sofio gorgoZe manana boWoriSvili nino WiabriSvili qeTevan WiabriSvili giorgi gaxelaZe

viswavloT da vaswavloT kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba

sofio gorgoZe manana boWoriSvili nino WiabriSvili qeTevan WiabriSvili giorgi gaxelaZe

viswavloT da vaswavloT kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba

Tbilisi 2013

proeqti ,,axali SesaZleblobebi saganmanaTleblo saWiroebis mqone bavSvebs` dafinansebulia evrokavSirisa da Ria sazogadoebis institutis mier da xorcieldeba samoqalaqo ganviTarebis institutis, asociacia zekarisa da marneulis axalgazrduli centris mier. publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SeiZleba ar gamoxatavdes evrokavSirisa da Ria sazogadoebis institutis mosazrebebs. Project `New Opportunities for Educationally Deprived Children~ was made possible by the support of European Union and Open Society Institute. Project is implementing by the Civic development Institute, Association `Zekari~ and Marneuli Youth Center. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of European Union and Open Society Institute avtorebi: sofio gorgoZe; manana boWoriSvili; nino WiabriSvili; qeTevan WiabriSvili; giorgi gaxelaZe recenzenti: simon janaSia dizainer-damkabadonebeli: ekaterine wiqariSvili sakonsultacio sabWo anTaZe ia boWoriSvili manana gorgoZe sofio mosiaSvili Tamar wignis SeqmnaSi gansakuTebuli wvlili Seitanes samoqalaqo ganviTrebis institutis TanamSromlebma, ganaTlebis eqspertebma, romlebmac SeimuSaves ganaTlebis meore Sansis qarTuli modeli. ideis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis procesSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen: baqraZe maia TofaZe qeTevan kobalaZe qeTevan korZaZe ekaterine papava paata samsonia irina Wanturia Tamar daibeWda gamomcemloba mwignobari Tbilisi, 2013 samoqalaqo ganviTarebis instituti, 2013

ISBN 978-9941-0-5319-1

sarCevi

viswavloT da vaswavloT kritikuli azrovneba .....................5 (sofio gorgoZe)

Sesavali.....................................................................................................7 ratom aris saWiro kritikuli azrovneba?..........................8 ras gulisxmobs kritikuli azrovneba?.............................10 kritikuli azrovneba rogorc damokidebuleba.............12 rodis aris saWiro kritikuli azrovneba?........................13 ra aris argumenti.............................................................................. 14 rogoria kargi argumenti...............................................................17 deduqcia da induqcia......................................................................25 rogor icvleba maswavleblis roli........................................31 maswavleblebis Seqmnili aqtivobebi ......................................37 rogor SevqmnaT kritikulad moazrovne skola.................58 gamoyenebuli literatura...........................................................60
kreatiulobis oqros wesi ...................................................................63 (manana boWoriSvili)

praqtikuli samuSao..........................................................................67 gamoyenebuli literatura...........................................................84

interesis roli samoqalaqo ganaTlebis swavlebisas ............ 85 (nino WiabriSvili; qeTevan WiabriSvili; giorgi gaxelaZe)

gamoyenebuli literatura........................................................ 101

viswavloT da vaswavloT kritikuli azrovneba gzamkvlevi maswavleblebisaTvis es gzamkvlevi gankuTvnilia im maswavlebelTaTvis, romelTac surT moswavleebSi ganaviTaron XXI saukunis umniSvnelovanesi unari-kritikuli azrovneba. misi gamoyeneba aseve SeuZliaT maswavlebelTa trenerebs da im mkiTxvelebs, romlebic dainteresebuli arian Tanamedrove swavla-swavlebis meTodebiT. gzamkvlevi miznad isaxavs viswavloT da vaswavloT, Tu rogor CamovayaliboT da davasabuToT sakuTari azrebi, ra saSualebebi gamoviyenoT, raTa SevZloT ukeT gavaanalizoT sakuTari, Tanamosaubrisa Tu media-saSualebebSi mosmenili/wakiTxuli argumentebi da jerovnad SevafasoT isini, ar Segviyvanos SecdomaSi mizanmimarTulad gayalbebulma Tu sustma argumentebma, gadavWraT problemebi da miviRoT gadawyvetilebebi. kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis daufleba saSualebas mogvcems SevigrZnoT inteleqtualuri Tavisufleba . es Tavisufleba dagvexmareba miviRoT ukeTesi akademiuri Sedegebi, siamovnebiT viswavloT, ukeT davgegmoT Cveni cxovreba da ukeT vemsaxuroT sazogadoebas. kritikuli azrovneba mogvcems saSualebas, rom vebrZoloT sazogadoebaSi arsebul usamarTlobas. xSirad adamianebi, romlebsac ar aqvT Sesabamisi ganaTleba da kritikuli azrovnebis unari, genderul, socialur Tu sxva saxis uTanasworobas cxovrebis ucvlel nawilad aRiqvamen imis nacvlad, rom dafiqrden, ratom aris sazogadoeba amgvarad mowyobili da xom ar SeiZleba misi Secvla, gaumjobeseba. moswavleebSi kritikuli azrovnebis unaris ganviTareba aris erT-erTi piroba imisa, rom vicxovroT ufro samarTlian da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

Sesavali
2011 wels londonSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso oratoruli xelovnebis konkursSi, romelsac Tavadac veswrebodi, 70-ze meti qveynis warmomadgenlebs Soris gaimarjva Cinelma moswavlem. Semfasebelma komisiam finalur konkursSi misi gamosvla yvelaze aqtualurad CaTvala. 16-20 wlis axalgazrdebi farTo auditoriis winaSe unda gamosuliyvnen sityviT Temaze: ,,mxolod sityvebi ar kmara. es gaxldaT zogadi Tema, gamomsvlelebs igi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gaeSalaT, zogi konkretuli magaliTis safuZvelze gvarwmunebda, ramdenad mniSvnelovania saqme saubarTan SedarebiT, zogic SezRuduli SesaZleblobis bavSvebze da maTi gamoxatvis saSualebebze saubrobda, sxvebi usityvo xelovnebis mniSvnelobaze. gamarjvebuli moswavlis sityva erTi SexedviT sakmaod banaluri iyo. gamosvla imis moyoliT daiwyo, Tu rogor uCiCinebdnen mas pataraobidan, rom maswavlebeli unda gamosuliyo ojaxuri tradiciebidan gamomdinare. Cineli studentis mTavari saTqmeli ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom misi mSoblebis sityvebis ukan myari argumenti ar iyo. igi win aRudga ojaxur tradicias da karieris sxva gziT warmarTva gadawyvita. am axalgazrdam gaaanaliza da Seafasa is faqti, rom mSoblebis argumenti, ojaxuri tradiciis gamo aerCia profesia, gaumarTlebeli iyo. Tema warmoadgenda kritikuli azrovnebis martiv maga liTs: Svilma gaaanaliza rom maswavlebloba ar iyo misi mowodeba da mSoblebi daarwmuna, ratom ar unda mieRo es gadawyvetileba. warudgina maT Sesabamisi argumentebi da miuxedavad winaaRmdegobisa, miiRo Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba. XXI saukuneSi, konkursSi, sadac 70-mde qveynis warmomadgeneli monawileobda, am erTi SexedviT martivi Sinaar-

sis gamosvlis didi upiratesoba kritikuli azrovnebis da misi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis aSkara gamovlinebis Sedegi iyo. amis Sesaxeb konkursis bolos Jiuris Tavmjdomaremac miuTiTa. *** ramdenime wlis win ganaTlebis erTma saerTaSoriso eqspertma miTxra: ,,dRes, Tanamedrove msoflioSi, inglisuri ena ar aris ucxo ena am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, aramed igi aris aucilebeli unar-Cveva, iseve rogorc werakiTxva da angariSi. Tu es unar-Cveva ar gagaCnia, SedarebiT naklebad konkurentunariani xar. amiT man xazi gausva imas, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTels msoflioSi moswavleebisaTvis inglisuri enis saTanado swavleba skolaSi, raTa isini warmatebulebi iyvnen ara marto qveynis, aramed saerTaSoriso masStabiT. vfiqrob, kritikuli azrovneba kidev erTi unar-Cvevaa, romelic iseTive aucilebelia, rogorc wera-kiTxva, angariSi da mis ganviTarebas iseTive yuradReba unda mieqces, rogorc sabazo unarebis ganviTarebas, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia nebismieri samuSaos Sesruleba da warmatebis miRweva. kritikuli azrovneba adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs cxovrebaSi sakuTari Tavis realizeba moaxdinon da Tavisi wvlili Seitanon ukeTesi sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi. ratom aris saWiro kritikuli azrovneba? kaliforniaSi arsebulma momavlis institutma (IFTF), romelic 1968 wels daarsda da rand korporaciis(Rand Corporation) Svilobils warmoadgens, gamoaqveyna 10 yvelaze mniSvnelovani unaris sia, romelic aucilebelia 21-e saukuneSi warmatebis misaRwevad. am unarebs Soris moxvda socialuri inteleqti, originaluri azrovneba, interkulturuli kompetencia, maTema-

tikuri azrovneba, media wigniereba d.a.S. pirvel adgils ki ikavebs ,,SesaZlebloba Cawvde sityvierad, an sxvagvarad gamoxatuli Sinaarsis siRrmiseul mniSvnelobas(The Atlantic 2011, p.1), rac, rogorc Semdegaa ganmartebuli, Tavis TavSi moicavs kritikul azrovnebas. iseT pirobebSi, roca yvelaferi avtomatizirebuli xdeba da kompiuteruli teqnologiebi sul ufro swrafi tempiT anacvleben adamianis Sromas da saqmianobas, wina planze modis is unarebi, rasac kompiuteri ver anacvlebs. swored aseTia kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba. Sesabamisad, saskolo dawesebulebebis mTavari amocana am unarebis ganviTareba unda iyos. mxolod informaciis damaxsovreba, codnis miReba da gadacema ar aris sakmarisi, rom warmatebas miaRwio Tanamedrove demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. im fonze, roca informaciis raodenoba sul ufro izrdeba da codna da informacia mudmivad ganaxlebadia, mniSvnelovania SegeZlos kompleqsuri da abstraqti? ideebisa da azrovnebis sistemebis gageba, informaciis daxarisxeba, mniSvnelovanis gamorCeva, gaanalizeba, Sesabamisi daskvnebis gakeTeba da sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba. kritikuli azrovnebis saSualebiT vzrdiT Cvens codnas da ufro Semwynareblebi vxdebiT gansxvavebuli azris mimarT. kritikuli azrovneba gvexmareba gadavwyvitoT ra gavakeToT da ra ara, zrdis Cvens inteleqtualur damoukideblobas da gvexmareba viyoT avtonomiurebi (Hunter 2009). avtonomiurobaSi ar igulisxmeba sakuTari neba-survilis daufiqreblad miyola. magaliTad, sigaretis mweveli, SesaZloa avtonomiurobas grZnobs, radgan survilis SemTxvevaSi moswevs sigarets, magram mas SeiZleba erCivnos, ar gauCndes es survili. is ar aris avtonomiuri, Tu surs da ar SeuZlia akontrolos sigaretis mowevis survili (Murray and Kujundzic 2005).

ras gulisxmobs kritikuli azrovneba? kritikuli azrovnebis araerTi ganmarteba arsebobs. yvela ganmartebas erTi saerTo aqvs, mecnierebis umravlesoba kritikul azrovnebaze saubrisas xazs usvams mtkicebulebisa da misi ganmamtkicebeli argumentis safuZvlian gamokvlevasa da Sefasebas. kritikuli azrovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli ganmarteba aseTia: ,,kritikuli azrovneba aris sakuTari da sxvebis mosazrebebis argumentirebuli Sefaseba (Bickenbach and Davies 1996, p.6). anu, aseTi azrovnebis dros mTavaria is, rom Sefasebisas Cven gagvaCnia raRacis mxardamWeri, an sawinaaRmdego argumenti. sxva ganmartebiT, kritikuli azrovneba moicavs ,,argumentirebul da gonivrul azrovnebas, romelic adamians exmareba gaarkvios, ra unda irwmunos, an ra unda gaakeTos (Ennis 2011, p.1). kritikuli azrovneba moicavs ,,ideebisa da informaciis obieqtur Sefasebas da Semdeg mis Semowmebas Cveni sakuTari faseulobebis, damokidebulebebisa da personaluri filosofiis gaTvaliswinebiT (Judge, Jones and McCreery 2009, p.2). xSirad kritikul azrovnebas SecdomiT kritikasTan aigi veben. sinamdvileSi, kritikul azrovnebas ar aqvs uaryo fiTi konotacia. kritikuli ar niSnavs cuds, cinikurad an sarkastulad ganwyobils. kritikuli azrovneba am SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs mizanmimarTulad mxolod uaryofiTis Ziebas. sainteresoa amerikaSi sakmaod popularuli gamocemis Washington Post-is Jurnalistis azri kritikul azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic mis warmatebul karieras istoriis maswavlebels umadlida. Jurnalisti Tvlida, rom maswavlebeli kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis ganviTarebaSi daexmara, radgan moswavleebs esseebis weraSi avarjiSebda,

