2
3

RADICIAO potenciao e racionalizao.

POTENCIAO Considere a multiplicao:2 . 2 . 2 em que os trs fatores so todos iguais a 2. 3 Esse produto pode ser escrito ou indicado na forma 2 (l-se: dois elevado terceira potncia), em que o 2 o fator que se repete e o 3 corresponde quantidade desses fatores. 3 Assim, escrevemos: 2 = 2 . 2 . 2 = 8 (3 fatores) A operao realizada chama-se potenciao. O nmero que se repete chama-se base. O nmero que indica a quantidade de fatores iguais a base chama-se expoente. O resultado da operao chama-se potncia.

9 =3

(l-se: raiz quadrada de 9 igual a 3)

Da , escrevemos:
2

9 = 3 32 = 9

Na expresso acima, temos que: o smbolo chama-se sinal da raiz o nmero 2 chama-se ndice o nmero 9 chama-se radicando o nmero 3 chama-se raiz, o smbolo
2

chama-se radical

As razes recebem denominaes de acordo com o ndice. Por exemplo:

2 3 4

36 125 81 32

raiz quadrada de 36 raiz cbica de 125 raiz quarta de 81 raiz quinta de 32 e assim por diante

Observaes: 1) os expoentes 2 e 3 recebem os nomes especiais de quadrado e cubo, respectivamente. 2) As potncias de base 0 so iguais a zero. 2 0 =0.0=0 3) As potncias de base um so iguais a um.

No caso da raiz quadrada, convencionou-se no escrever o ndice 2. Exemplo : 5

2 49 =

49 = 7, pois 72 = 49

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EXERCCIOS Calcule: a) c) e) g) i) 10 10 : 5 = 20 + 40 : 10 = 30 : 5 + 5 = 63 : 9 . 2 2 = 3 . 15 : 9 + 54 :18 = Respostas: a) 8 c) 24 e) 11 g) 12 i) 8 b) 11 d) 60 f) 76 h) 18 j) 21 b) d) f) h) j) 45 : 9 + 6 = 9. 7 3 = 6 . 15 56 : 4 = 56 34 : 17 . 19 = 24 12 : 4+1. 0 =

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Um edifcio tem 15 andares; cada andar, 30 salas; cada sala, 3 mesas; cada mesa, 2 gavetas; cada gaveta, 1 chave. Quantas chaves diferentes sero necessrias para abrir todas as gavetas? (2700). Se eu tivesse 3 dzias de balas a mais do que tenho, daria 5 e ficaria com 100. Quantas balas tenho realmente? (69) A soma de dois nmeros 428 e a diferena entre eles 34. Qual o nmero maior? (231) Pensei num nmero e juntei a ele 5, obtendo 31. Qual o nmero? (26) Qual o nmero que multiplicado por 7 resulta 56? (8) O dobro das balas que possuo mais 10 36. Quantas balas possuo? (13). Raul e Lus pescaram 18 peixinhos. Raul pescou o dobro de Lus. Quanto pescou cada um? (Raul-12 e Lus-6) PROBLEMAS Vamos calcular o valor de x nos mais diversos casos: 1) x + 4 = 10 Obtm-se o valor de x, aplicando a operao inversa da adio: x = 10 4 x=6 2) 5x = 20 Aplicando a operao inversa da multiplicao, temos: x = 20 : 5 x=4 3) x 5 = 10 Obtm-se o valor de x, aplicando a operao inversa da subtrao: x = 10 + 5 x = 15 4) x : 2 = 4 Aplicando a operao inversa da diviso, temos: x=4.2 x=8 COMO ACHAR O VALOR DESCONHECIDO EM UM PROBLEMA Usando a letra x para representar um nmero, podemos expressar, em linguagem matemtica, fatos e sentenas da linguagem corrente referentes a esse nmero, observe: - duas vezes o nmero 2 . x - o nmero mais 2 x+2 a metade do nmero

Calcule o valor das expresses: 3 2 2 +3 = 2 2 3.5 7 = 3 3 2 . 3 4. 2 = 3 2 2 5 3 .6 +2 1= 2 4 2 (2 + 3) + 2 . 3 15 : 5 = 2 4 2 1 + 7 3 . 2 + (12 : 4) = Respostas: a) 17 c) 22 e) 142 b) 26 d) 20 f) 11

Uma indstria de automveis produz, por dia, 1270 unidades. Se cada veculo comporta 5 pneus, quantos pneus sero utilizados ao final de 30 dias? (Resposta: 190.500) Numa diviso, o divisor 9,o quociente 12 e o resto 5. Qual o dividendo? (113) Numa diviso, o dividendo 227, o divisor 15 e o resto 2. Qual o quociente? (15) Numa diviso, o dividendo 320, o quociente 45 e o resto 5. Qual o divisor? (7) Num diviso, o dividendo 625, o divisor 25 e o quociente 25. Qual o resto? (0) Numa chcara havia galinhas e cabras em igual quantidade. Sabendo-se que o total de ps desses animais era 90, qual o nmero de galinhas? Resposta: 15 ( 2 ps + 4 ps = 6 ps ; 90 : 6 = 15). O dobro de um nmero adicionado a 3 igual a 13. Calcule o nmero.(5) Subtraindo 12 do qudruplo de um nmero obtemos 60. Qual esse nmero (Resp: 18) Num joguinho de "pega-varetas", Andr e Renato fizeram 235 pontos no total. Renato fez 51 pontos a mais que Andr. Quantos pontos fez cada um? ( Andr-92 e Renato-143) Subtraindo 15 do triplo de um nmero obtemos 39. Qual o nmero? (18) Distribuo 50 balas, em iguais quantidades, a 3 amigos. No final sobraram 2. Quantas balas coube a cada um? (16) A diferena entre dois nmeros naturais zero e a sua soma 30. Quais so esses nmeros? (15) Um aluno ganha 5 pontos por exerccio que acerta e perde 3 pontos por exerccio que erra. Ao final de 50 exerccios tinha 130 pontos. Quantos exerccios acertou? (35)

x 2
metade do nmero

- a

soma do dobro com a

2x +
-

x 2

a quarta parte do nmero

x 4

PROBLEMA 1 Vera e Paula tm juntas R$ 1.080,00. Vera tem o triplo do que tem Paula. Quanto tem cada uma? Soluo: x + 3x = 1080 4x = 1080 x = 1080 : 4 6

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
x = 270 3 . 270 = 810 Resposta: Vera R$ 810,00 e Paula R$ 270,00 PROBLEMA 2 Paulo foi comprar um computador e uma bicicleta. Pagou por tudo R$ 5.600,00. Quanto custou cada um, sabendo-se que a computador seis vezes mais caro que a bicicleta? Soluo: x + 6x = 5600 7x = 5600 x = 5600 : 7 x = 800 6 . 800 = 4800 R: computador R$ 4.800,00 e bicicleta R$ 800,00 PROBLEMA 3 Repartir 21 cadernos entre Jos e suas duas irms, de modo que cada menina receba o triplo do que recebe Jos. Quantos cadernos receber Jos? Soluo: x + 3x + 3x = 21 7x = 21 x = 21 : 7 x = 3 Resposta: 3 cadernos PROBLEMA 4 Repartir R$ 2.100,00 entre trs irmos de modo que o 2 receba o dobro do que recebe o 1 , e o 3 o dobro do que recebe o 2. Quanto receber cada um? Soluo: x + 2x + 4x = 2100 7x = 2100 x = 2100 : 7 x = 300 300 . 2 = 600 300 . 4 = 1200 Resposta: R$ 300,00; R$ 600,00; R$ 1200,00 PROBLEMA 5 A soma das idades de duas pessoas 40 anos. A idade de uma o triplo da idade da outra. Qual a idade de cada uma? Soluo: 3x + x = 40 4x = 40 x = 40 : 4 x = 10 3 . 10 = 30 Resposta: 10 e 30 anos. PROBLEMA 6 A soma das nossas idades 45 anos. Eu sou 5 anos mais velho que voc. Quantos anos eu tenho? x + x + 5 = 45 x + x = 45 5 2x = 40 x = 20 20 + 5 = 25

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Resposta: 25 anos PROBLEMA 7 Sua bola custou R$ 10,00 menos que a minha. Quanto pagamos por elas, se ambas custaram R$ 150,00? Soluo: x + x 10 = 150 2x = 150 + 10 2x = 160 x = 160 : 2 x = 80 80 10 = 70 Resposta: R$ 70,00 e R$ 80,00 PROBLEMA 8 Jos tem o dobro do que tem Srgio, e Paulo tanto quanto os dois anteriores juntos. Quanto tem cada um, se os trs juntos possuem R$ 624,00? Soluo: x + 2x + x + 2x = 624 6x = 624 x = 624 : 6 x = 104 Resposta:S-R$ 104,00; J-R$ 208,00; P- R$ 312,00 PROBLEMA 9 Se eu tivesse 4 rosas a mais do que tenho, poderia dar a voc 7 rosas e ainda ficaria com 2. Quantas rosas tenho? Soluo: x+47 = 2 x+4 = 7+2 x+4 = 9 x = 94 x = 5 Resposta: 5 CONJUNTO DOS NMEROS INTEIROS (Z) Conhecemos o conjunto N dos nmeros naturais: N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .....,} Assim, os nmeros precedidos do sinal + chamam-se positivos, e os precedidos de - so negativos. Exemplos: Nmeros inteiros positivos: {+1, +2, +3, +4, ....} Nmeros inteiros negativos: {-1, -2, -3, -4, ....} O conjunto dos nmeros inteiros relativos formado pelos nmeros inteiros positivos, pelo zero e pelos nmeros inteiros negativos. Tambm o chamamos de CONJUNTO DOS NMEROS INTEIROS e o representamos pela letra Z, isto : Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, ... } O zero no um nmero positivo nem negativo. Todo nmero positivo escrito sem o seu sinal positivo. Exemplo: + 3 = 3 ; +10 = 10 Ento, podemos escrever: Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0 , 1, 2, 3, ...} N um subconjunto de Z. REPRESENTAO GEOMTRICA Cada nmero inteiro pode ser representado por um ponto sobre uma reta. Por exemplo:

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

Se a um nmero inteiro qualquer, existe um nico nmero oposto ou simtrico representado por (-a), tal que: (+a) + (-a) = 0 = (-a) + (+a) Exemplos: (+5) + ( -5) = 0 ( -5) + (+5) = 0

Ao ponto zero, chamamos origem, corresponde o nmero zero. Nas representaes geomtricas, temos direita do zero os nmeros inteiros positivos, e esquerda do zero, os nmeros inteiros negativos. Observando a figura anterior, vemos que cada ponto a representao geomtrica de um nmero inteiro. Exemplos: ponto C a representao geomtrica do nmero +3 ponto B' a representao geomtrica do nmero -2 ADIO DE DOIS NMEROS INTEIROS 1) A soma de zero com um nmero inteiro o prprio nmero inteiro: 0 + (-2) = -2 2) A soma de dois nmeros inteiros positivos um nmero inteiro positivo igual soma dos mdulos dos nmeros dados: (+700) + (+200) = +900 3) A soma de dois nmeros inteiros negativos um nmero inteiro negativo igual soma dos mdulos dos nmeros dados: (-2) + (-4) = -6 4) A soma de dois nmeros inteiros de sinais contrrios igual diferena dos mdulos, e o sinal o da parcela de maior mdulo: (-800) + (+300) = -500 ADIO DE TRS OU MAIS NMEROS INTEIROS A soma de trs ou mais nmeros inteiros efetuada adicionando-se todos os nmeros positivos e todos os negativos e, em seguida, efetuando-se a soma do nmero negativo. Exemplos: 1) (+6) + (+3) + (-6) + (-5) + (+8) = (+17) + (-11) = + 6 2) (+3) + (-4) + (+2) + (-8) = (+5) + (-12) = 7 PROPRIEDADES DA ADIO A adio de nmeros inteiros possui as seguintes propriedades: 1) FECHAMENTO A soma de dois nmeros inteiros sempre um nmero inteiro: (-3) + (+6) = + 3 Z 2) ASSOCIATIVA Se a, b, c so nmeros inteiros quaisquer, ento: a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c Exemplo: (+3) +[(-4) + (+2)] = [(+3) + (-4)] + (+2) (+3) + (-2) = (-1) + (+2) +1 = +1 3) ELEMENTO NEUTRO Se a um nmero inteiro qualquer, temos: a+ 0 = a e 0 + a = a Isto significa que o zero elemento neutro para a adio. Exemplo: (+2) + 0 = +2 e 0 + (+2) = +2 4) OPOSTO OU SIMTRICO 8

5) COMUTATIVA Se a e b so nmeros inteiros, ento: a+b=b+a Exemplo: (+4) + (-6) = (-6) + (+4) -2 = -2 SUBTRAO DE NMEROS INTEIROS Em certo local, a temperatura passou de -3C para 5C, sofrendo, portanto, um aumento de 8C, aumento esse que pode ser representado por: (+5) - (-3) = (+5) + (+3) = +8 Portanto: A diferena entre dois nmeros dados numa certa ordem a soma do primeiro com o oposto do segundo. Exemplos: 1) (+6) - (+2) = (+6) + (-2 ) = +4 2) (-8 ) - (-1 ) = (-8 ) + (+1) = - 7 3) (-5 ) - (+2) = (-5 ) + (-2 ) = - 7 Na prtica, efetuamos diretamente a subtrao, eliminando os parnteses - (+4 ) = -4 - ( -4 ) = +4 Observao: Permitindo a eliminao dos parnteses, os sinais podem ser resumidos do seguinte modo: (+)=+ - (+)=Exemplos: - ( -2) = +2 +(-)=- (- )=+ +(-6 ) = -6 - (+3) = -3

+(+1) = +1 PROPRIEDADE DA SUBTRAO A subtrao possui uma propriedade. FECHAMENTO: A diferena de dois nmeros inteiros sempre um nmero inteiro. MULTIPLICAO DE NMEROS INTEIROS 1 CASO: OS DOIS FATORES SO NMEROS INTEIROS POSITIVOS Lembremos que: 3 . 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 Exemplo: (+3) . (+2) = 3 . (+2) = (+2) + (+2) + (+2) = +6 Logo: (+3) . (+2) = +6 Observando essa igualdade, conclumos: na multiplicao de nmeros inteiros, temos: (+) . (+) =+ 2 CASO: UM FATOR POSITIVO E O OUTRO NEGATIVO Exemplos: 1) (+3) . (-4) = 3 . (-4) = (-4) + (-4) + (-4) = -12 ou seja: (+3) . (-4) = -12 2) Lembremos que: -(+2) = -2 (-3) . (+5) = - (+3) . (+5) = -(+15) = - 15 ou seja: (-3) . (+5) = -15 Concluso: na multiplicao de nmeros inteiros, temos: ( + ) . ( - ) = (-).(+)=Exemplos : (+5) . (-10) = -50

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
(+1) . (-8) = -8 (-2 ) . (+6 ) = -12 (-7) . (+1) = -7

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5) DISTRIBUTIVA EM RELAO ADIO E SUBTRAO Observe os exemplos: (+3 ) . [( -5 ) + (+2 )] = (+3 ) . ( -5 ) + (+3 ) . (+2 ) (+4 ) . [( -2 ) - (+8 )] = (+4 ) . ( -2 ) - (+4 ) . (+8 ) Concluso: Se a, b, c representam nmeros inteiros quaisquer, temos: a) a . [b + c] = a . b + a . c A igualdade acima conhecida como propriedade distributiva da multiplicao em relao adio. b) a . [b c] = a . b - a . c A igualdade acima conhecida como propriedade distributiva da multiplicao em relao subtrao. DIVISO DE NMEROS INTEIROS CONCEITO Dividir (+16) por 2 achar um nmero que, multiplicado por 2, d 16. 16 : 2 = ? 2 . ( ? ) = 16 O nmero procurado 8. Analogamente, temos: 1) (+12) : (+3 ) = +4 porque (+4 ) . (+3 ) = +12 2) (+12) : ( -3 ) = - 4 porque (- 4 ) . ( -3 ) = +12 3) ( -12) : (+3 ) = - 4 porque (- 4 ) . (+3 ) = -12 4) ( -12) : ( -3 ) = +4 porque (+4 ) . ( -3 ) = -12 A diviso de nmeros inteiros s pode ser realizada quando o quociente um nmero inteiro, ou seja, quando o dividendo mltiplo do divisor. Portanto, o quociente deve ser um nmero inteiro. Exemplos: ( -8 ) : (+2 ) = -4 ( -4 ) : (+3 ) = no um nmero inteiro Lembramos que a regra dos sinais para a diviso a mesma que vimos para a multiplicao: (+):(+)=+ (+):( -)=(- ):( -)=+ ( -):(+)=Exemplos: ( +8 ) : ( -2 ) = -4 (-10) : ( -5 ) = +2 (+1 ) : ( -1 ) = -1 (-12) : (+3 ) = -4

3 CASO: OS DOIS FATORES SO NMEROS INTEIROS NEGATIVOS Exemplo: (-3) . (-6) = -(+3) . (-6) = -(-18) = +18 isto : (-3) . (-6) = +18 Concluso: na multiplicao de nmeros inteiros, temos: ( - ) . ( - ) = + Exemplos: (-4) . (-2) = +8 (-5) . (-4) = +20 As regras dos sinais anteriormente vistas podem ser resumidas na seguinte: (+).(+)=+ (+).(-)=(- ).( -)=+ (-).(+)=Quando um dos fatores o 0 (zero), o produto igual a 0: (+5) . 0 = 0 PRODUTO DE TRS OU MAIS NMEROS INTEIROS Exemplos: 1) (+5 ) . ( -4 ) . (-2 ) . (+3 ) = (-20) . (-2 ) . (+3 ) = (+40) . (+3 ) = +120 2) (-2 ) . ( -1 ) . (+3 ) . (-2 ) = (+2 ) . (+3 ) . (-2 ) = (+6 ) . (-2 ) = -12 Podemos concluir que: Quando o nmero de fatores negativos par, o produto sempre positivo. Quando o nmero de fatores negativos mpar, o produto sempre negativo. PROPRIEDADES DA MULTIPLICAO No conjunto Z dos nmeros inteiros so vlidas as seguintes propriedades: 1) FECHAMENTO Exemplo: (+4 ) . (-2 ) = - 8 Z Ento o produto de dois nmeros inteiros inteiro. 2) ASSOCIATIVA Exemplo: (+2 ) . (-3 ) . (+4 ) Este clculo pode ser feito diretamente, mas tambm podemos faz-lo, agrupando os fatores de duas maneiras: (+2 ) . [(-3 ) . (+4 )] = [(+2 ) . ( -3 )]. (+4 ) (+2 ) . (-12) = (-6 ) . (+4 ) -24 = -24 De modo geral, temos o seguinte: Se a, b, c representam nmeros inteiros quaisquer, ento: a . (b . c) = (a . b) . c 3) ELEMENTO NEUTRO Observe que: (+4 ) . (+1 ) = +4 e (+1 ) . (+4 ) = +4 Qualquer que seja o nmero inteiro a, temos: a . (+1 ) = a e (+1 ) . a = a O nmero inteiro +1 chama-se neutro para a multiplicao. 4) COMUTATIVA Observemos que: (+2). (-4 ) = - 8 e (-4 ) . (+2 ) = - 8 Portanto: (+2 ) . (-4 ) = (-4 ) . (+2 ) Se a e b so nmeros inteiros quaisquer, ento: a . b = b . a, isto , a ordem dos fatores no altera o produto.

35235,('$'(
Como vimos: (+4 ) : (+3 )

Portanto, no vale em Z a propriedade do fechamento para a diviso. Alem disso, tambm no so vlidas as proposies associativa, comutativa e do elemento neutro. POTENCIAO DE NMEROS INTEIROS CONCEITO A notao 3 (+2 ) = (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 )

um produto de trs fatores iguais Analogamente: 4 ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 )

um produto de quatro fatores iguais Portanto potncia um produto de fatores iguais. 2 Na potncia (+5 ) = +25, temos: 9

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
+5 ---------- base 2 ---------- expoente +25 ---------- pot ncia Observaces : 1 1 , (+2 ) = +2 (+2 ) significa +2, isto 1 1 ( -3 ) significa -3, isto , ( -3 ) = -3 CLCULOS O EXPOENTE PAR Calcular as potncias 4 (+2 ) = (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) = +16 4 isto , (+2) = +16 4 ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = +16 4 isto , (-2 ) = +16 4 4 Observamos que: (+2) = +16 e (-2) = +16 Ento, de modo geral, temos a regra: Quando o expoente par, a potncia sempre um nmero positivo. 6 2 Outros exemplos: (-1) = +1 (+3) = +9

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(+2 ) : (+2 ) = (+2 ) = (+2 ) 5 5 e (+2 ) : (+2 ) = 1 0 0 Consequentemente: (+2 ) = 1 ( -4 ) = 1 Qualquer potncia de expoente zero igual a 1. Observao: 2 2 2 No confundir -3 com ( -3 ) , porque -3 significa -( 2 3 ) e portanto 2 2 -3 = -( 3 ) = -9 2 enquanto que: ( -3 ) = ( -3 ) . ( -3 ) = +9 2 ( -3 )2 Logo: -3 CLCULOS O EXPOENTE PAR Calcular as potncias 4 (+2 ) = (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) = 4 +16 isto , (+2) = +16 4 ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = 4 +16 isto , (-2 ) = +16 4 4 Observamos que: (+2) = +16 e (-2) = +16 Ento, de modo geral, temos a regra: Quando o expoente par, a potncia sempre um nmero positivo. 6 2 Outros exemplos: (-1) = +1 (+3) = +9 O EXPOENTE MPAR Exemplos: Calcular as potncias: 3 1) (+2 ) = (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) = +8 3 isto , (+2) = + 8 3 2) ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = -8 3 ou seja, (-2) = -8 Observamos que: (+2 ) = +8 e ( -2 ) = -8 Da, a regra: Quando o expoente mpar, a potncia tem o mesmo sinal da base. 3 4 Outros exemplos: (- 3) = - 27 (+2) = +16 PROPRIEDADES PRODUTO DE POTNCIAS DE MESMA BASE 3 2 3 2 5 Exemplos: (+2 ) . (+2 ) = (+2 ) +2 = (+2 ) 2 3 5 2+3+5 10 ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) Para multiplicar potncias de mesma base, mantemos a base e somamos os expoentes.
3 3 5 5 5-5 0

2 (;32(17( 03$5
Calcular as potncias: 3 (+2 ) = (+2 ) . (+2 ) . (+2 ) = +8 3 isto , (+2) = + 8 3 ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = -8 3 ou seja, (-2) = -8 3 3 Observamos que: (+2 ) = +8 e ( -2 ) = -8 Da, a regra: Quando o expoente mpar, a potncia tem o mesmo sinal da base. 3 4 Outros exemplos: (- 3) = - 27 (+2) = +16 PROPRIEDADES PRODUTO DE POTNCIAS DE MESMA BASE 3 2 3 2 5 Exemplos: (+2 ) . (+2 ) = (+2 ) +2 = (+2 ) 2 3 5 2+3+5 10 = ( -2 ) ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) . ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) Para multiplicar potncias de mesma base, mantemos a base e somamos os expoentes.

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(+2 ) : (+2 ) = (+2 ) = (+2 ) 7 3 7-3 4 ( -2 ) : ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) Para dividir potncias de mesma base em que o expoente do dividendo maior que o expoente do divisor, mantemos a base e subtramos os expoentes.
5 2 5-2 3

3271&,$ '( 3271&,$

[( -4 ) ] = ( -4 ) = ( -4 ) Para calcular uma potncia de potncia, conservamos a base da primeira potncia e multiplicamos os expoentes .
3 5 3.5 15

482&,(17( '( 3271&,$6 '( 0(60$ %$6(

(+2 ) : (+2 ) = (+2 ) = (+2 ) 7 3 7-3 4 ( -2 ) : ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) = ( -2 ) Para dividir potncias de mesma base em que o expoente do dividendo maior que o expoente do divisor, mantemos a base e subtramos os expoentes.
5 2 5-2 3

3271&,$ '( 80 352'872

[( -2 ) . (+3 ) . ( -5 )] = ( -2 ) . (+3 ) . ( -5 ) Para calcular a potncia de um produto, sendo n o expoente, elevamos cada fator ao expoente n.
4 4 4 4

3271&,$ '( 3271&,$

[( -4 ) ] = ( -4 ) = ( -4 ) Para calcular uma potncia de potncia, conservamos a base da primeira potncia e multiplicamos os expoentes .
3 5 3.5 15

3271&,$ '( (;32(17( =(52

Matemtica
10

3271&,$ '( 80 352'872

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
[( -2 ) . (+3 ) . ( -5 )] = ( -2 ) . (+3 ) . ( -5 ) Para calcular a potncia de um produto, sendo n o expoente, elevamos cada fator ao expoente n.
4 4 4 4

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

Um nmero natural primo quando divisvel apenas por dois nmeros distintos: ele prprio e o 1. Exemplos: O nmero 2 primo, pois divisvel apenas por dois nmeros diferentes: ele prprio e o 1. O nmero 5 primo, pois divisvel apenas por dois nmeros distintos: ele prprio e o 1. O nmero natural que divisvel por mais de dois nmeros diferentes chamado composto. O nmero 4 composto, pois divisvel por 1, 2, 4. O nmero 1 no primo nem composto, pois divisvel apenas por um nmero (ele mesmo). O nmero 2 o nico nmero par primo. DECOMPOSIO EM FATORES PRIMOS (FATORAO) Um nmero composto pode ser escrito sob a forma de um produto de fatores primos. Por exemplo, o nmero 60 pode ser escrito na forma: 60 = 2 2 . 2 . 3 . 5 = 2 . 3 . 5 que chamada de forma fatorada. Para escrever um nmero na forma fatorada, devemos decompor esse nmero em fatores primos, procedendo do seguinte modo: Dividimos o nmero considerado pelo menor nmero primo possvel de modo que a diviso seja exata. Dividimos o quociente obtido pelo menor nmero primo possvel. Dividimos, sucessivamente, cada novo quociente pelo menor nmero primo possvel, at que se obtenha o quociente 1. Exemplo: 60 0 2 30 0 2 15 5 3 0 5 1 Portanto: 60 = 2 . 2 . 3 . 5 Na prtica, costuma-se traar uma barra vertical direita do nmero e, direita dessa barra, escrever os divisores primos; abaixo do nmero escrevem-se os quocientes obtidos. A decomposio em fatores primos estar terminada quando o ltimo quociente for igual a 1. Exemplo: 60 2 30 2 15 3 5 5 1 Logo: 60 = 2 . 2 . 3 . 5 DIVISORES DE UM NMERO Consideremos o nmero 12 e vamos determinar todos os seus divisores Uma maneira de obter esse resultado escrever os nmeros naturais de 1 a 12 e verificar se cada um ou no divisor de 12, assinalando os divisores. 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 = = = = = = Indicando por D(12) (l-se: "D de 12) o conjunto dos divisores do nmero 12, temos: 11

3271&,$ '( (;32(17( =(52

(+2 ) : (+2 ) = (+2 ) = (+2 ) 5 5 e (+2 ) : (+2 ) = 1 0 0 Consequentemente: (+2 ) = 1 ( -4 ) = 1 Qualquer potncia de expoente zero igual a 1. 2 2 2 Observao: No confundir-3 com (-3) , porque -3 2 2 2 significa -( 3 ) e portanto: -3 = -( 3 ) = -9 2 enquanto que: ( -3 ) = ( -3 ) . ( -3 ) = +9 2 ( -3 )2 Logo: -3
5 5 5-5 0

MLTIPLOS E DIVISORES, MXIMO DIVISOR COMUM E MNIMO MLTIPLO COMUM.

