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Pengolahan Citra

Sistem Pengolahan Citra Digital

Sistem Pengolahan Citra Digital

Merupakan suatu kesatuan yang saling berhubungan atau terintegrasi untuk membentuk suatu sistem antara data, perangkat keras, perangkat lunak, prosedure pengolahan, dan tenaga pelaksana dalam ekplorasi citra digital

Konsep Dasar

Pengolahan citra digital merupakan manipulasi dan interprestasi digital dari citra dengan bantuan komputer. Konsep dasar pengolahan citra dengan data masukan pokok (internal data) berupa langkah berikut :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.
7.

Pengumpulan data yang relevan, yaitu citra digital Klasifikasi atau pengelompokan dengan cara pengkelasan Penyusunan data sesuai kelas Perhitungan dan manipulasi Pengujian ketelitian dan perhitungan Penyimpulan dan rekapitulasi hasil Informasi

Software
1.

2.

Aplikasi Grafik Pengolahan Citra Design


1. 2. 3.

3.

Pengolahan Citra
1. 2. 3.

Rancangan Arsitektur Rancangan Design Animasi Pengolah Citra Pembuatan Efek Contras Brightness Emboss

4.
5.

Hardware

Perangkat Input
Scanner Digital Camera

Perangkat Output
Printer Plotter Monitor

Aspek penentuan kualitas citra dari perangkat keras :


Resolusi Warna Kecepatan Kapasitas

Proses Pengolahan Data Citra Secara Umum


Citra ADC Citra Digital Proses Kompresi

Media Penyimpan

Proses Dekompresi

Citra Digital

Pengkodean Bit ke Tabel Warna

Layar

Perangkat Input Data

Perangkat input data yang digunakan diantaranya perangkat penangkap atau capture citra yang bekerja membaca citra dengan cara dijelajahi dan kemudian dilakukan proses konfersi kedalam data digital. Perangkat capture ini memiliki 3 (tiga) elemen dasar :

Sensor intensitas cahaya Penjelajah untuk merekam seluruh bagian citra Analog Digital Converter (ADC)

Perangkat Output data

Diantara perangkat keras output diantaranya layar menggunakan perangkat pengolah data yang dikenal sebagai Card VGA atau Display Processor dengan cara kerja seperti terlihat dalam gambar berikut : Display ProcessorCPUMemoryDisplay Processor Layar
CPU

I/O
Memory

Display Processor

Layar

Display Processor akan mengubah digital ke analog, digunakan untuk berinteraksi dengan CPU dan mengontrol operasi dari display device

Mode Layar Monitor

Mode Teks :

Mode Grafiks (Resolusi)


25 x 80 25 x 40

Dibedakan oleh adanya Pixel Resolusi Layar Monitor Resolusi adalah jumlah penembakan titik pada horizontal atau vertical tiap pixel oleh elektron gun. Resolusi merupakan jumlah pixel percentimer vertical dan horizontal.

320 x 200 640 x 200 640 x 400 800 x 600 640 x 480 1024 x 768 1180 x 1024 1600 x 1400

Monitor

Tipe Resolusi

Tipe Monitor

High : Penampungan jumlah pixel pada layar maksimum Midle Low Monocrome CGA (Color Graphic Adapter) EGA (Enchanded Graphic Adapter) VGA (Video Graphic Array) SVGA (Super VGA) XGA (eXtra Graphic Array)

Warna yang dihasilkan pada setiap monitor selain tergantung pada jenis monitor juga tergantung dari interface yang berupa Card Monitor seperti VGA Card. Layar dari ukuran monitor terbatas dan tidak akan tampak jelas dilihat dari jarak jauh, untuk keperluan tersebut digunakan Computer Display Projektor.