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romlebic ZiriTadad saxelmZRvaneloebis kritikas Seexeboda. ,,is aris adamiani, romelmac maswavla rogor unda gavxde opozicioneri mesvete, werda vaSington postis Jurnalisti. sinamdvileSi istoriis maswavlebeli amgvari esseebis weris waxalisebiT ar uviTarebda maT kritikul azrovnebas. es ubralod tradiciuli avtoritetebis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba iyo, rac aucileblad ar gulisxmobs im saazrovno unarebs, rac kritikuli azrovnebisTvisaa saWiro (McMahon 2011). kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia argumentireba, rac ar axasiaTebs zogadad yvela tipis azrovnebas. kritikuli azrovneba ar aris daufiqrebeli qeba da kritika, igi mosazrebebis Tu mtkicebulebebis kargad argumentirebuli Sefasebaa. ganmartebebidan isic Cans, rom kritikul azrovnebas garkveuli Sedegi aqvs. aseTi azrovnebis Sedegad raime unda daijero, an raime uaryo, an irwmuno da Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegma dasaxo. vinaidan kritikuli azrovneba moicavs sxvebis saubris, namuSevris, rwmenebisa Tu Sexedulebebis gansjas da Sefasebas, xom ar dgeba kiTxvis niSnis qveS demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ,,yvela mosazrebas aqvs arsebobis ufleba ? amis gaTvaliswinebiT, jerom bikenbaxi (1996 p.6) svams aseT kiTxvas: ,,aris Tu ara kritikuli azrovnebis adgili liberalurdemokratiul sazogadoebaSi, romelic tolerantobas, pluralizms, sityvisa da sindisis Tavisuflebas qadagebs? am kiTxvaze Tavad scems dadebiT pasuxs da ambobs: kritikuli azrovneba ara mxolod mniSvnelovani, aramed aucilebelicaa, vinaidan SefasebiTi gancxadebebisa da gansjis gareSe aseTi sazogadoebis arseboba SeuZlebelia. Tu ,,gonivrulobis standartiT ar vixelmZRvanelebT, is azrebi wamoiwevs win, romlebsac yvelaze aqtiuri gamxmovaneblebi hyavs da yvelaze kargi ,,market-

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ingi aqvs, amitom liberalur demokratias yvelaze metad kritikuli azrovneba Seefereba.(P. 6) kritikuli azrovneba, rogorc damokidebuleba ganaTlebis eqspertebi xSirad saubroben, rom kritikuli azrovneba moicavs ara marto swavlad unarebs, aramed damokidebulebas, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia adamiani kritikulad moazrovned CaiTvalos. sakmarisi ar aris vaswavloT moswavleebs ra aris argumenti, rogor unda avagoT igi da rogor gamovicnoT rodis cdiloben adamianebi susti argumentiT SecdomaSi Segviyvanon, Tu moswavleebs ar CamouyalibdebaT Sesabamisi damokidebulebebi. eduard glaseri(1941) miiCnevs, rom kritikuli azrovneba moicavs Semdeg komponentebs: 1. damokidebuleba/survili gonivrulad gansajo sakuTari gamocdilebis arealSi arsebuli problemebi 2. logikuri CakiTxvisa da msjelobis meTodebis codna 3. am codnis gamoyenebis unari rogorc vxedavT, mxolod meTodebis codna da unarebis floba ar aris sakmarisi, mTavaria arsebobdes kritikuli azrovnebis gamoyenebis praqtika da am praqtikis Sedegebis miRebis mzaoba. moswavleebi ar unda fiqrobdnen, rom kritikuli azrovneba mxolod zogierTi aqtivobis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia. kritikulad moazrovne an xar an ara, moswavles unda hqondes ganwyoba, rom movlenebs Sexedos kritikulad gansakuTrebuli Txovnis gareSe da Sesabamisad iazrovnos kritikulad. kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis isini Tavad unda iyvnen ganwyobili. glaseri aseve amtkicebs, rom zogierT adamians gaaCnia rogorc kritikuli azrovnebis unari, aseve ganwyobilia maT gamosayeneblad, arian iseTebic, romlebsac aqvT gan-

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wyoba, magram ar gaaCniaT unarebi, an unarebi gaaCniaT da ar aqvT ganwyoba, an arc erTi aqvT da arc meore. maswavleblis amocanaa ganuviTaros moswavles es unarebi da ganawyos isini maT gamosayeneblad. robert enisi (1987) gvTavazobs kritikuli azrovnebis damaxasiaTebel midrekilebebsa da ganwyobebis CamonaTvals: naTlad Camoyalibebuli kiTxvis, an mtkicebulebis moZieba; mizezebis/axsna-ganmartebis moZieba; mcdeloba kargad iyo informirebuli; damajerebeli wyaroebis gamoyeneba; mTliani situaciis mxedvelobaSi miReba; mTavar sakiTxze koncentrireba; alternativebis Zieba; sxvebis mosazrebebis mimarT gaxsniloba. poziciis dakaveba (an poziciis Secvla) rodesac amisaTvis sakmarisi mizezi da mtkicebulebebi gagvaCnia; rac SeiZleba meti sizustis Zieba, ramdenadac sakiTxi amis saSualebas iZleva; kompleqsuri mTlianobis Semadgeneli nawilebis Tanmimdevruli ganxilva; sxvebis grZnobebisa da codnis donisadmi mgrZnobeloba. rodis aris saWiro kritikuli azrovneba yovelTvis ar aris saWiro kritikuli azrovneba. kritikuli azrovnebis nawilia mixvde rodisaa saWiro argumentebis sandoobis gadamowmeba. magaliTad Tu megobari gveubneba, rom dRes samsaxurSi gvian mivida, radgan diliT CaeZina, ar vamowmebT argumentebs. zemoT mocemuli kritikuli azrovnebis erT-erTi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, es unari gvexmareba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, Tu ra unda virwmunoT, risi unda gvjerodes da/ an ra unda gavakeToT.

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gadawyvetilebis miReba ori safexurisgan Sedgeba, jer unda gavarkvioT ra aris Rirebuli anu saiTken unda viswrafodeT, Semdeg unda ganvsazRvroT, rogor mivaRwioT imas, rac Rirebulia (Hunter, 2009). kritikuli azrovneba gvWirdeba iseT kiTxvebze sapasuxod rogorebicaa: vaCuqoT Tu ara fuli quCis bavSvebs? namcxvari SevWamo Tu xiliT davkmayofilde? qalaqis meri unda airCion Tu daniSnon? romel politikur partias mivce xma arCevnebSi? internetSi mopovebuli wyaroebidan romeli ufro sandoa? d.a.S. xSirad zemoT mocemuli SekiTxvebis msgavs kiTxvebs calsaxa pasuxebi ar aqvs. es imas niSnavs, rom imTaviTve ar arsebobs masze calsaxa, WeSmariti pasuxi. msgavs problemebs nawilebad daSla da calke analizi sWirdeba, unda ipovo saukeTeso meTodi maT gadasaWrelad da mere imazec dafiqrde sworad iyeneb Tu ara am meTods. ra aris argumenti? kritikul azrovnebas sakuTari wesebi da meTodebi aqvs. rogorc vnaxeT, zemoT mocemuli ganmartebebis Tanaxmad, kritikuli azrovneba ,,argumentirebuli msjelobaa. Sesabamisad, kritikuli azrovnebis gasaviTareblad, moswavleebs unda vaswavloT, ra aris argumenti da ras gulisxmobs argumentirebuli msjeloba. argumenti saWiroa imisTvis, rom vicodeT, romeli mosazrebaa ufro kargad dasabuTebuli da mtkicebulebebiT gamyarebuli. Cven argumentebs sxvadasxva daskvnebis gasamyareblad viyenebT, Semdeg ki vafasebT namdvilad amyarebs Cveni argumenti am daskvnas Tu ara. argumenti mosazrebis Tu rwmenis gasamyareblad mocemuli mtkicebulebaa. igi ar gulisxmobs mxolod garkveuli azrebis gamoxatvas, aramed moiTxovs mosazrebebis dasabuTebas (Weston 2009). magaliTad: bavSvis cema danaSaulia.

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es ar aris argumenti, radgan aq mxolod garkveuli mosazreba/rwmenaa warmodgenili. argumenti mxolod maSin iqneba, rodesac am mosazrebis gasamyareblad garkveul mtkicebulebebs warmovadgenT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rodesac davasabuTebT mosazrebas, rom bavSvis cema danaSaulia. argumenti Sedgeba winapirobebisagan (winamZRvrebisagan) da daskvnisagan (SesaZlebelia gvqondes erTi an ramdenime winapiroba). es winapirobebi realurad warmoadgenen zemoT naxseneb mtkicebulebebs, ris gamoc unda davijeroT gamoTqmuli mosazreba/mtkicebuleba, xolo es mosazreba am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens daskvnas. anu-argumeti dasabuTebuli daskvnaa. moviyvanoT Semdegi magaliTi: winapiroba: nebismieri adamianis fizikuri Seuracxyofa danaSaulia winapiroba: bavSvi adamiania daskvna: bavSvis fizikuri Seuracxyofa danaSaulia es ukve argumentia, vinaidan gvaqvs winapirobebi da daskvna, Tumca ramdenad myaria argumenti da ra ganapirobebs mis simyares amaze qvemoT visaubrebT. moviyvanoT meore magaliTi: ukve naxevari saaTia, meri da misi megobari manqaniT sacobSi dganan. meri ambobs: ,,dRes samsaxurSi damagviandeba aris Tu ara es argumenti? meri warmogvidgens Tavis mosazrebas, rom daagviandeba, Tumca es mosazreba aris daskvna, romelic gamomdinareobs konkretuli garemoebidan (winapirobidan), rom is bevr dros kargavs sacobSi. am SemTxvevaSi argumentTan gvaqvs saqme, miuxedavad imisa, rom winapirobebi aq arapirdapiraa warmodgenili. zogjer Znelia argumenti winadadebis grovisagan gamoarCio. erT-erTi ganmartebiT argumenti aris winadade-

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bebis jgufi, sadac erTi winadadeba aris swori(daskvna) da danarCen winadadebebi adasturebs am erTis(daskvnis) sisworesa da damajereblobas (Talbot, 2010). Tu winadadebebs Soris aseTi mimarTeba ar arsebobs, maSin is arguments ar warmoadgens. dRes elene Rvezels moamzadebs elene kviraobiT Rvezels amzadebs dRes kviraa aq mocemulia daskvna da ori winapiroba, romlebmac daskvna unda daasabuTos. winapiroba: dRes kviraa winapiroba: elene kviraobiT Rvezels amzadebs daskvna: dRes elene Rvezels moamzadebs Tu meore winapirobas, ,kviraobiT elene Rvezels amzadebs, gamovtovebT, mainc argumentTan gvaqvs saqme, magram am winapirobis gareSe mtkicebuleba, rom ,,dRes elene Rvezels moamzadebs sustia. yvelam rom vicodeT, rom elene kviraobiT Rvezels amzadebs, maSin am arguments ar eqneboda meore winapiroba. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi: wvima wamovida, imitom, rom ca moiqufra da Rrublebi erTad mogrovda aris Tu ara es argumenti? wvimis wamosvlis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, romc ca moiqufra da caze Rrublebi erTad Segrovda, magram es winadadeba ar ambobs, rom es ori ram (cis moqufrva da Rrublebis Sekreba) gvibiZgebs virwmunoT, rom wvima wamovida. Tu winadadebebebs Soris aris racionaluri, an kazualuri kavSiri, ar niSnavs, rom argumentTan gvaqvs saqme. Tu wamovayenebT raRac mtkicebulebas, daskvnas da vam-

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bobT, rom is unda virwmunoT danarCeni winapirobebidan gamomdinare, maSin argumentze vsaubrobT, Tu ara - maSin es ar aris argumenti. ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi: Tu bavSvebi saRamos adre daiZineben, gogi portretze muSaobas gaagrZelebs. aris Tu ara es argumenti ? rogorc vxedavT, aq mxolod erTi winadadebaa, ara gvaqvs daskvna da winapiroba/ebi. ar vamtkicebT rom bavSvebi adre daiZineben, arc imas, rom gogi suraTze muSaobas am saRamos daasrulebs. miuxedavad amisa, es mtkicebuleba gavs arguments, vinaidan mtkicebuleba xSirad SeiZleba gavdes arguments. meore mxriv msgavsi mtkicebuleba SeiZleba gadavakeToT argumentad gogi portretze muSaobs, roca saRamos bavSvebi adre iZineben dRes saRamos bavSvebi adre iZineben gogi dRes saRamos portretze muSaobas gaagrZelebs rogorc vxedavT, winadadebebis jgufi argumentia mxolod maSin, rodesac daskvna da winapirobebi erTmaneTTan saTanadodaa dakavSirebuli. rogoria kargi argumenti? rogorc vxedavT argumentis amocnoba mniSvnelovania, magram kritikuli azrovneba moicavs maT Sefasebasac. rogoria kargi/myari argumenti? kargi argumenti gamarTulia rogorc formiT, aseve SinaarsiT. igi akmayofilebs Semdeg kriteriumebs:1. validuria 2. deduqciurad Zlieri argumentia 3. swori winapirobebi aqvs. 4. argumentis winapirobebi da daskvna erTmaneTs ar imeorebs 5. winapiro-

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bebi damajerebelia da daskvnisaTvis relevanturia(Lau and Chan, 2004) . 1 validuri argumenti validuri argumenti gulisxmobs, rom argumentis forma gamarTulia. argumentis formas (da ara konkretuli argumentis Sinaarss) swavlobs logika. logikuri argumenti validuri argumentia. logikur arguments aqvs Tavisi struqtura, Tu winapirobebi sworia maSin daskvnac sworia. logikuri/validuri argumenti gulisxmobs, rom Tu Cveni winapirobebi WeSmaritia, Cveni daskvna ar unda iyos mcdari. logikis sagani swavlobs aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, rom argumentSi winapirobebi iyos swori magram daskvna ara. winapiroba: magniti izidavs rkinas winapiroba: es nivTi rkinisaa daskvna: magniti izidavs am nivTs es argumenti validuria, igi logikuricaa. xSirad SeiZleba argumentis daskvna Sinaarsobrivad iyos swori, magram ar iyos logikuri. Tuki argumentis forma ar aris Sesabamisi, is ar aris logikuri/validuri, imis miuxedavad, rom daskvna sworia. magaliTad: winapiroba: mxolod mdidar adamianebs SeuZliaT SeiZinon avtomobili Porsche 911 winapiroba: bil geiTss yavs avtomobili Porsche 911 daskvna: bil geiTsi mdidaria. am SemTxvevaSi daskvna sworia, bil geiTsi marTlac mdidari adamiania, magram es daskvna ar gamomdinareobs winapirobebidan im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu winapiroba sworia.
1 , .