NMEROS PARES E MPARES Os pitagricos estudavam natureza dos nmeros, e baseado nesta natureza criaram sua filosofia e modo de vida. Vamos definir nmeros pares e mpares de acordo com a concepo pitagrica: par o nmero que pode ser dividido em duas partes iguais, sem que uma unidade fique no meio, e mpar aquele que no pode ser dividido em duas partes iguais, porque sempre h uma unidade no meio Uma outra caracterizao, nos mostra a preocupao com natureza dos nmeros: nmero par aquele que tanto pode ser dividido em duas partes iguais como em partes desiguais, mas de forma tal que em nenhuma destas divises haja uma mistura da natureza par com a natureza mpar, nem da mpar com a par. Isto tem uma nica exceo, que o princpio do par, o nmero 2, que no admite a diviso em partes desiguais, porque ele formado por duas unidades e, se isto pode ser dito, do primeiro nmero par, 2. Para exemplificar o texto acima, considere o nmero 10, que par, pode ser dividido como a soma de 5 e 5, mas tambm como a soma de 7 e 3 (que so ambos mpares) ou como a soma de 6 e 4 (ambos so pares); mas nunca como a soma de um nmero par e outro mpar. J o nmero 11, que mpar pode ser escrito como soma de 8 e 3, um par e um mpar. Atualmente, definimos nmeros pares como sendo o nmero que ao ser dividido por dois tm resto zero e nmeros mpares aqueles que ao serem divididos por dois tm resto diferente de zero. Por exemplo, 12 dividido por 2 tm resto zero, portanto 12 par. J o nmero 13 ao ser dividido por 2 deixa resto 1, portanto 13 mpar.

MLTIPLOS E DIVISORES DIVISIBILIDADE Um nmero divisvel por 2 quando termina em 0, 2, 4, 6 ou 8. Ex.: O nmero 74 divisvel por 2, pois termina em 4. Um nmero divisvel por 3 quando a soma dos valores absolutos dos seus algarismos um nmero divisvel por 3. Ex.: 123 divisvel por 3, pois 1+2+3 = 6 e 6 divisvel por 3 Um nmero divisvel por 5 quando o algarismo das unidades 0 ou 5 (ou quando termina em o ou 5). Ex.: O nmero 320 divisvel por 5, pois termina em 0. Um nmero divisvel por 10 quando o algarismo das unidades 0 (ou quando termina em 0). Ex.: O nmero 500 divisvel por 10, pois termina em 0. NMEROS PRIMOS

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D (12) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} Na prtica, a maneira mais usada a seguinte: 1) Decompomos em fatores primos o nmero considerado. 12 2 6 2 3 3 1 2) Colocamos um trao vertical ao lado os fatores primos e, sua direita e acima, escrevemos o numero 1 que divisor de todos os nmeros. 1 12 2 6 2 3 3 1 3) Multiplicamos o fator primo 2 pelo divisor 1 e escrevemos o produto obtido na linha correspondente. x1 12 2 2 6 2 3 3 1 4) Multiplicamos, a seguir, cada fator primo pelos divisores j obtidos, escrevendo os produtos nas linhas correspondentes, sem repeti-los. x1 12 2 2 6 2 4 3 3 1 x1 12 2 2 6 2 4 3 3 3, 6, 12 1 Os nmeros obtidos direita dos fatores primos so os divisores do nmero considerado. Portanto: D(12) = { 1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 12} Exemplos: 1) 1 18 2 2 9 3 3, 6 D(18) = {1, 2 , 3, 6, 9, 18} 3 3 9, 18 1 2) 1 30 2 2 15 3 3, 6 5 5 5, 10, 15, 30 1 D(30) = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30} MXIMO DIVISOR COMUM Recebe o nome de mximo divisor comum de dois ou mais nmeros o maior dos divisores comuns a esses nmeros. Um mtodo prtico para o clculo do M.D.C. de dois nmeros o chamado mtodo das divises sucessivas (ou algoritmo de Euclides), que consiste das etapas seguintes: 1) Divide-se o maior dos nmeros pelo menor. Se a diviso for exata, o M.D.C. entre esses nmeros o menor deles. 2) Se a diviso no for exata, divide-se o divisor (o menor dos dois nmeros) pelo resto obtido na diviso anterior, e,

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assim, sucessivamente, at se obter resto zero. 0 ultimo divisor, assim determinado, ser o M.D.C. dos nmeros considerados. Exemplo: Calcular o M.D.C. (24, 32) 32 8 24 1 24 0 8 3

Resposta: M.D.C. (24, 32) = 8 MNIMO MLTIPLO COMUM Recebe o nome de mnimo mltiplo comum de dois ou mais nmeros o menor dos mltiplos (diferente de zero) comuns a esses nmeros. O processo prtico para o clculo do M.M.C de dois ou mais nmeros, chamado de decomposio em fatores primos, consiste das seguintes etapas: 1) Decompem-se em fatores primos os nmeros apresentados. 2) Determina-se o produto entre os fatores primos comuns e no-comuns com seus maiores expoentes. Esse produto o M.M.C procurado. Exemplos: Calcular o M.M.C (12, 18) Decompondo em fatores primos esses nmeros, temos: 12 2 6 2 3 3 1 12 = 2 . 3
2

18 2 9 3 3 3 1

18 = 2 . 3 2 2 Resposta: M.M.C (12, 18) = 2 . 3 = 36 Observao: Esse processo prtico costuma ser simplificado fazendo-se uma decomposio simultnea dos nmeros. Para isso, escrevem-se os nmeros, um ao lado do outro, separando-os por vrgula, e, direita da barra vertical, colocada aps o ltimo nmero, escrevem-se os fatores primos comuns e no-comuns. 0 calculo estar terminado quando a ltima linha do dispositivo for composta somente pelo nmero 1. O M.M.C dos nmeros apresentados ser o produto dos fatores. Exemplo: Calcular o M.M.C (36, 48, 60) 36, 48, 60 2 18, 24, 30 2 9, 12, 15 2 9, 6, 15 2 9, 3, 15 3 3, 1, 5 3 1, 1 5 5 1, 1, 1 4 2 Resposta: M.M.C (36, 48, 60) = 2 . 3 . 5 = 720 RAZ QUADRADA EXATA DE NMEROS INTEIROS CONCEITO Consideremos o seguinte problema: Descobrir os nmeros inteiros cujo quadrado +25. 2 2 Soluo: (+5 ) = +25 e ( -5 ) =+25 Resposta: + 5 e - 5 Os nmeros +5 e -5 chamam-se razes quadradas de +25. Outros exemplos: 12

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Nmero +9 +16 +1 +64 +81 +49 +36 O smbolo Razes quadradas + 3 e -3 + 4 e -4 + 1 e -1 + 8 e -8 + 9 e -9 + 7 e -7 +6 e -6

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2 ETAPA: a) efetuamos o que est entre colchetes [ ] b) eliminamos os colchetes 3 ETAPA: a) efetuamos o que est entre chaves { } b) eliminamos as chaves Em cada etapa, as operaes devem ser efetuadas na seguinte ordem: 1) Potenciao e radiciao na ordem em que aparecem. 2) Multiplicao e diviso na ordem em que aparecem. 3) Adio e subtrao na ordem em que aparecem. Exemplos: 1) 2 + 7 . (-3 + 4) = 2 + 7 . (+1) = 2+7 =9 2) (-1 ) + (-2 ) : (+2 ) = -1+ (+4) : (+2 ) = -1 + (+2 ) = -1 + 2 = +1 -(-4 +1) [-(3 +1)] = -(-3) - [-4 ] = +3 + 4 = 7 2( -3 1) +3 . ( -1 3) + 4 2 3 -2 . ( -4 ) + 3 . ( - 4 ) + 4 = -2 . (+16) + 3 . (- 64) + 4 = -32 192 + 4 = -212 + 4 = - 208 (-288) : (-12) - (-125) : ( -5 ) = (-288) : (+144) - (-125) : (+25) = (-2 ) - (- 5 ) = -2 + 5 = +3 (-10 - 8) : (+6 ) - (-25) : (-2 + 7 ) = (-18) : (+6 ) - (-25) : (+5 ) = -3 - (- 5) = - 3 + 5 = +2 5 : (+25) - (-4 ) : 2 - 1 = -25 : (+25) - (+16) : 16 - 1 = -1 - (+1) 1 = -1 -1 1 = -3 2 . ( -3 ) + (-40) : (+2) - 2 = 2 . (+9 ) + (-40) : (+8 ) - 4 = +18 + (-5) - 4 = + 18 - 9 = +9 CONJUNTO DOS NMEROS RACIONAIS (Q) Os nmeros racionais so representados por um numeral em forma de frao ou razo,
2 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 2

25 significa a raiz quadrada de 25, isto

= +5 , ento:

25 = +5
Como

25

25 = 5

Agora, consideremos este problema. Qual ou quais os nmeros inteiros cujo quadrado -25? 2 2 Soluo: (+5 ) = +25 e (-5 ) = +25 Resposta: no existe nmero inteiro cujo quadrado seja -25, isto , 25 no existe no conjunto Z dos nmeros inteiros. Concluso: os nmeros inteiros positivos tm, como raiz quadrada, um nmero positivo, os nmeros inteiros negativos no tm raiz quadrada no conjunto Z dos nmeros inteiros. RADICIAO A raiz n-sima de um nmero b um nmero a tal que a = b.
n
5
n

3)

b =aa =b
n

4)

32 = 2
ndice 5 radicando pois 2 = 32 raiz 5)

5 32

2 Outros exemplos :
3 3

radical 6)

= 2 pois 2 = 8

8 = - 2 pois ( -2 )3 = -8
0, b

PROPRIEDADES (para a 1) 2) 3)
m
n

15

0)

7)

an =

m: p

a n: p

310 = 3 3 2
6 = 2 3
8)
4 5 5 =4 16 16
5

a b = n a n b a:b = n a :n b
n

4) 5)

( a)
m m n

= m an

( x)
3 6

= 3 x5

a = mn a

3 = 12 3

EXPRESSES NUMRICAS
EXPRESSES NUMRICAS COM NMEROS INTEIROS ENVOLVENDO AS QUATRO OPERAES Para calcular o valor de uma expresso numrica com nmeros inteiros, procedemos por etapas. 1 ETAPA: a) efetuamos o que est entre parnteses ( ) b) eliminamos os parnteses

a , sendo a e b nmeros b

naturais, com a condio de b ser diferente de zero. 1. NMERO FRACIONARIO. A todo par ordenado (a, b) de nmeros naturais, sendo b 0, corresponde um nmero fracionrio

a b

.O termo a chama-se numerador e

o termo b denominador. 2. TODO NMERO NATURAL pode ser representado por uma frao de denominador 1. Logo, possvel reunir tanto os nmeros naturais como os fracionrios num nico 13

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APOSTILAS OPO
conjunto, denominado conjunto dos nmeros racionais absolutos, ou simplesmente conjunto dos nmeros racionais Q. Qual seria a definio de um nmero racional absoluto ou simplesmente racional? A definio depende das seguintes consideraes: a) O nmero representado por uma frao no muda de valor quando multiplicamos ou dividimos tanto o numerador como o denominador por um mesmo nmero natural, diferente de zero. Exemplos: usando um novo smbolo: o smbolo de equivalncia para fraes

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f) fraes iguais: so as que possuem os termos iguais

3 3 = , 4 4

8 8 = , etc. 5 5

g) forma mista de uma frao: o nome dado ao numeral formado por uma parte natural e uma parte fracionria;

4 4 2 A parte natural 2 e a parte fracionria . 7 7

h) irredutvel: aquela que no pode ser mais simplificada, por ter seus termos primos entre si.

2 3

25 35

10 15

10 2 15 2

20 30

3 , 4

3 5 , etc. , 12 7

b) Classe de equivalncia. o conjunto de todas as fraes equivalentes a uma frao dada.

3 6 9 12 , , , , 1 2 3 4

(classe de equivalncia da frao:

3 ) 1

4. PARA SIMPLIFICAR UMA FRAO, desde que no possua termos primos entre si, basta dividir os dois ternos pelo seu divisor comum.

8 12

8:4 12 : 4

2 3

Agora j podemos definir nmero racional : nmero racional aquele definido por uma classe de equivalncia da qual cada frao um representante. NMERO RACIONAL NATURAL ou NMERO NATURAL:

5. COMPARAO DE FRAES. Para comparar duas ou mais fraes quaisquer primeiramente convertemos em fraes equivalentes de mesmo denominador. De duas fraes que tm o mesmo denominador, a maior a que tem maior numerador. Logo:

0=

0 0 = = 1 2

6
(definido pela classe de equiva-

12

<

8 12

<

9 12

1 2

<

2 3

<

3 4

lncia que representa o mesmo nmero racional 0)

1 2 1 = = = 1 2

(definido pela classe de equiva-

(ordem crescente) De duas fraes que tm o mesmo numerador, a maior a que tem menor denominador. Exemplo:

lncia que representa o mesmo nmero racional 1) e assim por diante. NMERO RACIONAL FRACIONRIO ou NMERO FRACIONRIO:

7 2

>

7 5

FRAES fraes equivalentes, nmeros fracionrios, operaes com fraes.

ADIO E SUBTRAO A soma ou a diferena de duas fraes uma outra frao, cujo calculo recai em um dos dois casos seguintes: 1 CASO: Fraes com mesmo denominador. Observemos as figuras seguintes:

1 2 3 = = = (definido pela classe de equivalncia 2 4 6

que representa o mesmo nmero racional 1/2). NOMES DADOS S FRAES DIVERSAS a) Decimais: quando tm como denominador 10 ou uma potncia de 10

10 100

, etc.

b) prprias: aquelas que representam quantidades menores do que 1.

1 3 2 , , , etc. 2 4 7
c) imprprias: as que indicam quantidades iguais ou maiores que 1.

5 8 9 , , , etc. 5 1 5
d) aparentes: todas as que simbolizam um nmero natural.

Indicamos por:

3 6

2 6

5 6

20 = 5, 4

8 = 4 , etc. 2

e) ordinrias: o nome geral dado a todas as fraes, com exceo daquelas que possuem como denomina2 3 dor 10, 10 , 10 ...

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APOSTILAS OPO

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a) = = 2 15 15 15 2+7+3 15 12 15 = 4 5
= 53 24

3 5 1 1 b) + + + = 4 6 8 2 = = 18 20 3 12 + + + = 24 24 24 24 18+ 20+ 3 + 12 24 =

Havendo nmero misto, devemos transform-lo em frao imprpria: Exemplo: Indicamos por:

5 6

2 6

3 6

Assim, para adicionar ou subtrair fraes de mesmo denominador, procedemos do seguinte modo: adicionamos ou subtramos os numeradores e mantemos o denominador comum. simplificamos o resultado, sempre que possvel. Exemplos:

1 5 1 + +3 = 3 12 6 7 5 19 + + = 3 12 6
28 12 + 5 12 + 38 12 = = 71 12

28 + 5 + 38 12

3 5 4 9 7 6 2 7

+ +

1 5 8 9 3 6 2 7

= = = =

3 +1 5 4+8 9 73 6 22 7

= = = =

4 5 12 9 4 6 0 7 = 4 3

2 3

Se a expresso apresenta os sinais de parnteses ( ), colchetes [ ] e chaves { }, observamos a mesma ordem: 1) efetuamos as operaes no interior dos parnteses; 2) as operaes no interior dos colchetes; 3) as operaes no interior das chaves. Exemplos:

=0

1)

Observao: A subtrao s pode ser efetuada quando o minuendo maior que o subtraendo, ou igual a ele. 2 CASO: Fraes com denominadores diferentes: Neste caso, para adicionar ou subtrair fraes com denominadores diferentes, procedemos do seguinte modo: Reduzimos as fraes ao mesmo denominador. Efetuamos a operao indicada, de acordo com o caso anterior. Simplificamos o resultado (quando possvel). Exemplos:

2 3 5 4 + = 3 4 2 2 9 1 8 = + = 12 12 2
= = = 17 12 17 12 11 12 1 2 6 12 = =

1) = = =

1 3 4

2 4

= 6 =

2) = = =

5 8 15 24

3 6

= = =

3 1 2 3 2)5 1 + = 2 3 3 4 9 2 5 3 = 5 + = 6 6 3 4
= 5

12

12 24

12 = 5 6

4+6 12 10 12 =

15 + 12 24 27 24 = 9 8

7 20 9 + = 6 12 12

Observaes: Para adicionar mais de duas fraes, reduzimos todas ao mesmo denominador e, em seguida, efetuamos a operao. Exemplos.

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APOSTILAS OPO
= = = =

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dividir o numerador por mesmo nmero diferente de zero. Ex:

30 7 29 = 6 6 12
23 6 46 12 17 12
NMEROS RACIONAIS

29 12 29 12

1 2 2 = ou 2 2 4

1 3 3 . = 2 3 6

= =

Para simplificar fraes devemos dividir o numerador e o denominador, por um mesmo nmero diferente de zero. Quando no for mais possvel efetuar as divises dizemos que a frao irredutvel. Exemplo:

18 2 9 3 : = = 12 2 6 6 1 3 e Exemplo: 3 4
Calcular o M.M.C. (3,4):

Frao Irredutvel ou Simplificada

M.M.C.(3,4) = 12

1 3 (12 : 3 ) 1 e = e 3 4 12
Um crculo foi dividido em duas partes iguais. Dizemos que uma unidade dividida em duas partes iguais e indicamos 1/2. onde: 1 = numerador e 2 = denominador

(12 : 4 ) 3 temos:
12

4 9 e 12 12

4 1 A frao equivalente a . 12 3
A frao

3 9 equivalente . 4 12

Exerccios: 1) Achar trs fraes equivalentes s seguintes fraes: 1) Um crculo dividido em 3 partes iguais indicamos (das trs partes hachuramos 2). Quando o numerador menor que o denominador temos uma frao prpria. Observe: Observe:

1 4 2 3 4 , , 8 12 16

2) 2)

2 3 4 6 8 , , 6 9 12

Respostas: 1)

Comparao de fraes a) Fraes de denominadores iguais. Se duas fraes tem denominadores iguais a maior ser aquela: que tiver maior numerador. Ex.:

3 1 > 4 4

ou

1 3 < 4 4

b) Fraes com numeradores iguais Se duas fraes tiverem numeradores iguais, a menor ser aquela que tiver maior denominador. Quando o numerador maior que o denominador temos uma frao imprpria. Fraes Equivalentes Duas ou mais fraes so equivalentes, quando representam a mesma quantidade. Ex.:

7 7 > 4 5

ou

7 7 < 5 4

c) Fraes com numeradores e denominadores receptivamente diferentes. Reduzimos ao mesmo denominador e depois comparamos. Exemplos:

2 1 denominadores iguais (ordem decrescente) > 3 3 4 4 numeradores iguais (ordem crescente) > 5 3
SIMPLIFICAO DE FRAES Para simplificar fraes devemos dividir o numerador e o denominador por um nmero diferente de zero. Quando no for mais possvel efetuar as divises, dizemos que a frao irredutvel. Exemplo:

1 2 3 = = Dizemos que: 2 4 6
Para obter fraes equivalentes, devemos multiplicar ou

18 : 2 9 : 3 3 = = 12 : 2 6 : 3 2
Frao irredutvel ou simplificada. 16

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Exerccios: Simplificar Respostas: 1) 1)

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9 12
2) 2)

36 45

1)

2 5 1 + + 7 7 7
1)

2)

5 1 6 6
2)

3)

2 1 1 + 3 4 3
3)

3 4

4 5

Respostas:

8 7

4 2 = 6 3

7 12

REDUO DE FRAES AO MENOR DENOMINADOR COMUM Ex.:

Multiplicao de Fraes Para multiplicar duas ou mais fraes devemos multiplicar os numeradores das fraes entre si, assim como os seus denominadores. Exemplo:

1 3 e 3 4

Calcular o M.M.C. (3,4) = 12

1 3 e 3 4

(12 : 3 ) 1
12

(12 : 4 ) 3
12

temos:

2 3 2 3 6 3 . = x = = 5 4 5 4 20 10
Exerccios: Calcular: 1)

4 9 e 12 12 4 3 1 A frao equivalente a . A frao equiva12 4 3 9 lente . 12

Exemplo:

2 5 5 4

2)

2 3 4 5 2 3
2)

3)

1 3 2 1 + 5 5 3 3
3)

Respostas: 1)

10 5 = 12 6

24 4 = 30 5

4 15

Diviso de fraes Para dividir duas fraes conserva-se a primeira e multiplica-se pelo inverso da Segunda. Exemplo:

2 4 ? numeradores diferentes e denominado3 5

res diferentes m.m.c.(3, 5) = 15

(15 : 3).2 (15.5).4 10 12 = (ordem crescente) ? < 15 15 15 15

Exerccios: Colocar em ordem crescente: 1)

4 2 4 3 12 6 : = . = = 5 3 5 2 10 5 8 6 : 15 25
3)

Exerccios. Calcular: 1)

2 2 e 5 3

2)

5 4 e 3 3

3)

5 2 4 , e 6 3 5

4 2 : 3 9

2)

2 3 4 1 + : 5 5 3 3

Respostas: 1) 6

2)

Respostas:

20 9

3) 1

2 2 < 5 3 4 5 3 < < 3 6 2

1)

2)

4 5 < 3 3

3)

Potenciao de Fraes Eleva o numerador e o denominador ao expoente dado. Exemplo:

Operaes com fraes 1) Adio e Subtrao a) Com denominadores iguais somam-se ou subtraemse os numeradores e conserva-se o denominador comum. Ex:

23 8 2 = 3 = 27 3 3
Exerccios. Efetuar: 1)

2 5 1 2 + 5 +1 8 + + = = 3 3 3 3 3

3 4

2) 1)

1 2 9 16

3) 2)

4 1 3 2 119 72

4 3 43 1 = = 5 5 5 5
b) Com denominadores diferentes reduz ao mesmo denominador depois soma ou subtrai. Ex:

Respostas:

1 16

3)

Radiciao de Fraes Extrai raiz do numerador e do denominador. Exemplo:

1 3 2 1) + + = 2 4 3

M.M.C.. (2, 4, 3) = 12

4 = 9

4 9 16 25

2 3 9 1 + 16 2
2

(12 : 2).1 + (12 : 4).3 + (12.3).2 6 + 9 + 8 23 = = 12 12 12 4 2 = M.M.C.. (3,9) = 9 2) 3 9 (9 : 3).4 - (9 : 9).2 12 - 2 10 = = 9 9 9

Exerccios. Calcular:

Exerccios. Efetuar: 1)

1 9

2)

3)

Respostas: 1)

1 3

2)

4 5

3) 1

NMEROS DECIMAIS
Toda frao com denominador 10, 100, 1000,...etc, chama-se frao decimal. 17

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APOSTILAS OPO
Ex:

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3) 83,7 + 0,53 - 15, 3 Respostas: 1) 36,128 2) 20,97 3) 68,93

3 4 7 , etc , , 10 100 100

Escrevendo estas fraes na forma decimal temos:

3 = trs dcimos, 10 4 = quatro centsimos 100 7 = sete milsimos 1000

Escrevendo estas fraes na forma decimal temos:

Multiplicao com nmeros decimais Multiplicam-se dois nmeros decimais como se fossem inteiros e separam-se os resultados a partir da direita, tantas casas decimais quantos forem os algarismos decimais dos nmeros dados. Exemplo: 5,32 x 3,8 5,32 x 3,8 4256 1596+ 20,216 3 casas aps a vrgula Exerccios. Efetuar as operaes: 1) 2,41 . 6,3 2) 173,4 . 3,5 + 5 . 4,6 3) 31,2 . 0,753 Respostas: 1) 15,183 2) 629,9 3) 23,4936 Diviso de nmeros decimais Igualamos as casas decimais entre o dividendo e o divisor e quando o dividendo for menor que o divisor acrescentamos um zero antes da vrgula no quociente. Ex.: a) 3:4 3 30 20 0 b) 4,6:2 4,6 0 Obs.: Para transformar qualquer frao em nmero decimal basta dividir o numerador pelo denominador. Ex.: 2/5 = 2 20 5 0,4 ento 2/5=0,4 2,0 = 46 20 60 2,3 4 0,75 2 casas, 1 casa aps a virgula

3 =0,3 10 34 1) = 3,4 10

4 = 0,04 100

7 = 0,007 1000

Outros exemplos:

635 2187 2) = 6,35 3) =218,7 100 10

Note que a vrgula caminha da direita para a esquerda, a quantidade de casas deslocadas a mesma quantidade de zeros do denominador. Exerccios. Representar em nmeros decimais: 1)

35 10
1) 3,5

2)

473 100

3)

430 1000

Respostas:

2) 4,73 3) 0,430

LEITURA DE UM NMERO DECIMAL Ex.:

Exerccios 1) Transformar as fraes em nmeros decimais. Operaes com nmeros decimais Adio e Subtrao Coloca-se vrgula sob virgula e somam-se ou subtraemse unidades de mesma ordem. Exemplo 1: 10 + 0,453 + 2,832 10,000 + 0,453 2,832 13,285 Exemplo 2: 47,3 - 9,35 47,30 9,35 37,95 Exerccios. Efetuar as operaes: 1) 0,357 + 4,321 + 31,45 2) 114,37 - 93,4 a)

1 5
c)

b)

4 5

1 4
b) 0,8 c)

Respostas: a) 0,2 0,25

2) Efetuar as operaes: a) 1,6 : 0,4 b) 25,8 : 0,2 c) 45,6 : 1,23 d) 178 : 4,5-3,4.1/2 e) 235,6 : 1,2 + 5 . 3/4 Respostas: a) 4 b) 129 c) 35,07 d) 37,855

e) 200,0833....

