Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Merupakan suatu kesatuan yang saling berhubungan atau terintegrasi untuk membentuk suatu sistem antara data, perangkat keras, perangkat lunak, prosedure pengolahan, dan tenaga pelaksana dalam ekplorasi citra digital
Konsep Dasar
Pengolahan citra digital merupakan manipulasi dan interprestasi digital dari citra dengan bantuan komputer. Konsep dasar pengolahan citra dengan data masukan pokok (internal data) berupa langkah berikut :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
7.
Pengumpulan data yang relevan, yaitu citra digital Klasifikasi atau pengelompokan dengan cara pengkelasan Penyusunan data sesuai kelas Perhitungan dan manipulasi Pengujian ketelitian dan perhitungan Penyimpulan dan rekapitulasi hasil Informasi
Software
1.
2.
3.
Pengolahan Citra
1. 2. 3.
Rancangan Arsitektur Rancangan Design Animasi Pengolah Citra Pembuatan Efek Contras Brightness Emboss
4.
5.
Hardware
Perangkat Input
Scanner Digital Camera
Perangkat Output
Printer Plotter Monitor
Media Penyimpan
Proses Dekompresi
Citra Digital
Layar
Perangkat input data yang digunakan diantaranya perangkat penangkap atau capture citra yang bekerja membaca citra dengan cara dijelajahi dan kemudian dilakukan proses konfersi kedalam data digital. Perangkat capture ini memiliki 3 (tiga) elemen dasar :
Sensor intensitas cahaya Penjelajah untuk merekam seluruh bagian citra Analog Digital Converter (ADC)
Diantara perangkat keras output diantaranya layar menggunakan perangkat pengolah data yang dikenal sebagai Card VGA atau Display Processor dengan cara kerja seperti terlihat dalam gambar berikut : Display ProcessorCPUMemoryDisplay Processor Layar
CPU
I/O
Memory
Display Processor
Layar
Display Processor akan mengubah digital ke analog, digunakan untuk berinteraksi dengan CPU dan mengontrol operasi dari display device
Mode Teks :
25 x 80 25 x 40
Dibedakan oleh adanya Pixel Resolusi Layar Monitor Resolusi adalah jumlah penembakan titik pada horizontal atau vertical tiap pixel oleh elektron gun. Resolusi merupakan jumlah pixel percentimer vertical dan horizontal.
320 x 200 640 x 200 640 x 400 800 x 600 640 x 480 1024 x 768 1180 x 1024 1600 x 1400
Monitor
Tipe Resolusi
Tipe Monitor
High : Penampungan jumlah pixel pada layar maksimum Midle Low Monocrome CGA (Color Graphic Adapter) EGA (Enchanded Graphic Adapter) VGA (Video Graphic Array) SVGA (Super VGA) XGA (eXtra Graphic Array)
Warna yang dihasilkan pada setiap monitor selain tergantung pada jenis monitor juga tergantung dari interface yang berupa Card Monitor seperti VGA Card. Layar dari ukuran monitor terbatas dan tidak akan tampak jelas dilihat dari jarak jauh, untuk keperluan tersebut digunakan Computer Display Projektor.
Sistem Monitor
Perbandingan antara Y dan X yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan panjang yang sama antara garis vertical-horizontal yang dibutuhkan yaitu vertical 3 pixel dan horizontal 4 pixel. Pengaksesan setiap titik secara langsung yang digunakan untuk menelusuri titik pada tiap screen dengan cukup[ diwakili oleh 1 pixel Raster Scan Monitor Penggambaran suatu gambar yang sama dengan penelusuran setiap garis Refresh rate : 30 60 frames/sec Frame = banyak pixel pada layar Interlaced System : Teknik untuk mengatasi layar bergoyang, dengan cara menampilkan tiap frame secara bergantian.