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SesaZlebelia igive manqana yavdes adamians vinc ar aris mdidari (mag. SeiZleba latariaSi moigo). ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi: winapiroba: yvela efeqturi maswavlebeli gakveTilze 5 wuTiT adre Sedis. winapiroba: marina maswavlebeli yovelTvis 5 wuTiT adre Sedis gakveTilze. daskvna: marina maswavlebeli efeqturi maswavlebelia. warmovidginoT, rom orive winapiroba WeSmaritebaa. validuria Tu ara es argumenti? ganmartebis mixedviT, validurobis SemTxvevaSi Tu winapirobebi sworia, maSin daskvna aucileblad swori unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi ki ase ar aris, radgan pirveli winapiroba sworic rom iyos, mainc ver gamoricxav, rom zogi araefeqturi maswavlebelic Sedis 5 wuTiT adre klasSi. SeiZleba marina maswavlebeli swored aseTi maswavlebelia. amitom es argumenti ar aris validuri. aravalidur argumentze msjelobisas unda gvaxsovdes erTi ram: Cven ar vakvirdebiT winapirobis Sinaarsis siswores. Cven viRebT winapirobas rogorc swors, magram vikvlevT am winapirobebis SemTxvevaSi aris Tu ara raime SesaZlebloba, rom daskvna ar iyos swori! anu araswori winapiroba ar miCvenebs imas, rom argumenti ar aris validuri. aristotele pirvelad Seecada warmoedgina validuri da aravaliduri argumentebis sistematuri taqsonomia. aristoteles azriT, yvela argumentis klasificireba saWiroa maTi formis mixedviT. xSirad argumenti SeiZleba Zalian gavdes validurs, magram sinamdvileSi iyos Zalian susti. magaliTad SeiZleba argumenti agebuli iyos iseT winapirobebze, romlebic gazviadebuli, araswori da aramyaria, an fokusi sxva sakiTxze gadaaqvs:

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magaliTad: winapiroba: ybayura iwvevs avad gaxdomas winapiroba: ybayuras vaqcina Seicavs ybayuras viruss winapiroba: Sesabamisad ybayuras vaqcina iwvevs avad gaxdomas es argumenti Cans logikuri, Tumca misi winapirobebi swori ar aris. aq saWiroa vaCvenoT, rom ybayuras virusi iseTi formiTaa mocemuli vaqcinaSi, romelic ar gamoiwvevs daavadebas. sinamdvileSi vaqcina moicavs komponents romlis reproducreba nela xdeba da adamiani avad ar xdeba. cxadia, Znelia erTi SexedviT mixvde aseT gansxvavebas, magram saboloo jamSi am tipis gansxvavebebis aRmoCena swori daskvnis SemuSavebaSi gvexmareba. imisaTvis, rom gaarCioT validuri da aravaliduri argumenti, moifiqreT imave formis sxva argumenti, romelsac aqvs swori winapirobebi da araswori daskvna. gaxsovdeT: validuri argumentis SemTxvevaSi arasdros gveqneba swori winapirobebi da araswori daskvna. moviyvanoT aseTi magaliTi: winapiroba: Tu sokrate filosofosi iyo, maSin is ar iqneboda istorikosi winapiroba: sokrate ar iyo istorikosi daskvna: sokrate iyo filosofosi aq daskvna sworia, magram argumenti ar aris validuri. amis dasadastureblad moviyvanoT amave formis sxva argumenti: winapiroba: Tu sokrate iyo lomi, maSin is ar iqneboda kurdReli winapiroba: sokrate ar iyo kurdReli daskvna: sokrate iyo lomi aseve gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom validuri argumentis SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi winapirobebis warmodgenam ar Sei-

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Zleba Secvalos daskvna. aravalidur argumentSi, axali winapirobebis warmodgenam SeiZleba daasustos an ganamtkicos mocemuli daskvna. Zlieri induqciuri argumenti aris Tu ara imis Sansi, rom aravaliduri argumenti iyos kargi? aris! Tu argumenti Zlieria, SeiZleba is ar iyos validuri, magram mainc CaiTvalos karg/myar argumentad. magaliTad winapiroba: Cemi bebia ocdaaTi welia gemriel sadils maxvedrebs saRamoobiT winapiroba: dRes saRamosac bebia mis momzadebul sadils damaxvedrebs daskvna: bebias momzadebuli sadili gemrieli iqneba es argumenti ar aris validuri. logikurad is daskvna, rom bebo dRes gemriel sadils moamzadebs, ar gamomdinareobs im winapirobidan, rom bebo yovelTvis gemrielad amzadebs. logikurad SeuZlebeli sulac ar aris, rom dRes bebom cudi sadili moamzados. SeiZleba aseTi ram Zalian naklebadaa savaraudo, magram gamoricxuli ar aris. Tumca imis gamo, rom aseTi albaToba Zalian naklebia, Cven vambobT, rom aseTi ram TiTqmis SeuZlebelia da miviCnevT, rom mtkicebuleba/daskvna myaria. anu SeiZleba kargi argumenti ar iyos validuri, magram iyos induqciurad myari (ix. nawili induqciaze amave TavSi). Tu argumenti induqciurad sustia maSin ar aris kargi argumenti((Lau and Chan, 2004). winapirobebis siswore rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, pirvel rigSi kargi argumenti aris logikuri anu validuri argumenti, magram mxolod logikuroba/validuroba ar miuTiTebs, rom argumenti

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aris kargi da gonivruli. logika swavlobs informaciis, argumentis formas da ara konkretuli argumentis Sinaarss. Sesabamisad, argumentis Sesafaseblad unda gavcdeT logikis farglebs. argumentis uaryofisTvis or sakiTxSi unda davrwmundeT: 1. argumenti aralogikuria da daskvna ar gamomdinareobs winapirobebidan. 2. romelime winapiroba arasworia, an gamotovebulia. ganvixiloT magaliTi, roca argumenti formiT sakmaod gamarTuli anu logikuria, magram daskvna arasworia, radgan arasworadaa dakavSirebuli winapirobebTan. winapiroba: yvelaferi rac bunebrivia, sasargebloa janmrTelobisTvis winapiroba: marixuana bunebrivia daskvna: marixuana sasargebloa janmrTelobisTvis es argumenti validuria, magram kargi argumenti ar aris, radgan misi erT-erTi winapiroba ar aris swori. yvelaferi, rac bunebrivia, ar aris sasargeblo jamrTelobisTvis (magaliTad sokos garkveuli saxeobebi), Seabamisad es ar aris kargi argumenti. Tu winapirobebi araa swori, am TvalsazrisiT maTi momcveli argumenti araa kargi argumenti, magram Tu winapirobebidan daskvna gamomdinareobs, igi logikuria. magaliTad: winapiroba: dRes paraskevia winapiroba: paraskevobiT gogonebi kafeSi vikribebiT daskvna: dRes gogonebi kafeSi SevikribebiT. Tu dRes arc paraskevia, da arc isaa swori, rom yovel paraskevs gogonebi kafeSi vikribebiT, es aris logikuri, magram ara kargi/myari argumenti. rodesac winapirobebi sworia, magram daskvna ara, argumenti ar SeiZleba iyos kargi:

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orSabaTobiT leqcia mTavrdeba 4 saaTze dRes leqcia 4 saaTze damTavrda dRes orSabaTia. es cudi argumentia, igi mcdar daskvnas warmogvidgens, vinaidan daskvna ar gamomdinareobs winapirobebidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom winapirobebi sworia. winapirobebi da daskvna ar imeorebs erTmaneTs zogjer argumentSi daskvnis gasamyareblad iseTi winapirobebia, romlebic sinamdvileSi imeorebs daskvnas. saqme gvaqvs wriul argumentTan, rac yovelTvis ar aris martivi gamosacnobi. ,,mizezi ratomaa am speqtaklis bileTebze aseTi didi moTxovna, isaa rom yvelas unda misi naxva. anu aq realurad avtori ambobs, rom ,,bileTebze imitom aris moTxovna, rom didi moTxovnaa maTze. realurad es argumenti formiT gamarTuli anu validuria, meore mxriv winapirobac SesaZloa sworia, Tumca, rogorc vxedavT, es ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom Zlier argumentad miviCnioT. moviyvanoT kidev erTi magaliTi: ,,radgan meri saukeTeso megobars ar moatyuebda, da meris CemTvis naTqvami aqvs, rom misi saukeTeso megobari var, gamodis marTlac meris saukeTeso megobari var (Lau and Chan 2004, p.2). am magaliTSi daskvna da winapiroba zustad ar meordeba, magram mainc SeiZleba wriul da Sesabamisad sust argumentad CaiTvalos.

winapirobebis damajerebloba da daskvnisTvis relevanturoba Teoriulad SesaZlebelia arsebobdes WeSmariti gancxa debebi da Teoriebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom aravis SeuZlia

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amis dasabuTeba. Tuki winapirobebi sworia, magram ver vasabuTebT siswores, argumenti ver iqneba damajerebeli da kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi ver miiReben daskvnas rogorc WeSmaritebas. argumenti kargia, rodesac gonieri adamiani mas miiRebs rogorc karg arguments. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom winapirobebi daskvnis relevanturi iyos. axla ganvixiloT magaliTi, romelic Seicavs daskvnisTvis ararelevantur, magram damajerebel winapirobebs. winapiroba: Zalian samwuxaroa, rom anis parkinsonis daavadeba aRmoaCnda winapiroba: ani vegetarianelia daskvna : xorcis miReba organizmisTvis aucilebelia aq winapirobebi damajerebelia, magram daskvna, romelic anis daavadebas vegetarianelobasTan akavSirebs ar gamomdinareobs winapirobebidan. arsad ar Cans am daavadebisa da vegetarianelobis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri. Sesabamisad daskvna ararelevanturia. kidev erTi magaliTi winapiroba: liToni atarebs eleqtrobas winapiroba: kauCuki ar aris liToni daskvna: kauCuki ar atarebs eleqtrobas (baqraZe, 1955, gv. 63 gv) aq azrTa kavSiri ar aris swori. daskvna ar aris relevanturi. es Tanmimdevruloba ar aris Cvenze damokidebuli, SeuZlebelia mocemuli winapirobebidan nebismieri daskvna gamovitanoT. winapiroba: am kviraSi jek-poti milion laramde gaizarda winapiroba: vinc latarias ar TamaSobs, ver moigebs daskvna: am kviraSi aucileblad iTamaSeT lataria am SemTxvevaSi winapirobebi damajerebelia, Tumca daskvna ara. daskvna gamomdinareobs gazrdili jekpotidan

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da im faqtidan, rom Tu ar iTamaSeb ver moigeb, magram es argumenti ar aris myari, vinaidan gamotovebulia erTi mniSvnelovani winapiroba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris mogebis albaToba. SeiZleba eTanxmebodeT winapirobebs, magram mainc SeiZleba daskvnis ugulvebelyofa, radgan igi ar gamomdinareobs winapirobebidan. gaiTvaliswineT, rom argumenti ar SeiZleba iyos swori an mcdari. swori an mcdari SeiZleba iyos winapirobebi. argumenti SeiZleba iyos kargi/myari an cudi, validuri da aravaliduri. kargi argumenti aseve gulisxmobs, rom is martivi da gasagebi eniTaa Camoyalibebuli. rac Seexeba emocias, Tu kritikulad moazrovnes sxvisi darwmuneba Zalian surs, SesaZlebelia arguments emociac Tan axldes, magram emociebiT gadafaruli susti argumenti ar gamoepareba kritikulad moazrovne auditorias (Murray and Kujundzic 2005).

deduqcia da induqcia
argumenti SeiZleba iyos deduqciuri da induqciuri. deduqciur argumentSi daskvnis siswore logikurad gamomdinareobs swori winapirobebisagan. Tu deduqciur argumentSi winapirobebi sworia, mag. Tu ,,magniti izidavs rkinas da ,,es nivTi rkinisaa, maSin daskvna, rom ,,magniti izidavs am nivTs aucileblad sworia. Tumca imisaTvis, rom argumenti iyos deduqciuri, ar aris aucilebeli, winapirobebi swori iyos. winapiroba: bondi aris ZaRli winapiroba: yvela ZaRls aqvs yavisferi bewvi daskvna: bonds aqvs yavisferi bewvi