Multiplicao de um nmero decimal por 10, 100, 1000 18

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APOSTILAS OPO
Para tornar um nmero decimal 10, 100, 1000..... vezes maior, desloca-se a vrgula para a direita, respectivamente, uma, duas, trs, . . . casas decimais. 2,75 x 10 = 27,5 6,50 x 100 = 650 0,125 x 100 = 12,5 2,780 x 1.000 = 2.780 0,060 x 1.000 = 60 0,825 x 1.000 = 825 DIVISO Para dividir os nmeros decimais, procede-se assim: iguala-se o nmero de casas decimais; suprimem-se as vrgulas; efetua-se a diviso como se fossem nmeros inteiros. Exemplos: 6 : 0,15 = 6,00 0,15

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

2) 12,75 L-se: "doze inteiros e setenta e cinco centsimos". L-se: "oito inteiros e trezentos e nove milsimos''.

3)

8,309

Observaes: 1) Quando a parte inteira zero, apenas a parte decimal lida. Exemplos: a) 0,5 - L-se: "cinco dcimos". - L-se: "trinta e oito centsimos". - L-se: "quatrocentos e vinte e um milsimos".

b)

0,38

Igualam se as casas decimais. Cortam-se as vrgulas. 7,85 : 5 = 7,85 : 5,00 785 : 500 = 1,57 Dividindo 785 por 500 obtm-se quociente 1 e resto 285 Como 285 menor que 500, acrescenta-se uma vrgula ao quociente e zeros ao resto 2 : 4 0,5 Como 2 no divisvel por 4, coloca-se zero e vrgula no quociente e zero no dividendo 0,35 : 7 = 0,350 7,00 350 : 700 = 0,05 Como 35 no divisvel por 700, coloca-se zero e vrgula no quociente e um zero no dividendo. Como 350 no divisvel por 700, acrescenta-se outro zero ao quociente e outro ao dividendo Diviso de um nmero decimal por 10, 100, 1000 Para tornar um nmero decimal 10, 100, 1000, .... vezes menor, desloca-se a vrgula para a esquerda, respectivamente, uma, duas, trs, ... casas decimais. Exemplos: 25,6 : 10 = 2,56 04 : 10 = 0,4 315,2 : 100 = 3,152 018 : 100 = 0,18 0042,5 : 1.000 = 0,0425 0015 : 1.000 = 0,015 milhar cente- deze- Unidade dcina na mo simples centsimo milsimo

c)

0,421

2) Um nmero decimal no muda o seu valor se acrescentarmos ou suprimirmos zeros direita do ltimo algarismo. Exemplo: 0,5 = 0,50 = 0,500 = 0,5000 " ....... 3) Todo nmero natural pode ser escrito na forma de nmero decimal, colocando-se a vrgula aps o ltimo algarismo e zero (ou zeros) a sua direita. Exemplos: 34 = 34,00... 176 = 176,00... CONJUNTO DOS NMEROS REAIS (R) CORRESPONDNCIA ENTRE NMEROS E PONTOS DA RETA, ORDEM, VALOR ABSOLUTO H nmeros que no admitem representao decimal finita nem representao decimal infinita e peridico, como, por exemplo: = 3,14159265...

2 = 1,4142135... 3 = 1,7320508... 5 = 2,2360679...

Estes nmeros no so racionais:

Q,

2 Q,

1 000

100

10

0,1

0,01

0,001

3 Q, 5 Q; e, por isso mesmo, so chamados de irracionais. Podemos ento definir os irracionais como sendo aqueles nmeros que possuem uma representao decimal infinita e no peridico. Chamamos ento de conjunto dos nmeros reais, e indicamos com R, o seguinte conjunto:
R= { x | x racional ou x irracional} Como vemos, o conjunto R a unio do conjunto dos nmeros racionais com o conjunto dos nmeros irracionais. Usaremos o smbolo estrela (*) quando quisermos indicar que o nmero zero foi excludo de um conjunto. Exemplo: N* = { 1; 2; 3; 4; ... }; o zero foi excludo de N. Usaremos o smbolo mais (+) quando quisermos indicar que os nmeros negativos foram excludos de um conjunto. Exemplo: Z+ = { 0; 1; 2; ... } ; os negativos foram excludos de Z. Usaremos o smbolo menos (-) quando quisermos indicar que os nmeros positivos foram excludos de um 19

LEITURA DE UM NMERO DECIMAL Procedemos do seguinte modo: 1) Lemos a parte inteira (como um nmero natural). 2) Lemos a parte decimal (como um nmero natural), acompanhada de uma das palavras: dcimos, se houver uma ordem (ou casa) decimal centsimos, se houver duas ordens decimais; milsimos, se houver trs ordens decimais. Exemplos: L-se: "um inteiro e dois dcimos".

1)

1,2

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APOSTILAS OPO
conjunto. Exemplo: Z = { . .. ; - 2; - 1; 0 } ; os positivos foram excludos de Z. Algumas vezes combinamos o smbolo (*) com o smbolo (+) ou com o smbolo (-). Exemplos

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, pois 0 N e 0 Z * . , pois N = Z + , pois todo nmero natural tambm racional. , pois h nmeros racionais que no so inteiros 2 como por exemplo, . 3 , pois todo racional positivo tambm real positivo.
Exerccios propostos: 1. Completar com ou a) b) 0 0 7 7 7

Z* = ( 1; 2; 3; ... ) ; o zero e os negativos foram

excludos de Z.

Z* + = { ... ; - 3; - 2; - 1 } ; o zero e os positivos foram

excludos de Z. Exerccios resolvidos 1. Completar com ou : a) 5 Z g)

g) h) i) j)

7 1 7 72 7

* Q+

3
4

Q*
c)

N*
Z Z+ Q Q

Q Q R*

b)

* Z

h)

Q
Q-

d) e) f)

c)

3,2

Z* +
Z
Z

i)

( 2)2
2

d)

1 4
4 1

j)

1 7

2. Completar com k)

ou

e)

R-

f)

a) 3 b) 3,1 c) 3,14

Q Q Q

Q d) e) 3,141414... Q

Resoluo , pois 5 positivo. , pois 5 positivo e os positivos foram excludos de

3. Completar com

ou :
d) e)

* Z+

N* N Q

* Z

R R+

3,2 no inteiro. 1 , pois no inteiro. 4 4 , pois = 4 inteiro. 1 , pois , pois , pois , pois , pois , pois

* Z

Z R+

2 no racional. 3 no racional 4 = 2 racional

4. Usando diagramas de Euler-Venn, represente os conjuntos N, Z, Q e R . Respostas: e) 1. a) i) f) b) j) g) c) h) d) 2. a) b) a) b)

d)
c) c) d)

e)

( 2)2
2 real.

4 = 2 positivo, e os
Q .

3.

positivos foram excludos de

e)

4.

4 = 2 positivo, e os positivos foram R 2. Completar com ou :

excludos de a) b)

N
N

Z*
Z+ Q

d)

Z
* R+

* e) Q +

c) N Resoluo:

Reta num rica Uma maneira prtica de representar os nmeros reais atravs da reta real. Para constru-la, desenhamos uma reta e, sobre ela, escolhemos, a nosso gosto, um ponto origem que representar o nmero zero; a seguir escolhemos, tambm a nosso gosto, porm direita da origem, um 20

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
ponto para representar a unidade, ou seja, o nmero um. Ento, a distncia entre os pontos mencionados ser a unidade de medida e, com base nela, marcamos, ordenadamente, os nmeros positivos direita da origem e os nmeros negativos sua esquerda.

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b) c) d) 8. a) b) c) d) 9. entre dois racionais existe sempre um racional. entre dois inteiros existe um nico inteiro. entre dois racionais existe apenas um racional. Podemos afirmar que: a, b N a - b N a, b N a : b N a, b R a + b R a, b Z a : b Z Considere as seguintes sentenas: I) 7 irracional. 0,777... irracional. 2 a) b) c) d) 10.

EXERCCIOS 1. Dos conjuntos a seguir, o nico cujos elementos so todos nmeros racionais : a)

1 , 2

2, 3, 5, 4 2

c) b) d)

{ {

2 , 0, 1, 7

2,

3, 2, 2, 0

0,

9,

} 4 , 5, 7 }

2 racional.
Podemos afirmar que: l falsa e II e III so verdadeiros. I verdadeiro e II e III so falsas. I e II so verdadeiras e III falsa. I e II so falsas e III verdadeira.

2. Se

5 irracional, ento: m , com n 0 e m, n N. n m , com n 0 e m, n

Considere as seguintes sentenas: I) A soma de dois nmeros naturais sempre um nmero natural. II) O produto de dois nmeros inteiros sempre um nmero inteiro. III) O quociente de dois nmeros inteiros sempre um nmero inteiro. Podemos afirmar que: a) apenas I verdadeiro. b) apenas II verdadeira. c) apenas III falsa. d) todas so verdadeiras.

5 escreve-se na forma 5 pode ser racional

5 jamais se escreve sob a forma

n N. 2 5 racional

3. Sendo N, Z, Q e R, respectivamente, os conjuntos dos naturais, inteiros, racionais e reais, podemos escrever: a) x N x R c) Z Q b) x Q x Z d) R Z 4. Dado o conjunto A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }, podemos afirmar que: x A x primo x A | x maior que 7 x A x mltiplo de 3 x A | x par nenhuma das anteriores 5. Assinale a alternativa correta: Os nmeros decimais peridicos so irracionais Existe uma correspondncia biunvoca entre os pontos da reta numerada, e o conjunto Q. Entre dois nmeros racional existem infinitos nmeros racionais. O conjunto dos nmeros irracionais finito Podemos afirmar que: todo real racional. todo real irracional. nenhum irracional racional. algum racional irracional. Podemos afirmar que: entre dois inteiros existe um inteiro. 21

11. Assinale a alternativa correta: a) R N c) Q N b) Z R d) N { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } 12. Assinale a alternativa correto: a) O quociente de dois nmero, racionais sempre um nmero inteiro. b) Existem nmeros Inteiros que no so nmeros reais. c) A soma de dois nmeros naturais sempre um nmero inteiro. d) A diferena entre dois nmeros naturais sempre um nmero natural. 13. O seguinte subconjunto dos nmeros reais

6. a) b) c) d) 7. a)

a) b) 14.

escrito em linguagem simblica : { x R | 3< x < 15 } c) { x R | 3 x 15 } { x R | 3 x < 15 } d) { x R | 3< x 15 }

Assinale a alternativa falsa: R* = { x R | x < 0 ou x >0} b) 3 Q c) Existem nmeros inteiros que no so nmeros naturais.

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

2) c 3) a 4) e 6) c 7) b 8) c 10) c 11) b 12) c 14) d 15) d 16) b 18) b 19) a 20) b 22) b 23) c 24) d

d) presentao de { x R | x 7 } 15. a) b) 16. ros: a) b) O nmero irracional : 0,3333... 345,777... O smbolo e)

re-

NMEROS REAIS

4 5
d)

representa o conjunto dos nmec) irracional. d) reais positivos.

reais no positivos reais negativos

17. Os possveis valores de a e de b para que a nmero a + b 5 seja irracional, so: a) c) a = 0 e b=0 a=1eb= c) a = 0 e b =

d) a =

16 e b = 0 5 :

18. a) b)

Uma representao decimal do nmero 0,326... c) 1.236... 2.236... d) 3,1415...

19. Assinale o nmero irracional: a) 3,01001000100001... b) 0,4000...d) 3,45

e) 3,464646...

Para melhor entendermos os NMEROS REAIS, vamos inicialmente dar um resumo de todos os conjuntos num ricos. 1. Sucessivas ampliaes dos campos num ricos Voc j tem algum conhecimento o respeito dos campos ou conjuntos numricos com os quais iremos trabalhar nesta unidade. Mostraremos como se ampliam sucessivamente esses conjuntos, a partir do conjunto N, e tambm como se acrescentam outras propriedades para as operaes como elementos dos novos conjuntos. 2. O CONJUNTO N E SUAS PROPRIEDADES Seja o conjunto N: N = { 0, 1, 2, 3. ... , n, ...} Voc deve se lembrar que este conjunto tem sua origem a partir de conjuntos finitos e equipotentes: a uma classe de todos os conjuntos equipotentes entre si associou-se o mesmo cardinal, o mesmo nmero e a mesma representao ou numeral. 2.1. Propriedades das operaes em N Para expressar matematicamente as propriedades das operaes em N e nos sucessivos conjuntos, usaremos a notao usual e prtica dos quantificadores. So eles: x significa qualquer que seja x o quantificador universal e significa qualquer que seja; x significo existe x o quantificador existencial e significo existe. O smbolo | x significa existe um nico x. $',d2 )HFKDPHQWR D E 1 D  E F 1 &RPXWDWLYD D E 1 D  E E  D $VVRFLDWLYR D E F 1 D  E  F D  E  F (OHPHQWR 1HXWUR  1 WDO TXH D 1 D D D 08/7,3/,&$d2 )HFKDPHQWR D E 1 D  E F 1 &RPXWDWLYD D E 1 D  E E  D $VVRFLDWLYD D E F 1 D  E  F D  E  F (OHPHQWR 1HXWUR  1 WDO TXH D 1 D D D

20. O conjunto dos nmeros reais negativos representado por: a) R* c) R b) R_ d) R* 21. Assinale a alternativo falso: a) 5 Z b) 5,1961... Q c)

5 Q 3 3 e 6 :

22. Um nmero racional compreendido entre a) 3,6 c)

3. 6 2 3+ 6 2

6 3
23. a) b)

'LVWULEXWLYD GD 0XOWLSOLFDomR HP 5HODomR j $GLomR D E F 1 D  E  F D  E  D  F 3. CONJUNTO Z E SUAS PROPRIEDADES Em N, a operao 3 - 4 no possvel. Entretanto, pode-se ampliar N e assim obter Z, onde 3 - 4 = - 1 passa a ser possvel. A novidade, em Z, est no fato de que qualquer que seja o elemento de Z, este possui um oposto aditivo, ou seja, para + 3 Z, existe - 3 Z tal que + 3 3 = 0. Sendo Z = {..., - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}, teremos, ento, as seguintes propriedades em Z. com a incluso da propriedade 5. 3.1. Propriedades das operaes em Z $',d2 08/7,3/,&$d2 )HFKDPHQWR )HFKDPHQWR D E = D  E F = D E = D  E F = &RPXWDWLYD D E = D  E ED &RPXWDWLYD D E = D  E ED

d)

Qual dos seguintes nmeros irracional?

3
4

125 1

c) d)

27 169

24.

a representao grfica de: { x R | x 15 } b) { x R | -2 x < 4 } c) { x R | x < -2 } d) { x R | -2< x 4 } RESPOSTAS 1) d 5) b

9) b

13) b

17) c

21) b 22

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
$VVRFLDWLYR D E F = D  E  F D  E  F (OHPHQWR 1HXWUR  = WDO TXH D = D D D $VVRFLDWLYD D E F = D  E  F D  E  F (OHPHQWR 1HXWUR  = WDO TXH D = D D D

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

a) 2 Q 3 Q

2 + 3 5 = Q 2 2

(OHPHQWR 2SRVWR $GLWLYR D =  D = WDO TXH D    D  'LVWULEXWLYD GD 0XOWLSOLFDomR HP 5HODomR j $GLomR D E F = D  E  F D  E  D  F V-se que, em Z, a operao adio admite mais uma propriedade ( 5 ). 4. O CONJUNTO Q E SUAS PROPRIEDADES Tanto em N como em Z, a operao 2 3 no possvel, pois ambos no admitem nmeros fracionrios. A ampliao de Z para Q, entretanto, permite um fato novo: qualquer que seja o elemento de Q* ou Q {0}, existe sempre, para esse elemento, um inverso multiplicativo. Assim, por exemplo, para

b)

3 Q 5 8 Q 5

3 8 + 5 5 = 11 Q 2 10

3 2 Q, existe Q tal que 3 2

Conclui-se, ento, que: Na reta numerada existe uma Infinidade de elementos de Q situados entre dois elementos quaisquer a e b de Q. O CONJUNTO Q CONTM Z E N Os elementos de Q so aqueles que podem ser escritos sob o forma

2 3 . = 1, o que no possvel em N e Z. 3 2
Esse fato amplia uma propriedade para as operaes em Q. Propriedades das operaes em Q $',d2 08/7,3/,&$d2 )HFKDPHQWR )HFKDPHQWR D E 4 D  E F 4 D E 4 D  E F 4 &RPXWDWLYD D E 4 D  E ED &RPXWDWLYD D E 4 D  E ED

a , com a e b Z e b Q. b

Pode-se observar facilmente que qualquer que seja o elemento de N ou de Z, este estar em Q. De fato: 2 N, mas -3 N, mas

2 = 3 =

2 4 6 = = = ... Q 1 2 3 -3 -6 -9 = = = . . . Q 1 2 3

O esquema a seguir apresenta as relaes entre os conjuntos N, Z e Q.

$VVRFLDWLYR D E F 4 D  E  F E  F (OHPHQWR 1HXWUR  4 WDO TXH D 4 D D D (OHPHQWR 2SRVWR $GLWLYR D 4  D 4 WDO TXH D    D 

$VVRFLDWLYD D  D E F 4 D  E  F D  E F (OHPHQWR 1HXWUR  4 WDO TXH D 4 D D D (OHPHQWR ,QYHUVR 0XOWLSOLFDWLYR D 4  D 4  WDO TXH D  D  ([

3 2 2 3 4 4_  3 2 3 2
INTERVALOS No conjunto dos nmeros reais destacaremos alguns subconjuntos importantes determinados por desigualdades, chamados intervalos. Na reta real os nmeros compreendidos entre 5 e 8 incluindo o 5 e o 8 constituem o intervalo fechado [5; 8], ou seja: [5; 8] = {x / 5 x 8} Se excluirmos os nmeros 5 e 8, chamados extremos do intervalo, temos o intervalo aberto ]5; 8[, ou seja: ]5; 8[ = {x / 5 < x < 8} Consideraremos ainda os intervalos mistos: ]5; 8] = {x / 5 < x 8} (Intervalo aberto esquerda e fechado direita). [5; 8[ = {x / 5 x < 8} 23

 'LVWULEXWLYD GD 0XOWLSOLFDomR HP 5HODomR j $GLomR D E F 4 D  E  F D  E  D  F V-se que, em Q, a operao multiplicao admite mais uma propriedade Propriedade: A densidade de Q O conjunto Q possui uma propriedade importante, que o caracteriza como um conjunto denso. Isto quer dizer que: Entre dois elementos distintos de Q, sempre existe um outro elemento de Q (como consequncia, entre esses 2 elementos h infinitos elementos de Q). Para comprovar essa afirmao, basto tomar dois elementos distintos de Q e verificar que a mdia aritmtica (ou semisoma) desses dois elementos tambm pertence a Q. De fato:

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
(intervalo fechado esquerda e aberto direita). Mdulo ou valor absoluto No conjunto Z para cada nmero natural r foi criado um +n e -n. Chama-se mdulo ou valor absoluto de +n e -n, indica-se | +n | = n e | -n | = n Exemplos: | -5 | = 5, leia-se o mdulo de -5 5, | +5 | = 5 o mdulo de +5 5 | 0 | =0 DZIMAS PERIDICAS Converso de Fraes Ordinrias em Nmeros Decimais J aprendemos que para transformarmos uma frao no decimal ( frao ordinria ) em um nmero decimal basta dividirmos o numerador pelo denominador da frao. Estudaremos agora as trs maneiras como isso ocorre, e para tal transformemos as fraes ordinrias em nmeros decimais.

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Os numerais I, X, C, M s podem ser repetidos at tr s vezes. I=1 X = 10 C = 100 M = 1.000 II = 2 XX = 20 CC = 200 MM = 2.000 III =3 XXX = 30 CCC = 300 MMM = 3.000

Vamos aprender alguns numerais romanos. I=1 II = 2 III = 3 IV = 4 V=5 VI = 6 VII = 7 VIII = 8 IX = 9 X = 10 XX = 20 XXX = 30 XL = 40 L = 50 LX = 60 LXX = 70 LXXX = 80 XC = 90 C = 100 CC = 200 CCC = 300 CD = 400 D = 500 DC = 600 DCC = 700 DCCC = 800 CM = 900 M = 1.000 MM = 2.000 MMM = 3.000

ATENO! 1 Caso : Ao transformarmos a frao em um nmero decimal, encontraremos 0,75 e resto zero. Nesse caso diremos que a frao se converte num nmero decimal exato, ou numa decimal exata. Os numerais I, X e C, escritos direita de numerais maiores, somam-se seus valores aos desses numerais. Exemplos: VII = 7 ( 5 + 2 ) (50+20+3) LX = 60 ( 50 + 10 ) LXXIII = 73

2 Caso : Ao transformarmos a frao num nmero decimal, encontraremos 1,666... e o resto 2, que se repete indefinidamente. Nesse caso diremos que a frao se converte num nmero decimal peridico, ou numa dzima peridica. O algarismo 6 que se repete indefinidamente chamado perodo da dzima. A dzima 1,666... uma dzima peridica simples, j que, logo aps a vrgula vem o perodo 6.

CX = 110 (100+10) CXXX = 130 (100+30) MCC = 1.200 (1.000+200) Os numerais I, X e C, escritos esquerda de numerais maiores, subtraem-se seus valores aos desses numerais. Exemplos:

3 Caso : Ao transformarmos a frao num nmero decimal, encontraremos 0,58333... e o resto 4, que se repete indefinidamente. Nesse caso diremos que a frao se converte num nmero decimal peridico, ou numa dzima peridica. O nmero 3 o perodo da dzima e o nmero 58 que o antecede chamado de parte no peridica, no perodo ou ante-perodo. A dzima 0,58333 ... uma dzima peridica composta, j que aps a vrgula vem o ante-perodo 58 e somente aps vem o perodo 3.

IV = 4 (5-1) XC = 90 (100-10) (1.000-100)

IX = 9 (10-1) D = 400 (500-100)

XL = 40 (50-10) CM = 900

Colocando-se um trao horizontal sobre um ou mais numerais, multiplica-se seu valor por 1.000.

ALGARISMOS ROMANOS sistemas de numerao e suas regras.

Os romanos usavam um sistema interessante para representar os nmeros. Eles usavam sete letras do alfabeto e a cada uma delas atribuam valores: I 1 V 5 X 10 L 50 C 100 D 500 M 1.000

SISTEMA MTRICO DECIMAL

A) UNIDADES DE COMPRIMENTO Medidas de comprimento: Medir significa comparar. Quando se mede um determinado comprimento, estamos comparando este comprimento com outro tomado como unidade de medida. Portanto, notamos que existe um nmero seguido de um nome: 4 metros o nmero ser a medida e o nome ser a unidade de medida.

Matemtica

24

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
Podemos medir a pgina deste livro utilizando um lpis; nesse caso o lpis foi tomado como unidade de medida ou seja, ao utilizarmos o lpis para medirmos o comprimento do livro, estamos verificando quantas vezes o lpis (tomado como medida padro) caber nesta pgina. Para haver uma uniformidade nas relaes humanas estabeleceu-se o metro como unidade fundamental de medida de comprimento; que deu origem ao sistema mtrico decimal, adotado oficialmente no Brasil. Mltiplos e sub-mltiplos do sistema mtrico: Para escrevermos os mltiplos e sub-mltiplos do sistema mtrico decimal, utilizamos os seguintes prefixos gregos: KILO significa 1.000 vezes HECTA DECA DECI CENTI MILI significa 100 vezes significa 10 vezes significa dcima parte significa centsima parte significa milsima parte. 1 m = 10 dm 1 m = 100 cm 1 m = 1000 mm

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Elementos de uma circunferncia:

1km = 1.000m 1hm = 100m e 1dam = 10m

O permetro da circunferncia calculado multiplicando-se 3,14 pela medida do dimetro. 3,14 . medida do dimetro = permetro. B) UNIDADES DE REA: a ideia de superfcie j nossa conhecida, uma noo intuitiva. Ex.: superfcie da mesa, do assoalho que so exemplos de superfcies planas enquanto que a superfcie de uma bola de futebol, uma superfcie esfrica.

