Giao thức OSPF - Tài liệu, tai lieu

Dé in 161 nghigp Thue nga va ede te td edt APIs ARP. ASBR BDR BOOTP CIDR CSMA/CD DD DR EGP FDDI FIP ICMP IE IETF IGP. ISPs LAN LDP LLC LSA LSR MAC MPLS THUAT NGU' VA CAC TU VI Application Programming Interfaces Address Resolution Protocol Autonomous System Boudary Router Backup Designated Router Boot Programe Classless Internet Domain Routing Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect Database Description Designated Router Exterior Gateway Protocol Fiber Distributed Data Interface File Transfer Protocol Intemet Control Message Protocol Input Event Internet Engineering Task Force Interior Gateway Protocol Intemet Protocol Intermediate System to Intermediate System Internet Service Providers Local Area Network Label Distribute Protocol Logical Link Control Link State Advertisement Label Switch Router Media Access Control Multiprotocol Label Switching eT TAT. Giao dign lap trinh img dung Giao thite phan giai dia chi Router bién gidi dc Lip Router duge dé ctr du phong. Chuong trinh khoi dong Dinh tuyén tén mién khong phan top. Da tray nhap cém nhan song mang/Phat hign xung dot MO td co sé dtr ligu Router duge dé ct Giao thite truyén tép Giao thite théng digp diéu khién Internet. Bién 6 dau vio Nhém dae trich ki thugt Internet, Giao thie Internet ‘Nha cung cp dich vu Internet. Mang cue b6 Giao thite phan bé nhan. Diéu khién lién két ludn ly G6i quang cdo trang thai lién két. Router chuyén mach nhan, Diéu khien tray xuat méi truong Chuyén mgch nhan da giao thite. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 1Dé in 161 nghigp Thue nga va ede te td edt MS NAT NBMA NGN OSI OSPF PDU PPP RARP RIP RIP-2 SPF ‘TCP UDP VLSM WAN Master/Slave Network Address Translation Non Broadcast Multiaccess Next Generation Network Open Systems Interconnection Open Shortest Path First Protocol Data Unit Point to Point Protocol Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Routing Information Protocol RIP version 2 Shortest Path First Transport Control Protocol User Datagrame Protocol Variable Length Subnet Mask Wide Area Network ChivTé Bign dich dia chi mang Ba truy nhap khong quang ba Mang thé hé tiép theo. ‘M6 hinh lign két hé théng dau ndi mo Giao thite wu tién duémg di ngdin nat. Don vj sé ligu giao thire Giao thite diém diém Giao thite phan giai dia chi nguge Giao thite thong tin dinh tuyén. RIP phign ban 2 Thuat toan wu tién duéng di ngin nat. Giao thite diéu khién trayén din Giao thite dir ligu ngudi ding, Mat na mang con cé chiéu dai bién di Mang dign rong, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién ThongDé in 161 nghigp Loi néi dau Trong nhing niim gan dy, cong nghé IP dang ngay cing duge sit dung réng rai trong cdc linh vuc truyén thong. Né khéng chi dugc sie dung dé truyén dit ligu ma con ding dé iruyén cdc dich vu khéc nluc thoai, audio, video, céc dich vu da phuwong tién.... Do vg cde nha nghién ctu vién thong da tich ewe nghién cttu phét trién cong nghé IP dé dip ting kip thai cho cde nhu cau thue té. Trong dé vin dé phat trién cée giao thie dinh tuyén trong mang IP 1a mét vdn dé hét ste quan trong. Mét trong nhiing phdt minh gdn day mnhdt vé vén dé nay la giao thite OSPF due phat trién boi nhom dae dae wréch kt thudt Internet IETF. OSPF chege phat trién dé khdc phuc nhing han ché ctia giao thiec dinh tuyén RIP duoc phdit trién true do. thite co bain ve Dé tii t6t nghi¢p “Giao thite OSPF” tim hiéu cde kiér cde ting dung ctia né trong mang IP ngéy nay. Ngoai ra dé tai citng nhéic lai nhing kién thite co’ ban nhat vé mang IP dé gitip ngudi doc dé dang hon trong vie tiép can véi giao thitc OSPF. Dé tai bao gam nhiing ndi dung sau: Chong 1: Nhe lai e tat cdc chite nding co ban nhat ctia ccc lp. so scinh ma hinh TCPAP voi ma hinh OSI, ve ic kién Unie co ban vé chéng giao thie TCP/IP. Trong dé cb tém 6 trinh bay m6t sé giao thie thugc chong giao thie TCPAP. Chuong 2: Trinh bay céc kién thitc quan trong nhdt vé dinh tuyén trong mang IP. Trong dé cé ndi rd vé dinh tuyén tinh va dinh tuyén déng. Trong phan dinh myén d6ng, tai liéu 6 trinh bay so qua vé m6t s6 cdc giao thie dink tuyén quen thugc nhat la RIP, RIP-2, va OSPF. Chueong 3: Day la chuong chinh ctia dé tai. Chuong nay sé trinh bay mét ccich neong abi toan dign tit ca cde van dé vé OSPF. Doc xong chirong nay ban sé cé mét kién thie day dit va sdu réng vé giao thie dink tuyén OSPF. ‘CIurong 4: Néu lén mt sé img dung ctia OSPF trong cde mang IP cé& Ién déng thai cing trinh bay ede ting dung etia nd trong mang NGN etia Viét Nam. Do théi gian han ché nén n6i dung ctia dé din Khong thé wrdnk khdi nhizn sai sé6t, vi vay em rdt mong nhdn duge sw quan tam ding gép ¥ kién cita cde thay c6 va cde ban. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 3ib én tht mghitp Loi nét di Em xin chan thanh cam on théy Nguyén Dinh Long da tin tinh hwéng dén em trong qué {trinh hod thanh dé én t6t nghigp nay. Em chan thanh eém on ede thay c6 gido va ban he, nhiing ngudi da gitip do em trong sudt thai gian qua. Ha Noi, ngay 25 thang 10 nam 2005 Sinh vién: Phan Tring Hung Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 4i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP CHUONG 1 TONG QUAN VE HE THONG GIAO THUC TCP/IP 1.1 H@ théng giao thire TCP/IP. Hé théng giao thite TCP/IP duge phan thinh céc lop, méi lép thye hign cde nhigm vu rigng bigt (xem hinh 1.1). Lop img dung Lép van chuyén Lop intemet Lép truy eép mang Hinh 1.1 Céc lp giao thite cia ma hink TCPAP. Chite ning cae lop: v Lép tray cap mang (Network Access layer): Cung cdp mot giao tiép véi mang vat ly. Cae dinh dang dit ligu cho méi tring truyén, con (subnet) duge dua trén cdc dia chi phan cimg vat ly. Cung cap kiém soat 131 cho dit ligu phan bé trén mang vat ly. Y Lép Internet (Intemet layer): cung cép chire nang dénh dia chi luan ly, de lap phn cing ma nher 46 dit ligu 6 thé di chuyén gi mang con 6 cée kién trite vat ly khae nhau. Cung cap cae chite nang dinh tuyén dé gid tru tong va hd try phan bé doc theo Lién mang (internetwork). (Thudt ngir lin mang n6i dén mot mang én hon, lién két gitta cée LAN). Lién két céc dia chi vat ly (sir dung 6 lop Truy cp mang) véi cic dia chi ludn ly. Y Lép van chuyén (Transport layer): Cung cp cae chite nang diéu khién luéng, kiém soat 16i va dich vu bao nhan cho lign mang. Hoat dng nhu mot giao tiép cho c: img dung mang Y Lép ting dung (Application layer): Cung cp cée ting dung cho mang, truyén tap tin, diéu khién tir xa, va cdc hoat dng Internet. Lop nay cing hd try cho cdc giao tiép lap trinh img dung (Application Programming Interfaces - APIs) cho phép céc chuong trinh viét trén m6t mdi trudng cy thé dé tray c&p mang. cic dia chi dit ligu cho mang ¥ su cb, iéc xir Khi phan mém giao thie TCP/IP chuan bi mot doan dit ligu dé truyén qua mang, mdi lop cia may phat s€ thém thong tin diéu khién Tién quan v6i lop tong tig trén may nbn, Vi Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 5i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP dy, Iép Internet ciia my tinh giri sé thém mét phan nghia lién qua dén lap Internet ciia may tinh nhn thong digp. Tién tri i mot s6 thong tin c6 ¥ h xem 1a qua trinh déng géi (encapsulation). G dau nhan, cac phan tiéu 48 nay s® dugc loai 6 Khi dit ligu durge dua lén cde Kép bén tren. ay thing duge 1.2 TCPAP va mé hinh OSI. Lop img dung Lép img dung Lép van chuyén Lép van chuyén Lép Internet, Lép mang Lép truy cép mang Lép lign két dt tig Lop vat ly TePiP ost Hinh 1.2 TCPAP va mé hink OST Céng nghé két ndi mang cé mot mé hinh 7 Iép chuan cho trie goi lat m6 hinh Lién két cde hé théng mer Open Sysstems Interconnection - OSI). Mé hinh OSI li mot nd Ie ciia t6 chite tigu chudn thé gidi ISO (International Standards Orrgnization), mét t6 chite tiéu chun quéc té, nham tiéu chuin hod thigt ké cée hé thong ‘giao thire mang dé Lim ting tinh lién ket va truy cap mo dén ede chuan giao thite cho cée nha phat trién phan mém. thie mang duge Vi TCPAP ra déi va phat trién trude khi co tric chun OSI nén TCP/IP hoan toan Khong tuan theo m6 hinh OSI. Tuy nhién, hai m6 hinh d& c6 nhtng myc tigu tuong te nhau, va cé sy anh huéng Hn nhau gitta cdc nha thiét ké cdc tiéu chudn nay nén ching duge dia ra véi tinh tuong thich nao d6. M@ hink OST rit c6 anh hung trong sy phat trign cia cde giao thite, vi hign nay thudt ngit OSI ap dung cho TCP/IP 1a kha phé bién. Hinh 1.2 cho thay méi quan hé gitta 4 lop chudn TCP/IP va mé hinh OSI 7 lép. Cha ¥ Hing mé hinh OSI chia cde nhiém vu eta lop img dung thinh 3 lép: lop img dung (Application), Isp Trinh bay (Presentation) va Isp Phién (Session). OSI tich cde hoat Ong cua lép Giao tiép mang (Network Interface) thank mot lop Lién két dir ligu (Data Link) va m6t lép vat ly (Physical). VIge chia lép nhd hon nay Kim ting do phite tgp, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 6i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP nhung eiing lam tang tinh Tinh hoat cho cée nha phat trién bing vige dua ra céc lop giao thie dén nhiéu dich vu cu thé hon. 1.3 Cie géi dir ligu. ‘idu quan trong cin nhé vé chng giao thite TCP/IP 1a mdi Jép déng mot vai trd trong toan bo qua trinh truyén thing, Moi lép doi hoi cde dich vy edn thiét dé thy hign vai tro cia n6. Khi truyén, di ligu di xuyén qua timg kip cua chong giao thie tir rén xuéng dui, mdi lop sé cb mét s6 théng tin thich hgp goi la tigu dé (header) gin vio dit ligu, tao thanh don vi dit ligu giao thite PDU (Protocol Data Unit) ciia lép tuong tng. Khi PDU durge dura xudng cae lop thap hon, né Iai tro thanh dit figu doi véi lop nay va lai durge déng goi cing phan tiéu d& cia 1p nay. ‘Tién trinh nay durge thé hign trong hinh 1.3, khi goi dit ligu dén may nhan thi tai day s@ c6 mot tién trinh nguge Ii. Khi dar ligu di lén qua timg lép ca chéng giao thire thi cde lép se bo phan tién dé tuomg tg va sir dung phan dit ligu Data le amr | Aeon yer sie eer v co. Internet layer Network access ‘ayer + 01010101. Hinh 1.3 Lép Internet trén may nhan sé sir dung thong tin trong phan tiéu dé 16 chuyén sé sit dung thong tin trong phan tiéu dé 1ép Van chuyén. G moi lop, goi dir ligu 6 durdi dang thich hgp sé cung cép théng tin cin thiét cho lip trong img trén may nhiin, Be vi mdi lép dim ohn nhing chic ning khée nhau nén dinh dang cua g6i dir ligu eo ban hdc nhau & mdi Iép. Internet. Lop Van 1.4 Lép truy cép mang Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 7Dé din tit nghigp Chucong 1. Ting quan vé hg thing giao shite TCPAP 1.4.1 Céc giao thite va phan cing Lép Truy cp mang 1a lop kho giai thich nhdt va da dang nhit cia TCP/IP. Lop Truy cap mang quan lf tat cd cdc dich vy va cac chite nang cin 8 chuain bj dit ligu cho mang ‘vat ly. Cac nhigm vu nay bao gom : © Giao tiép véi BG tuong thich mang (card mang) iia may tink. © Phdi hop vige truyén dit ligu véi cic quy ude ciia phuong thite truy cp thich hgp. Ban sé biét rd hon vé cdc phwong thite tray cp 6 cdc phan trong chuong nay. © Dinh dang dit ligu vao mét don vi duge goi la mot khung va chuyén di khung 46, thinh ludng cde xung dign hoge twong ty dé di qua moi trudmg truyén * Ki © Thém théng tin kiém tra Ii vao céie khung di dé may tinh nhén ¢6 thé kiém tra cic 16i cua khung. © Bao nhan c¢ nhan. 'm tra Idi trong cc khung dén. ¢ khung dir Higu va tray khung néu khong nhiin duge bio ign, & phia nhén fing phaii thye hign vige dinh dang cde khung nhén duege boi may tinh ma n6 duge danh dia chi. Lép Truy cp mang dinh nghia cdc thi tuc dé giao tiép voi phin cimg mang va truy cip mi trudng truyén, Trong lép Try cp mang cla TCP/IP, 6 thé thay su tée dng qua lai phitc tap giita phan cimg, pl ‘hi tiét ky thuat mi trudng truyén. Khong. ‘may c6 nhiéu loai mang vat ly khéc nhau ma déu co nhing quy ude riéng cua ching, va bat ky mang vat ly nao cting c6 thé tro thinh nén ting cho lép Truy cp mang, vi dy © Ethemet fin mém va cé © Token Ring + FDDI ‘© PPP (Point - to ~ Point Protocol, théng qua modem) © Wireless network ‘Diéu danh mimg la lop Truy cap mang hau nhu hoan ton v6 hinh déi voi ngudi sir dung. B@ phn diéu khiéu b6 tuong thich mang, két hgp v thanh pha trong cia hé diéu hanh va phan mém giao thite, quan Iy hau hét cdc thao tic drge giao cho lép Truy cp mang, va ngudi sir dung chi cin thyc hign mot s6 bude cdu hinh don mie thdp quan Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 8i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP iin. Cée bude thao tée nay dang ngay cang trérnén don gin do cic tinh nang plug-and- play cia ee hé diéu hanh ngiy cang duge nang cao. Hé théng giao thre yéu cau cde dich vu b6 sung dé phan phéi di ligu qua mot hé thong LAN cy thé va di nguge lén qua b@ trong thich mang ciia m6t may tinh dich. Céc dich vu nay hoat ding trong pham vi lép Truy cp mang. 1.4.2 Lép Truy cp mang va mé hinh OST Nhu hinh 1.4 cho théy, lip Truy cap mang TCP/IP rit phit hop véi cdc lop Vat ly va Lién két dit ligu OSI. Lép vat ly OSI dim nhiém viéc chuyén cdc khung dit ligu thanh lung bit 14 lép Vat ly OST quan Iy va ding bo cde xung dign ‘va xung tong ty tao thanh truyén thong thye sy. G dau nhan, lép Vat ly tap hgp cae xung phi hgp véi mdi trudng truyén, Nel nay thanh mot khung di fi Data link layer Network access layer Physical layer TOPIIP ; ost Hinh 1.4 Lép Lign két dir figu OSI thye hign hai chire nang riéng bigt va duuge phan nhé vio hai lop ccon twong ing sau © Diéu khién truy cp méi tring truyén — Media Access Control (MAC) - lép con nay cung cap mét giao tiép véi bé tuong thich mang. BO diéu khién b6 twong thich mang, trén thy té thug duge goi 1a bé diéu khién MAC, va dja chi phan cimg. duge ghi vao tm the & xwong san xuat thudng durge xem li dia chi MAC. © Dieu kh két ludin ly — Logical Link Control (LLC) — Lép con nay thyc hii cic chire nang kiém tra Ibi cho cée khung durge phan phéi trén mang con va quan ly cdc lién két giita cdc thiét bi dang giao tiép trén mang con. 1.4.3 Kién trite mang ‘Trong thye té khi néi dén khdi nigm mang cyc b6 gudi ta throng quan tim mang LAN hay ki ic lp giao thiic. (Boi khi mot magng duge xem nhur 14 mot loai LAN hay mt edu tric lign két (topology) LAN). Mot tric mang chit khong phai Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 9i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP kien tric mang nhu Ethernet, cung cap mot goi cae dac ta chi phoi truy cp méi trudng, anh dia chi vat ly, va sw twong tic etia cde may mi trumng truyén thong. Khi quyét dinh chon mt kién triic mang, 1a dang quyét dinh vé m@t phée thao cho I6p truy cp mang. inh vi M6t kin trite mang la mot thiét ké cho mang vat ly va m6t tap hap céc dae ta dinh nghia cde truyén thong trén mang vat ly d6. Cae chi tiét truyén thong phu thuge vao ede chi tiét vat ly, vi vay cde de ta thutmg di cing voi nhau thanh mot géi hoan chinh, Cée de ta cdc van dé sau Phuong thire truy cap: Mot phuong thife truy cap la mot tap ede Tugt dinh nehia cée may tinh sé chia sé mdi trudmg truyén théng nhu thé nao. Dé tranh cdc dung dO dit ligu (Data Collision), cde may tinh phai tun theo cde ludt nay khi truyén dit ligu. © Dinh dang khung dir figu: Datagram mite IP tir lop Internet duge déng goi trong mot khung dot figu véi mot dinh dang duge dinh nghia trade. Dir ligu trong phan tigu dé phai cung cp théng tin can thiét dé phan phdi dit ligu trén mang vat ly. © Loai cap (cable): loai cap sit dung cho mét mang cé anh hung trén cae thong sé ic tinh dign cua ludng bit duge truyén béi bé trong © Cac Iuat di cap: Cac giao thie, logi cp, va cée dic tinh dign truyén din cé anh hwong dén chiéu dai téi da va t6i thiéu cua cép va céc chi tiét ky thudt két ndi cap. Cc chi tiét nhu 1 loai cap va loai bO néi khong phai 1 nhigm vy true tiép cua lop Truy nhap mang, nhung dé thiét ké cac thanh phan phan mém ciia lp Truy cap mang, phat trién phai thira nhgin mét tp cu thé céc dae diém ctia mang vat ly. Do d6, phan mém ‘Truy cp mang phai di cing véi thiét ké phan cing cy thé, oh 1.4.4 Dinh dja chi vat lf Lép Truy eép mang lién véi dia chi IP Tuan ly duge mém giao thie v6i dia chi vat ly c6 dinh thye sy cia b6 tuong thich mang. Dia chi vat ép san xudt, Cée khung dir ligu truyén qua LAN phai sit in phi ww hinh thong qua phi duge ghi vao card mang & xi nghi dung dia chi vat ly nay dé xée dinh cdc b6 tong thich ngudn va dich, nhung dia chi vat ly dai dong (48 bit trong trudng hgp st dung ethernet) khong duge than thign voi con ngudi. Ngoai ra, vige mi hod dia chi vat I 6 cée mie cao hon lam anh hung dén kién tric ‘module linh hoat cia TCP/IP, né di hoi cde lap trén duy tri cdc chi tigt vat IY lign quan, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 10i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP ‘TCPAP sit dung giao thie phan gidi dia chi (Address Resolution Protocol ARP) va giao thire phan gidi dia chi nguge (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RARP) dé lign két cae dia chi IP véi céc dia chi vat ly cia céc bé tuong thich mang trén mang cue bd. ARP va RARP cung cap mét lién két gitra cae dia chi IP ludn ly ma ngudi ding nhin thay va cdc dia chi phan cimg (thye su khong thé trong thay duge ) duge sir dung trén LAN. 1.4.5 Céc cong nghé LAN a. Ethernet Ethernet va nhiing ngudi anh em méi hon cia né Fast Ethernet va Gigabit Ethernet Id cic ‘cong nghé LAN thong dyng nhat duge sir dung hign nay. Ethernet da tro nén pho biét vi gid cd phai chang cha nd; cép Ethernet khong dit va dé cai dt. Cée b6 twong thich mang Ethernet va cae thanh phan pl cimg Ethernet cing tuong di re. Trén cde mang Ethernet, tit cd cde may tinh chia sé mot duimg truyén thong chung, Ethernet sit dung mot phuwong thie tray cap duge goi li Da tray ep cam nhan séng mang (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) véi Dd tim dyng dd (Collision detect) ~ CSMA/CD aé quyét dinh khi nao mt may tinh c6 thé truyén dit ligu trén méi trong truy cap. Str dung CSMA/CD. Tat ca cc may tit én thong sn sing méi truyén. Néu hai mdy tinh c6 truyén cing mét hic thi xay ra dung d6. Cac may tinh sé dimg lai, cho mét khoang théi gian ngau nhién, va thir truyén Iai. quan sét moi tréng trayén théng va ch dén khi m6 