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es deduqciuri argumentia araswori winapirobebiT. deduqciuri argumenti validuria im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas aqvs logikuri forma. zogierT SemTxvevaSi arguments SeiZleba hqondes mcdari winapirobebi da avtori mcdar daskvnas akeTebdes, magram formiT igi validuri iqneba (iseve, rogorc bondis magaliTis SemTxvevaSi). magram, Tu deduqciuri argumenti validuria, xolo misi winapirobebi swori, maSin daskvna aucileblad sworia. deduqciur argumentSi daskvna aucileblad unda gamomdinareobdes winapirobebidan. anu daskvna ar SeiZleba gascdes im farglebs rasac winapirobebi amtkicebs. Cemi saxlis samzareuloSi aTi TefSi devs magidaze. samzareulos karadaSi ki eqvsi TefSia. samzareuloSi magidisa da karadis garda arsad ar aris TefSebi. maSasadame samzareuloSi sul Teqsvmeti TefSia. es deduqciuri argumentia da daskvna gamomdinareobs winapirobebidan. Tumca Tu daskvnas aseTi saxe eqneboda ,,maSasadame Cems saxlSi mxolod samzareuloSia TefSebi, maSin igi scdeba winapirobebis farglebs da ver CaiTvleba deduqciur argumentad. induqciur argumentSi, Tu winapirobebi sworia, savaraudod daskvnac swori iqneba (yuradReba miaqcieT sityvas ,,savaraudod). induqciur argumentSi Tu winapirobebi sworia daskvna nakleb savaraudoa rom swori ar iyos, Tumca es garantirebuli ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, karg induqciur argumentSi, swori winapirobebi karg safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom daskvna sworia. mag.: winapiroba: mTeli dRis Zebnis Semdeg, am tyeSi aryis xe ver vipoveT daskvna: savaraudod am tyeSi aryis xe ar izrdeba

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kidev erTi magaliTi: winapiroba: stresi sicocxles amoklebs winapiroba: bevri mweveli moweviT stress amarcxebs daskvna: mwevelebi mowevis saSualebiT sicocxles ixangrZliveben Tu mocemuli winapirobebi sworia, maSin didi Sansia (magram ara asprocentiani) imisa, rom daskvna swori iyos. SesaZloa moweviT adamiani marTlac amarcxebs stress, magram aq naxsenebi ar aris mizezebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia mowevis janmrTelobisTvis mavne mxareebTan. xSirad induqciuri da deduqciuri argumentebis gasarCevad iyeneben zogadisa da konkretulis cnebas. deduqciur argumentSi daskvnis gakeTebisas zogadi debulebidan gavdivarT konkretulze, xolo induqciurSi konkretulidan mivdivarT zogadisken (mag. yvela ZaRls aqvs yavisferi bewvi - es zogadi debulebaa, masze dayrdnobiT gakeTdeba daskvna konkretuli ZaRli bonos bewvze; induqciurSi, kerZo faqtidan, rom tyeSi konkretuli aryis xe ver vipoveT, vakeTebT zogad daskvnas, rom am tyeSi aryis xe ar izrdeba). Tumca es midgoma yovelTvis ar gamogvadgeba, yvela arguments ase ver gavarCevT. magaliTad, analogiis Semcveli argumentebi konkretuli winapirobidan konkretul daskvnas akeTebs: me ukve ormocdaaTi vaSli davaTvaliere am yuTSi da yvela winwklebiania. danarCeni aTi vaSlic winwklebiani iqneba. rogorc vnaxeT, deduqciurSi gvaqvs rwmunebuleba, rom raRac sworia, induqciurSi ki mxolod sisworis albaToba. induqciur argumentSi Tu winapiroba sworia, daskvnis marTebulobis albaToba metia. induqciur arguments mravali forma SeiZleba hqondes, magaliTad statistikuri monacemebis Sefaseba (1989 wels

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saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5.4 milioni iyo, 2005 wels ki migraciis Sedegad mosaxleobis raodenoba aris 4.4 milioni, Tu migracia Sesustda, uaxloes 20 welSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba gaizrdeba), warsuli gamocdilebidan ganzogadeba (mag. rac Tavi maxsovs, ianvarSi TbilisSi yovelTvis Tovda, Semdeg ianvarSic iTovebs), niSnebidan daskvnis gamotana (ca varskvlavebiTaa moWedili, xval ar iwvimebs) mizez-Sedegobrivi damokidebulebebi d.a.S. waikiTxeT da gaaanalizeT qvemoT moyvanili argumentebi: induqciuria Tu deduqciuri, validuria Tu ara, myaria Tu ara? 1. me yovelTvis mersedesis markis manqanebi myavda da yovelTvis kmayofili viyavi. momavalSic mersedesis markis manqanas viyidi. 2. Tu demetre kacia, maSin demetre mokvdavia. demetre kacia. amdenad, demetre mokvdavia. 3. Tu sanCo pansa cxenia, maSin mas oTxi fexi aqvs. sanCo pansa cxenia. amdenad sanCo pansas aqvs oTxi fexi. 4. an RmerTi arsebobs an 2+2=5 2+2=4 RmerTi arsebobs 5. yvela inJiners uyvars opera. Sesabamisad, zogierT mamakacs uyvars opera rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, argumenti yovelTvis gviCvenebs damokidebulebas erT an met winapirobasa da daskvnas Soris. Tu aseTi damokidebuleba ar gvxvdeba ese igi ar aris argumenti. Tumca, ar aris aucilebeli, winapirobebi da daskvna pirdapir iyos gamoxatuli. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebeli unda iyos maTi gamocnoba. anu ,,daemorCileT moZraobis wesebs ver iqneba argumenti, radgan aq arc pirdapiraa miTiTebuli da gamocnobac rTulia imisa, Tu romelia winapirobebi da ra damokidebulebaa winapi-

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robebsa da daskvnas Soris (Bickenbach and Davies 1996, p.45). argumenti moswavleebs SeiZleba SexvdeT sxvadasxva Janris literaturul nawarmoebebSi magram is SeiZleba ar iyos pirdapir naTqvami. SegiZliaT asakis mixedviT misceT moswavleebs nawyveti salamuras Tavgadasavlidan an xorxe lui borxesis esse wasakiTxad. nawarmoebis wakiTxvis Semdeg, moswavleebs sTxoveT dafiqrdnen 1. aris Tu ara aq argumenti warmodgenili 2. rogor argumentTan gvaqvs saqme 3. Camoayalibon daskvna, Sesabamisi winapirobebi da Seafason isini.

salamuras Tavgadasavali2 nawili pirveli gansacdeli

ufliswulis ucnauri sazmari erTxel qondareTis xelmwifis vaJma ucnauri sizmari naxa... es sizmari imdenad saintereso meCveneba, rom ambis moyola aqedan davapire, magram mere gadavifiqre. marTlac, ra dros xelmwifis vaJis sizmaria, roca Tqven isic ki ar iciT, ra qveyanaa qondareTi, anda vin aris misi xelmwife. simarTle Tu gindaT gaigoT, aseT qveyanas, saxelganTqmuli mogzauric rom iyoT, axla versad aRmoaCenT. me ki sarwmuno wyaroebidan vici: qondareTi namdvilad arsebobda. maSin sxva dro gaxldaT, maSin mTeli dedamiwa mxolod mSvenieri zRapruli qveynebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da am mSvenier qveynebSi cxovrobdnen TqvenTvis cnobili da sayvareli zRapris gmirebi. yvela zRapari, romelic Tqven gagigoniaT an wagikiTxavT, ra Tqma unda, imdroindelia.
2 : www.lib.ge

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ambavi ori kacisa, romelTac sizmari ixiles xorxe luis borxesi

mTargmneli nino fifia arabi istorikosi, iqsaki, mogviTxrobs am ambavs: kacni Rirseulni ndobis ambavs yvebian (Tumca mxolod alahia yovlismomcveli da yovlisSemZle da gulmowyale da fxizlobs igi), rom yofila qairoSi kaci erTi, yovelgvar simdidreTa mflobeli, magram iseTi didsulovani da Semwynarebeli, rom daukargavs yvelaferi da iZulebuli gamxdara, eSroma lukma-puris saSovnelad. erTxelac imdeni imuSava Tavis leRvis baRSi, rom Zilma dajabna da ixila sizmrad kaci, romelmac piridan gamoiRo oqros moneta da uTxra: simdidre Seni sparseTSi ars, ispahanSi, wadi mis mosaZebnad. momdevno alionze gaiRviZa kacma da gaudga grZel gzas. daupirispirda xifaTebs, movlenils udabnoTa, xomaldTa, mekobreTa, kerpTayvanismcemelTa, mdinareTa, mxecTa da kacTagan. bolos da bolos, miaRwia ispahanamde, magram gaaoca igi qalaqis Ramem da miiZina meCeTis ezoSi. meCeTTan axlos saxli idga da yovlisSemZle uflis nebiT qurdbacacebis jgufma gadaWra meCeTi da saxlSi Seipara. saxlSi myofebs xmaurze gaeRviZaT da Svela iTxoves. mezoblebmac gaiRviZes. male im ubnis guSagTa kapitani Tavis kacebTan erTad gamoCnda, yaCaRebi ki saxlis saxuravidan gaiparnen. ufrosma meCeTis gaCxreka brZana da swored masSi waawydnen kacs qairodan da ise garozges, rom lamis sikvdilis piras miiyvanes. ori dRis Semdeg kaci gons sapyrobileSi moego. kapitanma moixmo igi da da hkiTxa mas: vina xar da saidan mosulxar?. sxvam ganacxada: me cnobili qalaqidan _ ispahanidan var da mohamed el maRrebia saxeli Cemi. kapitanma hkiTxa: aq ram mogiyvana mere? meorem simarTlis

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Tqma amjobina da uTxra mas: sizmrad nanaxma kacma mibrZana ispahans movsuliyavi, radgan aq iyo simdidre Cemi, aw ukve vxedav, rom es simdidre albaT is rozgebia, romelic ase didsulovnad miviRe Sengan am sityvebis gagonebaze kapitanma gulianad gadaixarxara da upasuxa: uazro da miamito kaco,samjer mezmana qalaq qairos siRrmeSi baRi, baRSi mzis saaTi da mzis saaTis Semdgom leRvis xilnari, leRvis baRs iqeT wyaro, wyaros qveS ki ganZi. am tyuilisTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar miminiWebia, Sen ki, ra Tqma unda, wyeul jorze amxedrebulma ixetiale qalaqidan qalaqSi martooden Seni sizmris rwmenis amara. ispahanSi aRar daginaxo, aiRe es monetebi da wadi. kacma aiRo monetebi da samSobloSi dabrunda. Tavisi baRis wyaros qveS (es is baRia, kapitanma sizmrad rom naxa) ganZi amoTxara. ase daloca ufalma, aunazRaura zarali da STaagona igi. ufali didsulovania, idumali.

rogor icvleba maswavleblis roli rodesac maswavlebeli mizanmimarTulad aswavlis kritikul azrovnebas, igi aucileblad iyenebs aqtiuri swavlebis meTodebs. aqtiuri swavleba moicavs nebismieri tipis aqtivobas saklaso oTaxSi, romelic tradiciuli swavlebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom saswavlo procesSi moswavleTa maqsimalur CarTulobas da maT aqtiurobas gulisxmobs. maswavlebeli irgebs fasilitatoris rols, igi aZlevs moswavleebs masalas, razec unda ifiqron, Semdeg axorcielebs aqtivobebs, sadac moswavleebi arian wamyvan rolSi da maswavlebeli mxolod gzis mimcemia. maswavleblis CarTuloba unda iyos minimaluri, magram amasTanave Zalian kargad dagegmili, raTa sworad warmarTos moswavleTa saqmianoba da aqtiuri swavleba moswavleTa nebaze miSvebasa da qaosSi ar gadaizardos. aqtiuri swavlebis konkretul strategiebs miekuTvneba

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problemaze dafuZnebuli swavleba, proeqti, sokratuli swavleba, jgufuri muSaoba, TanamSromlobiTi swavleba, erT wuTiani esse (maswavlebeli gakveTilis msvlelobisas moswavleebs awerinebs TavianT mosazrebas konkretul sakiTxze) d.a.S. maswavleblebma moswavleebs Tavad unda aCvenon kritikuli azrovnebis magaliTi swavlebis procesSi da moswavleebisaTvis misabaZ magaliTad iqcnen. Semdeg maT moswavleebs kritikuli azrovnebis saSualeba unda miscen Sesabamisi masalebis da aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT. rodis iZleva maswavlebeli kritikuli azrovnebis magaliTs? maSin, rodesac igi upirobod ar iRebs avtoritetebis mosazrebebs; maSin, rodesac moswavleebis mxridan gansxvavebuli azris gamoxatvisas cdilobs sxva moswavleebTan erTad gaarkvios misi mosazrebebis relevanturoba da naCqarevad ar gadadis sxva sakiTxebze; maSin, rodesac mas SeuZlia sakuTari Secdomis aRiareba, rodesac moswavleebis mosazrebebsa da gamoxmaurebebs uyuradRebod ar tovebs, rodesac axalisebs moswavleebis urTierT Sefasebasa da maT komentarebs, rodesac klasSi qmnis usafrTxo klimats (garemos), sadac yvelanair azrs aqvs arsebobis ufleba, Tumca mas Sesabamisi dasabuTeba an dasabuTebis mcdeloba mainc unda moyves. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs vaswavloT kritikuli azrovneba, maswavlebelma yovlismcodnis imiji unda moiSoros. adamiani, romelsac aqvs yvela kiTxvaze mza pasuxi, yovelTvis icis ra da rogor SeiZleba gakeTdes, naklebad tovebs kritikulad moazrovnis STabeWdilebas. moswavleebma Tavad unda ifiqron problemebze da maTi gadaWris gzebze, unda icodnen ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli saWiro codnis SeZena. maT unda dasvan kiTxvebi. umniSvnelovanesia moswavleebma icodnen ris mixedviT afasebs maT maswavlebeli, ramdenad mniSvnelovania Se-

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fasebis procesSi gakveTilze gamovlenili kritikuli azrovnebis unarebi. maswavlebelma Tavis wliur gegmaSi unda asaxos ara mxolod Sinaarsis Seswavla, aramed moswavlis maRali donis saazrovno unarebis ganviTareba. Sesabamisad es unda aisaxos mis SefasebaSic. rodesac moswavleebma ician, rom maswavlebeli maT afasebs ara mxolod konkretuli faqtebis codnis gamo, aramed maRali saazrovno unarebis ganviTarebis mixedviT, maTi motivacia, meti dro dauTmon kritikul azrovnebas, gaizrdeba. Tu moswavleebi naxaven, rom maswavlebeli maRal Sefasebas wers, rodesac moswavlem leqsi zepirad iswavla, magram ar ainteresebs im moswavlis azri, vinc leqsi ar icis zepirad, magram SeuZlia misi safuZvliani analizi, sakuTari azrebis Tanmimdevrulad gadmocema da maTi dasabuTeba, maSin isini ecdebian didi dro dazepirebas dauTmon da naklebi dro leqsSi mocemuli problemebis gaazrebas. Tu istoriis maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom moswavlem icodes ra gadmogvca ama Tu im istorikosma istoriuli movlenis Sesaxeb da nakleb mniSvnelovania Tavad moswavle ras fiqrobs konkretul wyaroze, maSin moswavleebi Tavs ar Seiwuxeben fiqriT da mxolod zedapirulad informacias Seisrutaven. maswavlebelma moswavleebs unda misces sakmarisi dro da saSualeba, rom TviTon amoxsnan, gaarkvion, gza gaikvalon. nebismieri gakveTili, romelic am process gverds auvlis da moswavleebs mzamzareul informaciasa da pasuxebs miawodebs, swavlis iluziaa. maswavleblis mTavari amocanaa Seqmnas iseTi garemo, dagegmos iseTi gakveTili, gamoiyenos is saswavlo aqtivobebi, romlebic moswavleebs azrovnebis saSualebas aZlevs. sxva SemTxvevaSi rTulia moswavleebSi ganaviTaro kritikuli azrovneba. sxva SemTxvevaSi maT SeiZleba icodnen magaliTad is, rom dedamiwa brunavs, magram ar icodnen ratom.