Transformaes de unidades: Cada unidade de comprimento dez (10) vezes maior que a unidade imediatamente. inferior. Na prtica cada mudana de vrgula para a direita (ou multiplicao por dez) transforma uma unidade imediatamente inferior a unidade dada; e cada mudana de vrgula para a esquerda (ou diviso por dez) transforma uma unidade na imediatamente superior. Ex.: 45 Km 45 . 1.000 = 45.000 m 500 cm 500 100 = 5 m 8 Km e 25 m 8.000m + 25m = 8.025 m ou 8,025 Km. Resumo

Damos o nome de rea ao nmero que mede uma superfcie numa determinada unidade. Metro quadrado: a unidade fundamental de medida de superfcie (superfcie de um quadrado que tem 1 m de lado). Propriedade: Toda unidade de medida de superfcie 100 vezes maior do que a imediatamente inferior.

Mltiplos e submltiplos do metro quadrado: Mltiplos 2 2 2 km : 1.000.000 m m 2 2 hm : 10.000 m 2 2 dam : 100 m

2

Submltiplos 2 2 cm : 0,0001 m 2 2 dm : 0,01 m 2 2 mm : 0,000001m

2

Permitido de um polgono: o permetro de um polgono a soma do comprimento de seus lados.

1km = 1000000 (= 1000 x 1000)m 2 2 1 hm = 10000 (= 100 x 100)m 2 2 1dam =100 (=10x10) m

Regras Prticas: para se converter um nmero medido numa unidade para a unidade imediatamente superior deve-se dividi-lo por 100. para se converter um nmero medido numa unidade, para uma unidade imediatamente inferior, deve-se multiplic-lo por 100. Medidas Agrrias: 2 centiare (ca) o m 2 2 are (a) o dam (100 m ) 2 2 hectare (ha) o hm (10000 m ). C) REAS PLANAS

Permetro de uma circunferncia: Como a abertura do compasso no se modifica durante o traado v-se logo que os pontos da circunferncia distam igualmente do ponto zero (0).

Matemtica

25

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
Retngulo: a rea do retngulo dada pelo produto da medida de comprimento pela medida da largura, ou, medida da base pela medida da altura.

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

Unidades de volume: volume de um slido a medida deste slido. Chama-se metro cbico ao volume de um cubo cuja aresta mede 1 m.

Quadrado: a rea do quadrado dada pelo produto lado por lado, pois sendo um retngulo de lados iguais, base = altura = lado.

Abrevia-se metro cbico por m

Propriedade: cada unidade de volume 1.000 vezes maior que a unidade imediatamente inferior. Mltiplos e sub-mltiplos do metro cbico: Mltipios
3 3

Sub-mltiplos
3 3

Tringulo: a rea do tringulo dada pelo produto da base pela altura dividido por dois.

km ( 1 000 000 000m ) dm (0,001 m ) 3 3 3 3 cm (0,000001m ) hm ( 1 000 000 m ) 3 3 3 3 mm (0,000 000 001m ) dam (1 000 m ) Como se v: 3 1 km3 = 1 000 000 000 (1000x1000x1000)m 3 3 1 hm = 1000000 (100 x 100 x 100) m 3 3 1dam = 1000 (10x10x10)m

Trapzio: a rea do trapzio igual ao produto da semisoma das bases, pela altura.

1m =1000 (= 10 x 10 x 10) dm 3 3 1m =1000 000 (=100 x 100 x 100) cm 3 3 1m = 1000000000 ( 1000x 1000x 1000) mm

Losango: a rea do losango igual ao semi-produto das suas diagonais.

Unidades de capacidade: litro a unidade fundamental de capacidade. Abrevia-se o litro por " . O litro o volume equivalente a um decmetro cbico. Mltiplos hl ( 100 Submltiplos

rea de polgono regular: a rea do polgono regular igual ao produto da medida do permetro (p) pela medida do apotema (a) sobre 2.

dal ( 10

") ")

litro

"

cl (0,01

") ") ml (0,001 " )

dl (0,1

AG = A polgono =

p a 2

Como se v: 1 hl = 100

1 dal = 10 1 l = 1000 ml

" "

1 1

" "

= 10 d = 100 cl

UNIDADES DE MASSA A unidade fundamental para se medir massa de um corpo (ou a quantidade de matria que esse corpo possui), o kilograma (kg). 26

UNIDADES DE VOLUME E CAPACIDADE

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
o kg a massa aproximada de 1 dm de gua a 4 graus de temperatura. Mltiplos e sub-mltiplos do kilograma: Mltiplos Submltiplos kg (1000g) dg (0,1 g) hg ( 100g) cg (0,01 g) dag ( 10 g) mg (0,001 g) Como se v: 1kg = 1000g 1 hg = 100 g e 1 dag = 10g 1g = 10 dg 1g= 100 cg 1g = 1000 mg
3

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4. proporcional: o nome dado ao quarto termo de uma proporo no continua. Ex.:

4 12 = , 8 x
4 . x = 8 . 12 x=

96 =24. 4

Nota: Esse clculo idntico ao clculo do elemento desconhecido de uma proporo). Mdia Aritmtica Simples: (ma) A mdia aritmtica simples de dois nmeros dada pelo quociente da soma de seus valores e pela quantidade das parcelas consideradas. Ex.: determinar a ma de: 4, 8, 12, 20

Para a gua destilada, 1. acima de zero. volume capacidade massa 2 1l 1kg 1dm

ma =

4 + 8 + 12 + 20 44 = = 11 4 4

Mdia Aritmtica Ponderada (mv): A mdia aritmtica ponderada de vrios nmeros aos quais so atribudos pesos (que indicam o nmero de vezes que tais nmeros figuraram) consiste no quociente da soma dos produtos que se obtm multiplicando cada nmero pelo peso correspondente, pela soma dos pesos. Ex.: No clculo da mdia final obtida por um aluno durante o ano letivo, usamos a mdia aritmtica ponderada. A resoluo a seguinte: Matria Portugus Matemtica Histria Notas 60,0 40,0 70,0 Peso 5 3 2

SISTEMA DE MEDIDAS DE TEMPO:

No esquecer: 1dia = 24 horas 1 hora = sessenta minutos 1 minuto = sessenta segundos 1 ano = 365 dias 1 ms = 30 dias SISTEMA MONETRIO BRASILEIRO Nossa atual moeda o Real (R$) R$ 1,00 = um real R$ 10,00 = dez reais R$ 100,00 = cem reais Submltiplos: centavos R$ 10,30 = dez reais e trinta centavos R$ 11,50 = onze reais e cinquenta centavos

mp = mp =

60 . 5 + 40 3 + 70 . 2 5+3+2 300 + 120 + 140 = 56 10

MDIAS simples e ponderada

Numa proporo contnua, o meio comum denominado mdia proporcional ou mdia geomtrica dos extremos. Portanto no exemplo acima 8 a mdia proporcional entre 4 e 16. O quarto termo de uma proporo contnua chamado terceira proporcional. Assim, no nosso exemplo, 16 a terceira proporcional depois de 4 e 8. Para se calcular a mdia proporcional ou geomtrica de dois nmeros, teremos que calcular o valor do meio comum de uma proporo continua. Ex.:

EQUAES E SISTEMAS DE EQUAES DE 1.O GRAU.

Equao: o nome dado a toda sentena algbrica que exprime uma relao de igualdade. Ou ainda: uma igualdade algbrica que se verifica somente para determinado valor numrico atribudo varivel. Logo, equao uma igualdade condicional. Exemplo: 5 + x = 11 0 0 1 .membro 2 .membro onde x a incgnita, varivel ou oculta. RESOLUO DE EQUAES

4 X = X 16
4 . 16 x . x x = 64 x
2

64 =8

Para resolver uma equao (achar a raiz) seguiremos os princpios gerais que podem ser aplicados numa igualdade. Ao transportar um termo de um membro de uma igualdade para outro, sua operao dever ser invertida. Exemplo: 2x + 3 = 8 + x 27

Matemtica

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APOSTILAS OPO
fica assim: 2x x = 8 3 = 5 x = 5 Note que o x foi para o 1. membro e o 3 foi para o 2. membro com as operaes invertidas. Dizemos que 5 a soluo ou a raiz da equao, dizemos ainda que o conjunto verdade (V). Exerccios Resolva as equaes : 1) 3x + 7 = 19 2) 4x +20=0 3) 7x 26 = 3x 6 Respostas: 1) x = 4 ou V = {4} 2) x = 5 ou V = {5} 3) x = 5 ou V = {5} EQUAES DO 1. GRAU COM DUAS VARIVEIS OU SISTEMA DE EQUAES LINEARES Resoluo por adio.

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soma-se membro a membro: 5x + 2y = 18 6x 2y = 4 11x+ 0=22 11x = 22 x = Substituindo x = 2 na equao I: 5x + 2y = 18 5 . 2 + 2y = 18 10 + 2y = 18 2y = 18 10 2y = 8 y=

22 x=2 11

8 2

y =4 ento V = {(2,4)} Exerccios. Resolver os sistemas de Equao Linear: 1)

x+ y=7 -I Exemplo 1: x y = 1 - II
Soma-se membro a membro. 2x +0 =8 2x = 8

7 x y = 20 5 x + y = 16

2)

5 x + y = 7 8 x 3 y = 2

3)

8 x 4 y = 28 2x 2y = 10

Respostas: 1) V = {(3,1)} 2) V = {(1,2)} 3) V {(3,2 )} INEQUAES DO 1. GRAU Distinguimos as equaes das inequaes pelo sinal, na equao temos sinal de igualdade (=) nas inequaes so sinais de desigualdade. > maior que, maior ou igual, < menor que , menor ou igual Exemplo 1: Determine os nmeros naturais de modo que 4 + 2x > 12. 4 + 2x > 12 2x > 12 4 2x > 8 x>

8 x= 2
x=4 Sabendo que o valor de x igual 4 substitua este valor em qualquer uma das equaes ( I ou II ), Substitui em I fica: 4+y=7 y=74 y=3 Se quisermos verificar se est correto, devemos substituir os valores encontrados x e y nas equaes x+y=7 xy=1 4 +3 = 7 43=1 Dizemos que o conjunto verdade: V = {(4, 3)} Exemplo 2 :

8 x>4 2

2x + y = 11 - I x + y = 8 - II

Note que temos apenas a operao +, portanto devemos multiplicar qualquer uma ( I ou II) por 1, escolhendo a II, temos:

Exemplo 2: Determine os nmeros inteiros de modo que 4 + 2x 5x + 13 4+2x 5x + 13 2x 5x 13 4 3x 9 . (1) 3x 9, quando multiplicamos por (-1), invertemos o sinal d desigualdade para , fica: 3x 9, onde x

2x + y = 11 2x + y = 11 x + y = 8 . ( - 1) - x y = 8
soma-se membro a membro

9 ou x 3 3

2x + y = 11 + - x- y =-8

Exerccios. Resolva: 1) x 3 1 x, 2) 2x + 1 6 x 2 3) 3 x 1 + x Respostas: 1) x 2

2) x 3/4

3) x 2

x+0 = 3 x=3
Agora, substituindo x = 3 na equao II: x + y = 8, fica 3 + y = 8, portanto y = 5 Exemplo 3:

NMEROS E GRANDEZAS DIRETAMENTE E INVERSAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS.

GRANDEZAS PROPOCIONAIS
1. INTRODUO Se a sua mensalidade escolar sofresse hoje um reajuste de R$ 80,00, como voc reagiria? Acharia caro, normal, ou abaixo da expectativa? Esse mesmo valor, que pode parecer caro no reajuste da mensalidade, seria considerado insignificante, se tratasse de um acrscimo no seu salrio. 28

5x + 2y = 18 3x - y = 2
5x + 2y = 18 3x - y = 2 .(2)

- -
5 x + 2 y = 18 6 x 2 y = 4

neste exemplo, devemos multiplicar a equao II por 2 (para desaparecer a varivel y).

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
Naturalmente, voc j percebeu que os R$ 80,00 nada representam, se no forem comparados com um valor base e se no forem avaliados de acordo com a natureza da comparao. Por exemplo, se a mensalidade escolar fosse de R$ 90,00, o reajuste poderia ser considerado alto; afinal, o valor da mensalidade teria quase dobrado. J no caso do salrio, mesmo considerando o salrio mnimo, R$ 80,00 seriam uma parte mnima. . A fim de esclarecer melhor este tipo de problema, vamos estabelecer regras para comparao entre grandezas. 2. RAZO Voc j deve ter ouvido expresses como: "De cada 20 habitantes, 5 so analfabetos", "De cada 10 alunos, 2 gostam de Matemtica", "Um dia de sol, para cada dois de chuva". Em cada uma dessas. frases est sempre clara uma comparao entre dois nmeros. Assim, no primeiro caso, destacamos 5 entre 20; no segundo, 2 entre 10, e no terceiro, 1 para cada 2. Todas as comparaes sero matematicamente expressas por um quociente chamado razo. Teremos, pois: De cada 20 habitantes, 5 so analfabetos. Razo =

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A esse tipo de igualdade entre duas razes d-se o nome de proporo. Dadas duas razes uma proporo se

a e b

c , com b e d 0, teremos d

a c . = b d

Na expresso acima, a e c so chamados de antecedentes e b e d de consequentes. . A proporo tambm pode ser representada como a : b = c : d. Qualquer uma dessas expresses lida assim: a est para b assim como c est para d. E importante notar que b e c so denominados meios e a e d, extremos. Exemplo: A proporo

3 7

9 21

, ou 3 : 7 : : 9 : 21,

5 20

lida da seguinte forma: 3 est para 7 assim como 9 est para 21. Temos ainda: 3 e 9 como antecedentes, 7 e 21 como consequentes, 7 e 9 como meios e 3 e 21 como extremos. 3.1 PROPRIEDADE FUNDAMENTAL O produto dos extremos igual ao produto dos meios:

De cada 10 alunos, 2 gostam de Matemtica.

2 Razo = 10
Um dia de sol, para cada dois de chuva. A razo entre dois nmeros a e b, com b

0, o

a c = ad = bc ; b, d 0 b d
Exemplo: Se 6 = 24

a quociente , ou a : b. b
Razo =

24 , ento 6 . 96 = 24 . 24 = 576. 96

1 2

Nessa expresso, a chama-se antecedente e b, consequente. Outros exemplos de razo: Em cada 10 terrenos vendidos, um do corretor. Razo =

1 10

3.2 ADIO (OU SUBTRAO) DOS ANTECEDENTES E CONSEQUENTES Em toda proporo, a soma (ou diferena) dos antecedentes est para a soma (ou diferena) dos consequentes assim como cada antecedente est para seu consequente. Ou seja:

Os times A e B jogaram 6 vezes e o time A ganhou todas. Razo =

6 6

a c = , entao b d a - c a ou = = b - d b Se
Essa propriedade denominador seja nulo. Exemplo:

a + c b + d c d
vlida

a b

c , d

desde

que

nenhum

3. Uma liga de metal feita de 2 partes de ferro e 3 partes de zinco. Razo =

2 (ferro) 5

Razo =

3 (zinco). 5

3. PROPORES
H situaes em que as grandezas que esto sendo comparadas podem ser expressas por razes de antecedentes e consequentes diferentes, porm com o mesmo quociente. Dessa maneira, quando uma pesquisa escolar nos revelar que, de 40 alunos entrevistados, 10 gostam de Matemtica, poderemos supor que, se forem entrevistados 80 alunos da mesma escola, 20 devero gostar de Matemtica. Na verdade, estamos afirmando que 10 esto representando em 40 o mesmo que 20 em 80. Escrevemos:

RAZES razes inversas, equivalentes.

1. INTRODUO: No dia-a-dia, voc lida com situaes que envolvem nmeros, tais como: preo, peso, salrio, dias de trabalho, ndice de inflao, velocidade, tempo, idade e outros. Passaremos a nos referir a cada uma dessas situaes mensurveis como uma grandeza. Voc sabe que cada grandeza no independente, mas vinculada a outra conveni29

10 40

20 80

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
ente. O salrio, por exemplo, est relacionado a dias de trabalho. H pesos que dependem de idade, velocidade, tempo etc. Vamos analisar dois tipos bsicos de dependncia entre grandezas proporcionais. 2. PROPORO DIRETA Grandezas como trabalho produzido e remunerao obtida so, quase sempre, diretamente proporcionais. De fato, se voc receber R$ 2,00 para cada folha que datilografar, sabe que dever receber R$ 40,00 por 20 folhas datilografadas. Podemos destacar outros exemplos de grandezas diretamente proporcionais: Velocidade mdia e distncia percorrida, pois, se voc dobrar a velocidade com que anda, dever, num mesmo tempo, dobrar a distncia percorrida. rea e preo de terrenos. Altura de um objeto e comprimento da sombra projetada por ele. Assim: Duas grandezas So diretamente proporcionais quando, aumentando (ou diminuindo) uma delas numa determinada razo, a outra diminui (ou aumenta) nessa mesma razo. 3. PROPORO INVERSA Grandezas como tempo de trabalho e nmero de operrios para a mesma tarefa so, em geral, inversamente proporcionais. Veja: Para uma tarefa que 10 operrios executam em 20 dias, devemos esperar que 5 operrios a realizem em 40 dias. Podemos destacar outros exemplos de grandezas inversamente proporcionais: Velocidade mdia e tempo de viagem, pois, se voc dobrar a velocidade com que anda, mantendo fixa a distncia a ser percorrida, reduzir o tempo do percurso pela metade. Nmero de torneiras de mesma vazo e tempo para encher um tanque, pois, quanto mais torneiras estiverem abertas, menor o tempo para completar o tanque. Podemos concluir que : Duas grandezas so inversamente proporcionais quando, aumentando (ou diminuindo) uma delas numa determinada razo, a outra diminui (ou aumenta) na mesma razo. Vamos analisar outro exemplo, com o objetivo de reconhecer a natureza da proporo, e destacar a razo. Considere a situao de um grupo de pessoas que, em frias, se instale num acampamento que cobra R$100,00 a diria individual. Observe na tabela a relao entre o nmero de pessoas e a despesa diria: Nmero de pessoas 1 2 4 5 10

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

do grupo depender do nmero de pessoas. Analise agora a tabela abaixo : Nmero de pessoas 1 2 4 5 10

Tempo de perman ncia 20 10 5 4 2 (dias) Note que, se dobrarmos o nmero de pessoas, o tempo de permanncia se reduzir metade. Esta , portanto, uma proporo inversa, ou melhor, as grandezas nmero de pessoas e nmero de dias so inversamente proporcionais. 4. DIVISO EM PARTES PROPORCIONAIS 4. 1 Diretamente proporcional Duas pessoas, A e B, trabalharam na fabricao de um mesmo objeto, sendo que A o fez durante 6 horas e B durante 5 horas. Como, agora, elas devero dividir com justia os R$ 660,00 apurados com sua venda? Na verdade, o que cada um tem a receber deve ser diretamente proporcional ao tempo gasto na confeco do objeto. Dividir um nmero em partes proporcionais a outros nmeros dados partes desse nmero que sejam proporcionais aos nmeros dados e reproduza o prprio nmero. diretamente encontrar diretamente cuja soma

No nosso problema, temos de dividir 660 em partes diretamente proporcionais a 6 e 5, que so as horas que A e B trabalharam. Vamos formalizar a diviso, chamando de x o que A tem a receber, e de y o que B tem a receber. Teremos ento:

Esse sistema pode ser resolvido, propriedades de proporo. Assim:

usando

as

X+Y 6+5
660

= Substituindo X + Y por 660, vem

X X= 6 660

Despesa 100 200 400 500 1.000 diria (R$ ) Voc pode perceber na tabela que a razo de aumento do nmero de pessoas a mesma para o aumento da despesa. Assim, se dobrarmos o nmero de pessoas, dobraremos ao mesmo tempo a despesa. Esta portanto, uma proporo direta, ou melhor, as grandezas nmero de pessoas e despesa diria so diretamente proporcionais. Suponha tambm que, nesse mesmo exemplo, a quantia a ser gasta pelo grupo seja sempre de R$2.000,00. Perceba, ento, que o tempo de permanncia

= 360 11 6 11 Como X + Y = 660, ento Y = 300 Concluindo, A deve receber R$ 360,00 enquanto B, R$ 300,00. 4.2 INVERSAMENTE PROPORCIONAL E se nosso problema no fosse efetuar diviso em partes diretamente proporcionais, mas sim inversamente? Por exemplo: suponha que as duas pessoas, A e B, trabalharam durante um mesmo perodo para fabricar e vender por R$ 160,00 um certo artigo. Se A chegou atrasado ao trabalho 3 dias e B, 5 dias, como efetuar com justia a diviso? O problema agora dividir R$ 160,00 em partes inversamente proporcionais a 3 e a 5, pois deve ser levado em considerao que aquele que se atrasa mais deve receber menos.

Dividir um nmero em partes inversamente proporcionais a outros nmeros dados encontrar partes desse nmero que sejam diretamente proporcionais aos inversos dos nmeros dados e cuja soma reproduza o prprio nmero. 30

Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
No nosso problema, temos de dividir 160 em partes inversamente proporcionais a 3 e a 5, que so os nmeros de atraso de A e B. Vamos formalizar a diviso, chamando de x o que A tem a receber e de y o que B tem a receber.

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

Como x + y = 29400, ento
x=

29400 98

x 50

29400 50 98

15.000

Resolvendo o sistema, temos:

x+y 1 3 160 8 15 + 1 5

x 1 3

x+y 8 15

x 1 3

Portanto y = 14 400. Concluindo, a primeira turma deve receber R$ 15.000,00 da empreiteira, e a segunda, R$ 14.400,00. Observao: Firmas de projetos costumam cobrar cada trabalho usando como unidade o homem-hora. O nosso problema um exemplo em que esse critrio poderia ser usado, ou seja, a unidade nesse caso seria homem-dia. Seria obtido o valor de R$ 300,00 que o resultado de 15 000 : 50, ou de 14 400 : 48. REGRA DE TRS SIMPLES REGRA DE TRS SIMPLES Retomando o problema do automvel, vamos resolv-lo com o uso da regra de trs de maneira prtica. Devemos dispor as grandezas, bem como os valores envolvidos, de modo que possamos reconhecer a natureza da proporo e escrev-la. Assim:

Mas, como x + y = 160, ento

x 1 3

x=

160 1 8 3 15

x = 160

15 1 x = 100 8 3

Como x + y = 160, ento y = 60. Concluindo, A deve receber R$ 100,00 e B, R$ 60,00. 4.3 DIVISO PROPORCIONAL COMPOSTA Vamos analisar a seguinte situao: Uma empreiteira foi contratada para pavimentar uma rua. Ela dividiu o trabalho em duas turmas, prometendo pag-las proporcionalmente. A tarefa foi realizada da seguinte maneira: na primeira turma, 10 homens trabalharam durante 5 dias; na segunda turma, 12 homens trabalharam durante 4 dias. Estamos considerando que os homens tinham a mesma capacidade de trabalho. A empreiteira tinha R$ 29.400,00 para dividir com justia entre as duas turmas de trabalho. Como faz-lo? Essa diviso no de mesma natureza das anteriores. Trata-se aqui de uma diviso composta em partes proporcionais, j que os nmeros obtidos devero ser proporcionais a dois nmeros e tambm a dois outros. Na primeira turma, 10 homens trabalharam 5 dias, produzindo o mesmo resultado de 50 homens, trabalhando por um dia. Do mesmo modo, na segunda turma, 12 homens trabalharam 4 dias, o que seria equivalente a 48 homens trabalhando um dia. Para a empreiteira, o problema passaria a ser, portanto, de diviso diretamente proporcional a 50 (que 10 . 5), e 48 (que 12 . 4). Para dividir um nmero em partes de tal forma que uma delas seja proporcional a m e n e a outra a p e q, basta divida esse nmero em partes proporcionais a m . n e p . q. Convm lembrar que efetuar uma diviso em partes inversamente proporcionais a certos nmeros o mesmo que fazer a diviso em partes diretamente proporcionais ao inverso dos nmeros dados. Resolvendo nosso problema, temos: Chamamos de x: a quantia que deve receber a primeira turma; y: a quantia que deve receber a segunda turma. Assim:

Observe que colocamos na mesma linha valores que se correspondem: 6 horas e 900 km; 8 horas e o valor desconhecido. Vamos usar setas indicativas, como fizemos antes, para indicar a natureza da proporo. Se elas estiverem no mesmo sentido, as grandezas so diretamente proporcionais; se em sentidos contrrios, so inversamente proporcionais. Nesse problema, para estabelecer se as setas tm o mesmo sentido, foi necessrio responder pergunta: "Considerando a mesma velocidade, se aumentarmos o tempo, aumentar a distncia percorrida?" Como a resposta a essa questo afirmativa, as grandezas so diretamente proporcionais. J que a proporo direta, podemos escrever:

6 8

900 x

Ento: 6 . x = 8 . 900

x =

7200 6

= 1 200

x 10 5

y 12 4

ou

x 50

y 48

x+y 50 + 48

x 50

Concluindo, o automvel percorrer 1 200 km em 8 horas. Vamos analisar outra situao em que usamos a regra de trs. Um automvel, com velocidade mdia de 90 km/h, percorre um certo espao durante 8 horas. Qual ser o tempo necessrio para percorrer o mesmo espao com uma velocidade de 60 km/h?

Matemtica

31

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APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

fazer com que as setas fiquem no mesmo sentido, invertendo os termos das colunas convenientes. Naturalmente, no nosso exemplo, fica mais fcil inverter a coluna da grandeza 2.