trading tr Ethernet truyén théng lam vigc tét trong trréng hop tai binh thudng nhung ti 1é dung 46 s@ cao khi mire dQ sir dung ting. Mot s6 bid thong minh hode switch, hd trg cho ede mite Iuu hong cao hon. thé cia Ethernet ¢6 thé bao gém cdc hub Ethernet ¢6 khd ning hoat dng trong nhiéu mdi trudmg khée nhau, Céc mang Ethemet tigu bidu hoat dong & céc tée do bing tin co sé 10Mbps, hay 100Mbps. Cac hé thong Ethernet 1000Mbps (Gigabit) hign nay da sin sang va cé thé sém tro nén phd bié Ethernet khong day cting dang tré nén pho bién, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 1i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP A B c | D E Hink 1.5 Mang Ethernet Kién trite Ethernet linh hoat tham chi thich hgp véi hoat dong mang khong day. Ethernet khong day dang tro nén phd bién, va sé tro nén phé bién hon nita trong nhimng nam sip t hi phan cimg mang phat trién hd tre cho cuge céch mang khdng day. Ban ¢6 thé ty hoi lim thé nado mot kién tric qué tép trung trong vige dae ta cdc loai, chiéu dai, va edu hinh cp cia Ethernet lai e6 thé hogt dong trong moi trang khong day. Khi nght vé Ethernet tinh chat théng tin quang ba kha twong thich véi hé théng khong day ¢6 dic tinh 1a truyén dan ny do va uu dong. b. Token Ring KJ thudt Token Ring sir dung m6t khai nigm hoan toan khdc hin v6i Ethernet trong quy trinh truy cp méi truéng. Phuong thie truy cap nay goi la chuyén token. Vi phuong thite truy ep chuyén token, céc may tinh trén LAN duge két néi véi nhau sao cho dit ligu duge truyén ving quanh mang trong mt vong ludn ly. Vige edu hinh Token ring doi héi cde may tinh phai duge ndi vio mot hub trung tim durge goi la MAU hay MSAU.. Chi may tinh gitt token méi c6 thé trayén mot thong digp Ién ving. ‘Token ring vé ky thuat thi phire tap hon Ethernet, va né bao gdm mét sé chudn doan va sira 16i duge thiét Ip sin sing bén trong va cé thé hd trg cho vige khac phuc sy cé mang. Ngoai ra, vige dir ligu due truyén co thir ty hon, trong Token ring khéng xay ra trugng hop tai nang, Hau nhw moi thir lién quan dén Token ring déu dat tién hon Ethernet khi so sinh gitta ching Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 12i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP Token ring dié 6 téc 46 L00Mbps. inh hoat dong & téc d6 4Mbps hodc 16Mbps. Né cing 66 thé hoat déng Token ring da khong cdn pho bién trong nhiing ndm gin day, mac di vay cdu tric ign két ‘mang ving trong token ring vin duge sir dung trong céc ky thugt dinh cao nh FDDI. Hinh 1.6 Mang Token Ring . FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) la m6t k¥ thuat LAN dat tién hai vong cap quang. Mét vong duge coi li vong chinh va yong thir hai dé thay thé vong chinh néu xay ra su 6. FDDI sir dung mot phurong thire truy cp chuyén token tuong tw nhu token ring. Gidng nhu Token ring, FDDI cing c6 kha nang dé tim va siza 16i. Trong m6t vong FDDI hoat déng théng thudng, token ludn truyén bai mdi may. Néu khong thdy token trong thei gian t6i da Tuan chuyén quanh m6t vong, thi c6 nghia 1a da xdy ra mot van dé gi d6, ching han nhur ditt cdp. Cap soi quang duge sir dung véi FDDI cé thé cho phép tai mot lugng dir ligu len trén cc khoang céch Ién. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong Bi in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP Hinh 1.7 Mang FDDI 1.5 Lép Internet 1.5.1 Béinh dja chi vie phan pl Mot may tinh thong tin véi nhau thong qua mot thiét bi giao tiép mang nhu card twong thich mang. Thiét bi giao tiép mang cé mot dia chi vat ly duy nhat va duge thiét ké dé nhan dit ligu giti dn dia chi vat ly d6. Dia chi vat ly nay duge ghi vao card mang khi nd durge ché tao, M6t thiét bi nhu mot card ethernet khéng biét bat ky chi tiét nao cia cdc lop giao thire bén trén. Né khong biét dia chi IP cia né va cting khéng biét mot khung dén duge giti dén tir dau, Né chi king nghe cdc khung dang t6i, ch mot khung e6 dia chi Ia dig chi vat ly eta chinh né, va chuyén khung dé nguge Ién trén chéng giao thit. ly nay kim vige rat t6t trén mt doan LAN riéng bigt. Mét mang ‘bao gdm cl thé hoat dong ma khong can i khdc ngoai cae dia chi vat ly. Dit ligu 06 thé chuyén true tip tir b6 tuong thich mang nay dén bé tuong thich mang khac ma chi can str dung cdc giao thire mite thap lién quan V6i lip Truy cap mang. Khong may, trén mt mang dinh tuyén khdng thé phan phdi dix su biing dia chi vat ly. Cac tht tuc tim ra dich dén dig cho viée phan phdi bing dia chi ‘vat ly lai khong hoat dong dug thong qua giao tiép Router. Cho dit ching cé thyc hign due thi vige phan phéi bang dia chi vat ly s€ cdng kénh vi dia chi vat ly c6 dinh ghi vio trong the mang khéng cho phép ban ap dat mét cau tric Iudn ly trén khéng gian dia chi. Su phan phoi dja chi vi mot it may tinh trén mgt mdi trudng Hién tye Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 4i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP Vi thé TCP/IP sé lam cho dia chi vat Iy trénén v6 hinh va thay vao dé n6 t6 chite mang theo mt so dé danh dia chi phan Isp va lun ly. So dé danh dia chi ludn ly duge duy tri bai giao thite IP & lip Internet . Bia chi lun ly duge goi la dia chi IP Mét giao thite Iép intemet khac duge goi la giao thite phan gidi dia chi (address resolution protocol-ARP) hinh thanh tap hgp mot bing anh xa cdc dia chi IP vao cée dia chi vat ly. ‘Trén mot mang dinh tuyén, phim mém TCP/IP sit dung chién luge sau dé gti dit ligu trén mang : 1. Néu dja chi dich trén cing mot dogn mang véi may tinh ngudn, may tinh ngubn iti g6i true tiép dén dich. Dia chi IP duge phan giai sang mot dia chi vat ly sit dung ARP va da ligu duge hudng t6i bd tuong thich mang dich 2. Néu dia chi dich trén mét doan mang khée véi méy tinh nguén, cde tién trinh wu bat dau : a. Datagram duge dura toi Gateway. Gateway 1a thiét bj trén doan- mang cue b6 c6 thé chuyén tiép mot datagram dén cde doan mang khée. Bia chi Gateway durge phan gidi sang dja chi vat ly sir dung ARP, vi dir ligu duge giri dén bé tong thich mang cua Gateway. b. Datagram duge dinh tuyén qua Gateway dén mét doan mang mite cao hon (xem Ainh 1.8) & d6 tién trinh duge lap lai. Néu dia chi dich nam trén doan mang méi nay, dit ligu duge truyén téi dich cua Néw khong, datagram duge giti dén mot gateway khie. c. Datagram di qua chudi cde Gateway dén doan dich, 6 46 dia chi IP dich duge anh xa dén mot dia chi vat ly sit dung ARP va dir ligu duge hudng dén bd tuong thich mang dich. Do d6, cae giao thie lip Intemet phai c6 the © Xée dinh duge bat ky may tinh nao trén mang. * Cung ep mot phuung tign dé xéc dinh khi nao thong digp phai durge truyén qua mot Gateway. © Cung cdp mét phuong tign dé xc dinh dogn mang dich déc lip sao cho datagram sé di qua cdc Router dén ding doan mang mot cach higu qua, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 15i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP ‘© Cung cap mét phuong tién dich sang dia chi vat ly 48 dir ligu 06 thé duge phan phéi dén bd twong thich mang cia may tinh dich & 9 GO | 105721.1919 Hinh 1.8 1.8.2 Giao thitelnternet IP Giao thize Intemet ~ Internet Protocol (IP) cung cép mt hé théng danh dia chi e6 phan cap, déc lip phan cimg va dua ra cae dich vy can thiét cho vige phan phéi dir ligu trén mot ‘mang dinh tuyén phite tap. Méi b9 twong thich mang trén m6t mang TCP/IP c6 mot dia chi IP duy nhat. M6t dia chi IP 1a mt dia chi nhi phan 32 bit. Dia chi 32 bit nay duge phan chia thanh 4 doan 8 bit duge goi la cae octet. Mot phan cia dia chi IP duge sir dung dé dinh dank mang, va mot phan cita dia chi duge sir dung cho dinh danh host. C6 5 lap dia chi sau : Cie dia chi lbp A ~8 bit du tién cua dia chi IP duge sir dung cho mang. 24 bit cudi cing duge sir dung cho dinh danh host. * Cée dia chi lop B ~ 16 bit dau tign cita dia chi IP duge sit dung cho dink danh dia chi mang, 16 bit tigp theo dinh danh host. © Cac dia chi lép C — 24 bit dau tién cia dia chi IP dugc sir dung dinh danh mang ‘va 8 bit cudi dinh danh host. fink danh, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 16i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP © Cac dia chi lp D — 4 bit dau tién bén trai cita dia chi mang lip D ludn bat dau dang nhi phan 1110. Dia chi lp D sir dung cho truyén multicasting, © Cac dia chi lop E —5 bit bén trai dau tién cla mt mang lop E ludn bat dau voi miu nhj phan 11110. Dia chi lép E ding dé dy phong trong tuong lai. ot 78 ssie 2328 34 0] NetID Host ID Class A Jol NetID Host ID Cass B 1] 1]o] Net 1D Host ID Glass ¢ a]1}sJo) Mutticast address Glass D a}a]] Jo) Reserved for future use Cass E Hinh 1.9 Cau inc ctia ede lip dia chi IP 1.5.3 Giao thite phan gidi dja chi ARP ‘Nhu trong phan true chuong nay, cdc méy tinh trén mt mang cuc bd str dung giao thire 6p Internet duge goi la giao thite phan gidi dia chi - Adddress Resolution Protocol (ARP) dé anh xa cdc dia chi IP vao cdc dia chi vat ly. Mot host phai biét dia ct ly ciia bO ‘tuong thich mang dich dé giti bat ky dit ligu nao dén n6. Vi ly do niy ma ARP Li mot thie rét quan trong. Tuy nhién, TCP/IP durge thy hign theo céch thite sao cho ARP va tat ca céc chi tiét ciia vide chuyén déi dja chi hau nhur v6 hinh déi voi ngwdi sir dung. BO tuong thich mang duoc xée dinh béi dia chi IP cita n6. Dia chi IP phai durge anh xa dén mt dia chi vat ly dé mot thong digp dén dich cia n6, a0 Méi host trén mét doan mang duy tri mt bang trong bé nhé duge goi la bang ARP hay b6 nhé nhanh ARP (ARP cache). ARP cache lién két céc dia chi IP cia céc host khac trén doan mang véi cic dia chi vat ly. Khi mét host can giti dit ligu dén mét host khae trén doan, host kiém tra bang ARP dé xac dinh dia chi vat ly cua noi nhan, Ban ARP dug hinh thank mt céch ty dong, Néu dja chi nhgn dat ligu hign khong duge ligt ké trong bing ARP, host giti mot broadcast duge goi I mot khung yéu edu ARP. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 17i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP Khung yéu ciu ARP chia dia chi IP chwa duge phan gidi. Khung yéu ciu ARP cing chia dia chi IP va dia chi vat ly cita host gtti yéu edu. Cae host khde trén dogn mang nhan yéu cdu ARP, va host c6 dia chi IP chua phan gidi héi dap bing céch giri dja chi vat ly ciia né dén host giti yéu cau. Anh xa dia chi IP va dia chi vat ly duge thém vao bang ARP cia host yéu cau. ‘Thong thuimg, cdc myc trong bing ARP sé hét han sau mOt khong thoi gian dinh trude. Khi thi gian Ot myc ARP két thie , sang. Tién trinh phan giai bit dau lai khi ma host can giri dit ligu dén dia chi IP cia myc da bj loai bo. ing cian mye d6 s® bi logi khoi 1.5.4 Giao thite phi giti dja chi nguge RARP RARP Ia viét tit cla Reverse ARP, n6 trai nguge véi ARP, ARP duge sir dung khi biét dia chi IP nhung khong biét dia chi vt ly, RARP duge sir dung khi biét dia chi vat ly nhung khong biét dia chi IP, RARP thudg duge sir dung két hop véi giao thie BOOTP dé khoi dong cde tram Lim vige khong 06 6 dia, BOOTP (boot PROM) - Nhiéu b@ tuong thich mang c6 mot khe cm tréng dé them mot mang tich hgp duge ggi la mot Rom boot. Chuong trinh bootPROM bat dau ngay khi may tinh duge bat ngudn. No tai m6t hé digu hanh vao may tinh bang céch dgc tir mét may chit ‘mang thay vi mét 6 dia cuc bd. Hé diéu hanh duge tai toi thiét bi BOOTP duge cau hinh trurde mgt dia chi TP ey thé. 1.5.5 Giao thite thong digp diéu khién Internet ICMP Dir ligu gitt 6 thé gap mot sé van dé trong viée gai théng digp dén ‘mét may tinh @ xa thudng di qua mét hay nhiéu Router: cic Router nay ich cudi cing cua nd. Cie Router sir dung cée thong digp ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) dé thang bao cho IP nguén vé cae van dé nay. ICMP ciing duoc ding cho cac chire nang chudin doan va xir ly syrc6 kh. 1.5.6 Phan mang con a. Cch thite phn chia mang con Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 18i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP Céc chuyén vién quan tri mang d6i khi cn chia céc mang, dic biét la cdc mang lén thanh cde mang nho hon. Cée mang nhé hon nay duge goi ki cée mang con (subnet) va duoc thy hign danh dia chi khé Tinh hoat. Hinh 1.10 Bia chi mang con ‘Dé tao ra mot dia chi mang con, ngudi quan tri mang mugn céc bit tir phn host gdc va gan ching nhu la subnet ID. S6 bit t6i thiéu c6 thé mugn 1a 2. $6 bit tdi da c6 thé magn sao cho con dé lai it nhdt 2 bit cho chi sé host. b. Muye dich ctia vige phan mang con Ly do chinh cn ding mang con la dé gidm kich thurse mot mign quing bi. Hoat dong quang ba giti dén tit ca cic host trén mang hay mang con. Khi tai quang ba bi thy qua nhiéu bang thong ccon dé giam kich thude cia mién quing ba. dau tigu fe chuyén vién quan tri mang e6 thé chon phan mang 1.5.7 Dinh tayén tén mién Internet khong phan lép. Cac dia chi lop A da khong con, cdn cae dia chi lop B thi nhanh chéng can kigt. Nhidu dia chi lop C van con, nhumg khdng gian dia chi nhé cia mét mang lop C (t6i da la 254 host) 14 mot gidi han nghiém trong trong cude chay dua nang cao s6 lung thué bao etia ce nha cung cp dich vy Intemet (ISPs). C6 thé cip mot day cée dia chi mang lép C cho mot mang can hon 254 dia chi. Tuy nhién viée xit ly nhiéu mang lép C nay nhu Ia cae the thé \g r@ khi ching cing & mét noi chi lam rac réi cée bang dinh tuyén mét céch khong can thidt ‘Dinh tuyén tén mién khéng phan lop (Classless Internet Domain Routing - CIDR) la mét gy thuat cho phép mot khdi cde dinh danh mang durge xem nhur la mét thu thé don trong bang dinh tuyén. CIDR nhém mgt day cée dinh danh mgng vao mot myc dia chi don sit dung mé nhur Li mt thir gi dé nguge lai voi subnet mask. Thay vi chi dinh cfc bit thém vao dé nhjn dang mang, supernet mask thy ra téch cde bit ra khoi dinh danh mang. Do a6, cfc :m duge goi la supernet mask. Ban cé thé nghi v2 mt supemet mask Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 19i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP dia chi trong day duge nhan dang boi céc bit dia chi mang ma cic mang trong day cing 6 nhur nhau. Vi du, mét ISP 6 thé duge cap tat ca céc dia chi lop C trong day. 204.21.128.0 (11001 10000010101 1000000000000000) én 204.21..255.255 (11001 10000010101 IIL LTLTTII1I1). Trong trudng hyp nay, cdc dia chi mang giéng nhau chinh xac dén bit thir 17 bat dau tir bén trai, Supernet mask sé 1a III11111111111111000000000000000, tuong img véi mgt na chim thap phan la 255.255.128.0. Khéi dia chi nay duge nhgn dign bang cach sir dung dja chi thap nhat trong day theo sau boi supernet massk, M6t dang théng thuong ciia cp dia chi/mask CIDR cho thay s6 bit ‘mt ng sau dia chi v6i mt déu phan céch (/) gitta dia chi va mat ng. Do dé, day CIDR trong vi du true sé duge viét li 204,21.128.0/17. 1.5.8 VLSM ‘Trude day, khi chia subnet cho dia chi mang IP, subnet dau tién va subnet cudi cing duge Khuyén céo la khéng sir dung, Digu nay din dén Lim lang phi dia chi trong hai subnet nay. ‘Vai VLSM, chiing ta c6 thé tn dung subnet dau tién va subnet cui cing niy. VLSM cho phép mt t6 chite c6 thé sir dung chiéu dai subnet mask khée nhau trong m6t dia cl én. VESM edn duge goi Hi khong gian dia chi chia subnet trong mét subnet lin hon” gitp tin dung 1.5.9 NAT ‘Thiét bi chuyén d0i dia chi mang (NAT) sé lam an di nhing chi tiét cia mang cuc bd va che dau sy tn tai cua mang cue bd. Thiét bj NAT cé vi tri nhu la mot Gateway két n cde méy tinh trong mang cue bd véi Intemet, Ding sau thiét bi NAT, mang cue bd ¢6 thé sir dung bat ki khong gian dia chi ndo. Thiét bi NAT hoat déng nhu mét sy uy quyén cua mang cue bé trén mang Internet. Khi mét may tinh cuc bé c6 giing thye hign két néi dén ‘mOt dia chi Internet, thiét bj NAT sé thy hign vige két ndi d6, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 20i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP IP 19.009 \P 10007 Ss 10003 Hinh 1.11 Moa thiée bj chuyén 6 dia chi mang M6t thiét bj NAT sé lam tang tinh bao mat cla mang béi né cé thé ngan chan sy tan cong tir bén ngoai vao mang cuc bG. Déi véi mang bén ngoai, thiét bj NAT gidng nhur mot may tinh don duoc két néi Internet. Néu ké tin céng biét duge dia chi cia mot may trong mgng cuc b@, hin ciing khong thé mé mét két néi dén mang cuc bO duge vi so dé gan dia chi cue b6 de lap khac véi khong gian dia chi cita Internet, Mét thiét bi NAT cing s@ tiét kkigm durge s6 long dia chi Internet cn thidt cho m6t té chite. Tat cd nhimng wu diém trén lam cho thiét bj NAT tro nén ngay cang phd bién trong cdc mang cyc bd va mang Internet. 