Jumlah Warna
2 1
4 2
16 4
256 8
64K
16,7 M
Warna Bit
High Color
16
True Color
24
Setiap Pixel dapat menampilakan 1 warna Total warna yang dapat ditampilkan dapat ditentukan, sebagai contoh Monitor resolusi 800 x 600 warna yang ditampilkan 16,7 Juta warna, memori yang dibutuhkan 16,7 Juta = 24 Bit Jumlah Pixel = 800 x 600 = 480.000 1 Pixel 24 Bit = 3 Byte 480.000 x 3 / 1024 = 1440 Kb = 1,44 Mb
Bitmapped images are stored as an array of pixels. It represents the image as an array of dots, called pixels Vector graphics are stored as geometric shape to represent the image
Bitmaps Image
A pixel is the smallest element of resolution on a computer screen (Screen Resolution) A pixel is the basic unit of a digital images. Digital image is a picture that may be stored in, displayed on, processed by a computer. As mentioned, bitmap is composed of a matrix elements called pixels Each pixel can be in a specific colour and each pixel consists of two or more colors.
Bitmaps Image
The range of these colours is known as the colour depth. The color depth determined How much data in bits used to determined the number of colors. Colour depth is measured in bits per pixel
Remember: a bit (binary digit) is either 1 or 0 and that there are eight bits in a byte
Colour depth
1 bit per pixel = 2 colours (monochrome) 2 bits per pixel = 4 colours 4 bits per pixel = 16 colours 8 bits per pixel = 256 colours
Bitmaps Image
The more colours that are allowed per pixel, the greater the size of the image The number of pixels is related to the size of file that required to store an image. Remember, two factors effect the size file bitmap are:
Bitmaps images
Original image
Shown magnified
Where:
Width of the images measured in pixels Height of the images measured in pixels Colour depth is the number of bits used for color measured in bits per pixel
Remember:
Example
A 640 x 480 pixel image in 24-bit colour would require how much disk space?
Advantages
Disadvantages
Microsoft Paint
Adobe Photoshop
http://www.jasc.com/psp6.html
http://www.macromedia.com/software/fireworks/productinfo /
Macromedia Fireworks
Vector images
Vector images are stored as the set of graphic primitives required to represent the image A graphic primitive is a simple graphic based on drawing elements or objects such as shape
The image consists of a set of commands (mathematical equations) that are drawn the object when needed.
Vector images
Storing and representing images by mathematical equations is called vector graphics or Object Oriented graphics. Each primitive object has various attributes that go to make up the entire image
e.g. x-y location, fill colour, line colour, line style, etc.
Example:
RECTANGLE : rectangle top, left, width, height, color is ( 0, 0, 200, 200, red)
CIRCLE : circle top, left, radius, color LINE : Line x1, y1, x2, y2, color
Vector images
Vector image or vector graphics can be resized without losing the integrity of the original image. Scaling a vector is a mathematical operation only the attributes change, the image is unaffected
Basic
Shapes
Text
Font, weight
Circle Ellipse Rectangle Square Pie segment Triangle Pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, etc
Text
Text
Shown magnified
V e c to r g r a p h ic s
Advantages
Relatively small amount of data required to represent the image. Therefore, it does not required a lot of memory to store Easier to manipulate
Disadvantages
Graphics programs are tools that allow an artist to create and edit designs used in multimedia applications. Generally, graphics programs can be categorized as:
Drawing programs
Paint programs
Creating draw type graphics Provide freehand. Example geometric shape Example : Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw, Macromedia Freehand Those creating bitmaps Useful in creating original art Example: Paint Shop Pro Making changes to existing images, such as manipulating the brightness or contrast, applying textures, patterns Examples : Adobe Photoshop, Corel PhotoPaint
Vector formats
A 3D model is a variation on the vector format The location of a 3-dimensional object is specified using x, y and z co-ordinates Further primitives can be found in 3D models
X
3D model
Y Z
3D graphics offer the photorealistics effects that have you seen in TV, Computer Games Examples, Motion Picture films such as:
Examples 3D programs:
Digital camera
Uses digital memory instead of film Images are transferred to computer via a cable Can be very high resolution
Digitiser tablet
Preferred by technical artists Mouse has accurate crosshair to help digitise drawings
Digitiser
Bitmapped image
Vector image
Render as bitmap
Text
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Contour trace