A resposta pergunta "Mantendo o mesmo espao percorrido, se aumentarmos a velocidade, o tempo aumentar?" negativa. Vemos, ento, que as grandezas envolvidas so inversamente proporcionais. Como a proporo inversa, ser necessrio invertermos a ordem dos termos de uma das colunas, tornando a proporo direta. Assim:

Agora, vamos escrever a proporo:

10 x

20 1680

2000

(Lembre-se de que uma grandeza proporcional a duas outras proporcional ao produto delas.)

10 x

12000 33600

x=

10 33600 12000

= 28

Concluindo, sero necessrias 28 mquinas. Escrevendo a proporo, temos: PORCENTAGEM 1. INTRODUO Quando voc abre o jornal, liga a televiso ou olha vitrinas, frequentemente se v s voltas com expresses do tipo: "O ndice de reajuste salarial de maro de 16,19%." "O rendimento da caderneta de poupana em fevereiro foi de 18,55%." "A inflao acumulada nos ltimos 12 meses foi de 381,1351%. "Os preos foram reduzidos em at 0,5%." Mesmo supondo que essas expresses no sejam completamente desconhecidas para uma pessoa, importante fazermos um estudo organizado do assunto porcentagem, uma vez que o seu conhecimento ferramenta indispensvel para a maioria dos problemas relativos Matemtica Comercial. 2. PORCENTAGEM O estudo da porcentagem ainda um modo de comparar nmeros usando a proporo direta. S que uma das razes da proporo um frao de denominador 100. Vamos deixar isso mais claro: numa situao em que voc tiver de calcular 40% de R$ 300,00, o seu trabalho ser determinar um valor que represente, em 300, o mesmo que 40 em 100. Isso pode ser resumido na proporo:

8 x

60 90

x=

8 90 60

= 12

Concluindo, o automvel percorrer a mesma distncia em 12 horas. Regra de trs simples um processo prtico utilizado para resolver problemas que envolvam pares de grandezas direta ou inversamente proporcionais. Essas grandezas formam uma proporo em que se conhece trs termos e o quarto termo procurado. REGRA DE TRS COMPOSTA Vamos agora utilizar a regra de trs para resolver problemas em que esto envolvidas mais de duas grandezas proporcionais. Como exemplo, vamos analisar o seguinte problema. Numa fbrica, 10 mquinas trabalhando 20 dias produzem 2 000 peas. Quantas mquinas sero necessrias para se produzir 1 680 peas em 6 dias? Como nos problemas anteriores, voc deve verificar a natureza da proporo entre as grandezas e escrever essa proporo. Vamos usar o mesmo modo de dispor as grandezas e os valores envolvidos.

40 100

x 300

Natureza da proporo: para estabelecer o sentido das setas necessrio fixar uma das grandezas e relacion-la com as outras. Supondo fixo o nmero de dias, responda questo: "Aumentando o nmero de mquinas, aumentar o nmero de peas fabricadas?" A resposta a essa questo afirmativa. Logo, as grandezas 1 e 3 so diretamente proporcionais. Agora, supondo fixo o nmero de peas, responda questo: "Aumentando o nmero de mquinas, aumentar o nmero de dias necessrios para o trabalho?" Nesse caso, a resposta negativa. Logo, as grandezas 1 e 2 so inversamente proporcionais. Para se escrever corretamente a proporo, devemos

Ento, o valor de x ser de R$ 120,00. Sabendo que em clculos de porcentagem ser necessrio utilizar sempre propores diretas, fica claro, ento, que qualquer problema dessa natureza poder ser resolvido com regra de trs simples. 3. TAXA PORCENTUAL O uso de regra de trs simples no clculo de porcentagens um recurso que torna fcil o entendimento do assunto, mas no o nico caminho possvel e nem sequer o mais prtico. Para simplificar os clculos numricos, necessrio, inicialmente, dar nomes a alguns termos. Veremos isso a partir de um exemplo. Exemplo: Calcular 20% de 800.

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Calcular 20%, ou

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

de 800 dividir 800 em 100 QUADRADO PERMETRO: L + L + L + L = 4L rea do quadrado:

20 100

partes e tomar 20 dessas partes. Como a centsima parte de 800 8, ento 20 dessas partes ser 160. Chamamos: 20% de taxa porcentual; 800 de principal; 160 de porcentagem. Temos, portanto: Principal: nmero sobre o qual se vai calcular a porcentagem. Taxa: valor fixo, tomado a partir de cada 100 partes do principal. Porcentagem: nmero que se obtm somando cada uma das 100 partes do principal at conseguir a taxa. A partir dessas definies, deve ficar claro que, ao calcularmos uma porcentagem de um principal conhecido, no necessrio utilizar a montagem de uma regra de trs. Basta dividir o principal por 100 e tomarmos tantas destas partes quanto for a taxa. Vejamos outro exemplo. Exemplo: Calcular 32% de 4.000. Primeiro dividimos 4 000 por 100 e obtemos 40, que a centsima parte de 4 000. Agora, somando 32 partes iguais a 40, obtemos 32 . 40 ou 1 280 que a resposta para o problema. Observe que dividir o principal por 100 e multiplicar o resultado dessa diviso por 32 o mesmo que multiplicar o principal por

A = " " = "2

Exemplo 2 Qual a rea do quadrado de 5 cm de lado? Soluo: A= " " = 5 cm 2 A=5 2 A = 25 cm

PARALELOGRAMO A = rea do paralelogramo:

32 ou 0,32. Vamos usar esse raciocnio de 100

A=b h
Permetro: 2b + 2h

agora em diante: Porcentagem = taxa X principal

PRINCPIOS DE GEOMETRIA: PERMETRO, REA E VOLUME.

RETNGULO A=b.h A = rea b = base h = altura

Exemplo 3 A altura de um paralelogramo 4 cm e a metade de sua base. Qual su rea ? Soluo: A = b .h h = 4cm b =2.h b = 2 . 4 = 8cm 2 A =8.4 A = 32 m TRINGULO Permetro: a soma dos trs lados.

Permetro: 2b + 2h Exemplo 1

Qual a rea de um retngulo cuja altura 2 cm e seu permetro 12 cm? Soluo: A = b. h h 2 +b+2+b 2b+4 2b 2b b b A=4 .2 2 A = 8 cm = 2 cm = 12 = 12 = 12 - 4 =8 = 8 2=4 =4cm

rea do tringulo:

A =

b h 2

Exemplo 4: A altura de um tringulo 8 cm e a sua base a metade da altura. Calcular sua rea. Soluo:

A =

b h 2

h = 8cm 33

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b =

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

h 8 = = 4 cm 2 2
Exemplo 7 O raio de uma circunferncia 3 cm. Calcular a sua rea.

A=
A TRAPZIO

84 2

= 16 m

A = R2

A = 3,14 . 3 A = 3,14 . 9 2 A = 28,26 cm

Permetro: B + b + a soma dos dois lados. rea do trapzio: B = base maior b = base menor h = altura Exemplo 5: Calcular a rea do trapzio de base maior de 6 cm, base menor de 4 cm. e altura de 3 cm. Soluo:

TAXAS DE JUROS SIMPLES E COMPOSTAS, CAPITAL, MONTANTE E DESCONTO.

1 JUROS SIMPLES 1.1 Conceito A fim de produzir os bens de que necessita, o homem combina os fatores produtivos recursos naturais, trabalho e capital. Organizando a produo, o homem gera as mercadorias e os servios destinados ao seu consumo. A venda desses bens gera a renda, que distribuda entre os proprietrios dos fatores produtivos. Assim, os proprietrios dos recursos naturais recebem remunerao na forma de aluguis; os proprietrios da fora de trabalho recebem salrios; os organizadores da produo recebem lucros e os proprietrios do capital recebem remunerao na forma de juros. Desta forma, os juros constituem uma parte da renda, que distribuda aos proprietrios do capital (mquinas, equipamentos, ferramentas etc.). No clculo financeiro, juro uma compensao, em dinheiro pelo uso de um capital financeiro, por determinado tempo, a uma taxa previamente combinada. 1.2 Clculo dos juros simples O juro simples quando produzido unicamente pelo capital inicial.

A=

(B + b ) h
2

B = 6 cm b = 4 cm h = 3 cm

A =
A

( 6 + 4) 3
2
2

= 15 cm

LOSANGO

D= diagonal maior d = diagonal menor Permetro = a soma dos quatro lados. rea do losango:

Se, por exemplo, colocarmos o capital equivalente a 500 u.m. a juros durante 4 meses, taxa de 1% ao ms, teremos em cada ms 5 u.m. de juros. Os juros so todos iguais, pois so calculados sobre o mesmo valor (500), que o capital inicial. Podem ser retirados no fim de cada ms ou no fim de 4 meses; o total ser o mesmo, ou seja, 20. No exemplo acima, os juros (20) so obtidos fazendo: 5 x 4, onde 5 1% de 500 e 4 o nmero de meses em que o capital esteve aplicado. Portanto: juro = 500 x 0,01 x 4. O fator 0,01 constitui a taxa unitria e corresponde aos juros de uma unidade de capital. Denominando: j = juro, C = capital (500), i = taxa unitria (0,01 corresponde a 1%), n = nmero de perodos (4 meses), temos: J=Cin

A =

D d 2

Exemplo 6: Calcular a rea do losango de diagonais 6 cm e 5 cm. Soluo:

D d 2 6 5 A = 2 A =
A = 15 cm
2

CIRCULO rea do crculo:

A = R2
A = rea do crculo R = raio = 3,14

Nesta frmula, a taxa e o nmero de perodos devem referir-se mesma unidade de tempo; isto , se a taxa for 34

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APOSTILAS OPO
anual, o tempo dever ser expresso em numero de anos; se a taxa for mensal, o tempo dever ser expresso em nmero de meses etc. A taxa empregada em todas as frmulas da matemtica financeira a unitria, que corresponde taxa centesimal dividida por 100. Dessa forma, a taxa de 6% centesimal e a taxa unitria correspondente de 0,06; isto quer dizer que, se um capital de 100 produz 6 de juros, o capital de 1 produz 0,06 de juros.

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1. Qual o montante de um capital 600, a 18% a.a, durante 8 meses? Cn= C(1 +in) i = 0,015 (1,5% ao ms) n = 8 (meses) Cn = 600(1+0,015x8) Cn = 600x 1,12 Cn = 672 2. Qual o capital que produz o montante de 285, a 28% ai., durante 6 meses? Da frmula do montante, Cn= C(1 +i n) deduzimos a frmula para o clculo do capital

(;(03/26
1. Determinar os juros de um capital 800 u.m., a 12% ao ano, durante 7 meses. Neste exemplo, temos a taxa anual de 12% e o tempo em meses (7). Para aplicarmos a frmula, devemos tomar a taxa e o nmero de perodos na mesma unidade de tempo. Assim, 12% a.a. corresponde a 0,12 (taxa unitria anual) e 7 meses so

C=
onde:

Cn 1 + in

Cn = C2 = 285 i = 0,07 (7% ao trimestre) n = 2 (trimestres)

7 do ano. 12 7 12

j=Cin j = 800 x 0,12 x j = 56 Podemos, entretanto, empregar a taxa mensal proporcional a 12% ao ano, ou seja, 1% ao ms, que corresponde taxa unitria 0,01e colocar o nmero de perodos em meses, 7. Portanto: j=Cin j = 800 x 0,01 x 7 j = 56 2. O capital 400 foi colocado a 20% ai. durante 9 meses. Determinar os juros. Neste problema, a taxa e o nmero de perodos podem ser expressos com relao ao trimestre. A taxa de juros trimestral proporcional a 20% a.a. 5% (0,05), e 9 meses so 3 trimestres. Portanto: j=Cin j = 400 x 0,05 x 3 j = 60 1.3 Montante Chama-se montante o capital acrescido de seus juros. A notao para montante Cn (capital com juros acumulados em n perodos) Cn = C + j como j = C i n Cn = C + C i n Colocando o fator comum C em evidncia, temos

285 1 + 0,07 x2 285 C= 1 ,14 C=

C = 250 1.4 Divisor fixo Quando o tempo de aplicao de um capital for expresso em dias, s vezes h dificuldade para converter a taxa e o nmero de per iodos na mesma unidade de tempo. Para contornar essa dificuldade pode-se usar o mtodo do divisor fixo para o clculo dos juros. Chama-se divisor fixo (delta) a relao r a taxa centesimal anual dos juros. Para obter a frmula dos juros com o emprego do divisor fixo, tomamos j=Cin onde i =

36.000 , onde r

r . Como r taxa anual, devemos transfor100

m-la em taxa diria, pois o 100 nmero de perodos ser representado por nmero de dias. Sendo o ano comercial r considerado de 360 dias, dividindo a taxa diria. Portanto: i =

r por 360 temos 100

r 36.000

Substituindo a frmula dos juros;,

j=C

r n 36.000 r representa o inverso do divisor fi36.000

Cn=C (1 + in)

A expresso xo. Assim,

(;(03/26

j=C

1 n

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APOSTILAS OPO
j= Cn

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

1. Introduo O dinheiro e o tempo so dois fatores que se encontram estreitamente ligados com a vida das pessoas e dos negcios. Quando so gerados excedentes de fundos, as pessoas ou as empresas, aplicam-no a fim de ganhar juros que aumentem o capital original disponvel; em outras ocasies, pelo contrrio, tem-se a necessidade de recursos financeiros durante um perodo de tempo e deve-se pagar juros pelo seu uso. Em perodo de curto-prazo utiliza-se, geralmente, como j se viu, os juros simples. J em perodos de longo-prazo, utiliza-se, quase que exclusivamente, os juros compostos. 2. Conceitos Bsicos No regime dos juros simples, o capital inicial sobre o qual calculam-se os juros, permanece sem variao alguma durante todo o tempo que dura a operao. No regime dos juros compostos, por sua vez, os juros que vo sendo gerados, vo sendo acrescentados ao capital inicial, em perodos determinados e, que por sua vez, iro gerar um novo juro adicional para o perodo seguinte. Diz-se, ento, que os juros capitalizam-se e que se est na presena de uma operao de juros compostos. Nestas operaes, o capital no constante atravs do tempo; pois aumenta ao final de cada perodo pela adio dos juros ganhos de acordo com a taxa acordada. Esta diferena pode ser observada atravs do seguinte exemplo: Exemplo 1: Suponha um capital inicial de R$ 1.000,00 aplicado taxa de 30.0 % a.a. por um perodo de 3 anos a juros simples e compostos. Qual ser o total de juros ao final dos 3 anos sob cada um dos rearmes de juros? Pelo regime de juros simples: J = c . i . t = R$ 1.000,00 (0,3) (3) = R$ 900,00 Pelo regime de juros compostos:

(;(03/26
1. Determinar os juros do capital 300, a 24% a.a, durante 2 meses e 28 dias.

j=

Cn

C = 300 n = 88 (dias)

= j=
j

36.000 36.000 = = 1.500 r 24

300x88 1.500
= 17,60

2. Qual o montante do capital 80 no fim de 3 meses e 17 dias, a 18% a.a?

j=

Cn

C = 80 n = 107(dias)

36.000 = 2.000 18 80x 107 j= 2.000

= 4,28

n J = Co (1 + i) 1 =

3 J = R$1.000,00 (1,3 ) 1 = R$1.197,00

Demonstrando agora, em detalhes, o que se passou com os clculos, temos: Ano Juros simples
1 R$ 1.000,00(0,3) = R$ 300,00 2 R$ 1.000,00(0,3) = R$ 300,00 3 R$ 1.000,00(0,3) = R$ 300,00 R$ 900,00

C107 =80+4,28 C107 = 84,28 Para a soluo deste problema, pode-se deduzir uma frmula para calcular diretamente o montante com emprego do divisor fixo. Cn = C + j

Juros Compostos
R$ 1.000,00(0,3) = R$ 1.300,00(0,3) = R$ 1.690,00(0,3) = R$ 300,00 R$ 390,00 R$ 507,00 R$ 1.197,00

j=

Cn

Cn C + Cn Cn = C( + n) Cn = Cn = C +
Resolvendo o problema com esta frmula, temos:

Vamos dar outro exemplo de juros compostos: Suponhamos que voc coloque na poupana R$ 100,00 e os juros so de 10% ao ms. Decorrido o primeiro ms voc ter em sua poupana: 100,00 + 10,00 = 110,00 No segundo ms voc ter:110,00 + 11,00 =111,00 No terceiro ms voc ter: 111,00 + 11,10 = 111,10 E assim por diante. Para se fazer o clculo fcil: basta calcular os juros de cada ms e adicionar ao montante do ms anterior.

DESCONTOS
WalterSpinelli 1. Introduo Ao contrair uma dvida a ser paga no futuro, muito comum o devedor oferecer ao credor um documento denominado titulo, que o comprovante dessa operao.

80(2.000 + 107) C107 = 2.000

C107 = 84,28 JUROS COMPOSTOS

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De posse do titulo, que usado para formalizar uma dvida que no ser paga imediatamente, mas dentro de um prazo estipulado, o credor poder negociar o pagamento antecipado da dvida atravs de um banco. Vamos tratar, neste captulo, desse tipo de operao bancria. 2. Ttulos H trs tipos de ttulos bastante usados: nota promissria, duplicata e letra de cmbio. Nota promissria Pode ser usada entre pessoas fsicas, ou ainda entre pessoas fsicas e instituies financeiras. Trata-se de um ttulo de crdito, que corresponde a uma promessa de pagamento, em que vo especificados: valor nominal ou quantia a ser paga (que a dvida inicial, normalmente acrescida de juros), data de vencimento do ttulo (em que a dvida deve ser paga), nome e assinatura do devedor, nome do credor e da pessoa que dever receber a importncia a ser paga. Duplicata E usada por pessoa jurdica contra um cliente (que pode ser pessoa fsica ou jurdica) para o qual vendeu mercadorias a prazo ou prestou servios a serem pagos no futuro (segundo contrato). Na duplicata deve constar o aceite do cliente, o valor nominal, a data de vencimento, o nome de quem dever pagar e o nome da pessoa a quem dever pagar. Uma duplicata s legal se for feita tendo por base da nota fiscal. Letra de cmbio um ttulo ao portador, emitido por uma financeira em operaes de crdito direto para pessoas fsicas ou jurdicas. Uma letra de cmbio tem especificados: valor de resgate (que o valor nominal acrescido de juros), data de vencimento do ttulo e quem deve pagar. O credor Marcelo dos Santos de posse da nota promissria, conforme o modelo apresentado na pgina 96, deseja resgatar a dvida em 01/01/88. Voc deve ter notado que, na verdade, Marcelo dos Santos quer receber a dvida 2 meses antes da data proposta na promissria. Do mesmo modo que no valor nominal da nota incluem-se os juros pela postergao do pagamento, podemos aceitar o fato de que o adiantamento do mesmo tambm dever vir acompanhado de juros, mas agora no sentido contrrio, ou seja, descontados do valor nominal. Supondo uma taxa de 1,4% a.m. para o desconto, em dois meses de adiantamento, teremos sobre os $ 100 000,00 o seguinte clculo: Desconto = 100 000 . 0,014 . 2 Desconto = 2 800 Marcelo dos Santos dever receber, ento: $100 000,00 $ 2 800,00 = $ 97 200,00 Chamemos, ento, de desconto de ttulo ao abatimento dado sobre o valor nominal, pela antecipao do pagamento. O desconto bancrio aquele em que a taxa de desconto incide sobre o valor nominal. O desconto bancrio tambm conhecido como comercial ou por fora. As frmulas que utilizaremos para calcular o desconto bancrio so bem semelhantes s de juros simples. Chamando: D = desconto

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

N = valor nominal L = valor lquido recebido aps o desconto I = taxa n = perodo de tempo, teremos: D = N .i . n L = N D ou L = N N . i . n, ento: L = N . (1in)

1. Qual o desconto, a 5% a.m., sobre um ttulo de $ 750,00, pago 2 meses e 10 dias antes do vencimento? Soluo: N=750, n=2 meses e 10 dias=70 dias i = 0,05 D=N.i.n= D=750.
0,05 .70=87,50 30

Resposta: O desconto foi, portanto, de $ 87,50.

2. Um ttulo no valor de $ 1.200,00, pago 5 meses antes do vencimento, ficou reduzido a $ 900.00. Qual foi a taxa mensal usada?
Soluo: N = 1200 n = 5 meses L = 900

Vamos resolver este problema de dois modos. Primeiro modo: usando o clculo de desconto D=Nin D = N L = 1 200 900 = 300 300 = 1.200 5. i i=
300 = 0,05 1200 5

A taxa aplicada foi, portanto, de 5% ao ms. Segundo modo: usando a frmula do valor lquido L = N (1 in) 900.000 = 1.200.000 . (1 i . 5)
900 900 = 1 5i =1 1.200 1.200

5i =

300 1.200

i=

300 =0,05 ou 5% a.m. 6.000

Resposta: A taxa mensal foi de 5%.

3. Resgatei, em 16 de abril, uma nota promissria cujo vencimento estava marcado para 10 de junho do mesmo ano. Obtive um desconto de $4 400,00, calculado com uma taxa mensal de 6%. Qual era o valor nominal da promissria?
Soluo D = 4400 i = 0,06

Consultando a tabela 1, obtemos a informao:

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$6864,00 $ 6000,00 = $ 864,00 O mesmo problema pode ser resolvido aplicando diretamente a frmula do desconto:

161 106 = 55 = n D=N.i.n 4.400 = N N = 40 000 Resposta: O valor nominal da promissria era de $40 000,00.
0,06 4.400 30 55 N= 30 0,06 55

Nin Dr = = 1 + in

6864

0,12 36 30 0,12 1+ 36 30

Dr = $ 864,00 Resposta: O desconto foi de $ 864,00. 2. Um ttulo com valor nominal de $ 2.000.000,00, taxa de 9% ao ms, vai ser descontado 8 meses antes do vencimento. Calcular a diferena entre os descontos bancrio e racional. Soluo Desconto bancrio D=N.i.n Desconto racional
Dr = Nin 1 + in

DESCONTO RACIONAL
O desconto racional tambm conhecido como desconto por dentro. Trata-se, nesse caso, de usar uma taxa sobre um valor no conhecido, situao semelhante analisada em lucros sobre a venda. O desconto racional aquele em que a taxa de desconto incide sobre o valor lquido. O desconto racional, Dr, calculado sobre o lquido, dado por: Dr = L . i . n Mas, tambm, fato que: L + Dr = N Podemos, pois, calcular o lquido fazendo: L+L .i.n=N L (1 + i . n) = N
L= N 1 + in

D = 2.000.000 . 0,09 . 8 D = 1.440.000

Dr =

2.000.000 0,09 8 1 + 0,09 8

Dr = 837.209,30 Diferena: D Dr = 602.790,70 Por esse problema, percebe-se que o desconto bancrio no apropriado para prazos muito longos. Resposta: A diferena de $ 602 790,70. 3. Calcular a taxa a ser aplicada, por dentro, numa duplicata de $ 1 800,00, para que ela, dois meses e meio antes do vencimento, se reduza a $ 1 000,00. Soluo N = 1.800.000 2,5 m L=
N 1800 1.000 = 1 + in 1 + i 2,5 1800 1000

L=1000

n=

No caso de querermos o desconto diretamente, N substituiremos L por na expresso Dr = L . i . n. 1 + in Ficaremos com: Dr = L . i . n =

N .i.n 1 + in

1000(1+ 2,5i) = 1800 1+2,5i =

Nin Dr = 1 + in

1 +2,5i = 1,8 2,5i= 1,8 1 i= i = 0,32

0,8 2,5

Exerccios Resolvidos 1. Calcular o desconto por dentro de um ttulo de $ 6 864,00, taxa de 12% ao ms, 1 ms e 6 dias antes do vencimento.
Soluo: N = 6864 i = 0,12

Resposta: A taxa deve ser, portanto, de 32% a.m. 1. Determinar o desconto bancrio sofrido por uma promissria de $ 1 000,00, taxa de 8% a.m., 3 meses antes do seu vencimento. 2. A que taxa anual, uma duplicata de $ 3 000,00, em 6 meses, d $ 600,00 de desconto por fora? 3. Em que prazo um ttulo de $ 2 500,00, descontado por fora, taxa de 6% a.m., d $ 600,00 de desconto? 4. Encontrar o valor nominal de um ttulo que, descontado por fora, taxa de 4% a.m., trs meses e meio antes do seu vencimento, teve um desconto de $ 28000,00. 5. Um ttulo, com vencimento em 15 de agosto, foi descontado por fora em 13 de junho precedente, a uma taxa de 6% a.m. Se o valor nominal do ttulo era de $ 3 600,00, qual ficou sendo o seu valor atual? 38

n = 1 ms e 6 dias = 36 dias L=
N = 1 + in

6864 0,12 1+ 36 30

L=

6864 = 6000 1 + 0,144

O desconto foi, portanto, de:

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6. Um ttulo, no valor de $ 1 800,00, ficou reduzido a $1 200,00 quando descontado por fora 3 meses antes de seu vencimento. Qual foi a taxa mensal do desconto? 7. A que taxa anual uma nota promissria de $ 420,00, em um ms e meio, d $ 5,25 de desconto por fora? 8. Determinar o desconto por fora sofrido por uma letra de $ 2 400,00, taxa de 4,5% a.m., 6 meses antes de seu vencimento. 9. Determinar o valor nominal de uma letra de cmbio que, descontada por fora, 3 meses e 10 dias antes de seu vencimento, taxa de 10% a.m., produziu o desconto de $ 400,00. 10. Uma letra de cmbio pagvel em 19 de agosto, descontada por fora taxa de 12% a.m. no dia 3 de maio precedente, produziu $ 20 726,00 de lquido. Qual o valor nominal dessa letra? 11. Determinar o desconto por dentro sofrido por uma letra de 1 1 000,00, descontada taxa de 3% a.m., 6 meses antes de seu vencimento. 12. Uma letra de $ 900,00, descontada por dentro, 20 dias antes de seu vencimento, sofreu um desconto de $ 100,00. Qual foi a taxa mensal usada na operao? 13. Determinar o lquido produzido por uma letra que, descontada por dentro, 60 dias antes do seu vencimento, taxa de 9% a.m., produziu $ 140,00 de desconto. 14. Uma pessoa vai a um banco e desconta por fora uma nota promissria 85 dias antes do vencimento, taxa de 6% a.m. Sabendo-se que o lquido para a pessoa foi de $ 1 992,00, qual era o valor da promissria? 15. Determinar a diferena entre os descontos por fora e por dentro de uma nota promissria de $ 2 000,00 quando descontada 1 ms e 10 dias antes do vencimento, taxa mensal de 9%. 16. Calcular o desconto por dentro de uma letra com vencimento para daqui a 8 anos, no valor nominal de $ 1 000,00, se descontada hoje taxa anual de 20%. O valor encontrado razovel? Repita o clculo, verificando o desconto por fora. 17. Duas letras, uma de $ 15 000,00, pagvel em 6 meses, e outra de $ 14 700,00, pagvel em 30 dias, foram apresentadas a desconto por fora, recebendo o portador da primeira $ 313,75 a mais do que o portador da segunda. Qual foi a taxa anual usada nas operaes?