1.6 Lép van chuyén 1.6.1 Gidi thigu vé lép van chuyén Nhu da trinh bay & trén, 1ép Internet TCP/IP da bao him diy di cic giao thite co ban, cung cap théng tin dia chi cn thiét dé dir ligu c6 thé duge truyén trén mang. Tuy nhién ‘vige gin dia chi va dinh tuyén chi 1a mt phan bie tranh ting thé. Cac nha phat trién ‘TCPIIP bit ring cn phai c6 m6t ldp cao hon lép Internet c6 thé két hgp vai IP bing céch 6 xung ning tinh nang cin thiét. Cu thé hon, ho mong muén cée giao thie Kip van chuyén c6 thé cung cy ‘© Mt giao tiép cho cic img dung mang — nghia 1, m6t con dudng dé cdc img dyng cé thé truy cp vao mgng. Nhiing nha thiét ké mong mudn dit ligu khong: Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 21i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP chi duge truyén dén may dich ma ph bigt dang chay trén may dich. © Mot co ché da hgp/ giai da hgp. Trong truéng hgp nay, da hgp cé nghia 1a cho phép dir ligu tir cdc img dung va cic may tinh khéc nhau duge truyén dén cing img dung twong ting trén may nhiin. Hay néi cach khée, Isp van chuyén phai cé kha nang hé tro déng thoi nhiéu img dung mang va quan ly luéng dit ligu dén Ip Internet. G dau nhan, lép van chuyén phai c6 kha nang nhan dit ligu tir lop Internet va chuyén lén cdc ting dung. Kha nang nay goi la gidi da hgp vi n6 cho phép nhiéu img dung mang cé thé duge chay ding thoi trén mot may tinh, nhur duyét web, mail va chia sé tap tin, Mét khia canh khée ctia kha nang da hop/ giai da hop 14 mot img dyng don lé c6 thé thye hién duge nhiéu két ni déng thai véi cée may tinh khée nhau. , digu khién ludng, va nhdn thyc. Hé thong giao thire phai c6 luge 43 tng quat a8 c6 thé dim bao dit ligu duge truyén ding gitta cde may. truyén dén duoc nhimg mg dung riéng © Kiém tra I ‘Yéu t6 cudi cing (kiém tra 16i, diéu khién lung, nhn thy) thu hat sw nghién ciru nhit, Nhiing yéu cau vé dim bao chat lugng luén can déi v6i +h va chi phi. Hé théng dam bao chat lung phtte tap cho phép tang kha nang thanh céng trong viée phan phdi qua mang, nhung kém theo dé ta phai tra gid vé Iu lugng tang cao va thoi gian xit 1y chm hon. Déi véi nhigu ing dung thi vige dim bao nay khong nbat thiét phai e6. Do 6 6p van chuyén cung cdp hai céch dé truy nhap mang, m nh nang giao ép da hgp/ gidi da hgp cn thiét cho cac img dyng, nhung lgi dim bao chat lugng theo hai cdch tiép can khac nahu, dé a © Transport Control Protocol (TCP): cé kha nang diéu khién ludng va kiém soat 16i bao quat dé dam bao dit ligu duge phan phdi thanh cng. TCP 1A giao thire huéng ké néi. ‘© User datagram Protocol (UDP): c6 kha nang diéu khién Idi don gian va duge thiét ké thay thé cho TCP khi tinh nang diéu khién [di cla TCP khong can thiét. UDP Ia giao thire khéng két néi. vat dé Igi cich déu 06 1.6.2 Cong va socket Lép van chuyén déng vai tro nhu 1a mét giao tiép gita cdc img dyng mang véi mang va dura ra mot phuong phép giti dir ligu dén tir mang cho cae img dung cy thé. Trong hé théng TCP/IP, cde tmg dung c6 thé giti dit ligu qua giao thie TCP va UDP bang cach sit Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 2i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP dung sé higu céng. Mét cng 1a mét dia chi ni duge xac dinh truéc hay déng vai tro nhur 1i mt con during tir img dung dén lop van chuyén va tir lép van chuyén nguge vé img dung. Chang han nhu mot may khach lign lye v6i mot img dung FPT trén may chi qua cdng 21 cia giao thite TCP (hinh 1.12), FIP 19202122 eae] fate Intret ayer eee Access layer PCA Hinh 1.22 chuyén thi ta sé thay dir ligu ‘TCP va UDP thyc str duge giti téi mot socket. Mét socket li: mgt dia chi bao g6m IP va sé Tigp can sat hon hrgc 46 dinh vi tng dung cu thé cua lop vi higu céng. Ching han nhu socket 111.121.131.141.21 tham chiéu dén céng 21 cia may tinh c6 dja chi 111.121.131.141 1.6.3 Ba hgp va giai da hop Hé thdng gin dia chi socket am cho TCP va UDP cé thé thye hign mt nhigm vu quan trong khac ciia lop van chuyén: da hgp va giai da hyp. Nhu da mé ta ¢ phan truée, da hop hay ghép la ky thuat t6 hop nhiéu ngu6n dau vao thanh m6t dau ra duy nhat, va giai da hgp, hay tach, 1a vige nhan dit ligu tir m6t nguén duy nhat ri phan phdi cho nhieu dau ra, Kj thugt da hgp/giai da hgp lam cho cée I6p thép hon cia md hinh TCP/IP xir ly dit ligu ma khéng quan tm é tig dung nao da khdi tao di ligu d6. cic Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 2Bi in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP dung déu duge giai quyét & lop van chuyén, theo d6, dit ligu di va dén tir lop Internet chi 14 mt Iudng don, ddc lap véi img dung. Chia khod ciia ky thuat da hop/giai da hgp la dia chi socket. Vi dia chi socket bao gbm dia chi IP va sé higu céng nén n6 cung cap kha nang nhgn dang mét ing dung cy thé dang chay trén m6t may tinh cy thé. 1.6.4 TCP va UDP Nhu da dé cp @ phan trude cia chuong, TCP li mot giao thire hudng két néi, cung cap kha nang diéu hi 1g bao quit. UDP 1a giao thie khdng két ndi v hire nang diéu khi don gian hon nhiéu. C6 thé néi ring, TCP dam bao dé tin cay va UDP dam bio vé tée d6. Nhimg img dung ¢6 hé tre ede phién kim vige twong téc nhur ‘Telnet hay FTP thi cé khuynhh hudmg sir dung TCP, trong khi nhiing img dung e6 thé tye kiém tra Idi hodc khéng quan trong van dé kiém tra 1di thi c6 khuynh huéng str dung upp. a, TCP Cac tinh nang quan trong cia TCP © TCP la mét giao thite huémg két © Xy ly dinh hung ludng: TCP xir ly dit ligu trong mét ludng, Hay néi cach hac, & mét thoi diém, TCP c6 the chap nhan dit ligu mot byte hon la mét khéi di ligu duge dinh dang trude. TCP chia dit ligu thanh nhigu doan va ¢6 chi dai khic nhau true khi chuyén qua l6p Internet. © Sip xép lai thir tu: Néu dir ligu dén khéng theo thir ty, TCP phai sp xép lai dir ligu theo ding thr ty ban dau. 6 kha ning © Didu khién ludng: Chie nang diéu khién ludng cia TCP dam bao viée truyén di ligu khéng bj sai hoc bj tran qua dung lugng may nhan. Vige nay dac biét duge chi trong trong diéu kign méi trudng thay ddi voi nhidu sy khée bi téc dé xir ly cde CPU va kich thude bd dém. 4 Thir tr wu tign va sy bo mat: Mie 46 wu tin va bao mit e6 thé duge thiét Kip cho céc két néi TCP. Tuy nhién nhigu trinh ty the thi TCP khong cung edp nhimg tinh nang nay. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 24i in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP hé tro cau tric huéng két ni. Viée thao ludn vé TCP con duge nhin manh thém ring m6 khong chi dimng lai 6 viée dinh dang dit ligu ma dé 1a mot hé théng cde tién trinh tong tic va cde thi tue duge xay dung dé thye hign nhimg myc dich xae dinh. giao thire Phin mém TCP lién lac véi phin mém TCP trén may ma né mudn thiét lap két ndi, Trong, bat ky cudc thao lun ndo vé TCP, khi n6i “may tinh A thiét fp két ndi vei may tinh BY thi c6 nghia la phin mém TCP trén may A thiét lap két néi voi phan mém TCP trén may. tinh B, ca hai dang hoat déng nhan danh img dyng cuc bd. Sy phan bigt tinh té nay mang lai nhiing thao lun hap dn xung quanh khai nigm xac thye diém cud Cin nhac Iai rang céc théi diém cudi chiu trach nhiém xéc thyc nhiing sy lin lac trong mang TCP (diém cudi la nhiing node mang c6 ging thyc hign sy lién lac — trai voi nhimg diém trung gian fa node chuyén tiép bin tin), Trong tinh hudng lién mang, théng thuimg, dir figu duoc chuyén tir subnet nguén dén subnet dich qua céc Router. Da sé nhing Router nay hoat dong & 1p Internet ~ bén duéi kip van chuyén, Diém quan trong li cée Router khéng lién quan gi véi thng tin & Iép van chuyén. Né chi don gidn chuyén tiép dit ligu téi TCP déng trong cdc datagram IP da gin thng tin tigu dé va giri cdc datagram theo ding during di cila n6, Thong tin diéu khién va xée thye da duge ma hod trong cic doan RCP (segment) chi duge sir dung bei phn mém TCP ciia may dich. Vige nay Lim ting téc dé trong mang TCP/IP (vi céc Router khéng tham gia vao qué trinh dam bao chat lugng rat ti mi cua TCP) va Lam cho TCP 6 thé thye hign day dui vai tro ciia né bang cach cung cap viéc gidm sat két néi trong hogt déng mang. b. UDP UDP don gian hon nhiéu so véi TCP, né khdng thuc hign bat kj phuong thite nao da duge ligt ké trong phan trude. Tuy nhién, c6 mot vai cha ¥ vé UDP ma ching ta nén quan tam toi Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thongi in ht nghigp Chuang 1. Ting quan vé hg théng giao thie TCPAP ‘Dau tién, mac dit déi hic UDP duge mé ta khéng co kha nang kiém sodt Idi, nhung thyc 18, n6 vin c6 kha nang thue hign vige kiém tra 1di don gin. Noi ding hon, kha nang kiém tra 161 cia UDP c6 gidi han, Bin thin datagram UDP cing ¢6 gia tri checksum ma miy mhan c6 thé sir dung dé kiém ra tinh ding din cia dit ligu (thong thudmg vige kiém tra checkssum 1a mt tuy chon. é v6 higu hod trén may nhgn dé tang tée d6 xu ly dit ligu dén), Datagram UDP cing ¢6 mot tigu dé gid (pseudo-header) chita dia chi dich etia datagram, va dé la phwong tign dé kiém tra nhiing datagram truyén sai dia chi. Néu may UDP nhin mot datagram duge truyén dén mot cng khong hoat dng hoe khong duge xée dinh thi né sé giti mét ban tin ICMP béo cho may nguén biét ring khéng dén duge cong. 6 thi ‘Thit hai, UDP khéng sip xép dit ligu nhu TCP. Vige sip xép Iai thir ty dit ligu 1a rat quan trong trong nhimg mgng Kim nhw i Intemet do cde dogn dit ligu di theo nhing duéng khac nhau vi e6 d6 tri ho&n khe nhau trén céc b6 dém ciia Router. Trong ede mang cue bo, vige thiéu tinh nang nay ctia UDP van ¢6 thé dim bao duge 46 tin cay dir ligu. Mue dich chinh cia giao thite UDP fa chuyén cée datagram lén lép img dung. Ban than UDP rit don gidn nén céu tric tiéu d& ciia né cing khOng phire tap. Nhur da dé cép & phan dau, UDP khéng truyén lai nhimg datagram da loai bé hoac bj hong khéng sap xép cac datagram nhan duge theo trinh tw, khdng loai bé eae datagram tring, khong bao nhin cho ic datagram da nan, va eiing khong thye hign qué trinh th 1i ky thuat duge ede chuong trinh ing dung sit dung dé giri va nhdn datagram ma khong can mot két néi TCP nao. Cac tmg dung cé thé cung cp bat ky hay tit ca nhing chite nang nay néu né cé can thiét cho myc dich ca img dyng. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 26Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 2. Bink_tayén trong mang IP CHUONG 2. DINH TUYEN TRONG MANG IP 2.1 Vai nét vé djnh tuyén IP Ca Host va Router déu c6 bang dinh tuyén , nhung bang dinh tuyén cua Host don gian hon nhiéu so véi Router. Bang dinh tuyén cia nhitng my tinh don lé c6 thé chi c6 h dong: mot 1416 trinh mang cue b6 va hai 14 16 trinh mae dinh ca nhing géi tin khdng thé phan phéi trong mang cuc bé. Néu géi tin thuée mang cuc bé, phan mém TCP/IP sé sit dung ARP dé phan gidi dia chi IP thanh dia chi vat If bén trong mang cue b9. Néu goi tin khéng duge phan phéi trong mang cuc b6, viée chuyén tiép géi tin sé dién ra nhu sau: © May Host s@ trich ra trong bang dinh tuyén dia chi IP cua giao dign cua Router lién uli két viii mang cye bd niy. Sau dé, dia chi IP nay duge phan giai thinh dja chi vi ctia giao dién nhan bing giao thie ARP. © Tiép theo, datagram duge chuyén qua lép truy cap mang cing véi dia chi vat © BO twong thich mang cia Router s€ nhin frame vi thay dja chi vat li dich etia frame chinh 1 dia chi vat li eta né, © Ruoter mé frame va chuyén datagram lén lop Internet. © Router kiém tra dja chi IP cia datagram. Sau d6, Router sé kiém tra bang dinh tuyén ciia né dé tim ra dung di thich hop véi dia chi dich cia datagrram va chuyén tiép datagram nay. 2.2.1 Dinh tuyén tinh G phuong phdp nay, théng tin dinh tuyén duge cung cdp tir nguéi quan tri mang thong hinh cla Router, Ngudi quan tri mang phai cap iy bat cif khi nao topo lién mang bj thay qua cac thao nhat bing tay déi voi asi bing tay vao trong mye chi tuyén tinh 2.2.2 Dinh tuyén dong Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 27Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 2. Bink_tayén trong mang IP phuong phap nay, théng tin dinh tuyén due cap nhat mét cach tu dong. Céng viée nay due thye hign béi cae giao thite dink tuyén duge cdi dat trong Router. Chite nang cita iao thite dinh tuyén 14 dinh duéng din ma mdt goi tin trayén qua m6t mang tir nguén dén dich. Vi du giao thie thng tin dinh tuyén RIP (Routing Information Protocol) , RIP2 (RIP version 2), OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). a, Cée thudt todin dink tuyén Dinh tuyén Vector khodng cach Dinh tuyén vector khodng cach (cin duge g6i la dinh tuyén Bellman Ford) 1a mt phrong phap dinh tuyén don gidn , higu qua va duge sir dyng trong nhieu giao thire dinh tuyén nhu RIP (Routing information Protocol), RIP2 (RIP version 2), OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), Vector khong cich duge thiét ké dé gidm tdi da sy lién Igc giita cic Router cing nhur lugng dit ligu trong bang dinh tuyén. Ban chat cia dinh tuyén vector khoang cach li mét Router khéng can biét tit ca cic dung di dén cc phan doan mang, né chi can biét phai truyén mt datagram duge gan dia chi dén mét phan doan mang di theo huéng nao. Khoang cach giita cdc phan doan mang duge tinh bang sé hrong Router ma datagram phai i qua khi dugc truyén tir phan doan mang nay dén phan doan mang khdc. Router sir dung thuat toan vector khoang cach dé téi wu hod duéng di bing cach gidm téi da sé Ivong Router ma datagram di qua. Tham sé khodng cach nay chinh 1 sé chang phai qua (hop count) Dinh tuyén theo trang thdi lién két Dinh tuyén vector khodng céch sé khong cdn phi hgp déi voi mét mang lén gém rat nhiéu Router, Khi dé mdi Router phai duy tri m§t mye trong bang dich, va cée myc nay chi don thudn chia cée gid tri vector va hop count. Router cing khong thé tiét kigm ning lye cla minh khi da biét nhiéu vé cdu tric mang, Hon nifa, toan bé bang gia tri khoang cach va hop count phai durge truyén giita cde Router cho dit hu hét cdc thong tin nay khong thyc sy can thiét trao doi gitta cdc Router. Ih tuyén cho mi Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 28Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 2. Bink_tayén trong mang IP ‘Dinh tuyén trang thai lién két ra doi la da khdc phye duge cdc nhuge diém cia dinh tuyén vector khoang cach. Ban chat cua dinh tuyén trang thai lién két lé mdi Router xay dyng bén trong né mét so dé cau tric mang. Dinh ky, méi Router cing giti ra mang nhitng théng digp trang thai. Nhitng thong digp nay liét ké nhing Router khdc trén mang két ndi trac tiép voi Router dang xét va trang thai cua lién két. Cée Router sit dung ban tin trang thai nbn duge tir xy dumg so dé mang. Khi mot Router chuyén tip dir ligu, né s& chon dich t6t nhat dya trén nhing diéu kign hign tai. cde Router khée dung did Giao thire trang thai lién két dOi hoi nhigu thoi gian sir Ii trén mdi Router, nhumg gidm durge sy tiéu thy bang théng béi vi méi Router khong can guri toan b} bang dinh tuyén cia minh, Hon nita, Router cling d8 ding theo doi 15i trén mang vi ban tin trang thdi ti mot Router khéng thay déi khi lan truyén trén mang (nguge lai, déi voi phuong phap vector khoang cach, gia tri hop count tang lén mdi khi théng tin dinh tuyén di qua mét Router khic) b. Giao thire djnh tuyén (Cac giao thiee IGP vé cic giao thie EGP Céc EGP dinh tuyén dit ligu gitta cdc hé thong ty tri (autonomous systems). Mét vi dy ctia EGP la BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 1a giao thire dinh tuyén bén ngoai chu yéu cia Internet, Céc IGP dinh tuyén dit ligu bén trong mot hé théng uy tr), Cc vi du cia IGP 1A RIP, OSPF, IS-IS ... Sau day sé trinh bay mét s6 giao thite dinh tuyén IGP thong dung. M6t sé giao thive dink tuyén IGP thong dung Giao shite thing tin dinh tuyén (RIP) Giao thite dinh tuyén RIP phién ban 1 nhén duge tir giao thie dinh tuyén cia hé thong in vao voi BSP UNIX nhu li mot ao thie IP. Nur di d8 ep 6 mang Xerox, mi cing duge goi la RIP, RIP duge phan ctia giao thire TCP/IP va trérthanh nhan t6 chun cho Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 29Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 2. Bink_tayén trong mang IP ‘trude day. RIP sir dung mét thuat toan Vector khong cdch ma duimg xdc dinh dug t6t nhat bing sit dung metric buée nhiy. Khi duge sir dung trong nhting mang cing loai nhd, RIP 1a mot giao thire higu qui va sy vin hanh cia n6 1a kha don gin, RIP duy tri tit bang dinh tuyén trong mot mang duge cép nhat bai truyén nhing 101 nhin cap nhat bang dinh tuyén sau méi 30s. Sau mét thiét bj RIP nhan mét cap nhét, né so sénh théng tin hign tai ciia n6 véi nhiing théng tin duge chira trong thong tin cp nha. ‘Vio gitta nam 1988, IETF da phat hinh RFC 1058 m6 té hoat dng cita hé théng sir dung RIP. Tuy nhién RFC nay ra ddi sau khi rat nhigu hé thong RIP da duge trién khai thanh céng. Do dé, mét sé hé théng sir dung RIP khéng hé trg tit ca nhimg cai tién ctia thuat toan vée-to khoang céch co ban (vi dy nhu céip nhit c6 diéu kién va diu déc nguge). Han ché ctia RIP: GiGi han d6 dai tuyén durong: Trong RIP, cost c6 gi tri 16 nhit duge dat a 16. Do a6, RIP khong cho phép mot tuyén duimg c6 cost én hon 15. Tite la, nhimg mang e6 kich thude lén hon 15 bude nhay phai ding thuat toan khac. Luu hrgng can thiét cho vige trao déi théng tin dinh tuyén lon. © Téc dé hoi ty kha chém © Khong hé trg mat na mang con c6 6 dai thay di (VLSM): Khi trao di thong tin vé cac tuyén dung, RIP khéng kém theo théng tin gi vé mat na mang con. Do d6, mang str dung RIP khéng thé hé try mat na mang con cé dé dai thay déi. ‘Té chite IETF dua ra hai phién ban RIP-2 dé khac phyc nhimg han ché ctia RIP-1. RIP-2 c6 nhiing cai tién sau so voi RIP: © HG trg CIDR va VLSM: RIP-2 hé try siéu mang va mat na mang con ¢6 chi thay déi. Day 14 mdt trong nhiing ly do co ban dé thiét ké chudn méi nay. Cai tién nay kim cho RIP-2 phi hgp véi cde céch thite dia chi hod phite tap khong 6 trong RIP-L © H6 trg chuyén géi da diém: Day la cai tién dé RIP c6 thé thyc hign kiéu chuyén go da diém chit khéng don thuan chi cé kiéu quang ba nhu trade. Diéu nay lam gidm Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 30Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 2. Bink_tayén trong mang IP tai cho cdc tram khéng chi dgi céc ban tin RIP-2. Dé tuong thich voi RIP-1, tuy chon nay sé duge edu hinh cho timg giao dign mang. # HG tro nhan thye: RIP-2 hd try nhén thyre cho tit ed cée node phat thong tin dinh tuyén, Diéu nay hgn ché nhiing thay doi cé anh hung x4u d6i voi bang dinh tuyén. © H6 trg RIP-1: RIP-2 tuong thich hoan toan véi RIP-1 Nhimg han ché ctia RIP-2 RIP-2 da duge phat trién dé khae phuc rat nhiéu han ché trong RIP-1. Tuy nhién nhing han ché cia RIP-1 nhu gidi han vé sé hop hay kha nang hgi tu cham van con tén tai trong RIP-2. Giao tite OSP! Giao thire OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) 1a mt giao thite edng trong. NG duge phat trién dé khée phuc nhimg han ché cua giao thitc RIP. Bat dau dugc xay dung vio nim 1988 va hoan thinh vio nam 1991, cic phién ban cp nhit cia giao thire nay hign vin due phat han, Tai ligu méi nbat hign nay cia chudn OSPF li RFC 2328. OSPF c6 nhiéu tinh nang khong c6 6 ce giao thite vee-to khoang céch. Vige hd trg cde tinh nang nay da khién cho OSPF tré thanh mt giao thie dinh tuyén duge str dung rong rai trong cdc méi ‘rudmg mang Ién, Trong thue té RFC 1812 (dura ra ede yéu cu cho b6 dinh tuyén IPv4) - 4 xc dinh OSPF 14 giao thite dinh tuyén dong duy nhat edn thiét, Sau day s@ ligt ké cae tinh nang da tao nén thanh céng cia giao thire nay: © Can biing tai gitta cdc tuyén cing cost: Vige sit dyng cing lie nhigu tuyén cho phép tan dung c6 higu qua tai nguyén mang, © Phin chia mang mot céch logic: diéu nay Kim gidm bat cdc théng tin phat ra trong, nhimg diéu kign bat Igi, N6 cing giip két hop cdc théng bao vé dinh tuyén, han ché vige phat di nhiing théng tin khong can thiét vé mang. © HO tro nhan thye: OSPF hé try nhan thyc cho tat ca cde node phat théng tin quang cdo dinh tuyén. Didu nay han ché duoc nguy co thay adi bang dinh tuyén voi muc dich xau. © Thai gian hdi ty nhanh hon: OSPF cho phép trayén cac théng tin vé thay déi tuyén méteach tire thi. Diéu d6 gidp rit ngan thoi gian hdi tu can thiét dé cp nhatothong tin cdu hinh mang. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 31Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 2. Bink_tayén trong mang IP © HO tro CIDR vi VLSM: Bigu nay cho phép nha quan ngudn dia chi IP mét cdch c6 higu qua hon, mang cé thé phan phéi OSPF 1a mét giao thite dya theo trang thai lién két. Gidng nhw cdc giao thite trang thai lién két khac, mdi bO dinh tuyén OSPF déu thyc hién thuat todn SPF dé xir ly cdc thong tin chita trong co sé dit ligu trang thai lién két. Th nhat mé ta cy thé cde tuyén dung nén chon din t to”in tao ra mét cy dudmg di ngin 1ang dich, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 32Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF CHUONG 3 GIAO THUC OSPF 3.1 Gidi thigu chung ve OSPF OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) duge phat trién béi IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force — nhém die trach ki thugt internet). OSPF Id giao thite trang thai lién két str dung thudt ton SPF (Shortest Path First) cla Dijktra va la mt giao thie mértike né hoan toin mé déi voi céng céng , khong c6 tinh dc quyén. Uu diém chinh cia OSPF so véi cic giao thite vector khoding cach 1a kha nang dap img nhanh theo sy thay déi cua hé théng mang, hoat dong tét trong cée mang c3 1én va it bi anh hudng doi vai cde théng tin dinh tuyén ti. Mot sé diém khac eta OSPF Ia: hi (cost) la © Sir dung chi théng s6 dinh tuyén dé chon duémg di trong mang, Thue hign cp nhat khi e6 mang ¢6 su thay di © Moi Router sir dung so dé cau trac mang cita riéng n6 dé chon duéng. © H6 tro CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing) va VLSM (Variable length subnetmask). Hoat cia OSPF durge mé ta mét cach téng quét nhur sau: 1. Cac Router OSPF giti cdc géi Hello ra tit ca cdc giao dién chay OSPF. Néu hai Router chia sé mét lién két dit ligu cing chap nhan cdc tham luge chi ra trong g6i Hello, ching s@ tre thanh cde Neighbor cla nhau. 2. Adjacency e6 thé coi nhwr cdc lién két ao diém - diém, duge hinh thinh gitta cic Neighbor. Viée hinh thanh mOt Adjacency phu thudc vao cdc yéu t6 nhur loai ¢ gi Hello va loai mang sit dung de g6i Hello truyén trén 3. Sau khi cée Adjaceney duge hinh thanh, mdi Router giti cic LSA (Link State Advertisement) qua cée Adjaceney. Céc LSA mé ta tat cf cde lién két ctia Router va trang thai cia cde Tién 4. M@i Router nhan mOt LSA tir mt Neighbor, ghi LSA vio co sé dtr Higu trang th lién két cia né va giti ban copy téi tit ca fe Neighbor khiie cua nd, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 33Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF 5. Bing cich trao déi céc LSA trong mét Area, ddr Ligu trang thai tién két cua mi 6. Khi co sé dit ligu hodn chink, méi Router sir dung giai thudt SPF dé tinh todn dung di ngiin nhat (duong di c6 cost thip nhat) ti tat ed ede dich da biét. So dd nay goi li cay SPF. 7. Méi Router xy dumng bang dinh tuyén tir cay SPF cia né. At cd cdc Router sé xdy dung co so 3.2 Mot sé khai nigm sir dung trong OSPF 3.2.1 Lang giéng (Neighbor) va méi quan hé than mt (Adjacency) Trude khi giri cic LSA, cic Router OSPF phai khim pha céc Neighbor ciia né va thiét lip Adjacency véi ching. Danh sich cae Neighbor duge ghi trong bang cdc Neighbor cling vai cdc lién két (hoac giao dign) ndi voi méi Neighbor va cdc théng tin kde 3.2.2 Giao thire Hello Giao thite Hello thyc hign cdc chite ning sau: © Dang dé khém pha céc Neighbor © Ding dé quang cao cac tham sé ma hai Router phai chap nh§n truéc khi ching tro thinh ede Neighbor eta nhau, © Dam bao théng tin hai chiéu gitta céc Neighbor. * Cac g6i Hello host dong nhur cae Keepalive giita cic Neighbor. * Ding dé bau cir DR va BDR trong mang Broadcast va Nonbroadcast Mult (NBMA). Céic Router OSPF giti cic g6i Hello dinh ky ra cic giao dign OSPF. Chu ky giri duge goi 1a Hello Interval va duge céu hinh trong co sé dit ligu giao dign. Néu mot Router khong nhan duge g6i Hello tir Neighbor trong mét khoang théi gian goi la Router Dead Interval, sé khai béo Neighbor nay bi Down. Khi mt Router nhgin mét g6i Hello tir mot Neighbor, né sé kiém tra xem céc trudng Area ID , Authentication, Network Mask, Hello Interval, Router Dead Interval vi Option trong 261 Hello c6 phi hgp véi cae gid tri da duge céu hinh & giao dign dang nhgn hay khong, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 34Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF ‘Néu khéng phit hyp, goi sé bj huy va Adjacency khéng duge thiét lap. Néu tat ca pha hgp, {261 Hello duge khai bio Li hgp 1g Néu Router ID ciia Router gée di c6 trong bing Neighbor ciia giao dign nhan, Router Dead Interval duge reset. Néu khong, n6 ghi Router ID nay vao bang Neighbor. Khi mot Router giti mt g6i Hello, g6i Hello s& chita Router ID cia tit ca cae Neighbor cn thiét trong lién két ma goi trayén di. Néu mét Router nhan duge mét géi Hello hgp Ie 6 chita Router ID ca n6, Router nay sé biét ring théng tin hai chiéu da duge thiét lap. 3.2.3 Céc logi mang OSPF dinh nghia nam loai mang 1. Mang diém - diém. Mang quang bi Mang da truy nhap khng quang ba. ‘Mang diém — da diém. Cac lién két do. Mang diém - diém: 14 mang ndi hai Router vi nhau. Cac Neighbor hgp 1é trong mang diém - diém lun thiét lap Adjacency. Dia chi dich cia cic goi OSPF trong mang nay lu6n Ia dia chi lp D 224.0.0.5 goi la AIISPF Routers. Mang quang ba: Vi du nhur Ethernet, Token Ring, FDL. La mang cé kha nang két nd hon hai thiét bj va céc thiét bj nay déu c6 thé nhan cae 1261 giti tir mét thiét bj bat ki trong mang. Cac Router OSPF trong mang quang ba sé bau cit DR va BDR. Cac géi Hello durge phat multicast véi dia chi dich la 224.0.0.5 ( AIISPF Routers). Ngoai ra céc g6i xudt phat tir DR va BDR ciing duge phat multicast véi dia cl nay. Cie Router khde sé phat multicast cde g6i cap nhat va xéc nhdn trang thai lién két véi dia chi lop D la: 224.0.0.6 goi la All DRouters. t ndi ni Mang NBMA (Nonbroadeast - Multiaecess): vi dy nbut X25, Frame relay, ATM. La mang c6 kha nang két ndi nhiéu hon hai Router nhung khdng c6 kha ning Broadcast. ‘Tae 1a mot oi giti bei mGt Router trong mang khéng duge nhan boi tat ca cde Router khae cla mang, Cée Router trong NBMA bau cir DR va BDR. Cae 26i OSPF durge truyén theo kiéu unicast. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 35Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Mang diém — da diém: 1a tradmg hop die biét cia NBMA. N6 cé thé coi la mét tap hop cde két ndi diém - diém. Céc Router trong mang khong phai bau cir DR va BDR. Cée géi OSPF durge truyén theo ki multicast, Cae lién két do: 1a mét cau trac dic bigt dug Router hiéu nhu 1a cic mang diém - diém khong danh s6, Cac 26 OSPF duge phat unicast trén ede lign két do, 3.2.4 DR va BDR Cac mang da truy nh§p tdn tai hai vin dé sau lién quan dén qué trinh tran Iyt LSA nh sau 1, Théng tin cia mOt Adjacency giita cdc Router sé tgo ra nhiéu LSA khéng can thiét. Néu mt mang da truy nhap c6 n Router thi c6 thé ¢6 n(n-1)/2 Adjaceney (Hinh 3.1), Méi Router s® tran Iyt n-I LSA cho cde Neighbor cia né cong véi mot LSA cho mang dan dén c6 n(n-1) + 1 =n? LSA duge tao ra trong mang. A 8 © 2. Qué trinh train lut ¢6 thé giy xung dét. Mét Router gti mét LSA t6i tit cd cée ibor ciia né. Céc Neighbor nay lai giti bin copy cia LSA nhan duge t Neighbor ciia minh dn dén tao ra nhiéu ban copy cia LSA trong mang. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 36i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF Bé tranh cdc a, DR duge bau ra trong mang da truy nap. DR 8 cde nhigm va sau: © Mo ta mang da truy nhap va cdc Router gin vao mang cho phan mang, © Quan ly qua trinh trin tut trong mang da truy nhgp. Méi Router trong mang thiét kip Adjacency voi DR (hinh 3.2). Chi cd DR gui cic LSA t6i phan cdn Iai cia lién mang. Mot Router 6 thé 1a DR déi voi mang nay nhung khong 1a DR di voi mang khéc. Noi céch khdc DR chi la mot dae tinh ca giao dign cua Router, khong phai toan b Router. A B te] Gz) ea DR dai dign cho mang da truy nhp, Cac Router khie chi thiet lip Adjacency véi DR. Néu DR bj hong, mét DR méi phai duge bau ra. Cac Adjacency méi phai duge thiét lép, cde Router phai ding b9 co so dit ligu ca ching v6i DR mdi, Trong khi cdc qua trinh nay dign ra, mang sé khong kha dung dé trayén gdi. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 37Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF cit. Tat ca cac Router thiét lap Adjacency vi ca DR Lap Adjacency véi nhau. Néu DR héng, BDR s& Dé tranh van dé nay, BDR duge ba 4 BDR. DR va BDR ciing c6 thé th tro thinh DR méi, Tom lai vige bau cir dién ra nhw sau: Khi mt Router OSPF duge kich hoat, né tim kié cae Neighbor cia né va kiém tra DR va BDR, Néu DR vi BDR da tén tai, Router s chip nhan chang. Néu khéng cé BDR, mét cude bau ct BDR duge tién hanh va Router co Priority cao nhat sé tro thanh BDR. Néu cé nhiéu hon mt Router cé cing Priority cao mht, Router c6 Router ID cao nhat s€ tro thinh BDR. Néu chua cé DR, BDR sé tra thanh DR va cue bau ctr BDR méi lai duge thye hign Chi ¥: Priority c6 thé anh hudng dén qua trinh bau cir DR va BDR nhung khéng anh huong dén cdc DR va BDR da duye bau cit, Néu co mot Router c6 Priority cao hon cic DR va BDR da durge kich hoat, né cling khéng thé thay thé ce DR va BDR nay. 3.3 Giao dign OSPF 3.3.1 Cliu trite die ligu giao dign Cac thanh phan cita cu tric sé ligu giao dién bao gém: Dia chi IP va mét na: 1a dia chi va mat na duge cau hinh cho giao dién, Area ID: ta Area chira giao dign. Process ID: ding dé phan bigt cdc tién trinh OSPF chay trén mét Router. Router ID: ding dé nbn dang Router Network type: 1a loai ctia mang néi voi giao dign. Cost: li cost ciia cae gi di ra tir giao dign, Cost Li mot Metric OSPF, duge d bit nguyén khdng dau c6 gia tri tir 1 dén 65535, Inf Trans Delay: 1a s6 gidy cic LSA ta khoi giao dign v6i tudi bi tang len. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 38Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF State: li trang thai chite nang ciia giao dign duge trinh bay 6 phan sau. Router Priority: 8 bit nguyén khéng dau nay c6 gid tri tir 0 dén 255 ding dé bau cit DR va BDR. DR: la DR eiia mang ma giao dign gin vio, DR nay duge ghi bi Router ID cia né va dia chi cia giao dién gin vao mang cla DR. BDR: | BDR cla mang ma giao dign gin vo. BDR nay duge ghi boi Router ID cha nd va dia chi cia giao dign gin vao mang ciia BDR. Hello Interval: la khoang thoi sino di ian tinh theo gidy gitta cdc lan truyén cdc géi Hello wén Rower Dead Interval: ki khoang thi gian tinh theo gidy ma Router sé ché dé nghe cic ‘g6i Hello tir mét Neighbor trudc khi né coi ring Neighbor nay bi Down. Wait Time: la khoang thisi gian Router sé chéy DR va BDR duge quang céo trong géi tin Hello truée khi bat dau Iya chon DR va BDR. Chu ki Wait Time bing Router Dead Interval, Rum Interval: la khoang thiti gian tinh theo gidy Router sé ché gitta cdc lan truyén Iai cia cde g6i OSPF chura duge xée nha, Hello Timer: La b@ din thei duge lép bing Hello Interval. Khi nd hét higu luc, g6i Hello durge truyén lai tir giao dign. Jello duge nhin thay Neighboring Routers: Danh sach tit ca cdc Neighbor hgp lé (cé gs trong thai gian Router Dead Interval). Autype: Mé ta loai nhan thye sir dung trong mang. Autype cé thé li Null (khéng nhan thyc), Simple Password, hoac Cryptographic (Mesage digest). Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 39i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF Authentication Key: nhan thyc la Simple password, Au key la 64 bit. Néu ché 49 nhgn thue 1i Cryptographic, Au key li Message digest. Ché 49 Cryptographic cho phép cau hinh nhigu khod trén mét giao dién. 3.3.2 Cie trang thai giao dign ‘M6t giao dign OSPF sé chuyén d6i qua mét 6 trang thai khéc nhau trude khi n6 dit kha : Down, Point to Point, Waiting, DR, Backup, nang lim vige. Céc trang thai dé bao a DRother, va loopback. Hinh 3.3 Sie chuyén doi gitta céc trang thi giao dién OSPF Bién cb vao | ¥ nghita cae bién eb TEI Cie giao thire mire thap chi bio ring giao dign mang d& sin sing hoat dong TE2 Cae giao thie mie thip chi béo ring giao dign mang chua sin sing hoat dong. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 40i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF 13 Ngudi quan If mang hoge ede giao thie mize thap hon chi ra ring giao dign duge loop up. 1E4 Ngudi quan ly mang hodc cac giao thire mire thdp hon chi ra ring giao dign duge loop down. TES Goi Hello nhan duge chi ra ring Neighbor géc (Neighbor giti g6i Hello nay) muén tré thanh DR hoge BDR va trong mang chua ¢6 BDR. IE6 Wait timer da hét higu lye. IE7 Router duge bau cir la DR trong mang nay. TES Router due bau cir la BDR trong mang nay. 1E9 Router khong duge bau ctr 1a DR hoge BDR trong mang nay. TE10 M6t thay déi xay ra trong tip cdc Neighbor hgp Ié cia mang. Thay di niy 6 thé la: 1. Thiét lip két ndi hai chiéu véi mot Neighbor. 2. Mat két néi hai chiéu véi mot Neighbor. 3. Nhin mét g6i Hello chi ra ring Neighbor géc muén tro thinh DR hoe BDR. 4, Nhin duge g6i Hello tir DR chi ra mudn kim DR nita hin duge g6i Hello tir BDR chi ra ring Router nay khong mudn lim BDR nia. 6. Thai gian Router Dead Interval két thic ma khéng nhgn duge goi Hello tir DR ho’e BDR. ng Router niy khong Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 41Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Down: Day la trang thai giao dién dau tién. G trang thai nay giao dign khong lim viéc. Tt ca cée tham s6 cua giao dign duge lip bing gid tri ban du va khOng ¢6 hn lrgng durge truyén hode nhdn trén giao dign. Point to Point: Trang thai nay chi thich hgp véi cdc giao dign két ndi toi cdc mang Point to Point, Point to Multipoint va Virtual Link. Khi giao din trang thai nay, né da dit kha ning lim vigc. No sé bat dau guri cdc g6i Hello va thiét lp Adjacency voi Neighbor. nay chi thich hop v6i cée giao dign ndi ti ede mang Broadcast vi NBMA. Khi chuyén sang trang thai nay, n6 bit du git va nhn cdc g6i Hello va kip Wait timer. Router sé c6 ging xée dinh DR va BDR trong trang thai nay. DR: G trang thai ndy, Router 14 DR va sé thiét lip Adjaceney véi cae Router khée trong mang da tray nhap. Backup: © trang thai nay, Router la BDR va sé thiét lap Adjaceney vai cée Router kde. DRother: G trang thai nay, Router khng ki DR hay BDR. N6 sé thiét Lip Adjacency véi chi DR vi BDR trong khi vin theo dai tat ca cde Neighbor khéc trong mang. Loopback: G trang tl iy, giao dign duge loopback bing phan mém hodc phan cimg. Mic dit cic g6i khOng thé truyén, dia chi giao dign vin duge quing céo trong Router LSA 8 cae g6i kiém tra c6 thé tim dudng ti giao din, 3.4 Neighbor OSPF 3.4.1 Cu trie dit ligu Neighbor Cc thanh phan cia céu tric dit ligu Neighbor la: Neighbor ID: la Router ID cua Neighbor. Neighbor IP address: la dia chi IP ciia giao dién ndi t6i mang cua Neighbor. Khi mot g6i OSPF durge truyén unicast toi Neighbor, dia chi nay sé l dia chi dich. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 2Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Area ID: Dé hai Router tro thinh cée Neighbor ciia nhau, Area ID trong g6i Hello nhan urge phai phit hop véi Area ID cia giao dign nha Interface: la giao dign gin vao mang chita Neighbor. Neighbor Priority: ¥& Router Priority cha Neighbor duge chi ra trong g6i Hello. State: li trang thai chite nding ciia Neighbor s€ duge trinh bay & phan sau. Poll Intervat: Gis tri nay chi sit dng d6i v6i cfc Neighbor trong mang NBMA. Vi céc Neighbor khong thé duge tr dong khém phé trong mang NBMA néu cae Neighbor nay & trang thai Down, do vy g6i Hello st duge giti t6i cde Neighbor sau mdi khong thoi gian hat dink, Khoang thoi gian nay goi Ia Poll Interval. ic kha nang OSPF tuy chon duge hé try boi Neighbor, Cé ¥y & phan sau. Neighbor Options: la chon nay duge trinh Inactivity Timer: la Timer co chu ky la Router Dead Interval. Timer duge reset khi nhan duge g6i Hello tit Neighbor. Néu Inactivity Timer hét higu lye ma chua nhan duge géi Hello, Neighbor sé duge khai bao la Down. Designated Router: Dia chi nay chita trong traéng DR ctta g6i Hello. Backup Designated Router: Dia chi nay chita trong trusng BDR cia géi Hello. Master/Slave: Quan hé chi-té (duge thod thugn trong trang théi Exstart) thiét tap Neighbor nao sé diéu khién vige ding b6 co sé dit ligu. DD Sequence Number: 1a 8 t6i Neighbor. h ty cia oi Database Description (DD) dang duge gti Last Received Database Description Packet: Cac bit Initialize, More, Master, cde Option va so trinh ty cla gdi DD nhan duge cudi cing duge ghi trong co so dit ligu Neighbor. Thong tin nay diing dé xae dinh xem g6i DD tgp theo 6 phai la ban sao eiia goi trade. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong BDé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Link State Retransmission List: li danh sich cic LSA da duge tran lut trén Adjacency nhung chya duge céng nhéi Jai sau khoang thoi gian RxmtInterval cho dén khi ching duge cng nhan hoge Adjacency bi phd vo. n. Céc LSA sé duge truyé Database Summary List: La danh sich cée LSA duge giti toi Neighbor trong g6i DD trong qua trinh ddr khi Router chuyén sang trang thai Exchange, bO co sé dit ligu. Cae LSA tao nén co sé dit ligu trang thai lién két Link State Request List: La danh sich céc LSA trong cd g6i DD cia Neighbor “méi” hon cée LSA trong co 86 dit ligu trang thai lién két, Cae géi yéu edu trang thai lién két durge siti t6i Neighbor yéu cdu céc ban copy ciia cae LSA nay. Khi nbn duge cae LSA yéu cit trong cée g6i cdp nhat trang thai lign két, danh séch yéu edu trang thai lién két s& durge nit din cho dén hét. 3.4.2 Clie trang thii Neighbor Mt Router sé chuyén Neighbor qua mot sé trang thai true khi Neighbor duge coi la Full Adjaceney. Cée trang théi 46 bao gdm: Down, Attemt, Init, 2-Way, Extart, Exchange, Loading, va Full Down: la trang thai dau tién ctia Neighbor khi cuéc héi thogi (gitta Router va Neighbor) chi ra rang khéng c6 géi Hello nao duge giti tir Neighbor trong Router Dead Interval cudi cing. Cie g6i Hello khong duge giti tdi Neighbor bi Down trir trong hgp cae Neighbor nay thuge mang NBMA. Trong tring hop nay, céc g6i Hello duge giti theo chu ky Poll Interval. Néu Neighbor chuyén xuéng trang thai Down tir trang tha truyén lai trang thai lin két, mé ta co sé dit ligu, va yéu cau trang thai lién két bi xoa bo. cao hon thi danh sich Attempt: Trang théi nay chi img dung cho cde Neighbor trong mang NBMA, 6 day cic Neighbor duge céu hinh bing tay. Mét Router (dti kha ning dé tro thinh DR) sé chuyén mt Neighbor sang trang thai Attempt khi giao dign néi toi Neighbor dugc kich hoat diu tign hoge khi Router 1a DR hoge BDR. Mot Router sé giti cdc g6i tii mot Neighbor & trang thai Attempt theo chu ky Hellolnterval thay vi Pollinterval Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 44Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Hinh 3.4 Sw chuyén ai trang thai tie Down sang Full Init: Trang thdi nay chi ra ring da nhdn duge g6i Hello tir Neighbor trong Router Dead Interval cudi cing nhung két ndi hai chiéu chu duge thiét lp. Router sé chira Router ID. cia tét ca cde Neighbor & trang thai nay hoe trang thai cao hon trong truéng Neighbor ca g6i Hello. 2-Way: Trang thai nay chi ra ring Router da“ Neighbor cia adi Hello ma Neighbor giti t6i. Diu nay e6 nghia 14 két ndi hai chiéu da durge thiét lap. Trong mang da truy nhip, Neighbor phai trang thai nay hode cao hon dé 6 thé durge chon la DR hoae BDR. Vige nhiin mét g6i DD tir mot Neighbor & trang thai Init sé chuyén Neighbor nay sang trang thai 2-Way. ‘nhin thay" Router ID ctia né trong truéng ExStart: 6 trang thdi nay, Router va cée Neighbor cia né thiét lip quan hé Masterr/Slave ‘va xdc dinh s6 trinh ty DD dau tién dé chuan bj cho vige trao ddi cdc g6i DD. Neighbor ¢6 dia chi giao dién cao nhat sé 1a Master. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 45Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Exchange: Router giti cic g6i DD mé ta toin bd co si dit ligu trang thai lién két ctia nd t6i cae Neighbor dang & trang thai Exchange. Router ciing giti cdc géi yéu cau trang thai lién két téi cdc Neighbor 6 trang thai nay dé yéu cu cic LSA moi nhat. Loading: Router sé giti céc g6i yéu cau trang thai lién két ti cic Neighbor ¢ trang thai nay 48 yéu cau cée LSA méi hon da duge chi ra 6 trang thai Exchange nhung chua nhan duge. Full: Neighbor 6 trang thai niy 1a Adjacent hoan toan va cée Adjacency s® xual trong cde Router LSA va Network LSA. hign Hinh 3.5 Swechuyin dit trang that ne Init sang Full Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 46i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF Bién cd vao_| Y nghia TEI Chi xiy ra d6i véi cde Neighbor két ndi vi mang NBMA. TEI xay ra bOi mét trong cac diéu kién sau: 1. Giao dign néi ti mang NBMA duge kich hoat dau tién, va Neighbor du diéu kign tham gia bau cir DR. 2. Router 1i DR hoe BDR, va Neighbor khng di diéu kién tham gia bau cir dé tro thanh DR. IE2 i Hello hgp 1é durge nhan tir Neighbor. 1E3 Neighbor khong thé lién lac duge nita. 1E4 Router nhan nhin thdy Router ID cia né dau tién trong g6i Hello ctta Neighbor ho%e nhin duge goi DD tir Neighbor. IES Neighbor khéng thé thiét lp Adjacency. 1E6 ‘Xay ra boi mét trong cae diéu kign sau: 1. Trang thai Neighbor chuyén trude tién sang trang thai way. 2. Trang thai giao dién thay di. 1E7 Adjacency s€ duge hinh thinh véi Neighbor nay. TES Quan hé chai té duge thiét tap va s6 trinh te DD duge trao dé IE9 Vige trao ddi cae g6i DD duge hodn thanh. TE10 Cée khoan myc cén ton tai trong danh sach yéu cau trang thai kat, TEL Danh sach yéu cdu trang thai lién két rng, E12 Adjacency s@ durge pha vo vi duge reset Iai. IEI2 xay ra boi mot Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 47i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF trong ede digu kign sau 1. Nhan duge 61 DD e6 s6 trinh ty DD khong ding, 2. Nhin duge g6i DD 6 tung Option khée voi trudng Option ciia g6i DD cudi cing. 3. Nhan duge g6i DD khae ngoai géi dau tién ¢6 bit Init duge lap. 4. Nhan duge géi yéu ciu mot LSA khéng c6 trong co sé dit ligu. IEI3 Nhan duge mét géi Hello tir Neighbor trong dé Router ID eta Router nhan khdng c6 trong trudng Neighbor. TE14 ‘Xay ra khi trang thai giao dién thay déi. IEIS Adjacency véi Neighbor nay sé tiép tuc tn tai hay tiép tue hinh thin IE16 Adjacency véi Neighbor nay sé khong tiép tye ton tai hay khong tiép tuc hinh thanh. Quyét dinh_ | ¥ nghia DPI Mot Adjacency sé duge thiét ip voi Neighbor hay khéng? Mot Adjacency sé duge hinh thinh néu mét trong cdc digu kign sau xay ra: Loai mang la Point to Point. Loai mang la Point to Multipoint, Loai mang 1a lién két ao, Router la DR trong mang ciia Neighbor. Router la BDR trong mang ciia Neighbor. Neighbor li DR. Neighbor la BDR. naa e DP2 Danh sach yéu cau trang thai lién két 44i voi Neighbor nay réng khong? Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 48Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF khong? 3.5 Thiét lp mdi quan hé than mat (Adjacency) Cac Neighbor trong cae mang Point to Point, Point to Multipoint, va lign két ao ludn thiét lap Adjacency véi nhau trir phi cae tham sé trong céc géi Hello cia ching khéng phir hop. Trong cde mang quing bi va NBMA, DR va BDR sé thiét lap Adjacency véi tit ca céic Neighbor cdn cic DRother sé khong thiét lap Adjacency v6i cde DRother kha. Qué trinh xy dug Adjacency sir dung ba loai g6i OSPF sau: 1. G6i mé ta co 6 dt ligu DD (loai 2). 2. Goi yéu cu trang thai lién két (loai 3). 3. Goi cp nhat trang thai lign két (logi 4). Géi DD de bigt quan trong trong qué trinh xdy dung Adjacency. Cie g6i DD s® chia Header clla céc LSA trong co sé dit ligu trang thai lién két cla Router gc. Router nhgn s& han céc gi DD va kiém tra cdc Header nay dé quyét dinh xem ligu né di c6 ban copy ‘mdi nhat cla LSA trong co so dit ligu cua nd. Ngoai ra g6i DD con chita ba co duge sir dung dé quan li qué trinh xay dung Adjacency. Ba cd a6 li 1. Bit I (Initial bit): I= 1 chi ra rng goi DD dau 2. Bit M (More bit): M = 1 chi ra 3. Bit MS (Master/Slave bit): MS Master. n gi ig dy khdng phai g6i DD cusi cing duge giti. I chi ra ring géi DD duoc giti tir Router la Khi cuge dim phin Master/Slave bat diu 6 trang thai Exstart, ca hai Neighbor s@ cing yéu cau tré thinh Master bing cach giti mot géi DD réng voi bit MS Neighbor 6. Router ID thip hon sé 1a Slave va truyén tra lai g6i DD e6 MS = 0 va s6 trinh tr DD duge lip theo sé trinh ty eta Master. Gdi DD nay s@ 14 g6i DD dau tién chita eée ban tom tit LSA. Khi cude dim phan Master/Slave hoan thinh, trang thai Neighbor s& chuyén sang Exchange. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 49Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF G trang thai Exchange, céc Neighbor sé tién hanh dong b@ co so dit ligu cia chang. Danh sich t6m tit co sé dit ligu duge ghi cing véi céc Header cia tat ca ede LSA trong co si dir ligu cia Router. Cac g6i DD chita danh sich cic Header ciia cic LSA duge gti ti Neighbor, ‘Néu mt Router thay ring Neighbor cia né c6 m6t LSA khéng c6 trong co sé dit ligu cia ‘nd, hode ring Neighbor c6 ban copy cua mét LSA (da biét) méi hon, né dit LSA nay vao danh sach yéu cdu trang thai lién két. Sau dé nd giri g6i yéu cdu trang thai lién két dé yeu cdu ban copy cla LSA nay. Céc g6i cp nhat trang thai ign két vn chuyén céic LSA duge yéu clu, Khi nhin duge cic LSA yéu cau, Router sé xod Header cua cdc LSA nhgn duge khéi danh sach yéu cau trang thai lién két. Tit ca cde LSA gui di trong géi cp nh§t trang thai lién két phai duge xde nh4n. Do vay, cde LSA da duge trayén duge ghi vao danh sch truyén lai trang thai lién két. Khi mot LSA duge xac nhan, né s8 duge xo khoi danh sich ny. LSA 6 thé duge xée nhan theo Khi nhan duge g6i xde nhgn trang thai lign két chia LSA Header. © Xe nbn ngam: Khi nhan duge géi cap nhat trang thai lién két chita phién ban LSA gidng véi phién bin da gai. (Ca hai LSA déu méi hon cde LSA khdc). Master diéu khién qué trinh ding b6 vi dim bio chi c6 g6i DD durge truyén di vao ther diém d6. Khi Slave nh§n mét g6i DD ti Master, Slave xdc nhan viée nay bang cach g ant g6i DD 6 cling s6 trinh ty t6i Master. Néu Master khing nhiin duge xée niin cba ‘261 nay trong khoang thoi gian RxmtInterval, n6 s® giri tiép bin copy ca g6i dé dén Slave. Slave giti ede g6i DD chi dé dip lai ce g6i DD mi né nbn tir Master. Néu géi DD niin duge £6 s6 trinh ty mdi, Slave giti g6i DD €6 cling sé trinh tw si nay. s6 trinh te ng V6i BOI Xée nhin trude dé, goi xe nhn duge truyén Iai. cua g6i nhin duge Khi qué trinh dng b6 hodn tat, mét trong hai sy chuyén di trang thai sau s€ xay ra: Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 50Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF © Néu vin cén cdc mye trong danh sach yéu cau trang th: trang thai ciia Neighbor sang trang thdi Loading. lién két, Router s® chuyén Néu danh sach yéu cau trang thai la rong, Router sé chuyén trang thai cia Neighbor sang trang thai Full Master biét ring qué trinh déng b@ da hoan tt khi né guti tat c@ céc géi DD can thi 9 ét dé dién ta day dit co so dit ligu trang thai lién két cita nd t6i Slave va nhan duge géi DD voi bit M = 0. Slave biét ring qua trinh déng bé da hoan tat khi né nhan duge g6i DD c6 bit trinh dng bé co sé dit ligu cing voi sy chuyén ddi trang thai Neighbor. RT RT2 Down Hello (OR = 0.0.0.0, Neighbors Seen = 0) Down __Hello (DR = 0.0.0.0, Neighbors Seen=0) Hello (DR = RT2, Neighbors Seen = RT Init Exstart DD (Seq=x,1=1,M=0,MS=1 DD (Seq=y.1=1,M=4.MS=1) Exstart Exchange DD (Seq= .M = 1, MS = 0) DD (Seq=y+1,1=0.M LM: DD (Seq=y+1,1=0,M=1,MS = 0) 1 Exchange DD (Seq=y #n,1=0,M=0,MS=1 Loading DD (Seq = y +n, 1= 0,M = 0, MS = 0) ts Request LS Update LS Request LS Update Full Hinh 3.6 Vi du m6t qua trink déng 66 co so ait liéu vA giri mot g6i DD xée nhfin c6 bit M = 0. Hinh duéi day chi ra vi dy vé mot qué Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién ThongDé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Qué trinh déng b6 co sé dir ligu 6 hinh trén gdm cde bube sau: 1. RTI duge kich hoat trong mang da truy nhap va giri mt gdi Hello, Do né chua biét duge vé m6t Neighbor nao, nén tru’mg Neighbor ciia géi li rdng, trudéng DR va BDR duge lip bing 0.0.0.0. 2. RT2 nhan duge géi Hello tir RT1, nd tao mot cau tric dit ligu Neighbor cho RTI va chuyén trang thai ciia RTI thanh Init, RT2 giti mét g6i Hello chira Router ID cia RTI trong truéng Neighbor va dia chi giao dign ciia né trong truong DR. 3. Khi nhgn duge géi Hello tir RT2, RTI sé biét duge Router ID ciia minh. RTI tao. mét cdu tric dit ligu Neighbor cho RT2 va chuyén trang thai cia RT2 sang trang thai Exstart d8 chudn bi cho vige dim phn Master/Slave, Sau dé né tgo mot gi DD réing (khéng chita cdc Header cita cdc LSA) od s6 trinh ty fax, bit 1= 1 (chi ra rng day li g6i DD dau tién ciia RT), bit M =I ( chi ra rang day khong phai la g6i DD cudi ciing), bit MS = I (chi ra rang RTI muén Li Master). 4, RT2 chuyén trang thai cia RT! sang trang thai Exstart trong hie nhan g6i DD. Sau 46 n6 gai mot g6i DD phan hoi c6 sé trinh tu Ia y. RT2 e6 Router ID cao hon RTL nén n6 dat bit MS = 1. Do g6i DD nay ding cho qué trinh dam phan Master/Slave nén né cing rong nhur g6i dau tién. 5. RTI chip nh{n RT2 1a Master va chuyén trang thai ciia RT2 sang Exchange. RTI tao mét goi DD e6 sé trinh ty bing y, bit MS = 0 (chi ra ring né 1a Slave). Géi nay s@ chita cde LSA Header tir danh sach tom tit trang thai lién két cua RTL 6. RT2 chuyén trang thai cha RTI sang trang thai Exchange trong khi nhgn goi DD cua RT, Né giti mot goi DD chifa edie LSA Header tit danh sch tom tit trang th Tién két cia né va tang sé trinh ty DD len y +1. 7. RTI giti mOt goi xde nhan voi sé trinh ty la y + 1 t6i RT2. Qua trinh cir tiép tuc nhu vay. Khi RT2 giti goi DD voi cde LSA Header cudi ciing trong danh sch t6m tt trang thai lign két ctia nd, né dat bit M = 0, 8. RTInhan dugc g6i cudi cing nay va biét ring qua trinh Exchange da hoan KI nay né da ¢6 cde khodn mye can thiét trong danh sich yéu cdu trang thai lién két cita n6. Né chuyén RT2 sang trang thai Loading va giti g6i xae nhgn chita c&c LSA Header cudi ciing cia n6. 9. Khi nhan duge g6i DD cué sang Full viné khéng c6n khodin muc nio trong danh sich két, ng nay cla RTI, RT2 chuyén trang thai ciia RTL wu cau trang thai lin Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 52Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF du trang th 10. RTI giti cde géi yeu én két va RT2 giti cdc g6i cap nhat trang th lign két 06 chita cae LSA yéu céu cho dén khi danh sich yéu cau trang thai lién két cia RTI réng. Sau dé RTI sé chuyén trang thai ctia RT2 sang Full. 3.6 Tran Iyt ‘Toan bé cau hinh mang OSPF c6 thé duge mé ta nhu la mt nhém cac Router lién két voi nhau boi céc Adjacency logic. Dé dinh tuyén qua cau hinh logic nay, mdi node phai cd mdt “ban d6 nhn dang” céu hinh, Ban dé nay goi la co’ sé dit ligu cau hinh. Hinh 3.7 Cae Router lién két voi nhau boi cdc lién két 86 ligu ctage md tas nine lar mot nhom cic node lién ket voi nhau boi cdc Co set dit ligu cu hinh thuémg duge goi la co sé dir ligu trang thai lién két, No bao gdm tit cd cdc LSA ma Router nhén duge. Su thay déi trong céu hinh mang sé duge dién ta hur fa st thay déi trong mét hay nhiéu LSA. Tran It la qué trinh ede gdi LSA (mdi va ca Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 33Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF LSA da thay d6i) duoc giri qua mang dé dim bao co sé dir ligu ciia méi node due cap nhat va duy tri sur déng nhat véi cde node khac. (Qua trinh tran Tut sit dung hai loai g6i OSPF sau: © Goi cp nhat trang thai lign két (logi 4), © Goi xde nhdn trang thai Hién két (loai 5). MGi goi cp nh§t va xe nhgn trang thai lién két e6 thé mang nhiéu LSA. Céc LSA duge trin lut qua lién mang, nhung cdc g6i cép nhat va xéc nhén chi duge truyén gitta hai node thong qua Adjacency. Update & (sa? LSA3 Lsa4 Hinh 3.8 Céc LSA dune ruven qua Adjacency trong cdc g6i cap nhit trang thi lin két dia chi multicast Trong mang Point to Point: Cie g6i cép nhat duge giti ti AIISPFRouters (224.0.0.5). Trong mang Point to Multipoint va lién két ao: Cae géi cp nhit duge trayén Unicast téi dia chi giao dign cua cac Neighbor ké can. Trong mang quing ba: Cae DRother chi tao Adjaceney voi DR va BDR. Do dé cée g cap nhat duge giri ti dia chi AlIDRoter (224.0.0.6). Sau dé DR sé phat Multicast cde gs cp nhat 161 tit ed cae Router ké cén trong mang sit dung dia chi AIISPFRouter va cae Router nay dén lugt minh sé giri LSA ra tit ca cée giao dign khde chay OSPF cia né. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 54Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Drier Brier) Upda (28005) 8 28905) Cw oe pase PS ea (2240.06) BS 2240.08) Drater | ups | Drover [yp ee SR (2400s) [nen 2) DR BOR SB (2240.08) 2240.08) Dratter | Drier | 28005) 24905) (a) x once PS) e : oa Eee eee (e2s005) fez SA (224.008) cs (224,0.0.5) ©) Hinh 3.9 Tran lut goi trong mang quang ba 3.6.1 Tran lut tin e@y sit dung xéie nhgn Méi LSA duge truyén di phai duge xée nhan, C6 hai kiéu xac nbn la: Nae nhdn tuyét déi va xde nhdn r0 ring. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién ThongDé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Xée nhdn tuyét doi: Xac nhén tuyét déi vige di nhin mét LSA bang céch giti mét g6i cap nhat chira mét LSA gidng hét tr lai node nguén. Xée nhdn tuyét déi sir dung higu qua trong truémg hop Neighbor dang cé ¥ dinh giti cp nhat vé node géc. Xée nhdn rd rang: Bang céch giri g6i xéc nhdn trang thai lién két c6 chita céc LSA Header dui dé nhn dang cée LSA. Khi LSA duge giri, mdt phién bin cua LSA duge luu trong danh sich truyén lai trang th n két, LSA duge truyén lai theo chu ki cho dén khi nhn duge xd¢ nhn hogc khi Adjacency bi huy bo. ic LSA truyén Iai luén phat theo kiéu unicast d6i véi moi kiéu mang. 261 cp nhat trang thai Hién két chita 3.6.2 Tri lut tin e@y sit dung s6 trinh tu, téng kiém tra, va tw MGi LSA chita ba gid tri 1a: s6 trinh ny, tong kiém tra, va tudi. S6 trinh ty: Sir dyng 32 bit c6 gid tri tir $6 trinh ty dau tién (0x80000001) dén s6 trinh ty Jon nht (Ox7A1TTHH1). Khi Router tao ra mot LSA, né Hip s6 trinh ty ea LSA dé bang sé trinh tw dau tién. Méi lan Router tao ra mét phién ban cia LSA, sé trinh ty lai ting lén mot don vi. Néu sé trinh ty hign tai 1a s6 trinh ty 1én nhét va phai c6 mot phign ban mé ia LSA duge tyo ra thi true tién Router dt tudi cia LSA cit dang tén tai trong eo so dit igu clia céic Neighbor bang MaxAge va tran lut né trén tit ca cae Adjacency. Khi cae Neighbor ké cn biét dugc tudi cia LSA nay 1a MaxAge thi phién ban méi cua LSA nay voi s6 trinh ty 1a sé trinh tur déu tin d& c6 thé duge train Tut ca Tong kiém tra: La mt sé nguyén 16 bit duge tinh ton dya trén thudt to’n Fletcher. Tong kiém tra duge tinh ton dya trén toan bé LSA ngoai trir truong tudi (Trudmg nay thay doi khi LSA chuyén tir node t6i node do dé phai Téng kiém tra ciia mdi LSA cling duye tinh Iai nam phiit mot Lin khi ching ew tri trong co s¢ dit ligu dé dm bao LSA khong bi thay ddi khi & trong co sé dit ligu. Tudi: La mot s6 nguyén 16 bit khéng dau dé chi ra tudi cla LSA tinh theo gidy. Pham vi ctia tudi 1a tir 0 dén 3600 s (goi la tudi cye dai MaxAge). Khi Router tao ra mot LSA, nd Jp tudi ciia LSA bing 0. Méi khi LSA duge chuyén tigp qua m6t Router, tudi eta né se Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 56Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF tang lén mot sé gidy (InfTransDelay gidy). Tudi ciing duge tang lén khi LSA ew tri trong co 6 dit ligu. Khi LSA dat dén tuéi MaxAge, LSA s€ durge tran Tut Iai sau d6 bj xod khoi co s6 dit ligu. Do vay khi Router cin xod bo mot LSA khdi tat tudi ctia LSA bing MaxAge va trin lut lai LSA nay. Chi e6 Router tao ra LSA méi 06 thé Lim duge digu nay. co sO dit ligu, né sé dat Khi nhan duge nhiéu phién bin LSA giéng nhau, Router sé xéc dinh LSA méi nhét dya trén giai thudt sau: © So séinh sé trinh ty: LSA c6 sé trinh ty cao hon lit LSA mdi hon, © Néu sé trinh ty bang nhau, thi so sénh cdc téng kiém tra, LSA c6 tong kiém tra cao nhat la LSA méi nhat. © Néu téng kiém tra bing nhau thi so sanh tudi. Néu chi cd mét LSA cé tudi 1a MaxAge, né duge coi 1a gin méi nhat. Ngugc lai: * Néu tudi cia LSA khac nhau hon mudi nim phit (Max Age Diff), LSA cé tudi thap hon duge chon. Néu khéng cé diéu kign nao nhw trén xay ra, hai LSA dure coi la ging hét nhau. 3.7 Ving (Area) Khi mang phat t nhé Router. Dé gidi quyét vin dé nay, ngudi ta str dung gidi thuat SPF. Nhung diéu niy Jai tang ganh nang sir li cho CPU. dir ligu cia mang tang theo din dén phai ting dung hrgng bd Loi ich cia viée sie dung Area: OSPF sit dung céc Area dé gidm cée anh hudng bat lgi trén. OSPF dinh nghia Area i Tién két gitip phan ch ‘higu qua m@t mién OSPF thanh cde mién con, Cac Router trong mot Area sé khong biét chi tiét cdu hinh bén ngoai Area ca n6. Do vay: i mot nhém logic cfc Router vi © MOt Router sé chi phai chia sé co s@ dit ligu trang thai lign két v6i cde Router khéc trong Area ciia n6, Vige gidm kich thude eta co s6 dit ligu sé lam gidm sy va cham trong bo nhé ciia Router. © Co's6 dit ligu nhé hon dan dén ede LSA phai xit lift hon va lim gid swt va cham trong CPU ciia Router. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 37Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF © Cae qué trinh tran Iut gi durge gidi hgn trong Area. Area ID: Area durge nhan dang bei 32 bit Area ID. Area ID cé thé duge viét duéi dang sé thap phan hodc s6 thép phan duge ngan cach boi cae dau cham (vi dy nhu 0 va 0.0.0.0 la tuong dizong, hodc16 va 0.0.0.16; 271 va 0. 15 li trong dong). Backbone: Area ID 0 duge sit dung cho mang Backbone. Mang Backbone li mang chiu trich nhiém théng bao céc théng tin vé cdu hinh tong quat cla mdi Area cho cée Area kh 3.7.1 Area c6 thé phiin chia | Hinh 3.10 Sie phan chia etia Area i Hin Area c6 thé phan chia: la Area trong dé mot s phan chia Area thanh hai ph tach bigt nhau. Néu mét Area (khéng phai li Backbone) bi phén chia, va tit ca cde Router 6 hai bén phan chia van cé thé nhin thay ABR (/hinh 3.70) thi sé khong cé su pha vo nao xay ra. Backbone sé xem céc Area phan chia nhu la hai Area tach bigt Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 58i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF Khi Area Backbone duge phan chia, né sé tao ra ce Area téch bigtva tao ra hai m OSPF tich bigt nhau (hinh 3.11). Hinh 3.11 Sur phan chia ctia Area Backbone 3.7.2 Lién két io Lign két ao 1a mot lign két néi téi Backbone théng qua mét Area khde (khong phai 1a Backbone). Lién két do str dung cho cae mye dich sau: Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 59i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF 1. Lién két m6t Area tdi m6t Backbone théng qua mét Area khac (khéng phai la Backbone) (xem hinh 3.12). 2. Két néi hai phan cia Backbone bj phan chia théng qua mét Area (khong phai 1a Backbone) (xem hinh 3.13), rea 12 Hinh 3.12 Lién két do két néi Area 1 voi Area 0 théng qua Area 12 Hinh 3.13 Lién két do két ndi hai phan ctia Backbone thong qua Area 3 Lién két a0 khong gin voi mot lién két vat li dc bigt ndo, N6 1a mot dudng ham ma théng qua né, cdc goi duge dinh tuyén trén duéng di ngin nhit tir ngudn dén dich. 3.8 Cie logi Router Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 60i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF Router area 1055316 Hinh 3.14 Céc loai Router Cé bén loai Router OSPF li : Router ndi, Router bién gidi Area, Router Backbone, va Router bign gigi hé thing ddc lip (hinh 3.14) Router n6i (Internal Router): 1a Router ma tat ca cde giao dign cia né thude Area. Cac Router nay c6 co so dit ligu trang thai lién két dom. Router bién gidi Area (Area border Router-ABR): Két noi mét hay nhiéu Area ti Backbone va hoat dng nhu mot Gateway déi véi liu lugng lién Area, ABR ludn ¢6 it nhat m@t giao dign thuge vé mang Backbone, va phai duy tri co sé dit ligu trang thai lién Két tach bigt cho méi Area lién két voi nd. Vi vay, ABR thong ¢6 bé nhé Ion hon va bo Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 61Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF m vy thu thap théng tin cau hinh cua n véi n6 cho mang Backbone, sau d5 Backbone sé phd bién lai cho cée Area vi xir Ii manh hon so vii Router ndi. ABR cé nil cae Area khic. Router Backbone: la Router c6 it nhat mét giao dign gin vao mang Backbone. Nhu vay Router Backbone o6 thé la mét ABR hoe mot Router nao 46 thuge mang Backbone (Area 0). Router bién gidi hé thng déc lip (Autonomous System Boundary Router-ASBR): hoat dong nhw 1 mt Gateway déi v6i hu lugng ngodi, Céc LSA nhgn boi Router duge liu trong co sé dit Ii LSA nay s@ dién ta so dd cdu hinh Area, Vi mdi Router trong Area tinh toan duéng di ngin nhat tir co so di ligu nay, do dé diéu kign tién quyét dé dink tuyén chinh xde 1a co 6 dir Higu cia tt ef én két cla no. Cae trang thai ic Router trong mét Area phai giéng nhau, Khi LSA cu ti trong eo st dt gu cia Router, rude n6 sting Ten tuy the vo th gian cu tra. Néu tudi ctia né dat dén MaxAge (1h), no sé bj dao thai khoi mién OSPF. tranh vige cée LSA phit hop bj dio thai do qua tudi, nguéi ta str dung eo ché “lim tuoi trang thai lién két”. Cir sau thoi gian LSRefreshtime (30°), Router sé tran Iyt bin copy méi ctia LSA (do né tao ra) vai nh ty tng lén va tudi bing khdng. Trong lite nhan, cae Router khdc sé thay thé cdc ban copy LSA cil va bat dau tinh tudi cho ban copy LSA Bang sau day ligt ké cdc logi LSA duge sir dung trong OSPF. Type code Description 1 Router LSA’ 2 Network LSA’ 3 Network Summary LSA 4 ASBR Summary LSA Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong ai in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF ‘AS External LSA Group Membership LSA NSSA External LSA Extemal Attribute LSA. Opaque LSA (link ~ local scope) Opaque LSA (Area local scope) Opaque LSA (As scope) ean aw xs Rower LSA: duge tao ra béi moi Router. LSA nay chira danh sich tit ea c Router cing véi trang thdi va chi phi (cost) dau ra cia mi duge trin Iyt trong Area tao ra nd két ciia ¢ LSA nay chi Une Desorption Unk? Deserption Tink Desorption Tink Beserption Rovier ib = 192 168.9010 Hinh 3.15 Router LSA mé 1a dt cd edie giao dign cia Router Network LSA: duge to ra bei DR trong cée mang da truy nhap. Network LSA chita danh A i Router gin voi DR DR. Cac LSA nay duge tran lut trong Area tao ra Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 68i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF Type =2 192.168.17.48 ‘Subnet Mas! 55,255,255 .248 [Attached Router 792,468.30.20 92.168.30.10 “Attached Router= Atiached Router = 192.168 40.40 or 3B Router 0 = 192.169.30.20 UA ‘Type =2 192.168.17.18/29 192.168.1718 ‘Subnet Mask = 255,255,255 248 [Atached Router = 192,168 30.20 ‘Aitached Router = 192.168,30.10 192.168.30.30 ‘Attached Router Router 19 = 192.108.80.10 Router = 192.108.50.90 inh 3.16 Network LSA m6 té mang da tray nhp vit cd cde Router gin vio mang Network Summary LSA: Buge tao ra bai cic ABR. Chiing duge gti vio Area dé quang cdo cho céc dich bén ngoai Area dé. Thue té, cée LSA nay nhur mét phuong tign ma ABR t cac dich bén ngoai ma ABR cé thé tid can duge. ABR cing quing edo cc dich bén trong Area gin v6i n6 cho ede Router bén trong Backbone bing cde LSA nay. diing dé néi cho cde Router bén trong Area bi Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 64Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Type=3 192.186.1210 Mask = 265.255.2850 Mettie= 120 Type =3 192.168.17.16 ‘Mask = 255.255.255.240 Meiric = 120 172.16.121.0224 192.168.19.10228 Avea 192.168.13.0 Hinh 3.17 Cac Network Summary LSA mé 16 cdc dich lién mién LSA gom cost tir ABR téi dich, Mdi dich chi duge quang cao boi mét LSA cho di ABR duge nhigu dueng t6i 'u dung toi mot nao dé trong Area gin véi n6, n6 sé tao mot Network Summary LSA cé cost thip nhdt trong cac duimg né biét dé giri vao mang Backbone. Tuong ty nh vay, néu mot ABR han duge nhigu Network Summary LSA tit cée ABR khae théng qua Backbone, né st chon LSA cé cost thip nhat va quing céo né vio trong Area (khéng phai la Backbone) ‘gin véi nd. Khi mot Router khée nhin due mét Nework Summary LSA tir mt ABR, nd khong chay giai thuat SPF. Dung hon, né céng cost cita tuyén téi ABR va cost chita trong LSA. Tuyén t6i dich dugc quang co béi ABR duge luu trong bang dinh tuyén cing voi cost di duoc tinh toan. Kiéu dinh tuyén nay ( sir dung Router trung gian thay vi xc dinh during di day di téi dich) goi 1a dinh tuyén theo kiéu vector khoang cach. Nhu vay, OSPF la giao thite trang thai lién két trong mét Area nhung lai sit dung giai thuat vector khoang cach dé dinh tuyén lién viing (inter - Area). ASBR Summary LSA: duge tgo 1a boi ABR. Né gidng hét Network Summary LSA ngogi trit vige n6 ding dé quing céo cho cée dich dén la ASBR. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 65Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF Type=4 192.168.3012 Mack =0.0.00 Metric = 64 ‘ASBR Router ID = 192.168,30.12 Hinh 3.18 ASBR Summary LSAquing cdo ede tyén ndi ti ASBR AS External LSA (Autonomous System External LSA): Burge tao ra béi cdc ASBR. Céic LSA nay ding dé quang céo cho cic dich bén ngoai hé théng déc lip OSPF hode cic tuyén mae dinh bén ngoai vio hé théng dc lip OSPF. 1952052050 or Fomaraing Assrass © \ eer Hinh 3.19 AS External LSA quang co ce dich bén ngoai vio hé thing dc dp AS External LSA la LSA duy nhat trong co so dit ligu khong lién két voi mét Arca nao. NG durge tran Iyt thong qua hé théng dgc lip OSPF. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 66i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF LSA h6i vién nhém (Group Membership LSA): Sit dung trong Multicast OSPF (MOSPF). MOSPF dinh tuyén cic gi tir mét ngudn t6i nhiéu dich hay m6t nh6m thanh vién chia sé dia chi multicast lp D. NSSA External LSA: duuge tgo ra boi cée ASBR trong cic not — so — stubby Area (NSSAs). NSSA External LSA hau nhu giéng hét voi AS External LSA ngoai trit viée NSSA External LSA duge tran Iut chi trong NSSA tgo ra n6. External attributes LSA (LSA thuge tinh ngodi): duge dé xuét dé chay internal BGP (BGP) hgp Ié dé truyén tai thong tin BGP qua mién OSPF, Tuy nhién, né chua duge trién kha. Opaque LSA (LSA m6): gbm phin Header tigu chudn va trudng thong tin, Trudng thong tin c6 thé sir dung cho OSPF ho§e béi cdc tmg dung khée dé phan phéi théng tin qua mign OSPF, LSA nay ciing chua duge trién khai, Khuén dang chi tiét cw cic LSA duge trinh bay & phan phu luc. 3.11 Area cyt (Stub Area) ASBR quing cao cho cae dich bén ngoai bing cach tran lut cde External LSA qua hé théng dc lap OSPF. Cac LSA nay chiém ti If lén trong cor s6 dit ligu cia méi Router. ‘Area? Hinh 3.20 Cé thé tét kid dhage bhi vi cdi thin Ihoat ding bang céch edu hinh Area 2 13 mot Stub Area Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 67Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF G hinh vé trén, khong phai moi Router déu can biét tat ca cae dich bén ngoai. Cac Router trong Area 2 déu phai giti cae goi dén ABR dé biét vé ASBR bit ké dich bén ngoai Ia gi Vili do ny Area 2 duge céu hinh nhur mot Stub Area Stub Area la Area mi trong dé cae g6i AS External LSA va ASBR LSA khong duge tran Iut vao. Cic ABR gin véi Stub Area sé sir dung cic Network Summary LSA dé quang cao mot tuyén mie dinh vdo Stub Area. Cée Router bén trong Area sé sit dung tuyén me dinh néu nhu né khdng tim thdy tuyén ndo phi hgp trong bang dinh tuyén. Vi tuyén mic dinh duge quing céo béi Network Summary LSA nén né sé khdng duge quang cdo ngoai Area. Hoat dgng cita cde Router trong Stub Arca c6 thé duge cai thign va bao tén duge bO nhé nh gidm duge kich thude co s6 dit ligu cia ching 3.12 Area cut hoan toan (Totally Stubby Area) Area cut hoan toan sir dung céc tuyén mac dinh dé dinh tuyén céc dich bén ngoai dén khong chi hé théng dc lap ma con dén Area. ABR ca Area cut hodn todn s® ngan chin khong chi cic AS External LSA mi cdn ngan chan tit ca cde Summary LSA ngoai trt cae LSA loai 3 ding dé quang cao tuyén mic dinh, 3.13 Not - So— Stubby Area G hinh vé dudi (hinh 3.21), mOt Router gin véi m6t s6 mang cut duge noi voi mang OSPF thong qua mt Router thude Area 2. Router chi hd trg RIP do dé Router trong Area 2 cling phai chay RIP va chia sé théng tin dinh tuyén vé cée mang ngodi vo mién OSPF. Céu hinh nay lim cho Area 2 ¢6 mot Router la ASBR va do dé Area 2 khOng thé 1a Stub Area. Router chay RIP khéng can biét vé cde tuyén bén trong mién OSPF ma né chi can biét ve tuyén mac dinh néi toi ASBR ciia Arca 2. Tuy nhién, cée Router OSPF lai phai biét vé cae mgng gin voi Router chay RIP dé dinh tuyén cdc géi tei chung, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 68i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF noo? Hinh 3.21 Not — so — stubby Area (NSSA) cho phép cdc tuyén bén ngoai duge quang céo vio hé thong ddc lip OSPF trong khi van git duge cae dic trumg ctta mot Stub Area d6i véi phin cn lai cla hé théng doc lap. Dé lam duge didu nay, ASBR trong NSSA sé tao ra cdc LSA Jogi 7 dé quing céo cho cae dich bén ngoai, Cic NSSA External LSA nay duge trin Iyt trong NSSA nhung bj chin lai tai ABR. ‘Aves 2(NSSA) Hinh 3.22 Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 9Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF NSSA External LSA 6 mét bit P trong phin Header ciia n6 goi la co. NSSA ASBR cé thé diéu chinh lap hay xoa bit P. Néu ABR cita NSSA nhén duge mét LSA logi 7 voi bit P duye lip (bing mt), né sé chuyén LSA nay thanh LSa loai 5 va tran ut ching vao cdc Area khde (hinh 3.22), Néu bit P = 0, khong 6 sw chuyén déi ndo xay ra, LSA sé khong duge quang céo bén ngoai NSSA. 3.14 Bang dinh tuyén Giai thuat SPF cia Dijkstra duge sir dung dé tinh toan cay duéng di ngiin nat tir cdc LSA trong co s¢ dit ligu trang thai lién két. Giai thuat SPF duge chay lin thir nhat dé xay dung c4e cinh cla cdy SPF. Giai thut chay Kin thir hai dé them 14 vao eay. Cée 14 chinh ld cdc ‘mang cut gin v6i mdi Router. OSPF xac dinh dudng di ngiin nhat dya trén m6t metric tuy ¥ goi la cose (chi phi) gan v mdi giao dién. Cost cia mot tuyén Ia tong c¢ RFC 2328 khéng chi r6 gid tr cho cost. © cost ctia tit ca cae giao dign dau ra t6i diel 3.15 Cie loai duong Cé bén loai during la: duémg noi viing, duémg lién ving, duéng ngoai loai 1, va duéng ngoai logi 2. Dudng néi ving: la dong ndi toi cdc dich trong cdc Area gin voi Router. Duong lién viing: la dug néi toi céc dich trong cae Area khéc nhung van nim trong hé théng ddc lip OSPF. Duong lién ving lun di qua it nhdt mot ABR. Dudng ngodi logi 1(E1): 1a duimg t6i cée dich bén ngoai hé théng dc lap OSPF. Khi mot tuyén bén ngoai duge quing cae vao mét hé théng dc gp, né phai durge gin mot metric 6 y nghia déi véi giao thie dinh tuyén eiia he théng doc Lap. Trong OSPF, ASBR chiu ‘rach nhigm gan cost cho cdc tuyén bén ngodi ma nd quing cdo. Cae dudng ngoai loai 1 c6 cost bing téng ctta cost bén ngoai nay cng véi cost ciia duéng din téi ASBR. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 7i in ht nghigp Churong 3. Giao thite OSPF Duing ngodi loai 2 (E2): cling la during tdi cdc dich bén ngoai hé thong déc lip OSPF nhung né khdng tinh phan cost ciia duémg tii ASBR. Hinh 3.23 G hinh 3.23, Router A c6 hai duong t6i dich bén ngoai 10.1.2.0. Néu dich duge quing cdo theo kiéu dudng El, dong A-B-D e6 cost ki 35 (542010) s& duge chon so véi duimg A- C-D 6 cost i 50 (30+10+10), Nhung néu dich due quing céo theo kiéu during E2, thi duong A-C-D €6 cost la 20 (10+10) s& duge chon so v6i dung A-B-D e6 cost 1a 30 (20+10). 3.16 Tra bang dinh tuyén Khi mét Router OSPF kiém tra dia chi dich ciia g6i, né sé thye hign cde burée sau 8 ha chon dudng di ngin nhdt: 1. Chon tuyén phi hop nhat véi dia chi dich. Vi du néu cé cae the thé dinh tuyén img v6i dia chi 172.16.64.0/18; 172.16.64.0/24; vi 172.16.64.192/27 va dia chi 18 172.16.64.205 thi thye 1 ng s@ duge chon. Thye thé duge chon luén 1a thue thé phi hgp dai nhat (tuyén véi mat na dia chi dai nhét). Néu khong tim duge tuyén pha hop, mét ban tin ICMP sé duge gui vé dia chi nguén va goi sé bi huy bo. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 7Dé in 161 nghigp Clurong 3. Giao thite OSPF 2. Bo bot cae thye thé da chon bang cach loai bo cdc loai duéng dan kem phi hyp hon. Céc loai duéng din duge phan qu én theo thir ty sau: (Ila mite mu tién cao nbat, 4 1 mie wu tién thap nat). 1. Dung din ndi ving, 2. Dung din tién ving. 3. Duvng ngoai loai | 4, Dutng ngoai logi 2. Néu c6 nhiéu tuyén 6 cing cost, cling logi duéng dn tén tai trong tap cudi cing, OSPF s@ sir dung tat ca cde duéng din nay. Luu long duge truyén trén cde dudng din nay theo phuong php can bing tai, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong nDé din tit nghigp Churong 4. ting dung cia OSPF CHUONG 4 UNG DUNG CUA OSPF 4.1 Ung dung cua OSPF trong mang IP phan cap 4.1.1 Phan cép trong mang IP co l6n Ban dau, cde mang TCP/IP hoat déng dua trén cac giao thite dinh tuyén vécter khoang cach don gian va co ché danh dia chi IP 32-bit c6 phan lp. Cac cong nghé nay gidi han kha ning phat trién cia mang. Do vay hign nay céc nha thiét ké meng da phai tir bo cic cOng nghé nay dé xay dung cac mang hign dai khdc co kha ning mo rong dé thich img voi sir phat trién nhanh va nhiing bin d6i tien tue ciia mang. Phin nay sé gid thigu cdc cong nghé mang cé kha nang giai quyét cdc yéu cdu nay. Mé hinh mang phan edp va cde dfe rng cia mang phan edp M6 hinh mang phan cap giip phan chia cdc vin dé phite tap cla mang thanh céc vin dé nhé hon va dé quan ly hon, Méi lp trong mang phan cép chi tap trung vao mot tap cae van dé khée nhau, Dieu nay gitip cho ngudi thiét ké mang cé thé str dung mot céich t6i wu phan mém va phan cimg mang trong vige thiét ké mang. Vi dy, cde thiét bj 6 6p thip nhat durge t6i wu dé chi thy hign chire nang truyén tai. M6 hinh mang phan cép 3 lap (hinh v8) oe Hinh 4.1 Mé hinh mang phan cép ba lp ‘Trong mé hinh nay, cdc thét bi mang va cdc lién két duge nh6m lai v6i nhau theo ba lép: © Lop loi (core Layer). Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong zyib én tht mghitp Chucong 4. Ging dyng cia OSPF © Lép phan phdi (Distribution Layer) © Lép tray nhap (Access Layer) Uu diém cia mé hinh mang phan cp 1a ching dé dang duge module hoa. Cac thiét bj trong cing mot lop thuc hign cde chite nang tyong ty nhau. Diéu nay cho phép cde nha quan tri mang dé dang thém hoge bét cae thanh phan don lé cua mang. 4.1.2 Chite niing ede lip a. Lop loi Lép 101 thye hign chite nang trayén tai hu lugng v 6 cao dam bao dé tin edy. Cée thiét bi & lop Idi s& chuyén cdc g6i tin nhanh nhat c6 thé duge va ching c6 thé dap img durge tit ca cde nhu cau vé chuyén g6i téc 46 cao cho mang. Cac thiét bj nay sé thyc hign cde chite nang sau d6i véi cde géii © Kigm tra danh sich truy nhép * Mahoa dir © Bién dich dia chi su b. Lép phan phéi Lép phan phéi duge d3t 6 gita Ip truy nh§p va lop Idi giip phan bigt lop 101 vii phn con lai ctia mang. Muc dich cia lop phan phéi ta quan ly tru hong chuyén vao lop I bang cach sir dung cae danh sich truy nhap va eae phuong phap loc khdc. Do vay, e6 thé néi lap nay thye hign chite nang dinh nghia cde chinh sch an ninh cho mang. Céc chinh sich nay gitip bao vé mang va tiét kiém tai nguyén cho mang bing cdch logi bé cde Iu lugng khéng can thiét vio mang. Néu mét mang ¢6 hai giao thite dinh tuyén tro én, gia sit nhu RIP (Routing information Protocolva IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), thi théng tin gidra hai mien djnh tuyén nay duge chia sé tai kép phan phdi. ¢. Lép truy nhap Lop tray nhap cung cp lu hong cho mang va thye hign digu khién céng vaio mang. Ngudi sir dung dau cudi truy nhap tai nguyén mang bang Iép truy nhap. Cé chite nang Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 4ib én tht mghitp Chucong 4. Ging dyng cia OSPF nhu mét cita trude dé vao mang, l6p truy nhap sir dung danh sach truy nhdp dé ngan chan cae ngudi ding khdng ¢6 quyén truy cap vao mang. Lép truy nhap ciing c6 thé dua ra cae diém truy nhdp tir xa t6i mang bing cach sir dung céc cong nghé mang dign rng nhur Frame Relay, ISDN, hoac leased line 4.1.3 Ung dung OSPF trong mang phin cp a, Suphan chia thanh ving con trong mién OSPF Khi mang phat trién, co s@ dit ligu cua mang ting theo dan dén phai ting dung lugng bo nhé Router. Dé gidi quyét vin dé nay, ngudi ta sir dung gidi thuat SPF. Nhung nay, lai tang ginh nang str Ii cho CPU, + si¢ dung Area: OSPF sit dung céc Area dé giém cée anh hudng bat lgi trén, OSPF dinh nghia Area la mot nhém logic cdc Router va céc lién két gitip phan chia higu qua m6t mién OSPF thanh cde mién con, Cac Router trong mét Area sé khéng biét chi tiét cu hinh bén ngoai Area cita né. Loi ich etia vi Area ID: Area duge nhan dang boi 32 bit Area ID. Area ID cé thé duge viét duéi dang sé thap phan hoac sé thap phan dugc ngin cach bai céc dau cham (vi du nhur 0 va 0.0.0.0 Ki tuong durong, hoae16 va 0.0.0.16; 271 va 0.0.1.15 li tong dong). Backbone: Area 1D 0 duge sit dung cho mang Backbone. Mang Backbone la mang chiu trich nhigm théng bio céc théng tin vé cu hinh tng quit cia méi Area cho cic Area Khdc. b. Ung dung OSPF trong mang phn c4p ‘Trong mang phan cap sir dung giao thie dinh tuyén OSPF, thi lp Idi cua mang sé twong itng véi mang backbone trong mién OSPF, lép phan phéi va lp truy nhap sé twong ting ‘v6i cée viing con khée (khong phai backbone). (xem hinh v@) Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 75i in ht nghigp Chuvong 4. Ung dung cia OSPF Hinh 42 4.2 OSPF véi vige can bang tai 4.2.1 Viin dé djnh tuyén da duing va can bing tai trong mgng IP Hinh 4.3 G6i tin di tit A dén E 6 thé di theo hai ciedng A-B-D-E hodie A-C-D-E Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 76ib én tht mghitp Chucong 4. Ging dyng cia OSPF a. Dinh tuyén da dung: Dinh tuyén da dudng: 1a dinh tuyén cdc géi tin t6i dich theo nhiéu dudng khée nhau, Law Iugng di tir nguén t6i dich durge phan chia ra trén cde dung, (hinh 4.3) Uu diém va nhuge diém cia dinh tuyén da duing: Dinh tuyén da dudmg gidp tin dung tét hon bang théng cla cac duimg din tir ngudn wi dich so véi dinh tuyén don duéng. Digu nay gitip cho tc 46 truyén théng cao hon. Tuy nhién dinh tuyén da dudg e6 nhuge diém 1a phite tap hon so véi dinh tuyén don dung, ‘Trong cae giao thitc dinh tuyén trang théi duing lién két cé hd try phuong thire dinh tuyén da dudng. Theo d6, cée duimg c6 cost thip nhét trong cic dudmg e6 thé t6i dich sé duge Iya chon. Vi dy, néu ta chon dinh tuyén hai dudng thi hai duong cé cost thap nhat trong cdc dung dan tdi dich sé duge cing sir dung. ‘Cn bing tai cho phép céc Router dinh tuyén da duimg cde géi tin tir nguén t6i dich bing cach giti cac géi tin lén tit ca cdc tuyén kha dung. Can bing tai duc chia Lim hai loai ‘g6m equal cost va unequal cost. Cain bang tai theo kiéu equal cost: 1a can bang tai ma lu lugng duge phan phdi déu nhau gilta cde during truyén, Céin bang tai theo kiéu unequal cost: trong phurong thite nay, cdc g6i duge trayén trén c: dudng din véi ty 1é khée nhau. Luu lugng duge phan bé ty 1é nghich véi cost ciia durimg dan, Tite 1a duémg din c6 cost thip hon sé duge truyén nhiéu lu long hon, trong khi during dan co cost cao hon sé duge truyén it lu hugng hon. M6t sé giao thite dinh tuyén hd trg cd equal-cost va unequal-cost, trong khi mOt sé khde chi hé tre equal cost. Binh tuyén tinh khéng 6 metric chi hd try equal cost. Ngo ra céin bling tai ciing duge phn chia theo dich hog theo g6i Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 7ib én tht mghitp Chucong 4. Ging dyng cia OSPF Can bang tai theo dich (Per Destination load balancing): la can bang tai ma vige phan chia hou lugng phu thude vio dia chi dich. Vi dy néu e6 hai duong din t6i cing mot wing, thi tat ca cac géi téi mot dich trong mang sé duge truyén theo duong thir nhat, tat ca cdc g6i téi dich thir hai trong mang duge truyén theo duing thir hai, tat cd cae goi dén dich thir ba Iai duge truyén theo durémg thér nat vi ett nhwr vay. Cin bing tai logi nay thudng duge sir dung trong cde Router cia Cisco khi chiing & ché d6 chuyén mach nhanb. Cain bing tai theo g6i (Per Packer Load Balancing): (xét v6i cing mt dich) Y Néu cde dheimg dén la equal-cost: mot g6i t6i mot dich duge giti trén mot lign ké g6i tigp theo téi cling dich dé duge giti trén lién két tigp theo va cir nhur vay VY Néu edie cheing dan lis unequalcost: cée g6i giti si cing mot dich s€ duge trayén trén cde dung din téi dich dé theo mot ty I¢ phu thuge vao cost cua mdi during, Cy thé 18 néu dudng din thir nhit ¢6 cost Li a, dudng din thit hai e6 cost Ia b thi ty Ig truyén g6i a gitta dung thir nbat va thir hai sé la b/a. 4.2.2 Ung xit ciia OSPF voi can bing tai Giao thire dinh tuyén OSPF c6 hd trg dinh tuyén da dong va can bing tai theo kigu equal cost hinh Router A hoat dong & ché d6 dinh tuyén hai dung. Rouer A sé tra bang dinh tuyén cha nd va chon ra trong cac tuyén ¢6 thé din téi dich hai tuyén c6 cost thap nhat (gia sir hai tuyén dé la A- B-D va A-C-D). Sau dé Router A sé sit dung ca hai tuyén nay dé truyén tin. Do OSPF chi Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 78ib én tht mghitp Chucong 4. Ging dyng cia OSPF rg cn bing tai equal-cost nén mac dii hai tuyén nay cé bang théng khéc nhau nhung ty 18 cdc géi truyén trén hai tuyén nay la nhw nhau. 4.3 OSPF trong mién MPLS. 4.3.1 Vai tro ciia MPLS trong mang IP c@ lin a, Gidi thigu vé cong nghé chuyén mach nhan da giao thie MPLS. MPLS Ia céng nghé tap trung vao giai quyét cae van dé cén tén tai lién quan dén vide chuyén tigp cae g6i tin trong méi tring lién mang hign nay. IETF da dua ra cée tiéu chudn vé MPLS va m6 ta mue dich ec ban cia MPLS nhur sau: Mue dich cor chinh iia nhém nghién eiru MPLS 1a chudn hod mot cong nghé co sir gitip két hp giita vige chuyén tiép theo kiéu chuyén d6i nhdn véi dinh tuyén lop mang, Cong nghé nay durge hi vong IA sé cai thign higu nang dinh tuyén lop mang, kha nang m6 rong cia lép mang, va sw mém déo trong vige trién khai cdc dich vu méi (bing cdch cho phép thém vao cde dich vu moi ma khong edn thay doi kiéu chuyén tip g6i tin), mach nhan bang cach két hop gira mach lép hai véi kha ning dinh tuyén cita lp ba MPLS gan cac nhdn cho céc géi dé truyén tai cde goi qua mang. Co ché chuyén tiép g6 tin qua mang nay goi la co ché chuyén déi nhan (label swapping). Trong co ché nay, cic 261 duge gin cde nhin 06 46 dai cé dinh gitip cho cic node chuyén mach c6 thé dura vio d6 dé sir ly cae géi tiép chang qua mang. Sy khdc nhau dang ké gitta MPLS. vi cong nghé WAN truyén théng li nhan duge gan va kha nding mang danh sich cae nhin (stack of label) duge gin vio géi. Kién trac MPLS mé ta cac co ché dé thuc hign chuy chuyén mach tée d cao cia chuyé va chuyé fich ca Ky thuat chuyé cdc g6i trong mién MPLS hoan toan trai nguge voi trong mdi trudng mang phi két ndi ngay nay, noi ma mdi goi duge sir ly tai mdi node, header lop 3 duge kiém tra, va cde quyét dinh vé chuyén tiép géi tin duge thye hign dya trén giai thugt dinh tuyén lop mang, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 7”ib én tht mghitp Chucong 4. Ging dyng cia OSPF Kién tric duge chia thanh hai phan tich biét bao gom: Phan chuyén tiép (a0 Ja mat bing dir ligu) va phan diéu khién (goi la mat bing diéu khién). Phan chuyén tiép str dung co so dit ligu chuyén tiép nhain (label-forwarding database) durge hu tit trong cée chuyén mach han dé thye hign chuyén tiép cae g6i tin dya trén cde nhiin ma eée g6i mang theo. Phin diéu khién cé nhigm vu tao va duy tri thong tin chuyé nhan (label-forwarding information) gitta m6t nhém cac chuyén mach nhan két ndi voi nhau.(Hinh 4.5) (Proving protocols et —_____, Routing information Exchange with other routers IP routing table Lote ining xchange wth other Reuters [revnaproecan je scenes wih omer eas Control plane in @ node incominglaboled | Label Fomarding Table | | Outgoing labeled packets packets x Data plane in node Hinh 4.5 Kién inti co ban cita mét node MPLS Méi node MPLS phai chay it nhdt mét giao thic dinh tuyén IP (hoac str dung dinh tuyén ih) dé trao déi théng tin dinh tuyén IP vi cdc node MPLS khdc trong mang. Khi nay, mdi node MPLS sé 14 m6t Router IP trong mit bing su khién, Cée giao thite dinh tuyén IP sé xay dyng bang dinh tuyén IP cho cic node. Sau d6 bang dinh tuyén nay duge sir dung dé xay dung bang chuyén tiép IP (IP forwarding table). Ti 6 bang dinh tuyén nay Iai duge sir dung dé xac dinh vige trao ddi nhan, Vige chuyén dé inh3n nay durge thyc hign boi giao thie phan bd nhan LDP (Label distribution Protocol). Qua trinh diéu khién dinh tuyén IP trong mién MPLS sit dung cae nhan da duge trao di c node MPLS ké cén dé xéy dung bang chuyén di nhan (Label Forwarding Table), dé chuyén tiép cde goi qua mang MPLS. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 80ib én tht mghitp Chucong 4. Ging dyng cia OSPF LSR canh ki mt Router thy hign vige anh xa tir dia chi IP ciia gi vio mién MPLS sang mt nhan tuong tmg va thyc hign chuyén déi nguge lai khi géi ra khdi mién MPLS. Cac LSR canh sit dung bang dinh tuyén IP két hgp véi théng tin vé nhan dé gan nhan cho cac 261 IP trade khi ching vao mang hoge xod bé ede nhan nay khoi cde g6i trude khi ching duge chuyén dén cde node khong thude min MPLS. Hinh sau chi ra kién trie cla mot LSR canh IP routing tbe Label pinging ge wih omer Routers IP Forwarsing Table outgoing Incoming abel removal ane Level Forwarding Tabie | | ovigoing wbelea Incoming abetec| iets packets SC Data plane in a node Hinh 4.6 Kién inte LSR canh Sue chuyén déi nhain igi phan canh ctia mang Chie nang nay durge thye hign tai node canh cia mang. O day, cée adi duge dnh nhan truéc khi ching dugc chuyén tiép vao mign MPLS. Khi mét géi duge chuyén tiép téi hop sp theo, node chuyén tiép géi sé dya vio nhan da duge gan cho géi dé dua ra cdc quyét dinh chon dug thay vi phai thye hign ede chite nang dinh tuyén & lép ba nhur ee mang IP truyén théng. Hinh sau mé ta ton bé qua trinh truyén goi trong mién MPLS. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 81i in ht nghigp Chuvong 4. Ung dung cia OSPF c Hinh 4.7 Qué trinh truyén géi trong mién MPLS b. Vai trd ctia MPLS trong mang IP 6 1én Xt mot mang IP c& én durge phin cp lop nh hinh ve: Mang dang xét gdm ba lép 1a : lép Idi, lp phan phdi, va lép truy nhap. G day ta sé tap trung nghién citu vé lép Idi. Nhigm vy chinh ctia lép 1di la chuyén tigp cae goi tin voi téc 49 nhanh nhit ¢6 thé, va vin dé dat ra 1a ta s® sir dung node chuyén mach 1a thiét bj nio trong lip 10i dé thye hign diéu nay. Cé hai sy Iya chon saw Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 82ib én tht mghitp Chucong 4. Ging dyng cia OSPF © Néu str dung thiét bi Switch Lim node chuyén mach trong lép Idi, diéu nay sé Lim cho téc dé chuyén tiép cdc géi tin 1a rit nhanh do viée dinh tuyén duge thye hign & lop hai. Tuy nhién uu diém nay lai din dén nhuge diém dé 1a do vige dinh tuyén duge thyc hign 6 lép hai nén eae géi sé durge din tuyén mot ech kém thong minh hon (dinh tuyén theo kiéu quing ba) diéu ny din dén mién quang ba trong lp li sé rit lén va lép 101 phai c6 bang théng rat ln moi c6 thé dip img duge (didu nay 1 tri nguge v6i thye té bai lop 1di trong ede mang IP e& Ién thong c6 bang thong rat nhd), © Néu sir dung Router lam node chuyén mach trong lép Idi cia mang IP c& lén thi téc dyng Iai hoan toan nguge lai so véi vige st: dyng Switch lam node chuyén mach. Vige dinh tuyén sé duge thyc hign 6 lop ba nén téc d6 chuyén tigp cdc gdi tin sé cham hon so vai viée sti dung Switch. Nguge lai cae quyét dinh dinh tuyén & day lai thong minh hon so voi Switch din dén lam giém mién quang ba trong lop loi Dé gidi quyét van dé trén ngudi ta sir dung ky thuat chuyén mach nhan MPLS. Méi node chuyén mach trong lép Idi la mét LSR. Cac g6i di vao lop i sé durge gain thém mot hain dinh tuyén dé phuc vu cho n tiép cée g6i tin trong lép 10i. Véi phurong phap nay, cdc géi tin di vio lép Idi sé duge chuyén tiép nhanh hon so véi phuong phdp sir dung Router nhung Igi gidm duge mién quang ba so véi phuwong phép sir dung Switch. gc chur 4.3.2 Suc két hop gitta LDP va OSPF ‘Trong mang MPLS, qué trinh chuyén tiép cdc géi tin 1a theo phuong php chuyén mach nhan, Céc g6i di tir bén ngoai vao min MPLS sé phai di qua cde LSR canh. Tai day cic ‘961 s€ durge gin nhan trade khi di vao trong mang. Khi cée géi duge truyén trong mang, cdc node sé phan tich théng tin chita trong nhan cia mdi géi dé dua ra cdc quyét dinh tuyén cho g6i va gin cho g6i m6t nhdn méi. Khi ce gi nay duge chuyén dén LSR canh dé ra khoi mang, nhan ciia nd sé duge cic LSR canh xoa b6 trude khi ra khoi mién MPLS.(xem hinh vé 4.9) Dé thye hign vige gin nhan mot each chinh x4c cho cde g6i, bang chuyén tiép nhan (label forwarding table). Dé xdy dung bing nay, ngudi ta si dung giao thtte phan bé nhan LDP. Tuy nhién giao thite nay chi hoat dong khi trong mang phai de LSR phai cin ct vio Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 83i in ht nghigp Chuvong 4. Ung dung cia OSPF 6 bing dinh tuyén IP, Trong truémg hgp nay IETF khuyén nghi » thire dinh tuyén OSPF dé xay dung bang dinh tuyén. Cra Fr I roe \ nding E Eégouse Hinh 4.9 4.4 Ung dung OSPF trong mang NGN eta VNPT 4.4.1 Mang NGN ctia VNPT Gidi thigu md hinh mang NGN ciia VNPT dang xay dung. Media Gacnays RAS, Wal, Hinh 4.10 Mé hinh phan lop mang NGN cia VNPT Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 84ib én tht mghitp Chucong 4. Ging dyng cia OSPF Hine 4.11 Céu hinh obi tit mang NGN oiia VNPT Lép truyén tai: 3 core switch router M160 ciia Juniper théng Ivong chuyén mach [a 160Gb/s dat tgi HA Noi, TP HO Chi Minh va Ba Ning. 10 Edge router dat tai cde tinh thanh. Bang théng két néi giita cdc core router 1a 15SMb/s. Lép truy nhap tai mdi tink, think: tai céc tinh lip dt cic Media gateway va BRAS va DSLAM. Media gateway cho giao dién giita mang PSTN va mang NGN dé truyén tai bru Jugng thogi dung dai. BRAS va DSLAM ding dé két ndi thué bao ADSL. ‘Viée can bing giira nhu cau cia khach hang va chi phi cia hé théng li mét diéu hét sire can thiét cho nha quan tri mang khi muén ddu tu vao mang cia minh. trong nhimg. vige d6 chinh 1 phai quan ly higu nding mang mét cach chat ché dé e6 nhing ké hoach trién khai mé rong hay ct giam hé théng kip thoi. Ddi voi hé théng dang trién khai tai ‘Viét Nam, viéc quan ly higu nang mang (quan ly lwu lrgng vao/ra, ting sé két nd mt khoang thoi gian nao d6,...) duge thé hign 6 2 dang: © Thir nhdt: C6 mot bing dign tt ludn Iudn hién thi Iw hong xtr ly online cua he thong theo thai gian thyc, nhin vao dé ta c6 thé thay Inu lugng vao ra, tai xtr ly tai thai diém bat ky. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 85ib én tht mghitp Chucong 4. Ging dyng cia OSPF © Thit hai: Ngoai vi nur trén thi 6 ligu vio log file dui dang text, va ghi theo ché d6 mdi ngiy c hién thj online trén bing dign ti hé théng cdn hu ligu durge ghi vao | file, va liu duge trong 1 tuan. Sé ligu ciia tudn sau sé ghi dé vao file s6 ligu iia tuan truse. 