. . 1738.

(Daniel Bernoulli)
1755. (Leonard Euler)
.

O
() ()
G
f grad p dV = 0 ;

G
dv
dV ;
dt
V

G
G
dv

+ grad p dV = 0.
f
dt

dV
G
G
dv
f + grad p = 0 ;
dt

G
dv G 1
= f grad p ;

dt

. :
G
N
dv
- ;
dt
kg
G
N
f - ;
kg
N
1
grad p - .

kg

, ,
( )
, : c (vx, vy, vz), (p)
().
,

G
dv G 1
= f grad p ;
dt

d
G
+ div v = 0 ;
dt

= f ( p) ;

63

 : , , vx, vy, vz, p

. (, )
, . p/=const.

:
vx vx
v
v
1 p
;
+
vx + x v y + x vz = f x
t
x
y
z
x
v y
t

v y
x

vx +

v y
y

vy +

v y
z

vz = f y

1 p
;
y

vz vz
v
v
1 p
;
+
vx + z v y + z vz = f z
t
x
y
z
z

v x v y v z

= 0;
vx +
vy +
v z +
+
+
+
t x
y
z
y
z
x
.
p

= const.

G
G G 1
( v , ) v = f grad p;

G
div ( v ) = 0;
.
p

= const.

()

G
G G 1
( v , ) v = f grad p

G
div v = 0 .
.
Q=const., Q [m3/s]
, m = const ,
m = Q [ kg/s ] .
.
(. U=-gz)

G
1
dp
f = grad U

gradp = grad
,

dp

),

64

dv
dp
= grad U
;
dt

, .
G
G
G

dp
ax i + a y j + az k = grad U
.

.
.

( )
G

dv
dp
= grad U
;

dt

dp
v 1
G
G
+ grad v 2 [ v , rot v ] = grad U
,

t 2

(v,) v =

1
G
G
gradv 2 [ v , rotv ] .
2

, ( t = 0 ) ,
,
G
dl
G
G 1
G
1
G
G G
grad v 2 ,dl [ v , rot v ] ,dl = grad U ,dl
grad p,dl .

2
G
G
G
G G
[ v , rot v ] ,dl = 0 v dl ,

) (

) (

v2
dp G
grad U +
, dl = 0 ;

2

:
G
grad ,dl = d

v2
dp
d U +
=0

2

v2
dp
U +
= const.
2

, U=-gz (z o ) =f(p)
=const.,
v2
dp
+ gz +
= const.
2

65

 .
=const.

Nm
v2 p
+ + gz = const.
;
2
kg
.

, .

66