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30 dias = 1 ms 60 dias = 2 meses 90 dias = 3 meses 10000 . 0,06 . 1 10000 . 0,06 . 2 10000 . 0,06 . 3

(Lembre-se de que D = N . i . n para o desconto bancrio.) Portanto, o desconto total de: D = 10000 0,06 1 + 10000 0,06 2 + 10000 0,06 3 D = 10000 0.06(1 + 2 + 3) Vamos, agora, encontrar o tempo T, que produziria, no total dos 3 ttulos, mesma taxa, o mesmo desconto. D = 30 000 0,06 T Comparando-se os descontos, vem: 10000 0,06(1 + 2 + 3)= 30000 0,06 T

10000 0,06(1 + 2 + 3) =T 30000 0,06

1+ 2 + 3 = T ou T = 2 meses 3

Deste modo, um ttulo nico de $ 30 000,00 produzir em 2 meses, mesma taxa de 6%, o mesmo desconto que a soma dos descontos dos 3 ttulos.

O prazo mdio T = 2 meses, como se pode perceber, foi obtido atravs da mdia aritmtica dos prazos dos 3 ttulos. Generalizando. teremos:
Quando os valores nominais forem iguais, e as taxas tambm, o prazo mdio ser a mdia aritmtica dos prazos. Um segundo problema seria o de determinar o prazo mdio no caso de termos taxas iguais, mas valores nominais diferentes.

Vamos fazer o clculo desse prazo para trs ttulos, nas seguintes condies:
Ttulo Nominal ($) 1 1000,00 2 2000,00 3 3000,00 Taxa 10% a.m. 10% a.m. 10% a.m. Vencimento (dias) 40 50 60

Vamos, primeiramente, fazer o clculo dos descontos individuais: Ttulo 1 2 3 Lembre-se de que D = N h n. Desconto 0,1 1000 40 30 0,1 2000 50 30 0,1 3000 60 30

PRAZO MDIO
Um banco deseja resgatar 3 ttulos de $ 10 000,00 cada, de um mesmo devedor, todos mesma taxa de 6% a.m., com vencimentos para 30, 60 e 90 dias. Caso seja do interesse do banco e do devedor, esses 3 ttulos podero ser substitudos por um nico que no cause nus a nenhuma das partes. Esse ttulo nico ter de, num determinado prazo, mesma taxa, oferecer o mesmo desconto que a soma dos descontos produzidos pelos 3 ttulos. Esse prazo chamado de prazo mdio. Vamos ver como se faz para encontrar esse prazo. Em primeiro lugar, faremos o clculo dos descontos em separado: Tempo Desconto

O desconto ser, portanto:

D = 1000 D= 0,1 0,1 0,1 40 + 2000 50 + 3000 60 30 30 30

0,1 (1000 40 + 2 000 50 + 3 000 60) 30

Agora vamos calcular o desconto produzido num ttulo nico, mesma taxa, num prazo T, no valor que a soma 39

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dos valores nominais de cada um dos 3 outros ttulos.
D = (1 000 + 2000 + 3000) 0,1 T 30

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prazo de 40 dias e outro de $ 400,00 com prazo de 25 dias. A taxa era de 8% a.m., para todos os ttulos. Qual seria, ento, o tempo em que a soma desses valores nominais, mesma taxa, daria os mesmos descontos? Soluo Como agora, mesma taxa, h uma variao dos valores nominais e dos prazos, sabemos que o prazo mdio dever ser feito com uso da mdia ponderada. Assim:
250 20 + 350 40 + 400 25 = 250 + 350 + 400 5000 + 14000 + 10000 = 29 1000 T=

Comparando os dois clculos dos descontos, vem:

(1 000 + 2000 + 3000) 0,1 T = 30

0,1 (1000 40 + 2 000 50 + 3 000 60) 30

1000 40 + 2 000 50 + 3 000 60 T= = 53 dias 1000 + 2000 + 3000 (aproximadamente)

O prazo mdio seria, nessa situao, 53 dias. Perceba que ele foi obtido calculando a mdia ponderada dos trs prazos e utilizando os respectivos valores nominais como pesos. Generalizando, temos: Quando os valores nominais forem diferentes e as taxas iguais, o prazo mdio ser a mdia ponderada dos prazos, com os respectivos valores nominais como pesos.

O prazo mdio de 29 dias. Vamos fazer a verificao, lembrando-nos de que i = 0,08. Tempo (dias) 20 40 25 Ento, desconto total = Desconto ($) 20 400 250 0,08 = 30 30 20 1120 350 0,08 = 30 30 25 800 400 0,08 = 30 30
400 1120 800 2320 + + = 30 30 30 30

Exerccios Resolvidos
1. Tenho trs letras iguais de $ 480,00, a prazos de 20, 25 e 35 dias, respectivamente. Como a taxa de desconto de 1,2% a.m., qual o prazo mdio de vencimento das trs letras? Soluo Como temos o mesmo valor nominal e a mesma taxa para as trs letras, podemos considerar o prazo mdio como mdia aritmtica dos 3 prazos. Assim:
T= 20 + 25 + 35 80 = 3 3

ou, aproximadamente, $ 77,33. Considerando N = 250 + 350 + 400 = 1.000 ou N = $ 1.000,00, vamos calcular o desconto com prazo mdio calculado anteriormente.
D = 1000 0,08 T 30

ou aproximadamente 27 dias.
Vamos verificar a validade dessa resposta, lembrandose de que D = N i n e i = 0,012. Tempo (dias) 20 25 35
480

Nessa expresso, T = 29 (que o prazo mdio).

0,08 2320 29 = ou $ 77,33, 30 30 aproximadamente. D = 1 000

Desconto ($)
20 1152 0,012 = = 3,84 30 30 25 1440 480 0,012 = = 4,80 30 30 35 2016 480 0,012 = = 6,72 30 30

Portanto, est correto o prazo mdio. Resposta: O prazo mdio de 29 dias.

TAXA MDIA
O problema agora substituir vrios ttulos, com taxas diferentes, por um nico que, quando descontado, no cause ao credor ou ao devedor nenhum nus. Vamos estudar trs desses casos. Em todos eles, desejaremos sempre encontrar uma taxa mdia. Primeiro caso: Valores nominais e prazos iguais

Ento: desconto total = 3,84 + 4,80 + 6,72 =15,36 ou $ 15,36. Considerando N = 3 $ 480,00 = $ 1440,00, vamos calcular D, usando o prazo mdio calculado.
D = 1440 0,012 T 30 80 (prazo mdio calculado). 3

Nesta expresso, T = Dessa forma, temos:

D = 1440

Titulo 1 2

Taxa (a.m.) 2% 3%

0,012 80 1382,40 = = 15,36 30 3 90

Valor Desconto Prazos Nominal($) ($) 1000 1000 4 0,024 1000 1000 4 0,034

ou $ 15,36. Portanto, o prazo mdio est correto. Resposta: O prazo mdio de 27 dias. 2. Uma pessoa tinha trs ttulos a receber: um de $ 250,00 com prazo de 20 dias, outro de $ 350,00 com

O desconto total ser: D = 1000 0,02 4 + 1000 0,03 4 D = 1000 4 (0,02 + 0,03)

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Calculando agora o desconto sobre um ttulo nico, no mesmo prazo, temos: D = 2 000 i 4 Comparando os dois descontos, obtemos: 2 000 i 4 = 1000 4 (0,02 + 0,03)
1000 4 (0,02 + 0,03) i= 2000 4 i= 0,02 + 0,03 = 0,025 2

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Comparando os dois descontos: 1200 2 0,03 + 1500 4 0,05 = (1200 2 + 1500 4) i Ento: i =
1200 2 0,03 + 1500 4 0,05 372 = 1200 2 + 1500 4 8400

i 0,0442 A taxa mdia i aproximadamente 0,0442 ou 4,42% a.m. Este valor foi obtido calculando-se a mdia ponderada das taxas e utilizando-se o produto dos valores nominais pelos respectivos prazos como pesos. Generalizando: Quando os valores nominais e os prazos forem diferentes, a taxa mdia ser a mdia ponderada das taxas, utilizando-se como pesos, os respectivos dos valores nominais pelos prazos. Observao importante: Taxas e prazos mdios podero ser calculados no s em descontos, mas tambm em juros.

A taxa mdia ser, portanto, a mdia aritmtica das taxas dos dois ttulos. Quando os valores nominais e os prazos forem iguais, a taxa mdia ser a mdia aritmtica das taxas. Segundo caso: Valores nominais diferentes e prazos iguais Ttulo 1 2 Taxa (a.m.) 2% 3% Valor Nominal($) 1000 2000 Prazo (meses) 4 4 Desconto ($) 10000,024 20000,034

1. Dois capitais iguais de $ 800,00 foram colocados a render juros durante trs meses, taxa de 10% a.m. e 12% a.m. Qual a taxa mdia de juros?
Soluo Como temos capitais iguais, colocados a render juros no mesmo prazo, a taxa mdia poder ser calculada pela mdia aritmtica das taxas.

O desconto total ser: D = 1000 0,02 4 + 2000 0,03 4 Agora, calcularemos o desconto sobre um ttulo nico, no mesmo prazo, a uma taxa mdia i. D = (1 000 + 2000) i 4 Comparando os dois descontos: (1 000 + 2000) i 4 = 1000 0,02 4 + 2000 0,03 4

Assim:
i= 0,10 + 0,12 - 0,11 ou 11% a.m. 2

Vamos fazer a verificao:

Capital ($) 800 800 Taxa (a.m.) 10% 12% Prazo Juros ($) (m) 3 800 0,1 3 = 240 800 0,123 = 3 288

i=
i=

(1000 0,02 + 2000 0,03) 4 (1000 + 2 000) 4

1000 0,02 + 2000 0,03 = 0,0266 1000 + 2 000

Juro total = 240 + 288 = 528 ou $ 528,00 Calculando o juro com a taxa mdia obtida, temos: J = 2 800 3 0,11= 528 ou $ 528,00 Portanto, a taxa mdia est correta.

A taxa mdia i = 0,0267, ou 2,67% a.m., aproximadamente, foi obtida calculando-se a mdia ponderada das taxas, utilizando-se os respectivos valores nominais como pesos. Generalizando: Quando os valores nominais forem diferentes mas os prazos iguais, a taxa mdia ser a mdia ponderada das taxas, utilizando-se os respectivos valores nominais como pesos. Terceiro caso: Valores nominais diferentes e prazos diferentes Valor Nominal Titulo Taxa(a.m.) ($) 1 3% 1200 2 5% 1500 Prazo Desconto (m) ($) 2 120020,03 4 150040,05

Resposta: A taxa mdia de 11% a.m. 2. Trs capitais iguais a $ 1200,00 so colocados a render juros; o primeiro a 4% a.m., durante 2 meses; o segundo a 6% a.m., durante 3 meses e o terceiro, a 8% a.m., durante 4 meses. Calcular a taxa mdia de juros. Soluo Como temos o mesmo capital, com prazos variveis, a taxa mdia dever ser calculada pela mdia ponderada das taxas, usando os prazos como pesos. Assim:
i= 0,04 2 + 0,06 3 + 0,08. 4 0,58 = = 0,064 2+3+4 9

O desconto total ser: D = 1200 2 0,03 + 1500 4 0,05 Calculando o desconto sobre um ttulo nico, no mesmo prazo, e com uma s taxa i, obtemos: D = 1200 2 i + 1 500 4 i = (1200 2 + 1500 4)i

Ento, a taxa mdia , aproximadamente, 0,064 ou 6,4% a.m. Vamos fazer a verificao:

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Capital ($) 1200 1200 1200 Taxa (a.m.) 4% 6% 8% Prazo (m) 2 3 4 Juros(S) 1200 0,04 2 = 96 1200 0,06 3 = 216 1200 0,08 4 = 384

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taxa de 15% a.m.? 23. Uma letra de $ 50 000,00 vence em 30 dias, e outra, de $ 75 000,00, vence em prazo desconhecido. Sabendose que o prazo mdio delas de 32 dias, qual o prazo da segunda letra? 24. Determinar a taxa mdia de trs letras de $ 1 000,00 cada, taxa de 5% a.a., 6% a.a. e 7% a.a., todas com um prazo de 3 meses. 25. Qual a taxa mdia de duas letras: uma de $ 2 000,00 taxa de 5% a.m. e outra de $ 2 500,00 taxa de 4% a.m. em 20 dias? 26. Qual a taxa mdia das seguintes letras: uma de $ 400,00 em 50 dias, a 6% a.m., outra de $ 200,00 em 30 dias, a 3% a.m., e finalmente uma de $ 300,00 em 45 dias, taxa de 5% a.m.? 27. Qual a taxa mdia de quatro letras de $ 1 200,00 cada uma, taxa de 3% a.m., 4% a.m., 5% a.m. e 6% a.m., todas durante 25 dias? 28. Determinar a taxa mdia das seguintes letras: $ 500,00 a 12% a.m., $ 600,00 a 8% a.m. e $ 2 000,00 a 6% a.m., todas no prazo de 40 dias. 29. Emprestei uma quantia taxa de 12% a.a. Depois de 10 meses, baixei a taxa para 8% a.a., e depois de 6 meses recebi $ 12 500,00 de capital e juros. Usando a taxa mdia, qual foi o capital emprestado? 30. Tenho trs letras de $ 6 000,00, $ 8 000,00 e $ 5 000,00, emitidas em prazos de 40 dias, 15 dias e 20 dias, respectivamente. A primeira e a segunda letras esto a 8% e a 10% a.m., respectivamente, e a taxa mdia de 10% a.m. Qual a taxa da terceira letra? Respostas dos exerccios propostos 1. $ 240,00 2. i = 0,4 ou 40% 3. 4 meses 4. $200.000,00 5. $ 3146,40 6. 11,11 %a.m. 7. 10% a.a. 8. $ 648,00 9. $ 1200,00 10. $ 36 489,44 11. $ 152,54 12. 18,75% a.m 13. $ 777,78 14. $ 2400,00 15. $ 25,66 16. Dr = $ 615,38 D = $ 1600,00 No razovel. 17. 5%a.a. 18. 4 meses e meio 19. 120 dias 20. No convm aceitar a proposta. 21. 49 dias 22. 51 dias. A data 27 de julho. 23. 33 dias 24. 6%a.a. 25. 4,4% a.m. 26. 5,2% a.m. 27. 4,5% a.m. 28. 7,35% a.m. 29. $ 10 964,91 30. 0,148 ou 14,8% .

Juro total 96 + 216 + 384 = 696 ou $696,00 Calculando o juro com a taxa mdia obtida, temos: J = 1200 i 2 + 1200 i 3 + 1200 i 4= = 1200 i (2 + 3 + 4) = 1 200 i 9 Como i =
0,58 ,temos ento: 9

0,58 9 = 696 ou $ 696,00, o que confirma 9 o valor da taxa mdia.

J = 1200

Resposta: A taxa mdia de, aproximadamente, 6,4% a.m. 3. Tenho trs ttulos a resgatar: o primeiro, de $ 6 000,00, tem prazo de vencimento de 3 meses taxa de 10% a.m.; o segundo, de $ 5 000,00, tem prazo de 4 meses taxa de 15% a.m., e o terceiro, de $ 8 000,00, tem prazo de 3 meses a 12% a.m. Qual a taxa mdia para os descontos? Soluo Como temos, agora, valores nominais diferentes e prazos diferentes, vamos calcular a taxa mdia, utilizando a mdia ponderada das taxas, com pesos determinados pelos produtos dos valores nominais pelos respectivos prazos. Assim:
i= = 6000 3 0,1 + 5000 4 0,15 + 8000 3 0,12 6000 3 + 5000 4 + 8000 3

1800 + 3000 + 2880 7680 = 0,1239 18000 + 20000 + 24000 62000

ou 12,39%a.m. Resposta: A taxa mdia dos descontos de 12,39% a.m. Deixaremos a verificao como exerccio para voc resolver. 18. Devo $ 60 000,00. Tenho de pagar a metade desse valor vista, a tera parte em 6 meses e o restante, em 1 ano. Em que prazo poderei liquidar a dvida toda? 19. Qual o prazo mdio de trs letras de $ 200,00 cada uma, emitidas a 60 dias 120 dias e 180 dias de prazo, taxa de 5% a.m.? 20. Tenho cinco letras de $ 500,00 cada uma, para pagar em prazos de 60, 80, 25, 60 e 50 dias, taxa comum de 10% a.m. O credor props trocar as cinco letras por um nico ttulo de $ 2 500,00 num prazo de 45 dias. O prazo proposto conveniente, comparado com o prazo mdio das 5 letras que tenho? 21. Determine o prazo mdio das letras: $ 200,00 a 30 dias, $ 120,00 a 45 dias e $ 400,00 a 60 dias, numa taxa comum de 5% a.m. 22. Qual a data de vencimento de uma letra destinada a substituir, em 6 de junho, duas letras: uma de $ 1 000,00, com vencimento em 3 de agosto, e outra, de 1 600,00, com vencimento em 15 de julho do mesmo ano,

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Juros Compostos

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os juros compostos e os juros simples so iguais; para n < 1, os juros simples so maiores que os juros compostos e, para n > 1, os juros compostos sempre excedem os juros simples. CLCULO DO MONTANTE (CN) No problema anterior, calculou-se o montante do capital de 1.000, em 4 anos, a 20% a.a., resolvendo quatro problemas de juros simples, ou seja, calculando os juros em cada ano a partir do montante constitudo no ano anterior. Pode-se, entretanto, deduzir uma frmula para o clculo do montante em funo do capital inicial, da taxa do juro e do tempo de aplicao. Os juros foram calculados, em cada ano, aplicandose a frmula j = Ci (n = 1) e os resultados obtidos estio resumidos no quadro abaixo: Capital 1000 1200 1440 1780 Ju- Montanros te 200 1200 240 1440 288 1728 345, 2073,6 6

&21&(,72
Juros compostos, acumulados ou capitalizados, so os que, no fim de cada perodo, so somados ao capital constitudo no incio, para produzirem novos juros no perodo seguinte. Seja, por exemplo, um capital de 1.000 unidades monetrias colocado a 20% a.a. durante 4 anos. No fim do primeiro ano o juro igual a 200, que capitalizado, isto , somado ao capital 1000 para, assim, o novo capital, 1200, produzir juros no segundo ano. Ao final deste, o juro ser de 240, ou seja, 20% de 1200. O capital a produzir juro no terceiro ano de 1.440 (1.200 + 240). O juro ser 288. No quarto ano o juro ser de 20% sobre o capital 1.728 (1.440 + 288), ou seja, 345,60. Dessa forma, o montante no fim do quarto ano ser de 2.073,60 unidades de capital. O grfico abaixo mostra os juros calculados no fim de cada perodo e os respectivos montantes.

1 ano 2 ano 3 ano 4 ano

Representando literalmente os valores do quadro acima, temos: Capital C1 C2 C3 Juros J2 j3 j4 Montante C2 C3 C4

n =1 n =2 n =3 n =4 Comparando os juros compostos com os juros simples, verifica-se que os primeiros crescem em progresso geomtrica, enquanto os juros simples so constantes em todos os perodos, pois so calculados sempre sobre o capital inicial. No problema citado, os juros simples so iguais a 200 unidades monetrias em todos os anos. Assim, o montante do capital de 1.000, a juros simples de 20% a.a., cresce numa progresso aritmtica de razo 200, enquanto o montante a juros compostos cresce em progresso geomtrica de razo 1,2. O quadro abaixo apresenta a evoluo dos montantes a juros simples e compostos. Anos Montante a Juros simples Montante a Juros compostos 0 1000 1 1200 2 1400 3 1600 4 1800

&

M

&

Seja CN, o montante do capital C, taxa i, no fim de n perodos. Resolvendo literalmente o problema anterior, temos: para n =1 C1 = C+ j1 como j1 = Ci C1 =C + Ci = C(1+i)

para n =2 C2 = Ci + j2 2 C2 = C1 +C1i = C1 (1+i) = C (1+i) (1+i) =C (1 +i) para n = 3 C3 = C2+j3 2 C3 = C2 + C2i = C2 (1+i) = C (1 +i) (1+ i) = C(1 3 +j) para n=4 C4 = C3+j4 3 C4 = C3 +C3 i = C3 (1 +i) = C(1+i) (1 +i) = C 4 (1+j) Analogamente: 5 C5 =C (1 + i) C6 = C (1+i)
6

1000

1200

1440

1780

2073,6

Representando graficamente, temos:

Finalmente, para n qualquer, Cn = C ( 1+i)

n

Pode-se verificar, pelo grfico acima, que, para n 1,

Obs.: Nessa frmula, como em todas as demais da matemtica financeira, a taxa unitria i e o nmero de perodos n devem referir-se d mesma unidade de tempo. Assim, se i taxa anual, n dever expressar nmero de anos; se l taxa semestral. n ser nmero de semestres etc. 43

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EXEMPLOS 1. Calcular o montante do capital de 10.000 unidades monetrias, a 10% a.a., em 3 anos. C = C(1+i) C = 10.000 C = 0,1 (10%a.a.) n = 3(anos) 3 C3 = 10.000(1+0,1) 3 C3 = 10.000 x 1,1 C3 = 10.000 x 1,331 C3= 13.310 2. Determinar o montante de 3.000 unidades monetrias, a 2% ao ms, no fim de 2 anos.
n N

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Assim, os juros podem ser capitalizados anualmente, semestralmente, trimestralmente ou mensalmente. Geralmente, com referncia ao perodo de capitalizao, a taxa de juros anual. EXEMPLOS 1. 2. 3. Juros de 18% .a. capitalizados semestralmente. Juros de 20% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente. Juros de 12% a.a.capitalizados mensalmente.

Cn = C (1 +i) C = 3.000 i = 0,02 (2% ao ms) n = 24 (meses) 24 24 C24 = 3.000(1 +0,02) = 3.000x 1,02 O valor de 1,02 fornecido por tbua financeira (Tbua 1) e igual a 1,608437. C24 = 3.000 x 1,608437 C24 = 4.825,31
24

Nesses casos, ao calcular o valor da expresso (1 + n i) emprega-se a taxa proporcional, ou seja: no exemplo 1, a taxa semestral proporcional a 18% a.a. de 9%; no exemplo 2 a taxa proporcional de 5% ao trimestre; e, no exemplo 3, a taxa a ser utilizada de 1% ao ms. Entretanto, s vezes, usa-se a taxa equivalente, conforme se ver mais frente. EXEMPLOS 1. Qual o montante do capital equivalente a 500 u.m., no fim de 2 anos, com juros de 24% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente?

7%8$6 ),1$1&(,5$6
Na aplicao da frmula do montante deve-se calcun lar o valor da potncia (1 + j) . Por isso, foi colocada no fim deste livro (apndice) a Tbua financeira 1, que fornece os n valores da expresso (1 + i) para vrios valores de i e n. Para localizar, na Tbua 1, determinado valor, procura-se na primeira linha a taxa centesimal correspondente a / e, na primeira coluna, o valor de n. na interseco da linha dos perodos com a coluna da taxa que ele se encontra. Convm recordar aqui que se estiver tomando uma taxa anual, n estar representando o nmero de anos; se a taxa for trimestral, n ser o nmero de trimestres etc. EXEMPLOS: 1 Se o problema envolve uma taxa mensal de 2% por um ano e 6 meses, ento:

2 O capital de 120 u.m. foi colocado a juros de 20% a.a capitalizados semestralmente. Qual o montante no fim de 2 anos e 6 meses?

2 Para taxa trimestral de 5% em 2 anos, temos:

&$3,7$/,=$2 '26 -8526

Na constituio do montante, os juros podem ser calculados no fim de cada ano, semestre, trimestre ou ms.