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maswavleblebma didi dro unda dauTmon problebemze dafuZnebul swavlebas, rac gulisxmobs realuri cxovrebiseuli problemebis analizis safuZvelze saswavlo miznebze gasvlas. magaliTad, SeiZleba moswavleebs aswavloT zRvis wylis Semadgenloba da is Tu ra zegavlenas axdens igi adamianis Sinagan organoebze, magram am gziT warmarTuli saswavlo procesi ver miscems moswavleebis azrovnebas gasaqans. problemaze dafuZnebuli swavlebis dros, maswavlebeli moswavles problemas warudgens: zRvaSi avdarma gemi CaZira, erTi kaci xis nafots CaeWida da gadarCa, man xmeleTamde miaRwia. gadarCenil kacs wyali moswyurda. ras urCevdiT: dalios Tu ara zRvis wyali? (Critical Thinking Community). damatebiT gTavazobT konkretul rekomendaciebs, romelTa didi nawili erT-erT kritikuli azrovnebis gzamkvlevSia mocemuli (Paul and Elder 2000): naklebi isaubreT, moswavleebs mieciT meti saubris saSualeba. moswavleebs warudgineT cnebebi da maTi gamoyenebis konteqsti, waaxaliseT maTi azrovneba realuri problemebis gadasaWrelad. kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTareba unda moxdes yvela ZiriTadi aqtivobis dros: weris, kiTxvis, saubrisa da mosmenis procesSi. gamoiyeneT kritikuli kiTxvis, weris, saubrisa da mosmenis specifiuri strategiebi. SeecadeT moswavleebs aCvenoT xmamaRla fiqris magaliTi. amasTanave ecadeT ifiqroT ara Zalian swrafad, rogorc zog profesionals sCvevia, aramed ise, rogorc ifiqrebda kargi moswavle. xSirad gamoiZaxeT moswavleebi, romlebic ar weven xels, sTxoveT sxva moswavles Seajamos, Tu ra upasuxa kiTxvaze moswavlem (amiT aqtiur mosmenas SeamowmebT). regularulad awerineT bavSvebs, gaacaniT Sefasebis

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standartebi, sTxoveT Seafason sakuTari namuSevari am standartebis gamoyenebiT. xSirad CaatareT jgufuri muSaoba, samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg sTxoveT moswavleebs warmoadginon mcire moxseneba jgufuri samuSaos Sesaxeb (vin ra nawili Seasrula, ra problema wamoiWra da rogor gadaWres). auxseniT moswavleebs Tqveni meTodebis Sesaxeb, ratom aswavliT ase, ratom ar aZlevT mza pasuxebs, uTxariT, Tu ratom ar muSaobs dazepireba, ra strategiebi gaqvT imisTvis, rom xeli SeuSaloT sagnis zedapirulad Seswavlas. Tqveni moswavleebi Secdomebs dauSveben, SeuqmeniT maT komfortuli garemo, sadac Secdomebis gamo Tavs uxerxulad aravin igrZnobs da Secdomis daSvebis ar SeeSindebaT. Sedegad ufro Tamamad gamoTqvamen mosazrebebs, ufro gabedulebi iqnebian da Secdomebzec iswavlian. kritikuli azrovnebis gasaviTareblad mniSvnelovania zepiri saubrebi. werisa da mosmenis dros ar aris aucilebeli informaciis swrafad gadamuSaveba da masze pasuxis gacema, zepiri saubrisas ki es aucileblobas warmoadgens. am dros ar gvaqvs saSualeba bevri vifiqroT, wavSaloT Cveni teqsti da sxvagvarad CamovayaliboT (Zwiers and Crawford 2011) saubrebi moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs swrafad upasuxon moulodnel kiTxvebs, Camoayalibon TavianTi ideebi, xmamaRla gamoTqvan da miiRon kritika, kontrargumenti Tu Sefaseba. Tu rogor afasebT moswavleebs, mniSvnelovnad imoqmedebs imaze, ramdenad saWirod CaTvlian bavSvebi meti dro dauTmon kritikul msjelobasa da azrovnebas. amitom moswavles xSirad SesTavazeT iseTi amocanebi, razec muSaoba kritikul azrovnebas moiTxovs, Sefasebis rubrikebSi yovelTvis asaxeT kritikuli azrovneba da misi konkretuli gamovlinebebi (kargi argumentis moZieba, kontrargumen-

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tis moyvana, problemis mravalmxrivi ganxilva/Sefaseba da misi gadaWris gzis dasaxva, poziciis dasabuTeba, avtoritetebis azrebis ar miReba gansjis gareSe, d.a.S.) imisaTvis, rom daexmaroT moswavleebs iazrovnon kritikulad, SeamowmeT Sedgeba Tu ara maTi azrovnebis procesi Semdegi elementebisgan. 1. mizani - risi miRweva minda? 2. problema - ra problema unda gadavWra? 3. informacia - ra informacia mWirdeba da saidan SeiZleba movipovo? 4. idea da cneba - ra ZiriTadi cnebebi unda vicode da rogor gamoviyeno? 5. daskvna da interpretacia-ra daskvnis gakeTeba SemiZlia? 6. argumentebi - ra argumentebi maqvs Cemi daskvnis gasamyareblad? 7. kontrargumentebi - ra kontrargumenti SeiZleba moiyvanon Cemi daskvnis gasabaTileblad? 8. arakritikuloba - xom ar viReb cnebis, faqtisa da movlenis mxolod zedapirul mniSvnelobas? xom ar aris rame, sadac kiTxvebi unda damesva, magram absolutur WeSmaritebad miviCnie? 9. Sedegi - ra Sedegamde mivyavar Cems azrebs? 10. ra mosazrebidan gamovdivar? sxva mosazrebazec xom ar unda davfiqrde?

ena kritikuli azrovnebis gasaviTareblad mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda mivaqcioT, rogor flobs moswavle sasaubro enas, ramdenad naTlad SeuZlia Tavisi azris gamoTqma,

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sxvisi azrebisa da argumentebis gageba da Sejameba. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac gvxvdeba damabneveli, orazrovani terminebi da frazebi, rac arTulebs argumentis gaazrebasa da Sesabamisad mis Sefasebas (Thomson, 2002). zogjer es specialurad SeiZleba xdebodes, raTa orazrovnebiT gamyardes aramyari argumenti. zogjer ki imis gamo, rom avtorebi ver amCneven am orazrovnebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tuki winadadebas orazrovani mniSvneloba aqvs, saWiroa teqstSi vipovoT sxva mimaniSneblebi, romlebic dagvexmareba gavarkvioT, ra mniSvnelobiT iqna esa Tu is sityva an fraza naxmari, meore varianti ki aris is, rom argumentSi SevafasoT frazis orive mniSvneloba cal calke. rac Seexeba sxvisi argumentis Sejamebas, mniSvnelovania moswavleebs vaswavloT rogor gamoicnon ZiriTadi daskvna da Semdeg is ZiriTadi mtkicebulebebi, riTac avtori amyarebs am daskvnas. es mtkicebulebebi SeiZleba iyos an Cveulebrivi winapiroba, an sxva winapirobebisagan miRebuli meoradi daskvna. mniSvnelovania, rom pirvel etapze ar daviwyoT imis gamoZieba, ramdenad myaria es meoradi daskvna.

maswavleblebis mier Seqmnili aqtivobebi miuxedavad imisa rom ganaTlebis specialistebi da sferos mcodneebi amboben, rom kritikuli azrovneba mniSvnelovania da unda vaswavloT, xSirad praqtikosi maswavleblisaTvis Znelia gaarkvios, rogor ganaviTaros moswavleebSi es unari, saidan unda daiwyos da ra konkretuli gzebi unda dasaxos. msgavsi problemis winaSe dadga ori biologiis maswavlebeli kaliforniidan (Bissell and Lemons 2006).

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isini, iseve rogorc maswavleblebis umetesoba, saswavlo gegmebSi werdnen, rom kritikuli azrovneba erT-erTi maTi saswavlo mizani iyo, Tumca realurad ar aswavlidnen moswavleebs kritikul azrovnebas. maTi azriT, amis erTi mizezi kritikuli azrovnebis SeuTanxmebeli ganmarteba iyo, meore ki kritikuli azrovnebis Sefasebis sirTule. imis miuxedavad, rom dRes arsebobs kritikuli azrovnebis Sesafasebeli testebi, isini ar arian konkretul saganze morgebuli, maswavleblebs ki ar aqvT imis fufuneba, rom sxva teqstebi Seitanon klasSi, radgan saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sinaarsi unda aswavlon. am maswavleblebma gadawyvites es problema Tavad moegvarebinaT. maT gamoiyenes blumis taqsonomia. maswavleblebi yvebian, rom dasxdnen da ifiqres, ra iyo maTi mizani, ras unda mieRwiaT sagnis Sinaarsisa da kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. Semdeg kargad auxsnes moswavleebs ra unda gaekeTebinaT, rom warmatebisTvis mieRwiaT. maT gadaxedes gakveTilze maT mier dasmul kiTxvebs, Sefasebis rubrikas. SeimuSaves axali kiTxvebi da Sefasebis rubrikebi da gaacnes moswavleebs. moswavleebma ukeTesad gaiges, ra tipis kiTxvebs dausvamda maT maswavlebeli da rogori unda yofiliyo kargi pasuxi. Sromam nayo fi gamoiRo, maT gaiumjobeses fiqrisa da metakogniciis unarebi. bevri moswavle ambobda, rom manamde ar esmoda ras niSnavs kritikulad fiqri, maSinac ki, Tu maswavlebeli amas iTxovda, radgan arasdros unaxavT Tu ras niSnavs ase azrovneba. gTavazobT amocanas, romelic am maswavleblebma maTi ganaxlebuli gakveTilisaTvis gamoiyenes:

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bunebismetyveleba rogor xdeba informaciuli ribonukleinis mJavas (irnm) gadaadgileba birTvul membranaSi? Sefasebis rubrika: maswavlebelma unda Seafasos, rogor ician moswavleebma informaciuli ribonukleinis mJava (i-rnm) da citoplazmaSi misi gadaadgilebis meqanizmi. aseve unda Sefasdes maTi kritikuli azrovnebis unari, rac gulisxmobs am codnis Sesabamis gamoyenebas, davalebaSi mocemuli ori sqemis/scenaris Semowmebas da i-rnm-s birTvidan citoplazmisken gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb daskvnis SemuSavebas. moswavleTa srulyofili pasuxebi unda Seicavdes sakiTxis Sesaxeb Semdeg codnas: ribonukleinis mJava aris molekula, romelic Seicavs fosfatebis jgufs; orSriani lipidebi hidrofoburi nivTierebebi arian (lipidebis hidrofoburi jgufebis miTiTeba saWiro ar aris) orSriani lipidi difuziiT ver gaatarebs i-rnm-is molekulas.

eukariotebSi informaciuli rnm(i-rnm) gaivlis birTvis membranaSi, romelic aris ormagi lipiduri Sre. Semdeg gadadis citoplazmaSi, raTa moaxdinos translacia cilis sinTezisTvis. gaixsene ra ici i-rnm-s struqturisa da birTvis ormagi lipiduri Sris Sesaxeb, airCie suraTi,romelic Seesabameba i-rnm-s moZraobas da daasabuTe Seni arCevani.
membrana

irnm
membrana

irnm

birTvi

citoplazma birTvi citoplazma

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moswavlem unda miiRos oridan erTi gadawyvetileba: a) i-rnm-s mier birTvis membranis difuzuri gavla. b) i-rnm-s gavla birTvis membranis cilovan arxebSi. swori pasuxia b) 1. wyaro: A new Method in Assessing Critical Thinking in the Classroom. BioScience. January 1,2006. Bissell, Ahrash N; Lemons, Paula P. maTematika avtori: maikl dispenzio samzareulos Wiqebi warmoidgineT, rom gsurT gazomoT ramdeni wyali Cadis erT WiqaSi. samzareuloSi ki gaqvT ori WurWeli, erTi itevs sam Wiqa wyals, meore ki 5 Wiqas. rogor gamoiyenebT am or Wiqas imisaTvis rom gazomoT zustad erTi Wiqa wyali?

pasuxi aavseT sam Wiqiani konteineri wyliT. gadaasxiT xuT Wiqian konteinerSi. isev aavseT sam Wiqiani konteineri da aavseT xuT Wiqiani konteineri. am SemTxvevaSi sam Wiqian WurWelSi zustad erTi Wiqa wyali darCeba.