4.4.2 Khé ning ting dung cita OSPF trong mang NGN cita VNPT Mang NGN cla VNPT 1d mt mang IP c& Ién e6 céu trie phan I6p. Tuy nhién 6 day ta fc Router M160 duge noi voi nhau dé thye hign vige truyén tai la Iugng voi tée 46 rit cao. Cie Router M160 sit dung céng nghé chuyén mach nhiin da giao thire MPLS va sir dung giao thite dinh tuy OSPF. Céng nghé chuyén mach nhan MPLS hoat dng dya trén giao thite LDP e6 tae dung anh xa cée dia chi IP dich thanh eae nhan tuong img dé cée LSR gin cée nhan niy cho céc géi tin IP khi ching di vio min MPLS. Giao thite LDP lai thye hign diéu nay dda trén bang dinh tuyén ma giao thite OSPF da xay dumg. C6 thé néi véi nhitng dae tinh nhu hoat dong tét trén cic mang co 1én, kha nang héi tu nhanh, tiét kim bang thong trong qua trinh trao d6i thong tin dinh tuyén... giao thite dinh tuyén OSPF da hoat déng higu qua trong mang NGN eiia VNPT. chi quan tam téi lép truyén tai cua mang. Tai lop truyén tai, Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 86Dé in 161 nghigp két luan Qua nghién citu vé giao thie OSPF ta nit ra duge két ludn sau: OSPF Ia mét giao tite dinh tyén manh, Né da khdc phuc duoc cdc nuege diém cia cdc giao thitc dinh tuyén trudc. Mot sé uu diém dé la c6 kha nang hoat dng tot trong mang IP c@lén, it bj anh huéng déi voi cdc théng tin dinh tuyén ti, thei gian h6i tu nhanh sir dung c6 higu qua tai nguyén mang... Voi nhiing wu diém vuegt wrdi ctia minh, ngay nay OSPF dang duge sit dung rong rai trong cdc mang truyén tai diea trén cong nghé IP khong chi & Viét Nam mé con & wén toan thé gidi. Tuy nhién, OSPF cing c6 nhing niuege diém dé la né doi hoi ede thiét 6} mang ste dung giao thite nay phai c6 edu hink manh te 1a dung heong b6 nhé phai tin vé tbe dé CPU phdi cao. Ngodi ra, do giao thike OSPF la mét giao thiée rét phite tap nén ddi hoi nguudi stb dung phai cb mét kién thite nhdt dinh vé mang va phai duge dao tao chuyén sau vé OSPF mdi cé thé cdu hinh duge giao thie nay. Tp dé dn hi vong da cung cdp cho ban doc m6t céch neong déi day ati cde kién thive edn thiét nhdt vé giao thie OSPF. Tuy vay, né van con nhing van dé con bo ngo can tiép tuc nghién ctu dé giao thite nay ngay mot hoan thién hon. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 87Dé dn tht nghigp Phy tue Phy luc 1. Khuén dang géi tin OSPF IP Header (Protocol # 98) Greene OSPF Packet | OspF packet Data Header Packet Type ie tsa | tsa} isa | LSA TSA [ Hostor | LSA Data Hinh 1, Goi OSPF gém nhiéu qué trinh Encapsulation ‘Thong tin chira trong IP Header chi ra mt trong nim logi oi OSPF. Méi goi OSPF gdm OSPF gém OSPF packet header theo sau la trudng OSPF Packet Data tuong img v6i loai 261. Trong OSPF Packet Data gdm mot trong Packet type-Specific data va trig Data, ‘Trutmg Data trong Hello Packet I m6t danh séch cae Neighbor. Trong g6i yéu cu trang thai lién két, trudng Data gom nhiéu LSA. Cac LSA nay cing gom hai phan la LSA header va LSA Data. Cac goi mé ta trang thai lién két va xac nhfn trang thai lién két chita danh séch cac LSA header. 1.1 Packet Header ‘Tit ca cdc géi OSPF déu bat dau voi 24-octet header nhur chi ra hinh duéi. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 88Phy tue Dé dn tit ngh 32 bit | 8 8 16 Version Type Packet Length Router ID ‘Area ID Check sum Autype Authentication Authentication Packet Length 1, trrémg Authentication co dang: ‘Authentication 0x0000 Key ID Data Length Cryptographic sequence number Hinh 2. OSPF packet Header Version: la chi so phién ban OSPF. Type: chi 13 loai g6i OSPF theo sau header. Type code. Decription Hello Goi mé ta trang thai lién ket Goi yéu cau trang thai lién két 4 Goi cp nhat trang thai lién ké 5 Goi xée nbiin trang thai lign két Packet Length: Li d6 dai 6i OSPF tinh theo octet bao gdm ca phan Header. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 89Dé in 161 nghigp Phy tue Router ID: La 1D etia Router tao ra géi Area ID: la ID ciia Area tao ra goi, Néu goi duge giti qua lién két o, Area ID = 0.0.0.0 (Backbone Area ID) vi lién két 40 duge coi 1a mét phan cia Backbone. Checksum: la téng kiém tra IP tiéu chudn cia toan bd g6i bao gdm ca phin Header. Autype: chi ra loai nhan thye (authentication) dang duge sir dung. ‘Au Type | Authentication Type 0 Khong sir dyng ché d6 nhfn thye 1 Simple (clear text) Password 2 Cryptographic (MDS) checksum Athentication: la théng tin cn thiét cho cae g6i dé nhfn thy béi ché d6 duge chi ra trong trudng AuType. Néu AuType = 0, trudng nay khong durge kiém tra va c6 thé chita bat ctr thir gi. Néu AuType = 1, trudmg nay sé chira Password tsi 64 bit, Néu AuType = 2, truéng nay sé chia KeylD, Authenti tion Data Length va Cryptographic sequenca Number. Key ID: ding dé nhan dang thuat toin Authentication va secret key sit dung 48 tao message digest. Authentication Data Length: chi ra 49 dai cta message digest gin vao cudi g6i. Cryptographic sequence Nember: 1a mét s6 khéng giam sir dung dé tranh cac hanh déng xem Iai. 1.2 Géi Hello Network mask: la mat na dia chi ciia giao dign ma g6i duge gti di. Néu mat na nay khong phit hgp véi mat na ctia giao dién nhan géi, g6i sé bj huy. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 90Di in té1 mgh Phy tue 32 bit 8 8 16 Version Type =1 Packet Length Router ID Area ID Check sum ‘Autype Authentication Authentication Network Mask Hello interval Options —_| Router Priority Router Dead Interval Designated Router Backup Designated Router Neighbor Neighbor H inh 3. Khuén dang goi Hello g6i Hello trén giao dién, Néu Router giri va Router nhan cé gid tri tham sé nay khac nhau, ching sé Hello Interval: 1a khong thiti gian tinh theo gidy gitta céc Kin truyén cde Khdng thiét Ip quan hé lang giéng. Options: giip cho cée Router e6 kha nang twong thich. Router Priority: sit dung dé bau cit DR vi BDR. Néu Router Priority = 0, Router nay sé Khéng thé tre thnh DR hoe BDR. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 1Dé in 161 nghigp Phy tue Router Dead Interval: Ya khoang thoi gian tinh theo gidy ma Router chi dgi dé nhan duge {26i tin Hello tir Neighbor truge khi né khai bio Neighbor nay bi chét.( 6 trang thai Down) Designated Router: li dia chi IP cia giao dién gin voi DR trong mang. Néu trong mang khong cé DR, trudng nay duge dat bing khong. Backup DR: 1a dia chi IP cua giao dign gin v6i BDR trong mang. Néu khéng c6 BDR, trudmg ndy dat bing khong. Neighbor: truimg nay chira danh sich cde Neighbor trong mang ma Router gée nhgn duge cdc goi Hello hgp Ie. 3 Géi mé ta co sé dit ligu (Database Description) 8 a 1s Bower Trace TU Optons ooo] [uf DD sequence Number LSA Headers Hinh 4.Kkhuudn dang g6i DD Géi nay duge str dung khi mot Adjacency dang duge thiét Ip. Myc dich eo ban cia gs DD la mé ta cae LSA trong co sé dit ligu cia node ngudn gitip cho node nhin cé thé xde dinh xem n6 6 LSA phit hgp trong co sé dir ligu cia minh hay khéng. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 2Dé in 161 nghigp Phy tue Interface MTU: la kich thude tinh theo octet ciia g6i IP én nhit ¢6 thé durge giti qua giao dign cia node nguén ma khong cn phan manb. Truong nay sé dat bing 0x0000 Khi g6i duge giri qua Tién két do. Options: gittp cho mét Router cé thé khéng chuyén cdc kha nang can thiét, Nam bit dau tién cia octet tiép theo khdng str dung va duge dat bing 00000b. LSA téi Neighbor khong Bit I (initial bit): 1= 1 khi g6i 1a goi dau tién trong cdc g6i DD. Cée g6i DD tigp theo sé 06 1=0. Bit M (More bit): M = | néu g6i khong phai la g6i cudi cing trong cde g6i DD. M = 0 néu 263 18 goi cudi cing Bit MS (Master/Slave bit): MS = | thi node ngu6n la Master trong qua trinh dong b6 co so dir ligu, MS = 0, node nguén 1a Slave. DD sequence Number: dim bao trinh ty day dit cde g6i DD durge nhan trong qué trinh ding bé co s6 dit ligu. Gid tri nay duge Lap boi Master trong géi DD dau tién va duge ting lén 6 cac géi tigp theo. LSA Headers: chita mét vai hoac tit cd cde Header oiia cde LSA trong co s6 dir ligu cia node ngudn, Trong Header chita cdc théng tin di dé nhan dang duy nhdt LSA va cde phién ban cia LSA. 1.4 Goi yeu cu trang thai ign két (Link State Request Packet) Khi nh4n duge cae géi DD trong qué trinh déng b6 co sé dit ligu, Router sé chy dén cac LSA duge i Hig ca minh. Cée LSA nay s& duge ghi trong “danh séch yéu edu trang thai Hién két", Sau d6 ie ¢ ban copy ién két duge chi ra ké ( trong g6i DD) khéng c6 hoge méi hon céc LSA trong co Router sé giri cde g6i yéu cdu trang thai lién két dé yeu cau Neighbor gti cia cae LSA can thiét cho nd. Khuén dang cua géi yéu cau trang thai Go hinh dui. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 8Di in té1 mgh Phy tue 32 bit 8 8 16 Version Type =3 Packet Length Router 1D Area ID Check sum ‘Autype ‘Authentication ‘Authentication Link State Type Link State 1D Advertising Router Link State Type Link State ID) Advertising Router Hinh 5. Kiudn dang goi yéu edu trang thai lién két Link State Type: diang dé nhan dang loai LSA. Link State ID: xem phan Link State Header. Advertising Router: la Router ID ctia Router tao ra LSA. 1.5 G6i ep mbit trang thai lidn két (‘The link State Update) Ding dé tran lut LSA va giti cic LSA duge yéu cdu béi gi yéu cau trang thai lign két, cae g6i OSPF khéng duge di ra khoi mang tao ra chiing, do dé céc g6i ep nhat trang thai chi mang cic LSA xa hon mot hop tinh tir Router ngudn. Neighbor nhan géi e6 trach nhigm mé g6i dé lay ede LSA thich hgp trong g6i cp nhat dé thye hign qui trinh tran tut xa hon. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 94Dé dn tot ngh Phy tue 32 bit 8 8 16 Version Type = 4 Packet Length Router ID ‘Area ID Check sum ‘Autype Authentication Authentication Number of LSA LSAs Hinh 6. Khun dang géi edp hn trang thi tiem Number of LSA; chi 16 so cde LSA chita trong goi, LSA: duge trinh bay 6 phan sau. 1.6 Géi xée nh§n trangt thai lign két Géi nay duge sit dung a8 dim bio d6 tin e@y cho qua trinh tran Iyt. Mdi LSA nbn duge tir Neighbor phai duge xéc nhan trong g6i xde nhén trang thai . Cae LSA dang, durge xée nhan sé c6 phan Header ciia né chita trong géi xée nhéin trang thi Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 95Dé dn tot ngh Phy tue a2 bit 8 8 16 Version Type = 5 Packet Length Router ID ‘Area ID Check sum ‘Autype Authentication Authentication Number of LSA LSA Headers Hinh 7. Khuén dang oi xée nbn trang thai lién ke Khuén dang cée LSA 2.1 LSA Header 82 bit 16 8 6 Age Options Type Link State 1D Advertising Router Sequence Number Check sum Length Hinh 8. Khuén dang LSA Header ‘Tit ca cic LSA déu ¢6 khuén dang LSA Header ing nhau nhur chi ra 6 hinh trén. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 96Dé in 161 nghigp Phy tue Age: la thai gian tinh theo gidy ké tir khi LSA duge tao ra. Khi LSA durge tran lut, Age tai méi giao di 16 cur tr trong co si di Ligu trang thai Hin két durge ting Inf Trans Delay gia n Router né di ra. Age fing duge ting khi Options: duge trinh bay & phan sau. Type: chi 13 loai LSA. Link State ID: cach sit dung eiia trong nay phy thude va loai LSA . Y trudng nay sé duge trinh bay ddi voi ting LSA cy thé, nghia cy thé cia Advertising Rower: la Router ID ctia Router tao ra LSA. Sequence Number: duge ting lén mdi khi mt phién ban méi ciia LSA duge tgo ra. Digu nay gitip cho cdc Router khae co thé xac dinh duge phién ban nao li phién ban méi nhat cia LSA. Checksum: la téng kiém tra Fletcher cia toan bg ndi dung LSA trir traong Age. Length: la d@ dai cia LSA (tinh theo octet) bao gém ca phin Header. 2.2 Router LSA Router LSA duge tgo ra boi tit cd cic Router. Né chifa danh sich cae lién két hode giao dign cua Router cing véi trang th: ra ctia mdi lign két, Cc LSA nay chi durge trin Iut trong Area tao ra n6. V (Virtual link end point bit): V = 1 khi Router géc la diém cudi cia mot hay nhiéu lién két do, E (External bit): E = khi Router géc la ASBR. 1 ABR. B (border bit): B = 1 khi Router Number of links: la s6 cdc lién ket ctia Router ma LSA mé ta. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 7Dé dn tit nghigp Phy tue 32 bit { <$ $$ i i 16 8 8 Age Options Type Link State ID Advertising Router Sequence Number Check sum Length 00000 |vJe]8. 0x00 Number of Links Link ID Link Data Number of Link Type Taal Metric Tos 0x00 TOS Metric Link ID Link Data Hinh 9. Khun dang Router LSA két cung cdp. Link Type: chi 10 logi cita Ii Link T, Connection 1 Router kh 2 16 Transit Network, 3 Két néi ti Stub Network 4 Virtual link Link ID: ding dé xdc dinh dich ma lién két ndi tei. Truéng nay phy thuge vao trudng Link Type nhu chi ra ¢ bing sau: Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 98Dé in 161 nghigp Phy tue Link Type Gia tr] cia trudng Link ID 1 Router ID ciia Neighbor 2 Dia chi IP cua giao dign cia DR 3 ja chi IP cua mang hay mang con - Router ID cia Neighbor Link Data: cing ph thude vio gid tri cia trudmg Link Type nhu sau: Link Type Gia tr] cua trong Link Data 1 Dia chi IP cua giao dign cua Router goe ndi ti mang, t6i mang Dia chi IP cua giao dign cia Router Dia chi IP cua mang hoc mat na mang con rare The MIB-II iffndex value for the originating router's interface Metric: la cost cita lién két (giao dign). TOS (Type of service): xac dinh toai dich vy ma Metric theo sau tham Khao. TOS Metric: 14 metric gin véi gid tri TOS 43 duge xac dinh. 2.3 Network LSA Network LSA duge tgo ra bai cdc DR Céc LSA niy quing céo cho mang da truy nhdp, va tit cd cdc Router (ké cd DR) gin vao mang. Network LSA chi duge trin lut trong Area to ra nd. Link State ID: 1a dia chi IP cia giao dign ctia DR néi téi mang, Network Mask: chi r0 dia chi hoge mgt na mang con sir dung trong mang nay, Attached Router: ta danh sich cic Router ID cia tat cd cdc Router trong mang (c6 thiét lip Adjacency véi DR) va ca Router ID cia DR. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 99Dé in 161 nghigp Phy tue 32 bit ral 16 a 8 Age Options Type Link State 1D Advertising Router Sequence Number Check sum Length Network Mask Attached Router Attached Router Attached Router Hinh 10. Khuén dang Network LSA 2.4 Network Summary LSA vi ASBR Summary LSA Hai LSA nay cé khudn dang gidng nhau chi khéc & ndi dung cic trong Type va Link State ID. Cae ABR tao ra ca hai loai LSA nay. Network Summary LSA (loai 3) quing céo cho cde mang ngoai Area (bao gbm ca cae tuyén mge dinh), trong khi ASBR Summary LSA (loai 4) quang céo cho céc ASBR bén ngoai ndi ti Area. Ca hai loai LSa nay déu durge tran Iut chi trong mot Area Link State ID: \a dia chi IP cia mang hoge mang con duge quang cdo (di véi LSA loai 3) va ld Router ID cla ASBR duge quing céo (ddi voi LSA loai 4), Network Mask: li dia chi hoe mat ng mang con ctia mang durge quang céo (46i voi LSA Jogi 3) va bing 0.0.0.0 (déi vei LSA logi 4). Néu LSA logi 3 quéng cdo cho tuyén mac dinh, thi hai trudng trén duge dat bing 0.0.0.0 Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 100Dé in 161 nghigp Phy tue Metric: la cost ctta tuyén t6i dich nay. 32 bit fe 16 8 8 Age Options Type Link State ID Advertising Router ‘Sequence Number Check sum Length Network Mask x00 Metric Tos TOS Metric r 0x00 Metric Hinh 11. Khuén dang Network SummaryLSA vis ASBR Summary LSA 2.5 AS External LSA (Autonomous System External LSA) Céc AS Extemal LSA duge tao ra béi cde ASBR. Ching ding dé quing cao cho cae dich bén ngoai hé théng dc lip OSPF (bao gm ca cée tuyén mac dinh t6i cde dich ngoai) va durge trn lut trong tét ca cic Area khong phai la Stub trong mién OSPF. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 101Dé in 161 nghigp 32 bit 16 8 8 Age Options Type Link State ID Advertising Router Sequence Number Check sum Length Network Mask | 000000 Metric Forwarding Address External Route Tag e] Tos TOS Metric Forwarding Address External Route Tag Network Mask | 0000000 Metric Forwarding Address External Route Tag Hinh 12, Kluwin dang AS External LSA Link State ID: \a dia chi IP eta dich. Network Mask: la dia chi hoge mt na mang con cia dich duge quang céo. Phy tue ‘Néu LSA nay quang cdo tuyén mic dinh, ca hai truéng trén duge dat bang khéng. E (External Metric bit): chi ra loai Metric durge sit dung cho tuyén nay. Néu E = 1 loai Metric li E2, néu E = 0, logi Metric 1a E1 Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 102Dé in 161 nghigp Phy tue Meiric: 1a cost cwa tuyén khi thiét lip boi ASBR. Forwarding Address: la dia chi ma céc g6i ti cdc dich duge quang céo sé chuyén tiép ti. Néu dia chi nay bing 0, céc g6i sé duge chuyén téi ASBR géc. External Route Tag: li mét thé die biét duge tmg dung déi voi cdc tuyén ngoai, Truong: nay khong duge giao thirc OSPF sir dung nhung né cé thé duge str dung dé thay thé cho vige quan ly ede tuyén bén ngoai 2.6 NSSA External LSA. Cfe LSA may duge tao ra béi ede ASBR trong NSSA. Ciic rung cia ching gidng vii cae truting ciia AS External LSA ngoai trir truring Forwarding Address. NSSA External LSA chi duge tran Iut trong NSSA tgo ra n6, a2 bit 16 8 8 Age Options Type Link State 1D Advertising Router ‘Sequence Number Check sum Length Network Mask e| Tos Metric Forwarding Address External Route Tag Network Ma e] Tos Metric Forwarding Address ex Route Tag Hinh 13. Khun dang NSSA External LSA Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 103Dé in 161 nghigp Phy tue Forwarding Address: © Néu mang gitra NSSA ASBR va hé théng déc lap duge quang cdo nhu li mét tuyén ni thi traéng nay la dia chi cia hop ké tiép trong mang. © Néu mang khong duge quing céo nhu Li mét tuyén noi, trusing nay sé la Router ID cla NSSA ASBR. 2.7 Trung Options ~ [+ foclea|we[ucle |r Hinh 14. Tring Option it khong sir dung (thudng dat bang 0). DC : DC = 1 khi Router géc hé tro cac kénh OSPF theo yéu cau. EA: EA =| khi Router géc c6 kha nang nhan va chuyén tiép cdc LSA thude tinh ngoai. N: chi sir dung trong ede g6i Hello, Router gée s® lp N = 1 néu né e6 kha ning sit IY ede NSSA External LSA. Nguge lai N = 0 chi ra ring Router géc khéng chp nhan hodc giti cae LSA nay. P- chi sit dung trong cée Header cia NSSA External LSA . Bit nay béo cho ABR cia NSSA dé bién d6i LSA loai 7 thanh LSA loai 5. MC: MC MOSPF). 1 khi Router gée c6 kha nang chuyén multicast cdc g6i (due sit dyng trong E: E=1 khi Router géc c6 kha ning nhan cdc AS External LSA. E = | trong tat cd cae AS External LSA va cic LSA durge tao ra trong Backbone va trong Non Stub Area. E trong tit ca cde LSA duge tao ra trong Stub Area. T: T= 1 khi Router géc hé tre TOS. Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 104i in ht nghigp Tai lig tham ko TAL LIEU THAM KHAO, [1] Jeff Doyle, “Routing TCP/IP volume I”, Cisco Press. [2] Ivan Pepelnjak and Jim Guichard, “MPLS and VPN ARCHITECTURES”, Cisco Press. [3] Clare Gough, “Cisco CCNP Routing ExamCe cation Guide”, Cisco Press [4] Neuyén Xuan Khénh, “TCP/P edn bin” [5] Cac tai ligu vé NGN Vigt Nam do VTN cung cap. [6] http:/www.arca-technologies.com [7] _http:/worw.juniper.net [8] http:/www.cisco.com Phan Trisng Hung D2001VT - Hoe Vign Cong Nghé Bur Chinh Vién Thong 105

Giao thức OSPF - Tài liệu, tai lieu

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Giao thức OSPF - Tài liệu, tai lieu

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like