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CLCULO DO VALOR DE (1 + i) NO TABELADO Quando o valor da expresso (1 + i) no for fornecido diretamente pela tbua financeira, isto 6, a tbua no tiver a taxa do problema ou n for um nmero que no conste na tbua, pode-se achar o valor dessa expresso com auxlio de logaritmos ou fazendo interpolao dos valores tabelados. Obviamente, se se dispuser de uma calculadora que faa potenciao, o clculo ser bem simplificado. Clculo de (1 +i) com emprego de logaritmos Fazendo: X = (1 +i) n Log x = log (1 +i) Log x= n log(1 +i) X = antilog [n log (1+i)] EXEMPLOS 1. Se a taxa de 5,5% ao trimestre e o prazo de aplicao de 2 anos, entro: (1 +i) =(1 + 0,055)
n 8 n n n

lnterpolao de valores tabelados Nos dois exemplos anteriores, os valores da expresso (1 + 1) podem tambm ser calculados fazendo-se interpolao linear dos valores aproximados, fornecidos pela tbua financeira. Para o clculo do valor de (1 + 0,055) , procuram-se na tbua as taxas mais prximas de 5,5%, que so 5% e 6%. Na linha correspondente a 8 perodos, os valores da n funo (1 + i) , para estas taxas, so 1,477455 e 1,593848, respectivamente. Estabelecendo uma regra de trs calculase o valor da funo para a taxa de 5,5%. 5% 1,477455 6% 1,593848
8

Para um acrscimo da taxa de 1% (6% 5%), a funo tem um acrscimo de 0,116393 (1,593848 1,477455); ento, um acrscimo de 0,5% (5,5% 5%) corresponde a um acrscimo de x no valor da funo. Portanto:

Por hiptese, a tabela no fornece a taxa de 5,5%, 8 pode-se calcular o valor de (1 + 0,055) com auxlio de logaritmos. Assim: X=(1 + 0,055) 8 log x =log(1 + 0,055) log x =8log 1,055 log x = 8 x 0,0232525 logx = 0,18602 x = antilog 0,18602 x = 1,534687 Portanto, (1 + 0,055) = 1,534687 (veja Tbua 1) 2. Admita-se que um capital colocado por 2 anos e 2 meses a juros de 20% a.a. capitalizados semestralmente. Neste problema, a taxa de 10% ao semestre e n igual a 4 2/6 = 4 1/3 (semestres). Ento:
8 8

1% 0,5%

0,116393 x

= 0,116393 1_ 0,5 x x = 0,5 x 0,116393 x = 0,058196 Somando-se esse valor ao da funo correspondente taxa de 5% e 8 perodos, tem-se o valor da expresso 8 (1 + 0,055) . Dessa forma: (1+0,055) = 1,535651(1,477455+0,058196) Entretanto, deve-se observar que os valores de (1 + n i) obtidos por interpolao linear da taxa sero sempre um pouco maiores que os valores reais, pois estes crescem na forma exponencial e, pela interpolao linear considera-se um segmento de reta entre dois pontos da exponencial. Podemos observar melhor a superestimao de (1+ n i) , pela interpolao linear, atravs da representao grfica abaixo.
8

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juros simples desse montante em 2 meses.

Neste exemplo, verifica-se que o valor calculado pa8 ra (1 + 0,055) com auxlio de logaritmos, 1,534687 (valor real), menor que 1,535651, calculado por interpolao linear. Assim, sempre que o clculo exigir preciso deve-se evitar a interpolao linear. No segundo exemplo, onde

Aplicando agora a frmula do montante a juros simples, Cn = C(l + i n), onde: C= 1.416,17 i = 0,02(2% ao ms) n = 2 (meses) C2 = 1.416,17(1+0,02x2) C2 = 1.472,81 Portanto, o montante pela capitalizao mista de 1.472,81 unidades monetrias. Esse mesmo resultado obtido se resolvermos o problema fazendo a interpolao n linear para o clculo do valor de (1 + i) . Vejamos: Cn = C(1+i) C = 900 i = 0,12(12% ao mestre)
n

n=4

1 e a taxa de 10%, 3

interpolando os valores tabelados, temos: Acrscimo no n 1 Acrscimo da funo 0,149510(1,610510 1,461000) x

1 3
x= x

1 3

x 0,149510 = 0,049836

1 n = 4 (semestre) 3
1 3

Portanto:

(1 + 0,1)

= 1,510836

C 4 1 = 900(1+0,12) 3 3 n 4 5 1 12% 1,573519 1,762341

Comparando este valor com aquele obtido com auxlio de logaritmos (1,511361) verifica-se que a interpolao n linear subestima o valor real de (1 +i) Isto ocorre pois, como foi visto anteriormente, em

1 3

de perodo os juros

simples (interpolao linear) so maiores que os juros compostos (exponencial). Este tipo de interpolao no ser empregado, pois, nesses casos, o clculo do montante feito atravs do sistema de capitalizao mista.

0,188822(1,762341 1,573519) x

1 3
x=

&$3,7$/,=$2 0,67$
Como vimos, quando n < 1 os juros simples so maiores que os compostos, por isso, sendo n um nmero misto, na prtica, calcula-se o montante a juros compostos na parte inteira de n e, em seguida, calculam-se os juros simples desse montante na parte fracionria de n. Esse sistema de clculo denomina-se capitalizao mista. EXEMPLO Determinar o montante de 900 unidades monetrias, a 24% a.a. capitalizados semestralmente, em 2 anos e 2 meses. n Ci = C(1+i) i = 0,12(12% ao mestre)

1 3
3

x 0,188822

x = 0,062941 C 4 1 = 1.472,81

6,67(0$ 35,&(
Quando um capital colocado a juros compostos capitalizados mensalmente a uma taxa anual, convencionou-se chamar esse sistema de capitalizao de Price, e as tabuas financeiras, que fornecem taxas anuais de juros e o nmero de perodos de capitalizao em meses, de tabelas Price. No apndice, apresenta-se uma amostragem das tabelas Price (Tbuas VI a X). EXEMPLO 1. 46 Calcular o montante do capital de 1.000 unidades

1 n = 4 (semestre) 3
Pela capitalizao mista, calcula-se o montante a juros compostos em 4 penodose, em seguida, calcula-se os

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monetrias, por 2 anos, a 12% a.a. capitalizados mensalmente.

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Seja k o nmero de capitalizaes em 1 ano, e n o nmero de anos. Teremos a frmula geral do montante: JUROS COMPOSTOS CONTNUOS Os juros compostos so denominados contnuos quando o nmero de capitalizaes tende para infinito. Considere-se o seguinte problema: calcular o montante de 1.000 unidades monetrias, por 3 anos, a 10% a.a. capitalizados: anualmente semestralmente trimestralmente, e mensalmente
a )C 3 = 1000 (1 + 0,1) 3 = 1000 1,331000 = 1,331 b)C 3 = 1000 (1 + 0,5) 6 = 1000 1,340095 = 1.340 ,10 c )C 3 = 1000 (1 + 0,025) 12 = 1000 1,344889 = 1.344,89 d )C 3 = 1000 (1 + 0,00833 ) 36 = 1000 1,348181 = 1.348,18

Cn = C (1+i)

Substituindo i por _i_ por i: K

1 C n = C (1 + )kn k
Dividindo 2 termos da frao _i_ por i: K

C n = C (1 +

1 )kn k i

Seja k =

k i

;portanto, k = ki

Verifica-se, atravs desse problema, que, medida que aumenta o nmero de capitalizaes. o montante tambm aumenta. Quando n tende para infinito, os juros compostos so contnuos.

C n = C (1 +
Calculando o limite quando k ,

i ) k ' in k'

Clculo do montante
O problema de juros compostos contnuos consiste em calcular o limite para o qual tende o montante quando o nmero de capitalizaes tende para infinito. Pode-se verificar, no exemplo anterior, que o montante no cresce proporcionalmente ao nmero de capitalizaes. Dessa forma, a curva correspondente aos montantes de um certo capital, a uma determinada taxa, em funo do nmero de capitalizaes, num tempo constante, tem concavidade para baixo, conforme o grfico seguinte: Cn o limite para o qual tende o montante quando n tende para infinito A expresso lim(1+

Sendo Cn e C constantes;

k i

) um dos limites fundamentais da

lgebra e igual a e = 2,718. Portanto: K in Cn=C e Obs: O valor da expresso e ter de ser calculado com calculadora eletrnica ou com o auxlio de logaritmos.
in

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EXEMPLO Calcular o montante do capital de 1.000 unidades monetrias, em 3 anos, com juros de 10% a.a. capitalizados continuamente. Cn = C .e C = 1000 e = 2,718 i = 0,1 n=3
in

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i = e ii 1 e = 2 , 718 i i = 0 ,1 i = 2 , 718 x = 2 , 718
0 ,1 0 ,1

log x = 0 ,1 log 2 , 718 log x = 0 ,1 0 , 4342495

0,1 x 3

C3 = 1000 x 2,718 0,3 C3 = 1000 x 2,718 Fazendo x = 2,718 mos,

log x = 0 , 04342495 x = 1,1051

e calculando com auxlio de logarit0,3

0,3

i = 1,10551 1 i = 0 ,10551 ou 10 , 51 % a .a
2. a.a? Qual a taxa de instantnea equivalente a 10%

logx = log2,718 logx = 0,3log2,718 logx = 0,3 x 0,432495 logx = 0,13027485 x = antilog0,13027485 x = 1,34981 C3 = 1,34981 C3 = 1000 x 1,34981 C3 = 1,349,81 Taxa instantnea A taxa anual cujos juros so capitalizados continuamente denominada taxa instantnea. Taxa anual equivalente taxa instantnea Seja i a taxa anual e ii a taxa instantnea equivalente. Ento, um capital C, em n anos, produzir o mesmo montante taxa i e taxa ii. Os montantes so: Cn = C (1 + i) (capitalizao anual) iin Cn = C . e (capitalizao contnua) n ii C(1+i) = C x e ii 1+i = e Dessa igualdade, pode-se deduzir i em funo de ii e em funo de i. No primeiro caso, temos: i = e i -1 Para deduzir a expresso do valor de ii em funo de i aplicam-se logaritmos igualdade.
i n

ii = 2,3028 log(1 + i ) i = 0,1 ii = 2,3028 log(1 + 0,1) ii = 2,3028 0,0413927 ii = 0,0953ou 9,53%

352%/(0$6 5(629,'26
Calcular os juros do capital de 1000 unidades monetrias, colocado por 4 anos, a 20% a.a. capitalizados semestralmente.

1 + i = e ii log(1 + i) = log e ii log(1 + i) = ii log e ii =

ii = 2,3028 log (1+i)

1 log(1 + i) log e 1 ii = log(1 + i ) 0,4342495

2. Qual o montante do capital equivalente a 500 u.m., a 10% a.a. capitalizados mensalmente, em 2 anos?

EXEMPLO 1. Qual a taxa anual equivalente taxa instantnea de 10%?

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Log(1+i) = logPn-logP n Pn = 212 P =149 n = 24

log(1+i) = log212 log149 24

log(1+i) = 2,32633586 2,17318627 24 06. 3. Um emprstimo de 2000 unidades monetrias dever ser resgatado no fim de 3 anos com juros de 15% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente. Qual o valor do resgate? O capital de 1.000 unidades monetrias produziu o montante de 1.70P unidades monetrias em 1 ano e 9 meses. Qual foi a taxa trimestral dos juros? Cn = C (1+i) Cn = 1700 C = 1000 n = 7(trimestralmente) 7 1700 = 1000 (1+i) 7 (1+i) = 1700 1000 7 (1+i) =1,7 Implementando: 7% 1,605781
7 n

C n = C (1 + i ) n i = 0,0375(3,75%aotrimestre) n = 12(trimestres ) C12 = 2000(1 + 0,0375)12

Interpolados os valores da Tbua I, correspondenn te a (1+i) para3,5% e 4%, temos: 3,5 % 12 1,511069 0,5% 0,25% x = 0,25 x0,089963 0,5 Portanto: (1+0,0375) = 1,511069+0,044982 = 1,556051 C12 = 2000 x 1,556051 C12 = 3.122,10 4. Calcular a taxa nominal e correspondente a 2% ao ms. a efetiva anual
12

8% 1,713824

4% 1,601032

O valor de (1 + i) = 1,7 est na tbua entre as taxas de 7% e 8%. 0,108043 0,094219 x = 0,094219 0,108043 x = 0,87% x = 7,87% ao trimestre 1% x

0,089963 x

(TXLYDOQFLD GH &DSLWDLV 'LIHULGRV

Def.: Dois capitais so ditos diferidos se tm vencimentos em datas diferentes. Def.: Dois ou mais capitais so ditos equivalentes se, em certa poca, seus valores atuais forem iguais. Problemas de equivalncia de capitais diferidos tm uma importncia muito grande pois permitem a substituio de ttulos que vencem em datas diferentes. Mas, para resolver problemas assim, devemos: 1) Estabelecer uma data de comparao. No caso de juros simples, esta deve ser a data em que a dvida foi contrada (data zero). 2) Calcular o Valor Atual de todos os ttulos envolvidos no problema na data de comparao. 3) Comparar os valores calculados. Se o resultado for uma igualdade, esses capitais diferidos so equivalentes podendo, portanto, ser trocados.

Taxa nominal = 2% x 12 = 24% a.a. Taxa efetiva: k i =(1 +k) -1 ik = 0,02 k = 12 12 i = (1+0,02) -1 i = 1,268242-1 i = 0,268242 ou 26,824%a.a. Com relao ao ano-base de 1964,o ndice de preos no ano de 1966 foi de 149, passando para 212 em 1968. Considerando os ndices referidos ao ms de dezembro, calcular a taxa mensal mdia de inflao nesse perodo de 24 meses.

352%/(0$6 352326726 352326726

01. Calcular o montante de 1.000 u.m. no fim de 3

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anos, a 16% a.a. capitalizados semestralmente. 02. Qual o juro de 2.000 u.m. no fim de 2 anos e meio, a 20% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente? . O capital de 1.500 u.m. foi colocado a 12% a.a. durante 4 anos. Qual o tante? O capital de 1.000 u.m. produziu o montante de 1.695,881 u.m. em 3 anos. Qual a taxa trimestral do juro? Em quanto tempo um capital dobrar de valor a 18% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente? Determinar o montante de 1.200 u.m. no fim de 4 anos, a 12% a.a. capitalizados mensalmente. Qual a taxa anual de juros que, capitalizados semestralmente, faz com que o capital de 2.500 u.m. produza 2.000 u.m. de juros em 3 anos e 6 meses?

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01. Quanto 13% de 200? Soluo: Taxa = 13% = 0,13 100 Principal = 200 Porcentagem = taxa principal Porcentagem = 0,13 200 = 26 Resposta: 13% de 200 26. 02. Calcular 250% de 32.

03.

04.

05.

06.

Soluo: Taxa = 250% = 250 = 2,5 100 Principal = 32 Porcentagem = taxa principal Porcentagem = 2,5 32 = 80 Resposta: 250% de 32 80. 03. Obter 3,5% de $4 500,00. Soluo: Taxa = 3,5% = 3,5 = 0,035 100 Principal 4 500 Porcentagem = taxa principal Porcentagem = 0,035 4 500 = 157,5 Resposta: 3,5% de $4 500,00 $ 157,50. 04. Qual o principal que taxa de 20% resulta uma porcentagem de 36? Soluo Taxa = 20 = 0,2 100 Porcentagem = 36 Porcentagem = taxa principal 36 = 0,2 principal Principal = 36 = 180 0,2 Resposta: O principal 180. 05. Qual a taxa que, aplicada num capital de $720 000,00, resulta uma porcentagem de $21 600,00? Soluo Principal = 720 000 Porcentagem = 21 600 Porcentagem = taxa principal 21 600 = taxa 720 000 Taxa = 21600 = 0,3 = 3 = 3% 720000 100 Resposta: A taxa de 3%. 06. Por quanto devo vender um carro que comprei por $ 40 000,00 se desejo lucrar 5% sobre a compra? Soluo: Preo de venda = (1 + 0,05) 40000

07.

08Durante quanto tempo 2.500 u.m. produzem 1.484,621 u.m. de juros, a 24% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente? 09O capital de 4.000 u.m. colocado a 20% a.a. capitalizados trimestralmente e o de 7.000 u.m. colocado a 10% a.a. capitalizados semestralmente. No fim de quanto tempo os montantes sero iguais? 10Uma pessoa colocou 2/5 de seu capital a 16% a.a. capitalizados trimestral-mente e o restante, a 20% a.a. capitalizados semestralmente. No fim de 2 anos e 6 meses retirou o montante de 2.061,877 u.m. Qual foi o capital aplicado? 11Uma instituio financeira paga juros de 24% a.a. capitalizados trimestral-mente. Qual a taxa efetiva? 12. Qual a taxa trimestral de juro equivalente a 22% a.a.? Um capital foi aplicado a 1,5% ao ms. Qual a taxa anual equivalente? Qual a taxa mensal de juro equivalente a 20% a.a.?

13.

14.

15. O capital de 1.000 u.m. foi aplicado durante 1 ano e 3 meses a uma taxa trimestral de juros. Se a taxa fosse de 2% ao ms os juros seriam maiores em 69,58 7 u.m. Qual a taxa de aplicao?

GABARITO 01-1.586,874 u.m. 09-5 anos, 8 meses e 23 02-1.257,79 u.m. dias. 03-2.360,279 u.m. 10-1.323,07 u.m. 04-4,5% ao trimestre. 11-26,24%a.a. 05-3 anos, 11 meses e 6 12-5,11% ao trimestre. dias. 13-19,56% a.a. 06-1.934,671 u.m. 14-1,532% ao ms. 07-17,52% a.a. 15-5% ao trimestre. 08-2 anos.

EXERCCIO RESOVIDOS MATEMTICA

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Preo de venda = 1,05 40000 Preo de venda = 42 000 Resposta: Devo vender por $ 42 000,00. 07. A quanto devo vender um objeto que comprei por $ 1900,00 para lucrar 5% sobre a venda? Soluo: Preo de venda:

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Resposta: O comerciante ganhou $ 200,00 na transao. 11. Qual o juro simples que um capital de $ 30000,00 produz, quando aplicado durante cinco meses, a uma taxa de 3,5% a.m. (l -se ao m s)? Soluo: J = C i n J = 30000 0,035 5

1900 (1 0,05 )

J = 5 250 Resposta: O juro de $ 5250,00. 12. Qual o juro simples que um capital de $ 2500,00 rende quando aplicado durante um ano, taxa mensal de 2%? Soluo: J = C i n J = 2500 0,02 12 J = 600 Resposta: O juro de $ 600,00. 13. Um capital de $ 10000,00, investido a juros simples de 63% ao ano, foi sacado aps tr s meses e dez dias, a contar da data do investimento. Qual foi o juro? Soluo: Na resoluo desse problema importante tomar cuidado com as unidades de tempo. Assim: 3 meses e 10 dias = 100 dias J = C i n J = 10000 0,63 100

1900 Preo de venda = 0,95

Resposta: O preo de venda ser de $ 2000,00. 08. Uma fatura de $ 5000,00 sofrer descontos sucessivos de 5% e mais 8%. Por quanto ser liquidada? Soluo: Valor lquido = 5000 (1 - 0,05) (1 - 0,08) Valor lquido 5 000 0,95 0,92 Valor lquido 5 000 0,8740 Valor Lquido 4 370 Resposta: A fatura ser liquidada por $ 4370,00. 09. Na venda de um objeto ganhou-se 5% sobre o preo de venda, ou seja, $200,00. Qual foi o preo de custo? Soluo: Se foram ganhos 5% sobre a venda, podemos dizer que o custo corresponde a 95%, pois: 95% + 5% = 100%

Observe que o perodo n foi reduzido a anos, uma vez que dividimos o nmero de dias por 360, que o ano comercial. J = 10000 0,63 360 J = 1750 Resposta: O juro de $1750,00. O mesmo efeito seria obtido se fizssemos:

custo lucro venda Numa regra de trs, teremos: 5% 200 95% x

Ento:x = 95 200 =3 800 5 Resposta: O objeto foi comprado por $3 800,00. 10. Certo comerciante vendeu mercadorias compradas por $1800,00 com o lucro de 10% sobre a venda. Quanto ganhou? Soluo: J que o lucro foi de 10% sobre a venda, o preo de custo corresponde a 90%. pois 90% + 10% = 100%. Numa regra de trs, teremos: 90% 10% x = 10 1800 = 200 90 1 800 x 14.

1 3 J = 10000 0,63 12 3
Veja que, nesse caso, utilizamos o tempo em meses, pois 3 meses e 10 dias = 3

1 meses. 3

Qual a taxa mensal de juros simples que deve incidir sobre um capital de $ 5000,00 para que este em quatro meses e meio, renda $ 720,00? Soluo: J = C i n 720 = 5000 i 4,5

720 =i 5000 4,5

Resposta: A taxa dever ser de 3,2% ao ms. 15. Que capital inicial, em cinqenta dias, a uma taxa simples de 0,5% a.d. (l -se ao dia) rende $ 2000,00?

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Soluo J = C i n 2000 = C 0,005 50

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C= 928000 5,8

2000 =C 0,005 50
C = 8000 Resposta: O capital inicial de $ 8 000,00. 16. Qual taxa mensal de juros simples deve incidir num capital para que ele duplique de valor em um ano? Soluo: Neste caso, o juro igual ao prprio capital. J = C i n C = C i 12

C = 160 000 O capital investido foi, portanto, de $ 160 000,00. Para achar os juros, basta subtrair o montante do capital: M=C+JJ=M-C J = 928000 - 160000 J = 768 000 Poderamos tambm resolver o problema usando as frmulas M = C (1 + i n) ou C =

C 1 =ii= = 0,0833 ... C 12 12

A taxa, portanto, ser de 8,33% ao ms. Esta mesma taxa, se calculada anualmente, se tornaria, evidentemente, 100% (afinal, o capital dobrou!). Portanto: 8,33% a.m. 100% a.a. 17. Qual o montante resultante de uma aplicao de $ 29800,00 taxa de 12% a.m. durante 6 meses? Soluo: Como o capital aplicado de $ 29 800,00 precisamos saber os juros. J = C i n 29800 0,12 6 J = 21 456 Como os juros so de $ 21456,00, o montante de: $29 800,00 + $21 456,00 = $51 256,00 Poderamos tambm resolver esse problema, usando a frmula: M = C (1+ i n) Assim, temos: M = 29 800 (1 + 0,12 6) M = 29800 1,72 Resposta: De qualquer maneira que se resolva esse problema, o montante ser de $ 51 256,00. 18. Coloquei uma certa quantia em um banco a 120% a.a. e retirei, depois de 4 anos, $ 928000,00. Quanto recebi de juros, sabendo que a aplicao foi feita base de juros simples? Soluo: Temos neste problema:

M 1 + 1,2 4

Nessas frmulas, substituindo as letras pelos valores, temos:

928000 1 + 1,2 4 928000 C= 5,8 C = 160000 C=

Resposta: De qualquer maneira, os juros sero de $768 000,00, pois M = C + J J = M - C = 928 000 - 160 000. 19. Qual o desconto, a 5% a.m., sobre um ttulo de $ 750,00, pago 2 meses e 10 dias antes do vencimento? Soluo N = 750, n = 2 meses e 10 dias = 70dias i = 0,05 D = N 1 n D = 750

0,05 70 = 87,50 30

Resposta: O desconto foi, portanto, de $ 87,50. 20. Um ttulo no valor de $ 1200, 00, pago 5 meses antes do vencimento, ficou reduzido a $ 900.00. Qual foi a taxa mensal usada? Soluo: N = 1200 n = 5 meses L = 900 Vamos resolver este problema de dois modos. Primeiro modo: usando o clculo de desconto D=Njn

M = 928000, i = 1,2 e n = 4 Como J = C i n, ento: J = C 1,2 4 J = 4,8C Mas, como M = C + J, ento: 928 000 C + 4,8C 928 000 = 5,8C

D = N - L = 1200 - 900 = 300 300 = 1200 5. i=

300 = 0,05 1200 5

A taxa aplicada foi, portanto, de 5% ao ms.

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Segundo modo: usando a frmula do valor lquido L = N (1 - in) 900 000 = 1200000 (1 i 5)

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que, dependendo do desejo de consumo, ele poderia ficar cada vez mais distante, subindo de preo numa proporo maior que os 30% recebidos. A taxa de juros que o banco cobra e paga inclui, alm de tens como o risco e o tempo de emprstimo, a expectativa de inflao para perodo. Esta taxa, quando vem expressa por um perodo que no coincide com o prazo de formao dos juros (capitalizaes), chamada de taxa nominal. Ex.: 15% ao ano, cujos juros so pagos mensalmente. Nestes casos precisamos calcular a taxa efetiva, que ser a taxa nominal dividida pelo nmero de capitalizaes que inclui, acumulada pelo prazo de transao. A remunerao real, ou taxa real de uma aplicao ser calculada excluindo-se o percentual de inflao que a taxa efetiva embute. Taxa Efetiva. a taxa de juros em que a unidade referencial de seu tempo coincide com a unidade de tempo dos perodos de capitalizao. a taxa utilizada nas calculadoras financeiras, como a HP12C. Uma taxa de 10 % ao ano, capitalizados anualmente, uma taxa efetiva. Taxas proporcionais. So taxas de juros dadas em unidades de tempo diferentes que, ao serem aplicadas a um mesmo principal (capital) durante um mesmo prazo, produzem um mesmo montante acumulado no final daquele prazo, no regime de juros simples. Taxas equivalentes. So taxas de juros dadas em unidades de tempo diferentes que ao serem aplicadas a um mesmo principal durante um mesmo prazo produzem um mesmo montante acumulado no final daquele prazo, no regime de juros compostos. Taxa nominal. a taxa de juros em que a unidade referencial de seu tempo no coincide com a unidade de tempo dos perodos de capitalizao. A taxa nominal sempre fornecida em termos anuais, e os perodos de capitalizao podem ser semestrais, trimestrais, mensais ou dirios.
A taxa nominal, mesmo sendo bastante usada no mercado, no deve ser usada nos clculos financeiros, no regime de juros compostos. No entanto, toda taxa nominal traz em seu enunciado uma taxa efetiva implcita. Por exemplo: uma taxa nominal de 12% ao ano capitalizados mensalmente corresponde a uma taxa efetiva de 12% : 12 = 1% ao ms.