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davfiqrdeT Semdegze: ratom aviTarebs es amocana kritikul azrovnebas? iqneboda Tu ara es amocana kritikuli azrovnebis ganmaviTarebeli, Tuki xuT da sam Wiqian konteinerebis nacvlad gveqneboda xuT da or Wiqiani konteineri da isev erTi Wiqa wylis gazomva iqneboda saWiro? ratom? maTematikis klasikuri amocana warmoidgineT, rom oTaxSi 4 adamiania. Tuki yvela erTmaneTs erTxel CamoarTmevs xels, ramdeni xelis CamorTmeva SeiZleba davTvaloT? asi kaci rom iyos oTxis nacvlad? (Faculty and Staff Voices 2010)

pasuxi: Tu oTaxSi 4 adamiania, TiToeuli xels CamoarTmevs danarCen 3 adamians. amitom oTxs vamravlebT samze. Tumca aq CaiTvleba xelis CamorTmeva yvela wyvils Soris orjer, amitom oTxisa da samis namravli unda gavyoT orze. aseve SeiZleba pasuxi gamovsaxoT sqematurad TiToeuli adamianis mier CamorTmeuli xelis raodenobis daTvliT. a. adamiani arTmevs xels 3 adamians. b. adamiani arTmevs or adamians, radgan man ukve CamoarTva xeli a-s g. adamiani mxolod erT adamians arTmevs xels es formula ramdenimenairad SeiZleba gamovsaxoT 43/2an, 3 + 2 + 1 = 6an, n (n-1)/2

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maTematika avtori: neli nasyidaSvili gaanawileT Tanabrad 1) 5 erTnairi vaSli Tanabrad unda gavunawiloT rva bavSvs. gaWrebis ra umciresi raodenobiT SeiZleba movaxerxoT es ? 2) 13 erTnairi zomis sazamTro unda gavyo 42 Tanabar porciad. rogor gavakeToT es, Tu arcerT sazamTros ar gavWriT 7-ze met nawilad ? SesaZloa orive amocana aseTive TanamimdevrobiT iyos ganxiluli moswavleebTan. amocanebis amoxsnis Semdeg ki movaxdinoT am ori amocanis erTmaneTTan Sedareba: ra aqvT msgavsi ra aqvT gansxvavebuli SesaZlebelia Tu ara raime daskvnebis gakeTeba? analogiuri amocanebis amoxsnisas SemiZlia Tu ara aq miRebuli gamocdilebis gamoyeneba ? aucilebelia vaSlebisa da sazamTros motana, maTi daWra, Tu modelirebiTac SegviZlia am amocanebis amoxsna? da a. S. yoveli samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg mniSvnelovania garkveuli Semajamebeli procesis ganxorcieleba, romlis drosac xdeba gavlili saazrovno etapebis gaxseneba, Tanamimdevruli aRdgena, kontr situaciebis motana. 2. pasuxi 4 vaSlidan TiToeuli gaiWras Suaze, miiReba - 8 naWeri (TiToeul moswavleze 1 naWeri), es 4 gaWraa 1) darCenili 1 vaSli gaiWras Suaze, Semdeg TiToeuli naWeri kidev 2-jer Suaze, sul 7 gaWra da 2) darCenili 1 vaSlis 3-jer gaWriT (vaSls Tu warmovidgenT

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wris saxiT da diametrze ganvaxorcielebT gaWrebs: Suaze, kidev Suaze da kidev Suaze). orive SemTxvevaSi miiReba vaSlis mervedi, magram: 1 SemTxvevaSi gaWrebis raodenobaa 7, xolo me-2 SemTxvevaSi - 3. erT SemTxvevaSi gaWrebis minimaluri raodenobaa 11, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - 7. TiToeul bavSvs Sexvdeba vaSlis naxevari da kidev vaSlis mervedi. Tu SekiTxvaa : ramdeni vaSli Sexvdeba TiToeul moswavles ? maSin pasuxi calsaxaa: TiToeuls Sexvdeba vaSlis naxevari da kidev vaSlis mervedi. xolo Tu SekiTxvaa: gaWrebis ra umciresi raodenobaa saWiro 5 vaSli rom Tanabrad gavunawiloT 8 bavSvs? pasuxebi SesaZloa iyos sxvadasxva (am SemTxvevaSi ornairi) gamomdinare bavSvebis midgomebidan da warmodgenebidan, erT SemTxvevaSi is tolia - 11-is, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi -7-is. am ori SesaZlo pasuxidan erT-erTis amorCeva SesaZlebeli iqneba pirobaSi garkveuli SezRudvis/arSezRudvis SemoRebiT. am SemTxvevaSi, radgan SezRudva ar gvaqvs, amitom gamarTlebuli iqneba gaWrebis mcire raodenobis pasuxad CaTvla SeniSvna: Tumca moswavleebi naklebad iyeneben analogiebs da pasuxad CaTvlian xolme 11-s. 2. pasuxi 1) 6 sazamTrodan TiToeuli gavWraT 7 nawilad, xolo danarCeni 7 sazamTro gavWraT 6 nawilad, miiReba erTnairi moculobis 42 nawili da 42 nawili meore moculobis 2) TiToeuli moswavle miiRebs am ornairi naWrebidan Ti-

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To-TiTo naWers (13/42 = 1/7 + 1/6 -- cameti ormocdameoredi tolia erT meSvideds damatebuli erTi meeqvsedi). Semdegi kiTxvebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos maTmatikaSi kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis gasaviTareblad (Teaching Science and Maths 2011). ra damatebiTi informaciiaa saWiro am amocanis amosaxsnelad? rogr ukavSirdeba monacemebi Sens mier mopovebul pasuxebs/aRmoCenebs? rogor amyarebs mtkicebulebas, daskvnebs rogor unda darwmundeT, rom amocana sworad amoxseniT? rogor SeadarebdiT am amocans sxva amocanebs? arsebobs Tu ara amoxsnis alternatuli gzebi? romeli? Tu es sworia, kidev ra SeiZleba iyos swori? ras gulisxmobT am gancxadebaSi? **** am kiTxvas sxvanairad rogor dasvamdi? am amocanis amoxsnisas ra axali informacia gaige? aris Tu ara es yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva am problemis gadaWrisas? ra kiTxvas unda gasceT pasuxi manam, sanam am kiTxvas gascemT? es ras gulisxmobs? aseTi kiTxvebiT exmarebiT moswavleebs pasiuri fiqridan aqtiur fiqris procesze gadavidnen. maswavlebli unda ecados iseTi kiTxvebi dausvas moswav-

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leebs, rom pasuxebi martivad ver ipovon internetSi: mocemuli monacemebis gamoyebiT aageT grafiki romelic gamosaxavs Sedarebas sam konkurent mobiluri telefonebis kompaniebs Soris. gamoikvlieT, rom gaarkvioT, ra aris saukeTeso masala iseTi saxlis asagebad, romelic gauZlebs qariSxals. romelime geometriul figurebis gamoyenebiT SeqmeniT TamaSi. (Teaching Science and Maths 2011) ekologia hkiTxeT moswavleebs dafiqrdnen, maTi azriT ra gavlenas moaxdens sigaretis reklamis akrZalva sigaretis mwevelTa raodenobaze. Semdeg warudgineT varaudi, romlis mixedviTac, Tu aikrZaleba sigaretis reklama, sigaretis mwevelTa ricxvi gaizrdeba. moswavleebs sTxoveT varaudis Sefaseba: ,,Tu sigaretis reklama aikrZaleba, sigaretis mwarmoeblebi dazogaven im Tanxebs, rasac sxva SemTxvevaSi reklamisTvis gamoiyenebdnen. amrigad, imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTTan konkurencia hqondeT, sigaretis fass daagdeben. Sesabamisad, sigaretis reklamis akrZalva gamoiwvevs sigaretis mwevelTa momravlebas (Thomson 2002, p.90). kiTxvebi, romlebic SegiZliaT damatebiT dausvaT moswavleebs: uSlis Tu ara xels sigaretis amJamindeli fasi adamianebis umravlesobas moswion sigareti? im adamianebs Soris visac arasdros mouwevia, ZiriTadad ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi (janmrTeloba, Tu sigaretis fasi?) sigaretis fasi rom daeces, es ubiZgebs Tu ara mwevelebs ufro meti moswion?

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istoria avtori: robert Svarci, azrovnebis swavlebis nacionaluri centris direqtori. maswavlebeli me-9 klaselebs aswavlis revoluciur oms, kerZod, rogor iwyeba revoluciebi. moswavleebi wignSi kiTxuloben: britanel jariskacebi, masaCusetSi midiodnen, maT kolonistebisTvis dagrovili iaraRi unda waerTmiaT. leqsingtonSi maT kolonistebis jgufi Sexvda. britanelebma ubrZanes daSliliyvnen, magram kolonistebi ar daiSalnen. britanelebma cecxli gaxsnes, rasac ramdenime kolonisti emsxverpla, danarCenebi gaiqcnen. maswavlebeli moswavleebs eubneba, rom naxa sxva wigni, sadac weria, rom cecxli pirvelad kolonistebma gaxsnes da britanelebma Tavdasacavad sapasuxo cecxli gauxsnes. moswavleebma unda moifiqron, rogor gamoiZion, romelia marTali, romel wyaros unda endon. erT-erTi gza aris, rom moiZion romeli ufro sando wyaroa. maswavlebelma moswavleebs unda auxsnas, rom saWiroa Seiswavlon rogorc pirveladi (am SemTxvevaSi TviTmxilvelebi) aseve meoradi wyaroebi. Seqmnan orive wyarosTvis kiTxvebis CamonaTvali. am kiTxvebSi Sedis iseTi kiTxvebic, rogoricaa: ra gamocdileba aqvs avtors? rogori reputacia aqvs gamomcemlobas? rogor iyo informacia mopovebuli? rasac avtori ambobs vinme sxvac adasturebs? arian Tu ara TviTmxilvelebi? roca moswavleebi amas akeTeben, aRmoaCenen, rom zogierT kiTxvas SeuZliaT pasuxi gascen, magram samxilebi seriozulad ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. isini askvnian, rom am informaciaze dayrdnobiT, SeuZlebelia vTqvaT, Tu vin isrola pirvelma, amitom sjobda wignis avtorebs es scena

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ase aReweraT ,,dRemde aravin icis vin isrola pirvelad da ar SeelamazebinaT TavianTi monayoli daudasturebeli mtkicebulebebiT. am SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi Tanxmdebian, rom saukeTeso gamosavalia Tqva ,,ar vici. qarTuli ena da literatura situacia mogvawoda nino buTuriSvilma me-10 klasSi, vefxistyaosnis Seswavlisas, erT-erTma moswavlem gamoTqva sakuTari azri :am poemis gmirebs iseTi axlo urTierToba aqvT, SeuZlebelia seqsic ar hqonodaTo(igulisxmeba tarieli da nestan-darejani, avTandili da TinaTini). klasSi siCume Camovarda; aSkara iyo saSiSroeba, Tu maswavlebeli kiTxvas upasuxod datovebs, sxva drosac igives unda elodes misgan, Tanac moswavleebi CaTvlian, rom maswavlebeli ubralod ver flobs situacias; Tu datuqsavs, es bavSvi albaT aRarasodes moisurvebs sakuTari azris gamoTqmas; klass gadaxeda, ramdenime moswavles saxeze Seatyo, TiTqmis eTanxmebodnen Tanaklasels, amitom CaTvala saWirod qvemoT moyvanili aqtivobis dagegmva; man moswavleebs daavala daeweraT argumentirebuli esse? eqnebodaT Tu ara vefxistyaosnis gmirebs intimuri urTierTobebi. sTxova TviTon aerCiaT romeli poziciis dacva surdaT da amis mixedviT CarTuliyvnen Sesabamis jgufSi. ori kviris Semdeg gaimarTeboda diskusia; konsultaciisTvis, damxmare masalebisTvis, SeeZloT miemarTaT maswavleblisTvis. Sedegad araaqtiuri moswavleebic gaaqtiurdnen, waikiTxes garkveuli Tavebi poemidan, moiZies argumentebi, kritikosTa werilebi. diskusiaSi CaerTnen. yvelaze metad kiTxvis avtorma iaqtiura da sabolood

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jgufTan erTad gamoitana daskvna; mosazreba darCa mosazrebad, xolo argumentebi ar aRmoaCndaT am azris gasamyareblad. Cemi azriT, es kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi magaliTia. am dros arsebiTia argumentebis da kontrargumentebis moZieba, situaciis gaanalizeba da mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze mosazrebis dasabuTeba an Secvla, axlis miReba (situaciis avtori). xelovneba da musika pablo pikasos avinionis diacebi (Les Demoiselles dAvignon) fokusi: am tilos bevri miiCnevs kubizmis mimdinareobis pirvel naxatad. zogisTvis erTi SexedviT naxati Sokismomgvrelia. qalebis figurebi Cateulia kuTxovan da uxeS formebSi. aRmoCena, romelic moswavleebma unda gaakeTon: rogor gamoavlina pikasom kubizmis maxasiaTeblebi am naxatSi? formebis dayofa geometriul nawilebad da Semdeg maTi ,,arabunebrivi awyoba. sagnebis mravalmxriv formebad da figurebad warmodgena romelic gafiqrebinebs, rom verasdros xedav yvelafers rac unda dainaxo. damatebiTi SeTavazeba: SeadareT pikasos kubizmis mimdinareobis naxatebi misi Tanamedrovis jorj brakis naxatebs. ra msgavsebas da gansxvavebas amCnevT? Tqveni azriT, ratom ukavSireben pikasos ase xSirad kompozitor igor stravinskis (Oslon 2000, p. 99)? musika moswavleebs moasmenineT biTlzis ,,hei jud (Hey Jude) da ,,guSin (Yesterday) fransua glories (Francois Glorieux) SesrulebiT.3 biTlzis es ori Zalian popularuli melodia
3 www. youtube.com Francois Glorieux Plays the Beatles.