Sistem Monitor

Aspek Ratio (Y/X)

Random Scan Monitor

Perbandingan antara Y dan X yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan panjang yang sama antara garis vertical-horizontal yang dibutuhkan yaitu vertical 3 pixel dan horizontal 4 pixel. Pengaksesan setiap titik secara langsung yang digunakan untuk menelusuri titik pada tiap screen dengan cukup[ diwakili oleh 1 pixel Raster Scan Monitor Penggambaran suatu gambar yang sama dengan penelusuran setiap garis Refresh rate : 30 60 frames/sec Frame = banyak pixel pada layar Interlaced System : Teknik untuk mengatasi layar bergoyang, dengan cara menampilkan tiap frame secara bergantian.

Jumlah Warna
2 1

4 2

16 4

256 8

64K

16,7 M

Warna Bit

High Color
16

True Color
24

Setiap Pixel dapat menampilakan 1 warna Total warna yang dapat ditampilkan dapat ditentukan, sebagai contoh Monitor resolusi 800 x 600 warna yang ditampilkan 16,7 Juta warna, memori yang dibutuhkan 16,7 Juta = 24 Bit Jumlah Pixel = 800 x 600 = 480.000 1 Pixel 24 Bit = 3 Byte 480.000 x 3 / 1024 = 1440 Kb = 1,44 Mb

Image Media Types

Images can be generally divided into two formats:


Bitmapped or Raster images Draw-type or Vector graphics or Metafile images

Bitmapped images are stored as an array of pixels. It represents the image as an array of dots, called pixels Vector graphics are stored as geometric shape to represent the image

Bitmaps Image

A pixel is the smallest element of resolution on a computer screen (Screen Resolution) A pixel is the basic unit of a digital images. Digital image is a picture that may be stored in, displayed on, processed by a computer. As mentioned, bitmap is composed of a matrix elements called pixels Each pixel can be in a specific colour and each pixel consists of two or more colors.

Bitmaps Image

The range of these colours is known as the colour depth. The color depth determined How much data in bits used to determined the number of colors. Colour depth is measured in bits per pixel

Remember: a bit (binary digit) is either 1 or 0 and that there are eight bits in a byte

Colour depth

1 bit per pixel = 2 colours (monochrome) 2 bits per pixel = 4 colours 4 bits per pixel = 16 colours 8 bits per pixel = 256 colours

Generally good enough for colour images

16 bits per pixel = 65536 colours

Better quality for photograph-like images, also known as high colour

24 bits per pixel = >16 million possible colours

Used to recreate photo realistic images, also known as true colour

Bitmaps Image

The more colours that are allowed per pixel, the greater the size of the image The number of pixels is related to the size of file that required to store an image. Remember, two factors effect the size file bitmap are:

Resolution Color Depth

Bitmaps images
Original image

Shown magnified

width height colour depth size in bytes 8

Calculating the size of a raster image

Where:

Width of the images measured in pixels Height of the images measured in pixels Colour depth is the number of bits used for color measured in bits per pixel

Remember:

1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB) 1024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte (MB)

Example

A 640 x 480 pixel image in 24-bit colour would require how much disk space?

640 480 24 7372800 size in bytes 8 8 921600 bytes 900KB

Popular bitmap formats

Microsoft bitmap (.bmp)

Used in microsoft windows

TIFF - Tagged Image File Format (.tif)

Used for faxing images (amongst other things)

JPEG - Joint Photographic Expert Group (.jpg)

Useful for storing photographic images

GIF - Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)

Used a lot on web sites

PNG - Portable Network Graphics (.png)

A new format for web graphics

PCD Kodak photo CD

A new format for store image in a compressed form on a CD

Advantages and Disadvantages of using bitmap images

Advantages

Convey detail of information quickly Real life

Disadvantages

Depend on a Resolution Effect to the image quality Size file is big

Software to create bitmap images

Popular PC packages include:

Microsoft Paint

Included with microsoft windows http://www.microsoft.com/office/photodraw/ http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/main.html

Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000

Adobe Photoshop

Paint Shop Pro

http://www.jasc.com/psp6.html
http://www.macromedia.com/software/fireworks/productinfo /

Macromedia Fireworks

Vector images

Vector images are stored as the set of graphic primitives required to represent the image A graphic primitive is a simple graphic based on drawing elements or objects such as shape

e.g. square, line, ellipse, arc, etc.