900 900 = 1 5i 5i = 1 1200 1200 300 5i = 1200 300 = 0,05 ou 5%a.m. i= 6000
Resposta: A taxa mensal foi de 5%. 21. Resgatei, em 16 de abril, uma nota promissria cujo vencimento estava marcado para 10 de junho do mesmo ano. Obtive um desconto de $4400,00, calculado com uma taxa mensal de 6%. Qual era o valor nominal da promissria? Soluo D = 4400 i = 0,06 Consultando a tabela 1, obtemos a informao:

Resposta: O valor nominal da promissria era de $40000,00.

TAXAS DE JUROS O juro a remunerao pelo emprstimo do dinheiro. Ele existe porque a maioria das pessoas prefere o consumo imediato, e est disposta a pagar um preo por isto. Por outro lado, quem for capaz de esperar at possuir a quantia suficiente para adquirir seu desejo, e neste nterim estiver disposta a emprestar esta quantia a algum, menos paciente, deve ser recompensado por esta abstinncia na proporo do tempo e risco, que a operao envolver. O tempo, o risco e a quantidade de dinheiro disponvel no mercado para emprstimos definem qual dever ser a remunerao, mais conhecida como taxa de juros. O governo quando quer diminuir o consumo, tentando com isso conter a inflao, diminue a quantidade de dinheiro disponvel no mercado para emprstimos. Assim, a remunerao deste emprstimo fica muito alta para quem paga, desmotivando-o a consumir imediatamente e atraente para quem tem o dinheiro, estimulando-o a poupar. Na poca de inflao alta, quando a caderneta de poupana pagava at 30% ao ms, alguns tinham a falsa impresso de que logo ficariam ricos, com os altos juros pagos pelo banco. O que no percebiam

A taxa aparente (chamada de nominal nas transaes financeiras e comercial) aquela que vigora nas operaes correntes. A taxa real calculada depois de serem expurgados os efeitos inflacionrios. As taxas aparente e real relacionam-se da seguinte forma: onde i = taxa aparente i r = taxa real I = taxa da inflao (1+i)=(1+it)(1+I)
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APOSTILAS OPO
A Taxa Interna de Retorno (IRR) de um fluxo de caixa um objeto matemtico que fornece a taxa real de juros em uma operao financeira, conhecidos os lanamentos nos seus devidos momentos de realizao. PROVA SIMULADA 01. Se der R$12,00 a cada garoto, ficarei ainda com R$ 60,00. Para dar R$15,00 a cada um precisarei de mais R$ 6,00. Quantos so os garotos ? (12X + 60 = 15X 6) 02. Distribu certo nmero de selos entre os alunos de uma das minhas turmas, cabendo 5 para cada um. Se eu fosse distribuir para a outra turma, que tem 31 alunos a mais, eu teria de dar 2 selos a cada aluno e me sobrar 1. Quantos selos eu distribu? 03. Duas cidades, A e B, distam 360 km uma da outra. s 8 horas, um carro sai de A em direo a B e outro de B em direo a A, sendo que os dois se cruzam s12 horas num ponto a 120 km de A. Qual a velocidade do carro que partiu de A? 04. A diferena entre dois nmeros 15. Multiplicando-se o maior pr 11, a diferena passa a ser 535. Calcular os dois nmeros. 05. O produto de um nmero a pelo nmero 263 p. Acrescentando-se 4 unidades ao fator a e conservando o fator 263, qual ser o novo produto? 06. A soma de dois nmeros 90. Calcule o menor desses nmeros, sabendo que o produto deles dividido por sua diferena d o maior. 07. Seja o produto 456 x 34. Aumenta-se o muItiplicador de 1. De quanto devemos aumentar o multiplicando para que o produto exceda a antigo de 526?

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

3 de um nmero ou de uma quantia 5 3 multiplicar por esse nmero ou essa quantia ? 5 1 14. Quando se diz que de um nmero 12, a frao 4 4 ? que corresponde ao nmero 4
13. Calcular 15. Se eu gasto

2 3 1 ou ou de meu dinheiro, esse 5 7 9 5 7 9 dinheiro representado pela frao ou ou , 5 7 9 3 1 de meu ordenado so R$300,00, de meu 5 5 1 do nmero de minutos de uma hora ? 4 3 de R$100,00? 5

respectivamente?. 16. Se

ordenado corresponder a R$ 300,00 : 3 ? 17. Quanto

18. Quanto vale

19. Um aluno de ginsio obrigado a freqentar, no mnimo,

3 das aulas dadas durante o ano letivo. Se o 4

seu ginsio der 720 aulas, quantas no mnimo ter de freqentar ? 20. Cada aula do antigo Curso de Artigo 99, da Rdio Ministrio da Educao, tinha a durao de

08. Entre os nmeros inteiros inferiores a 200, quais so aqueles que podem servir de dividendo, em uma diviso de nmeros inteiros, cujo quociente 4 e o resto 35? 09. So dados dois nmeros dos quais o maior 400. Tirando-se 210 de um deles e 148 do outro, a soma dos restos 200. Qual o menor nmero ? 10. Um aluno ao multiplicar um nmero por 60, esqueceuse de colocar o zero direita e obteve inferior 291.006 do que deveria ter encontrado. Calcular o nmero 11. Dois alunos tm, cada um, certo nmero de canetas. Se o 1 desse uma ao 2, teriam igual nmero; se o 2 desse uma ao 1, este ter ento duas vezes mais do que o 2.. Quem tem o maior nmero de canetas, possui: a) 5 b) 7 c) 9 d) 11 e) 13

5 da 12

hora. Quantos minutos de durao tinha cada aula ? 21. Comprei um apartamento por R$420.000,00. Paguei

2 de entrada e o resto em 10 meses. Quanto dei de 3

entrada ? 22. Um comercirio gastou

1 3

de

seu

ordenado,

comprando um pequeno rdio por R$ 250,00. Qual o seu ordenado ? 23. Dois teros de uma pea de fazenda medem 90 metros. Quantos metros tem a pea ? 24. Se

3 de meu ordenado R$ 660,00, qual o meu 4 2 dessa rea 5 2 de meu 5

ordenado ? 12. Voc e eu temos juntos R$ 615,00. Se voc me desse R$ 140,00, ficaria com R$ 65,00 mais do que eu. Se eu lhe desse R$ 20,00 voc ficaria com: a) R$ 225,00 b) R$ 285,00 c) R$ 300,00 d) R$ 400,00 e) R$ 500,00 25. Qual a rea aproximada do Brasil se do 340.000 km ? 26. Gastei R$ 720,00 e fiquei ainda com ordenado. Qual o meu ordenado?
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APOSTILAS OPO
27. Uma torneira enche um tanque em 3 horas. Em quantos minutos enche

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

39. A soma de dois ngulos 90 graus. Um deles outro. Quais as medidas desses ngulos ? 40. Diminuindo-se 8 anos da idade de meu filho obtm-se

3 do tanque ? 4

2 do 3

28. Gasto

2 1 do meu ordenado com aluguel de casa e 5 2

os

3 de sua idade. Qual a idade de meu filho ? 5 2 4 da idade da maior igual a 5 9

dele em outras despesas. Fico ainda com R$ 200,00. Qual o meu ordenado ?

41. Duas pessoas tm juntas 76 anos. Quantos anos tem cada uma se

1 29. Pedro gastou da quantia que possua e, depois, 3 2 dessa quantia. Ficou ainda com R$ 40,00. Quanto 9
Pedro possua ? 30. Num time de futebol carioca, metade dos jogadores

da idade da menor?

42. Quando devo subtrair do numerador da frao para torn-la nove vezes maior?

324 349

1 contratados so cariocas, so dos outros Estados 3

e os 4 restantes so estrangeiros. Quantos jogadores contratados tem o clube ? 31. Uma torneira enche um tanque em 20 horas e outra em 30 horas. Em quanto tempo as duas juntas enchero o tanque? 32. Uma empresa construtora pode fazer uma obra em 40 meses e outra em 60 meses. Em quanto tempo as duas, juntas, podem fazer essa obra? 33. Que horas so se o que ainda resta para terminar o dia

43. A soma da metade com a tera parte da quantia que certa pessoa tem igual a R$15,00. Quanto possui esta pessoa ? 44. Uma pessoa despendeu certa quantia na compra de um terreno e o vendeu por R$ 35.000,00; nesta venda ganhou

3 do que despendera. Por quanto 4 7 cuja soma dos 15

comprou o terreno? 45. Determinar a frao-equivalente a

2 do que j passou ? 3 3 do que possua e, a seguir, a metade 4

termos 198. 46. Achar as fraes prprias irredutveis tais que o produto de seus termos seja 84. 47. Qual a frao que, acrescida de seu quadrado, d como soma outra frao que representa a frao inicial multiplicada por

34. Paulo gastou

do resto. Ficou ainda com R$ 7,00. Quanto Paulo possua ? 35. Dei

82 ? 27 3 4

3 do meu dinheiro a meu irmo e metade do 5

48. Um excursionista fez uma viagem de 360 km. Os do percurso foram feitos de trem,

resto a minha irm. Fiquei ainda com os R$ 8,00. Quanto eu possua? 36. O lucro de uma sociedade em 1965, foi igual a R$1.400.000,00. Esse lucro foi dividido entre os trs scios de modo que o primeiro recebeu

1 a cavalo e o 8

2 da parte 3

resto de automvel. Quantos km andou de automvel e que frao representa da viagem total? 49. Para ladrilhar ladrilhos:

4 da parte do terceiro. Qual a do segundo e este 5

parte de cada um ? 37. A soma, de dois nmeros 595 e um deles iguaI a

5 de um ptio empregaram-se 46.360 7

Quantos ladrilhos iguais sero

12 do outro. Quais so esses nmeros? 5

38. A metade de minha idade aumentada de seus igual a 52 anos. Qual a minha idade ?

4 5

3 do mesmo ptio? 8 3 50. Dois lotes tm a mesma rea. Os da rea do 4 2 2 da rea do primeiro excedem de 140 m os 5
necessrios para ladrilhar segundo. A rea de cada lote de ...................... 2 m. 51. Pedro e Paulo encarregados de uma obra, fariam todo o trabalho em 12 dias. No fim do quarto dia de trabalho, Pedro adoeceu e Paulo concluiu o

Matemtica

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
servio em 10 dias. Que frao da obra cada um executou? 52. Cludia e Vera possuam juntas R$100,00. Ao comprarem um presente de R$ 23,00 para oferecer a uma amiga comum, cada qual deu uma quantia diferente, na medida de suas possibilidades. Cludia entrou com de que dispunha e Vera com

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61. Medi o comprimento de um terreno e achei 18 passos e 2 ps. Verifiquei, depois, que o comprimento de meu passo vale 56 cm e o de meu p 25 cm. Qual o comprimento do. terreno em metros? 62. Com 22 livros de 3 cm e 7cm de espessura forma-se uma pilha de 1,06 m de altura. Quantos livros foram usados com a espessura de 3 cm? 63. A rea de uma sala de 45 m . Quantos tacos de 2 madeira de 150 cm sero necessrios para taquear essa sala? 64. A soma das reas de dois terrenos de 50 hectares. O primeiro terreno tem mais1.400 decmetros quadrados que o segundo. A rea do segundo de .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. quilmetros quadrados. 65. Dividiu-se um terreno de 200 hectares de rea em duas partes. A quarta parte da primeira igual a sexta parte da segunda. A primeira parte tem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . decmetros quadrados. 66. Um terreno retangular com 8,40 m de frente e 22 m de fundo foi vendido por R$ 27.720,00. Por quanto foi vendido o metro quadrado? 67. Um campo de forma retangular mede 3 dam de frente e d) 16
2

1 do dinheiro 4

1 do seu. Calcule 5 2 a uma pessoa, 5

com quanto Cludia contribuiu? 53. Numa cesta havia laranjas. Deu-se

a tera parte do resto a outra e ainda restam 10 laranjas. Quantas laranjas havia na cesta ? 54. Paulo e Antnio tm juntos R$123,00. Paulo gastou

2 3 e Antnio do que possuam, ficando com 5 7

quantias iguais. Quanto possua cada um ? 55. Dividir um nmero por 0,0625 equivale a multiplic-lo por: a) 6,25 b) 1,6

1 c) 16

1 2 hm de fundo. Sabendo que da superfcie 4 3

625 e) 100 34 , cujos termos tm para 51

c)

esto cultivados, pede-se em ha, a rea da parte no cultivada. 68. Em certa cidade um ha de terreno custa R$ 80.000,00. Calcule o lado de um terreno quadrado adquirido por R$7.200,00. 69. A rea de um trapzio de quatro decmetros quadrados dois metros quadrados e vinte e quatro e 24 decmetros quadrados; sabendo-se que as bases medem respectivamente 5 metros e 3 metros, calcular a altura desse trapzio, dando a resposta em milmetros. 70. As dimenses de um retngulo so 2,25 m e 0,64 m. O lado do quadrado equivalente a esse retngulo tem por medida: a) 1,2 m b) 3,6 m e) 0,72 m c) 0,18 m d) 12 m

56. A frao equivalente a

menor mltiplo comum 150, :

10 15 50 d) 75
a)

2 3 20 e) 30
b)

30 50

57. Duas torneiras so abertas juntas, a 1. enchendo um tanque em 5h, a 2. enchendo outro tanque de igual capacidade em 4h. No fim de quanto tempo o volume que falta para encher o 2. ser lume que falta para encher o 1. tanque?

1 do vo4

71. Se eu diminuir a rea de um terreno os seus

2

5 , a 8

17 58. Um negociante ao falir s pode pagar do que 36

deve. Se possusse mais R$ 23.600,00 poderia pagar 80% da divida. Quanto deve ele? 59. O som percorre no ar 340 metros por segundo. Que distncia (em quilmetros) percorrer em um minuto? 60. Medi o comprimento de um corredor e encontrei 8,40 m. Verifiquei, depois, que o metro utilizado era de fabricao defeituosa, pois seu comprimento tinha menos 2 centmetros do que o verdadeiro. Qual a medida exata do corredor ?

rea passar a ter 112,50 dam , mas se eu acrescentar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . centiares ele ficar com 5 hectares e 4 ares. 72. Um muro de 18,25m de comprimento dever levar duas faixas de ladrilhos paralelos entre s em toda a sua extenso. A primeira faixa mede 1,25 m de largura e a segundo 0,75 m. Cada ladrilho, que quadrado, mede 0,25 m de lado e custa R$ 3,00. Quanto custaro os ladrilhos para esta obra ? 73. Dois teros de uma caixa cujo volume 2.760 m esto cheios de um certo leo. Quantos dal d'gua devem ser colocados na caixa para acabar de ench-la?
3

Matemtica

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
74. Um reservatrio de gua tem as dimenses: 2,4 m; 5 m e 1m. Quantos dal de gua podemos depositar no referido reservatrio? 75. Uma caixa d'gua tem as seguintes dimenses: 1,20 m de comprirnento; 8 dm de largura e 50 cm de altura. Calcular quantos litros d'gua h nesta caixa, sabendo-se que faltam 5 cm para ficar cheia. 76. Uma sala de 0,007 Km de comprimento, 80 dm de largura e 400 cm de altura, tem uma porta de 2,4 2 2 m de rea e uma janela de 2m de rea. Quantos litros de tinta sero precisos para pintar a sala toda, com o teto, sabendo-se que com 1 L de tinta 2 pinta-se 0,04 dam ? 77. Um terreno retangular de 27 ares de rea, tem 3.000 cm de largura. Esse terreno deve ser cercado com um muro de dois metros de altura. Sabendo-se que cada metro quadrado de muro construdo 3 consome 300 dm de concreto, pergunta-se, quantos metros cbicos de concreto sero consumidos no muro todo ? 78. Dois vasos contm em conjunto 3,5 hl. Tirando-se 75 L do primeiro e 10,5 dal do segundo, ficam quantidades iguais. A capacidade do primeiro vaso de . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . e a do segundo . . . ............... 79. Um reservatrio estava cheio de gua. Esvaziou-se esse reservatrio de

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

lquido pesa 12 kg. A capacidade do vaso de . .. ... . .... . ... . .litros. 87. Um tanque est cheio de gua. Esvaziando-se um tero de sua capacidade restam 21,35 hl mais do que a sua quarta parte. O peso da gua contida no tanque, quando cheio ......................... toneladas. 88. Dois vasos cheios de gua pesam 2,08kg. Um contm 14 cl mais do que o outro. Determinar, em litros, a capacidade de cada um, sabendo-se que os vasos vazios pesam juntos 12 hg. 89. Analizando certa amostra de leite, verificou-se que a ele havia sido adicionado gua. Um litro de leite adulterado pesava 1.015g. Calcule quantos ml de gua adicionada contm 1 litro dessa amostra, sabendo-se que o leite puro pesa 1.025 g por litro e a agu 1.000 g por litro? 90. Um avio consome 2,3 dal de gasolina por minuto de vo. Sabendo-se: 1.) sua velocidade de cruzeiro de 450km/h; 2.) a gasolina pesa 0,7 kg por litro; 3.) o avio deve transportar 60% a mais do que a gasolina necessria; determinar quantas toneladas de gasolina deve transportar esse avio para fazer uma viagem de 1.125 km. 91. Qual o nmero, cujos

1 da sua capacidade e 3

2 3 mais os mais 54 igual 5 7

retirou-se depois 4 hl dgua. Quantos litros

ao prprio nmero, mais 72? 92. Que horas so, se o que ainda resta para terminar o dia

3 ficaram se o volume restante corresponde a da 5

capacidade total do reservatrio? 80. Calcule, em hl, a capacidade de um reservatrio, com a forma de um paralelepipedo retngulo cujo comprimento o triplo da largura e esta o dobro da altura, sendo que a soma das trs dimenses igual a 18 m. 81. A soma das capacidades de dois reservatrios de 20 hl. O primeiro contm gua at os

2 do que j passou? 3

93. As idades de Joo e Pedro somam 45 anos e h 5 anos a idade de Joo era quatro vezes a de Pedro. Que idades tm agora Joo e Pedro? 94. Roberto tem 24 anos e Paulo 10. No fim de quantos anos a idade de Roberto ser o triplo da de Paulo? . 95. Dois indivduos tm: o primeiro 45 anos e o segundo 15. Depois de quantos anos a idade do segundo ser um quarto da idade do primeiro? 96. A soma das idades de A e B 35. Daqui a 5 anos a idade de A ser o dobro da de B. Calcular as idades de A e B. 97. Um pai tem 32 anos e o seu filho 14. Quando aconteceu ou acontecer que a idade de um seja o triplo da do outro? 98. Um pai diz a seu filho: hoje, a sua idade nha e h 5 anos era qual a do filho? 99. Resolva o problema: H 18 anos a idade de uma pessoa era o duplo da de outra; em 9 anos a idade da

3 de sua 4

capacidade e o segundo at a metade. Se colocarmos a gua do primeiro no segundo, este 3 ficar cheio. Qual o volume do segundo em m ? 82. Quantas toneladas pesam 40.000 m de certa substncia, sabendo-se que um litro pesa 2,5 kg? 83. Um tanque de 1,5 m de comprimento, 12 dm de largura e 80 cm de altura est cheio de leo do qual cada hl pesa 80kg. Qual o peso, em toneladas, do leo contido no reservatrio? 84. Um metro de fio pesa 487,5 g. Esse fio para fazer pregos de 0,09 m de comprimento. Quantos pregos podero ser feitos com um rolo de 35,1 kg desse mesmo fio? 85. Se um litro de leo pesa 960 g, qual o volume ocupado por 2,4 t desse leo? 86. Um vaso cheio de um certo lquido pesa mais 1kg do que se estivesse cheio de gua. Um dal desse
3

2 da mi7

1 . Qual a idade do pai e 6

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primeira passou a ser

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

5 da segunda. Que idade 4
60) 8,232 m 61) 10,58 m 62) 12 63) 3.000 64) 0,18 65) 8.000 66) R$ 150,00 67) 0,025 h 68) 30 m 69) 100.560 m 70) a 71) 20.400 72) R$ 1.752,00 73) 92 dal 74) 1.200 dal 75) 432 L 76) 56,9 L 77) 144 78) 190 L e 160 L 79) 3.600 L 80) 960 hl 3 81) 1,200 m 82) 100.000t 83) 1,152t 84) 800 3 85) 2.500 dm 86) 5 87) 5,124 88) 0,32 L e 0,46 L 89) 400 ml 90) 3,864 t 91) -105 92) 14h 24 min 93) 33 e 12 94) H 3 anos 95) H 5 anos 96) 25 e 10 97) H 5 anos 98) 35 e 10 anos 99) 24 e 21 100) R$ 60,00 e R$ 105,00

tm as duas atualmente? 100. Uma pessoa possui 2 cavalos e uma sela que vale R$15,00. Colocando a sela no primeiro cavalo, vale este o dobro do segundo. Colocando-a no segundo, vale este R$ 30,00 menos que o primeiro. Quanto vale cada cavalo? RESPOSTAS 01) 02) 03) 04) 05) 06) 07) 08) 09) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 22 105 30km/h 52 e 37 p +1.052 30 2 179, 183, 187, 191, 195 e199 158 5.389 b e Sim Sim Sim Sim 15 min R$ 60,00 540 25 mim R$ 280.000,00 R$ 750,00 135 R$ 880,00 2 850.000 km R$ 1.200,00 135min R$ 2.000,00 R$ 90,00 24 12h 24 meses 14h 24 min R$ 56,00 R$ 40,00 R$ 320.000,00 R$ 480.000,00 R$ 600.000,00 175 e 420 40 anos 54 e 36 20 anos 40 e 36 288 R$ 18,00 R$ 20.000,00 63/135 1/84, 3/28, 4/21, e 7/12 55/27 45 km e 1/8 24.339 400 1/6 e 5/6 R$ 60,00 25 R$ 60,00 e R$63,00 d d 3h 45 min R$ 72.000,00 20,4 km 58

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Matemtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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Informtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
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Informtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
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A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
HPSUHVD RX VLWH SRSXODU H TXH SURFXUD LQGX]LU R DFHVVR D SiJLQDV IUDXGXOHQWDV IDOVLILFDGDV SURMHWDGDV SDUD IXUWDU GDGRV SHVVRDLV H ILQDQFHLURV GH XVXiULRV $ SDODYUD SKLVKLQJ GH ILVKLQJ  YHP GH XPD DQDORJLD FULDGD SHORV IUDXGDGRUHV RQGH LVFDV HPDLOV VmR XVDGDV SDUD SHVFDU VHQKDV H GDGRV ILQDQFHLURV GH XVXiULRV GD ,QWHUQHW $WXDOPHQWH HVWH WHUPR YrP VHQGR XWLOL]DGR WDPEpP SDUD VH UHIHULU DRV VHJXLQWHV FDVRV  PHQVDJHP TXH SURFXUD LQGX]LU R XVXiULR j LQVWDODomR GH FyGL JRV PDOLFLRVRV SURMHWDGRV SDUD IXUWDU GDGRV SHVVRDLV H ILQDQ FHLURV  PHQVDJHP TXH QR SUySULR FRQWH~GR DSUHVHQWD IRUPXOiULRV SD UD R SUHHQFKLPHQWR H HQYLR GH GDGRV SHVVRDLV H ILQDQFHLURV GH XVXiULRV $ VXEVHo}HV D VHJXLU DSUHVHQWDP FLQFR VLWXDo}HV HQYROYHQGR SKL VKLQJ TXH YrP VHQGR XWLOL]DGDV SRU IUDXGDGRUHV QD ,QWHUQHW 2EVHUYH TXH H[LVWHP YDULDQWHV SDUD DV VLWXDo}HV DSUHVHQWDGDV $OpP GLVVR QRYDV IRUPDV GH SKLVKLQJ SRGHP VXUJLU SRUWDQWR p PXLWR LPSRUWDQWH TXH YRFr VH PDQWHQKD LQIRUPDGR VREUH RV WLSRV GH SKLVKLQJ TXH YrP VHQGR XWLOL]DGRV SHORV IUDXGDGRUHV DWUDYpV GRV YHtFXORV GH FRPXQLFDomR FRPR MRUQDLV UHYLVWDV H VLWHV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV 7DPEpP p PXLWR LPSRUWDQWH TXH YRFr DR LGHQWLILFDU XP FDVR GH IUDXGH YLD ,QWHUQHW QRWLILTXH D LQVWLWXLomR HQYROYLGD SDUD TXH HOD SRVVD WRPDU DV SURYLGrQFLDV FDEtYHLV

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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Informtica

A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

APOSTILAS OPO
TXHGD GD UHGH 2 2XWORRN VH DGDSWD DR WLSR GH UHGH GLVSRQtYHO EDL[DQ GR PDLV LWHQV GH HPDLO HP UHGHV PDLV UiSLGDV H RIHUHFHQGR PDLV FRQWUR OH VREUH RV LWHQV EDL[DGRV HP UHGHV OHQWDV 6H XVDU R 2XWORRN FRP R 0LFURVRIW ([FKDQJH 6HUYHU YRFr VH EHQHILFLDUi GH XPD UHGXomR VLJQLIL FDWLYD QR WUiIHJR GD UHGH TXH R DMXGDUi D REWHU DV LQIRUPDo}HV FRP PDLV UDSLGH] FRQHV GH OLVWDV GH PHQVDJHQV GR 2XWORRN ([SUHVV 2V tFRQHV D VHJXLU DSDUHFHP QRV HPDLOV H LQGLFDP D SULRULGDGH GDV PHQVDJHQV VH DV PHQVDJHQV SRVVXHP DUTXLYRV DQH[DGRV RX DLQGD VH DV PHQVDJHQV HVWmR PDUFDGDV FRPR OLGDV RX QmR OLGDV 9HMD R TXH HOHV VLJQLILFDP

A Sua Melhor Opo em Concursos Pblicos

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao

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A Opo Certa Para a Sua Realizao