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SesaniSnavad gadaawyo da Seasrula fransua gloriem. a. ,,guSin Sopenis stilSia b. ,,hei jud aris baxis stilSi aRmoCena, romelic moswavleebma unda gaakeTon: am ori melodiis mosmenis Semdeg, SeiswavleT baxis da Sopenis sxvadasxva melodiebi. a. SeafaseT da daasabuTeT namdvilad aris Tu ara glories melodiaSi Sopenis stili? b. baxis stili? g. am formiT ra formiTac melodiebi fransua gloriem warmoadgina, biTlzis melodiebi isev da isev mxolod pop melodiebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos? d. es ,,seriozuli musikaa? SeiZleba igi ufro did formebSi gadaizardos? igive mouvides, rac daemarTa xalxur melodiebs saukuneebis manZilze (Oslon 2000, p. 102)?

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samoqalaqo ganaTleba avtori: qalin rusi masala mogvawoda g. gaxelaZem, igi momzadda TbilisSi skolebis direqtorebis, maswavleblebisa da mwvrTnelebis erTobliv saerTaSoriso samuSao Sexvedraze vicxovroT erTad - saganmanaTleblo intervenciis zomebi skolebSi interkulturuli Tanacxovrebis mxardasaWerad krizisis dros mizani analizis, Sefasebisa kritikuli azrovnebis da TanamSromlobis unarebis ganviTreba; adamianis damokidebulebebze mSvidobis/omis gavlenis gaazreba; sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kulturul safuZvlebSi komunikaciis rolis gansazRvra; negatiuri stereotipebis daZleva viswavloT Tu ara rusuli ena? * (Tema ganpirobebuli iyo saqarTvelos saskolo sistemaSi am konkretul etapze arsebuli aqtualobiT) 12 welze meti nebismieri asakis moswavleebi, studentebi, msmenelebi 15-20 wuTi

Tema

auditoria xangrZlivoba

saWiro resursebi didi zomis furclebi, dafa, fanqrebi / markerebi meTodebi ganxorcielebis instruqciebi jgufebSi muSaoba, diskusia

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aqtivoba 1 - jgufebSi muSaoba maswavlebeli SemTxveviTi principiT yofs auditorias 2 jgufad da warudgens situacias: warmoidgineT, rom saswavlo wlis dasawyisia da moswavleebma klasSi unda gadawyviton, romeli ucxo ena/enebi Seiswavlon. skolis gamocdileba da ucxo enebis maswavlebelTa SesaZleblobebi dRis wesrigSi ayenebs rusuli enis Seswavlis sakiTxs. moswavleTa naxevars kategoriulad ar surs rusuli enis swavla, xolo meore naxevars dabejiTebiT surs. maswavlebeli erT jgufs arqmevs momxreebs, xolo meore jgufs mowinaaRmdegebs. maswavlebeli TiToeul jgufs sTavazobs 5-7 wuTis ganmavlobaSi erToblivad Camoayalibon sakuTari poziciis dasabuTebisTvis araumetes 10 argumenti da SeTanxmdnen, vin iqneba mTeli jgufis warmomadgeneli. aqtivoba 2 - diskusia 1-li aqtivobis drois gasvlis Semdeg maswavlebeli mTeli auditoriisTvis TvalsaCino adgilas moixmobs jgufebis arCeul warmomadgenlebs. igi sTavazobs maT 2-2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi warmoadginon Camoyalibebuli argumentebi. maswavlebeli akontrolebs, rom warmomadgenlebma srulad da bolomde moisminon erTmaneTis mosazrebebi, xolo maTi jgufis wevrebma sapirispiro mxaris warmomadgenels ar Seawyvetinon saubari. amisaTvis jgufebis wevrebs sTavazobs, T-diagramis saxiT Camoweron sakuTar furclebze TiToeuli mxaris argumentebi. aqtivoba 3 - jgufebSi muSaoba axla maswavlebels momxreebis jgufis naxevari wevrebi gadahyavs mowinaaRmdegeebis jgufSi, xolo am ukanasknelis wevrTa naxevari - momxreebSi. or jgufs igi sTxovs

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kargad gaanalizon mosmenili argumentebi da 5-7 wuTiani ganxilvis Sedegad Camoayalibon Seqmnili problemis mogvarebis gzebi. amasTan, maT unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom skolis wesebi daculi iyos da am wesebiT arsebuli SesaZleblobebiT ki dakmayofildes klasis moswavleTa interesebi rusuli enis swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. aqtivoba 4 - diskusia maswavlebeli sTxovs TiToeuli jgufis warmomadgenels, 2-3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi gaacnos auditorias maT mier moZebnili problemis gadaWris gzebi. warmodgenil variantebs igi wers dafaze an didi formatis furcelze. Semdeg ekiTxeba klass, romeli varianti miaCniaT yvelaze misaRebad, optimalurad. klasisaTvis misaRebi gamosavalis gamovlenis Semdeg maswavlebeli sTavazobs monawileebs 3-5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs gauziaron daskvnebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra gaxda saboloo jamSi miRweuli saerTo SeTanxmebis safuZveli. maswavlebeli ajamebs diskusias da xazs usvams mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis ZiriTad safuZvels - interesebis dacvisas molaparakebasa da SeTanxmebas. amave dros miuTiTebs, rom am procesis efeqtianoba damokidebulia negatiuri stereotipebisgan gaTavisuflebaze.

geografia avtori: manana ratiani aqtivoba gaTvlilia saSualo skolis moswavleebisTvis, romlebic gadian msoflios geografias. aqtivobis mizania moswavleebSi ganaviTaros kritikuli azrovnebis unari da iseTi specifiuri unarebi rogoricaa rukis gamoyeneba/gaanalizeba da konturuli rukis Sevseba.

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igi saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs daakavSiron erTmaneTs sxvadasxva monacemebi da gaakeTon daskvnebi. amavdroulad, maT ganuviTardebaT jgufSi muSaobisa da diskusiis unari, rac erTi gakveTilisTvis warmatebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. imisTvis, rom mizani miRweuli iyos, Cven dagvWirdeba ramodenime resursi. (1) cxrilebi, romlebSic mocemulia udidesi da umciresi qveynebi farTobebis mixedviT (nax.1 da nax.2), aseve (2) konturuli ruka individualurad yvela moswavlisTvis, (3) qveynebi mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT (nax.3, nax.4) da ruka, qveynebi mSp-s mixedviT (nax.5), msoflio politikuri ruka kedelzea gamokruli, Tuki maT daWirdebaT gamoyeneba. konturuli ruka jgufebis raodenobidan gamomdinare. amis Semdeg klass vyofT jgufebad klasis zomidan gamomdinare. davaleba aris 2 Sinaarsis. erTidaigive Sinaarsis davaleba eZleva 2-3 jgufs, raTa Semdgomi ganxilva saintereso iyos. davaleba 1 - mocemuli qveynebi (nax.1 da nax.2), rogorc udidesi, aseve umciresi farTobis mixedviT, jgufebma unda gamosaxon konturul rukaze Sesabamisi teqnikis gamoyenebiT, raTa udidesebii da umciresebi ar iyvnen erTgvarovnad asaxulebi. amis Semdeg Seadaron es qveynebi mSp-s mixedviT qveynebs (nax.5) da imsjelon kavSirze am or maCvenebels Soris. aris Tu ara pirdapiri kavSiri qveynebis teritoriis sididesa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas Soris. daskvna SeuZliaT warmoadginon sasurveli formiT. davaleba 2 - mocemuli qveynebi (nax.3 da nax.4), rogorc udidesi, aseve umciresi mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT, jgufebma unda gamosaxon konturul rukaze Sesabamisi teqnikis gamoyenebiT, raTa udidesi da umciresebi ar iyvnen erTgvarovnad asaxulebi. amis Semdeg Seadaron es qveynebi

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mSp-s mixedviT qveynebs (nax.5) da imsjelon kavSirze am or maCvenebels Soris. aris Tu ara pirdapiri kavSiri mosaxleobis raodenobasa da mSp-s Soris. daskvna SeuZliaT warmoadginon sasurveli formiT. 15 wuTis gasvlis Semdeg jgufebi warmoadgenen TavianT mosazrebebs da amis Semdeg mimdinareobs ganxilva, a) ramdenad axdens gavlenas qveynis sidide ekonomikur ganviTarebaze; b) ramdenad axdens gavlenas mosaxleobis raodenoba qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze nax.1 msoflios udidesi qveynebi farTobis mixedviT qveyana ruseTi kanada CineTi aSS brazilia avstralia 7,6 indoeTi argentina yazaxeTi alJiri kongos demokratiuli respublika meqsika saudis arabeTi indonezia sudani libia farTobi (mln.kv.km) 17,0 9,9 9,6 9,6 8,5

3,2 2,7 2,7 2,3 2,3 2,0 2,0 1,9 1,9 1,8

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irani monRoleTi peru Cadi

1,6 1,6 1,3 1,3

nax. 2 msoflios umciresi qveynebi farTobis mixedviT qveyana vatikani monako nauru tuvalu san-marino lixtenSteini marSalis k-ebi seiSelis k-ebi sent-kitsi da nevisi maldivis k-ebi malta grenada sent vinsenti da grenadini barbadosi antigua da barbuda palau andora sent lusia singapuri farTobi (kv.km) 0,44 1,96 21 26 61 160 180 217 269 298 316 344 389 430 442 459 468 539 699

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nax.3 umsxvilesi qveynebi mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT qveynebi CineTi indoeTi aSS indonezia brazilia pakistani nigeria ruseTi bangladeSi iaponia meqsika filipinebi vietnami eTiopia germania egvipte irani TurqeTi kongos demokratiuli respublika tailandi mosaxleobis ricxovneba (mln) 1,3 (mlrd) 1,2 (mlrd) 313,2 237,6 192,4 178,9 162,5 143,0 142,3 127,7 112,3 94,1 87,8 84,3 81,8 81,6 76,2 74,7 67,7 65,9

nax.4 umciresi qveynebi mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT qveynebi vatikani tuvalu nauru palau mosaxleoba 800 10000 10000 21000

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gibraltari san marino monako lixtenSteini sent-kritsi da nevisi marSalis kunZulebi andora antigua da barbuda seiSelis k-ebi sent vinsenti da grenadini

29400 32252 35881 36157 51970 54305 85015 89138 90945 100892

nax.5 qveynebi mSp-s mixedviT erT sul mosaxleze (msoflio banki 2010 wlis monacemebi)

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rogor SevqmnaT kritikulad moazrovne skola msoflios warmatebul skolebsa Tu umaRles dawesebulebebSi arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari praqtika. zogan kritikul azrovnebas aswavlian rogorc calke disciplinas, Tumca umetesad miiCneven, rom misi calke swavleba nakleb efeqturia, vinaidan moswavleebma unda iswavlon ,,raRacaze kritikulad azrovneba. anu maSin, roca kritikuli azrovnebis swavleba konkretul konteqsts aris mibmuli, moswavleebs kritikul azrovnebaze ufro naTeli warmodgena eqmnebaT (Cress and Donahue 2011). skolaSi yvela maswavlebelma unda dasaxos misi sagnis saboloo Sedegad moswavleebSi kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTareba. cxadia maswavleblis roli umniSvnelovanesia moswavleebSi kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis gaRvivebisaTvis, Tumca maswavleblis codnisa da mondomebis miuxedavad, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi ufro farTo konteqstic. mTavari ram, rac maswavleblebs xels uSlis kritikuli azrovnebis danergvaSi, ukavSirdeba skolas da moicavs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa skolis kultura, saswavlo masalebi, kurikulumis dayofa disciplinebad (Kraft 2000). skolis administraciam skolis miznebi kritikul azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT naTeli unda gaxados maswavleblebis, moswavleebisa da skolis TemisaTvis. maswavleblebs unda hqondeT saSualeba, gamoiCinon iniciativa, moiZion axali masalebi, waxalisebuli unda iqnes pozitiuri riskebi. aseve mniSvnelovania skolis bazaze maswavleblebis Sefaseba, romelic aucileblad unda moicavdes kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis komponents. skolaSi kritikuli azrovnebis gasaviTareblad mniSvnelovania TemSi CarTulobis swavleba (Service Learning). TemSi CarTulobis swavleba gulisxmobs moswavleebis mier TemisaTvis usasyidlod raime mniSvnelovani saqmianobis ganxorcielebas, magaliTad es SeiZleba iyos umcrosklaseli moswavleebisTvis repetitoroba, Raribi ojaxebisTvis dax-