The image consists of a set of commands (mathematical equations) that are drawn the object when needed.

Vector images

Storing and representing images by mathematical equations is called vector graphics or Object Oriented graphics. Each primitive object has various attributes that go to make up the entire image

e.g. x-y location, fill colour, line colour, line style, etc.

Example:

RECTANGLE : rectangle top, left, width, height, color is ( 0, 0, 200, 200, red)

CIRCLE : circle top, left, radius, color LINE : Line x1, y1, x2, y2, color

Vector images

Vector image or vector graphics can be resized without losing the integrity of the original image. Scaling a vector is a mathematical operation only the attributes change, the image is unaffected

Primitive geometric drawing objects

Basic

Shapes

Line Polyline Arc Bezier curve

Text

Font, weight

Circle Ellipse Rectangle Square Pie segment Triangle Pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, etc

Text

Text

Scaling vector graphics


Original image
V e c to r g r a p h ic s

Shown magnified

V e c to r g r a p h ic s

Advantages and Disadvantages of using vector image

Advantages

Relatively small amount of data required to represent the image. Therefore, it does not required a lot of memory to store Easier to manipulate

Disadvantages

Limited level of detail than can be presented in an image

Software to create images

Graphics programs are tools that allow an artist to create and edit designs used in multimedia applications. Generally, graphics programs can be categorized as:

Drawing programs

Paint programs

Creating draw type graphics Provide freehand. Example geometric shape Example : Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw, Macromedia Freehand Those creating bitmaps Useful in creating original art Example: Paint Shop Pro Making changes to existing images, such as manipulating the brightness or contrast, applying textures, patterns Examples : Adobe Photoshop, Corel PhotoPaint

Image editing programs


Vector formats

Windows metafile (.wmf)

Used by Microsoft Windows

SVG - Scalable Vector Graphics (.svg)

A new format devised for the web

CGM - Computer Graphics Metafile (.cgm)

Older format commonly used for clip art

Adobe PostScript (.ps)

A page description language used to control printers

Adobe Portable Document Format (.pdf)

A page description language common on the web

Drawing Exchange Format (.dfx)

Store 3D image created by design program AutoCAD

Encapsulated PostScript (.epf)

Professional printing: Illustration program, Adobe Systems, Desktop Publishing programs

3-Dimensional Graphic models

A 3D model is a variation on the vector format The location of a 3-dimensional object is specified using x, y and z co-ordinates Further primitives can be found in 3D models

X
3D model

Cube, sphere, pyramid, etc. Camera, spotlight, texture, shading etc.

Y Z

3-Dimensional Graphic models

3D graphics offer the photorealistics effects that have you seen in TV, Computer Games Examples, Motion Picture films such as:

Jurassic Park, Terminator 2, Lost World and Toy Story

Examples 3D programs:

Carigali Truespace 3D Studio Max Infini-D

3-Dimensional Graphic models

Hardware used to acquire images

Scanners and digital imaging products Many forms of scanner


Drum Flat-bed Negative / slide Hand-held

Important to check the optical resolution of the scanner

measured in dots per inch (DPI)

Hardware used to acquire images

Digital camera

Uses digital memory instead of film Images are transferred to computer via a cable Can be very high resolution

Stills from a camcorder or PC web-cam type camera

Home products tend to be low resolution

Hardware used to create / edit images

Graphics tablet and pen

Tablet and pen

Preferred by digital artists Pressure sensitivity

Digitiser tablet

Preferred by technical artists Mouse has accurate crosshair to help digitise drawings

Digitiser

Converting image formats TrueType / PostScript Type font


Bitmapped font

Bitmapped image

Vector image

Render as bitmap

Text
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Contour trace

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