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marebis Segroveba, TemisTvis aqtualuri ekologiuri problemis gadaWraze muSaoba. TemSi CarTulobis swavlebas win uZRvis refleqsiis procesi, Semdeg konkretuli qmedeba da Semdeg isev refleqsia. magaliTad, sabazo skolis moswavleebi SeiZleba CaerTon proeqtSi, romelic usaxlkarobas da siRaribes exeba. maswavlebeli dasawyisisaTvis maT acnobs masalebs da moswavleebi akeTeben refleqsias usaxlkarobasa da siRaribesTan dakavSirebiT, maT gamomwvev mizezebze, imaze, Tu ra socialurekonomikuri Tu politikuri ziani SeiZleba moutanos aman saxelmwifos, rogor SeiZleba misi Tavidan acileba d.a.S. moswavleebi maswavlebelTan erTad ikvleven, kritikulad msjeloben im sakiTxebze, rac mniSvnelovania maTTvis da sazogadoebisaTvis. moswavleebi fiqroben arsebul rwmenebze, Rirebulebebze, varaudebze, akeTeben TavianT daskvnebs. Semdeg isini erTvebian konkretul aqtivobaSi, romelic SeiZleba gulisxmobdes adgilobriv moxucTa TavSesafarSi muSaobas moxalised an TemSi am sakiTxisadmi codnis gazrdaze ganxorcielebul RonisZiebebs. moswavleebi aseTi proeqtebis mimdinareobis dros svamen kiTxvebs, romlebic sakmaod rTuli sapasuxoa, proeqtebi warmoqmnian dilemebs, romlebic moswavleebma unda gadaWran, ZiriTadad am kiTxvebs ar gaaCnia erTi swori pasuxi da moswavleebma unda daaxarisxon da Seafason arsebuli mtkicebulebebi, gaarCion faqti da mosazreba da kargad unda gaiazron mravali, zogjer urTierTgamomricxavi mosazreba. daskvnis saxiT unda avRniSnoT, rom nebismieri cvlileba, romlebic unda ganaxorcielos skolam, moiTxovs dros, gamZleobas da Secdomebze swavlas. amitom mniSvnelovania, rom am cvlilebis Sesaxeb skolis administraciam kargad moamzados safuZveli, kargad auxsnas yvelas, ratom aris igi mniSvnelovani, raTa nakleb problemebs wavawydeT misi ganxorcielebis procesSi. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos Cveni mcdeloba, SevcvaloT raRac ukeTesobisken warmatebuli.

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gamoyenebuli literatura 1. baqraZe, kote. 1955. logika. Tbilisi: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba 2. Crawford Allan, Wendi E. Saul, Samual Mathews and James Makinster. 2005. Teaching and Learning Strategies for the Thinking Classroom. New York: The international Debate Educational Association. 3. The Atlantic. 10 Skills for the Future Workforce. June 16, 2011. http:// www.theatlantic.com/21stCenturyEducation/archive/2011/06/10skills-for-the-future-workforce-part-1-of-5/240601/ (10.12.12) 4. Hunter, David A. 2009. Practical Guide to Critical Thinking: Deciding What to do and Believe. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 5. Bickenbach Jerome and Jacqueline M. Davies. 1996. Good Reasons for Better Arguments: An introduction to the Skills and Values of Critical Thinking. Toronto: Broadview Press. 6. Murray, Robert M and Nebojsa Kujundzic. 2005. Critical Reflection: A Textbook for Critical Thinking. Quebec:McGill-Queens University Press. 7. Weston Anthony. 2009. A Rulebook for Arguments. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. 8. Ennis, Robert H. 1987. A Taxonomy of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities. In Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice; eds. Joan Boykoff Baron and Robert J. Sternberg. Freeman. 9. Ennis, Robert H. 2011. The Nature of Critical Thinking: An Outline of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities. http://faculty. education.illinois.edu/rhennis/documents/TheNatureofCriticalThinking_51711_001.pdf (10.12.12) 10. Judge, Brenda, Elaine McCreery and Patrick Jones. 2009. Critical

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Thinking Skills for Education Students. Padstow: TJ International LTD. 11. McMahon Daniel. September 27, 2011. Getting Specific about Critical Thinking. Education Week. (15.12.12.) 12. Edward M. Glaser . 1941.An Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University. 13. Ennis, Robert. 1987. Dispositions for Critical Thinking. http://academic.pg.cc.md.us/~wpeirce/MCCCTR/dispos~1.html (09.11.12) 14. Talbot, Marianne. 2010. The Nature of Arguments. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBlQj5uiOXc&feature=g-vrec (27.10.12) 15. Lau Joe and Jonathan Chan.2004. Good Arguments. Opencourseware on Critical Thinking Logic and Creativity. http://philosophy.hku.hk/ think/arg/goodarg.php. (12.12.12) 16. Critical thinkng Community. The Art of Redesining Instruction. http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/the-art-of-redesigning-instruction/520 (08.010.12) 17. Paul Richard W. and Linda Elder. 1999. Critical Thinking. Basic Theory and Instructional Structures Handbook. Foundation for Critical Thinking. 18. Thomson Anne. 2002. A Practical Introduction. London: Routledge. 19. Michael Dispenzio. 1996. Critical Thiking Puzzles. http://mathforum. org/k12/k12puzzles/critical.thinking/puzz5.html (05.09.12) 20. Highbeem Business. 2006. A new Method in Assessing Critical Thinking in the Classroom. BioScience. January 1,2006. Bissell, Ahrash N; Lemons, Paula P. http://business.highbeam.com/411908/ article-1G1-140955004/new-method-assessing-critical-thinkingclassroom (20.12.12) 21. Faculty and Staff Voices. 2010. Critical Thinking in Mathematics.

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http://enews.sfds.net/critical-thinking-in-mathematics-2/ (20.12.12) 22. Teaching Science and Maths. Resources and Strategies for Science and Math for K-12 Teachers. How To Encourage Critical Thinking in Science.http://www.teachscienceandmath.com/2011/09/14/how-toencourage-critical-thinking-in-science-and-math/ (20.12.12.) 23. Cress M. Christine and DAvid M. Donahue. 2011. Democratic Dilemmas of Teaching Service-Learning: Curricular Strategies for Success: Sterling: Stylus 24. Kraft Nancy. 2000. In Perspectives in Critical Thinking: Essays by Teachers in Theory and Practice. New York: Peter Lang. 25. Oslon, Ivan. 2000. The Arts and Critical Thinking in American Education. Ed. Ralph A. Smith. Bergin & Garvey: Westport, CT. 26. Zwiers jeff and Marie Crawford. 2011. Academic Conversations that Fosters Critical Thinking and Content Understandings. Stenhouse Publishers

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kreatiulobis oqros wesi

manana boWoriSvili momeciT sayrdeni wertili da dedamiwas adgilidan davZrav arqimedes es sityvebi yvela kreatiuli adamianisaTvis dRemde seriozul gamowvevad rCeba. arqimedem dedamiwis daZvris SesaZlebloba xom maSin dauSva, rodesac berketis wonasworobis pirobas miagno. rogorc amboben, aRmoCenis Semdeg arqimedem miswera sirakuZis mefe hierons: Tu sxva dedamiwa meqneba, iq gadaval sacxovreblad da am dedamiwas adgilidan davZravo. arqimedes ar hqonda sxva dedamiwa, amitom ver moaxerxa mamaci ideis ganxorcieleba. Tumca masze ukeT berketis wonasworobis pirobis metaforulad gadmocema veravin SeZlo. saukuneebi gavida magram arqimedes es sityvebi yvela kreatiuli adamianisaTvis dRemde seriozul gamowvevad rCeba. _ ra aris kreatuloba? _ ramdenad aisaxeba am unaris floba adamianis qcevaze? _ ra meqanizmebi uwyobs xels mis ganviTarebas? fsiqologebs Soris ar arsebobs kreatulobis terminis erTnairi ganmarteba. magram arsebobs debuleba, romlsac yvela maTgani iziarebs - kreatuloba Sablonuri azrovnebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebad iTvleba. is Tavidan gvacilebs banalur da martiv ideebs, xels uwyobs originaluri gadawyvetilebebis Ziebasa da dabadebas. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb literaturis mimoxilvisas aRmoaCenT, rom: fsiqologiaSi kreatuloba xSirad SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis sinonimad ixmareba; am cnebaSi igulisxmeba azrovnebis procesis Sedegad miRebuli iseTi produqti, romelic sruliad axalia

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pirovnebis individualuri gamocdilebisaTvis an sazogado codnis donisTvis; termini kreatuloba momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan creation, rac niSnavs raimes Seqmnas; kreatuloba gulisxmobs adamianis SesaZleblobas, Seqmnas axali, originaluri produqti Tavisi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi; es aris araSablonuri azrovneba, romlis wyalobiTac pirovnebas SeuZlia TiTqos Cveulebrivsa da gasageb samyaros movlenebSi raRac uCveulo dainaxos. sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, kreatuloba rom ara, ar iarsebebda uamravi mecnieris genialuri aRmoCena. maT SeZles, rom arsebul codnaSi naklovanebebi da disharmonia daenaxaT da, aqedan gamomdinare, dasves umniSvnelovanesi kiTxva: ratom?.. kreatuloba Semdgom ganviTarebas swored am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas povebs. SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis saSualebiT procesi Zalian sainteresod mimdinareobs da sxvadasxva mkvlevari misi fazebis gansxvavebul klasifikacias gvTavazobs. zogadad SeiZleba gamovyoT SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis procesis Semdegi etapebi: momzadebis etapi _ gansakuTrebiT gonebrivi aqtivobis mdgomareoba, romelic axali ideis gaCenis winapirobas warmoadgens; momwifebis etapi _ problemaze aracnobieri muSaobis periodi, warmmarTavi ideis inkubacia; STagonebis etapi _ inkubaciis Sedegad cnobierdeba aRmoCena (axali mimarTebebis uecari wvdoma); ideis ganviTareba _ ideis saboloo formulireba da Semowmeba; ra gansazRvravs adamianis kreatiulobas? ratomaa, rom

1.

2. 3. 4.

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zogierTi adamiani ufro metad kreatiulia, zogi ki naklebad? Cven xSirad vfiqrobT, rom kreatiuli adamianebi raRac iSviaTi da sxvebisTvis miuwvdomeli SesaZleblobebiT arian dajildoebulni, magram es ase ar aris. pedagogikasTan, swavlebis meTodikasTan mimarTebaSi, kreatiulobaze saubrisas sainteresoa ganvixiloT is korelacia, rac arsebobs maswavleblis kreatulobasa da swavlebis meTodikas Soris; anu sakiTxi ganvixiloT praqtikul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT. minda Cemi praqtikis Sesaxeb giamboT. universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg saqarTvelos maRalmTian regionSi qimias vaswavlidi. Zalian miyvars Cemi sagani, yovelTvis vcdilob moswavleebs saintereso formiT mivawodo sakiTxebi. magram aris iseTi Temebi, romlis swavlebaSi pozitiuri muxtebis Cadeba miWirda. yovel wels xsnarebis swavlebis Semdeg ukmarisobis grZnoba mqonda. Tavs viimedebdi, momavali wels mainc SevZlebdi am Temis swavlebaSi pozitivis Cadebas. moxda ise, rom saocrad motivirebuli da cnobismoyvare klasi Semxvda, xsnarebis swavleba interaqtiuri da eqsperimentuli midgomebiT davgegme, magram raRac siaxle mainc mWirdeboda.. zari daireka, gakveTili daiwyo, ramdenime aqtivobis dasrulebis Semdeg axali masalis axsna unda damewyo, dafisken gaveSure da uceb Cems magidaze larnakSi Calagebul yoCivardebs rom Sevxede, mivxvdi - vipove... vipove is, rasac wlebis manZilze veZebdi... moswavleebs mivmarTe kiTxviT: - ratom ar iyinebian TovlSi yoCivardebi? SekiTxvam saocari interesi gamoiwvia.. mcire ganmarte-

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bebisa da diskursis Semdeg xsnaris da gamxsnelis fizikuri Tvisebebis SedarebiTi analizi da ganxilva daviwyeT, CavatareT eqsperimentebi... Semdeg gakveTilze moswavleebi Tamamad msjelobdnen: im movlenaze, rom mcenareebs, romelTac aqvT Saqrebis sinTezis unari, TovlSi ar ,,iyinebian. rac metia mcenaris ujredis wvenSi Saqris koncentracia, xsnari miT ufro dabal temperaturaze iyineba... yoCivardas, enZelas da sxva adremoyvavile mcenareebis yinvagamZleoba am mcenareebis ujredebSi arsebuli xsna rebis koncentraciiTaa ganpirobebuli.. saubrobdnen antifrizebze nivTierebebze _ romlebic gayinvis temperaturis dawevas iwvevs. yvelaze STambeWdavi ki is faqti iyo, rom erT-erTma arcTu ise warmatebulma moswavlem mis mier dagegmili da Cartarebuli saSinao kvlevis Sedegebi warmoadgina _ is daakvirda sxvadasxva koncentraciis mqone Saqriani wylis gayinvis procesebs, warmoadgina Sedegebi da gaakeTa daskvnebi. wlebi gadioda, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebaSi seriozuli gamocdileba damigrovda. sagakveTilo procesSi ZiriTadi aqcenti bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis modelirebaze gavakeTe. am yvelafers ki kargi kabinetlaboratoria sWirdeboda. gadavwyvite proeqti damewera da sagranto konkursSi miviRe monawileoba. Sedegmac ar daayovna. Cemi skolis qimia-biologiis kabineti saTanadod aRiWurva; bevri STambeWdavi gakveTilis Catareba SevZeli. am wlebSi dagrovil gamocdilebas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. 2008 wels meoTxe klasis bunebismetyvelebis saxelmZRvaneloze daviwye muSaoba. saxelmZRvanelom warmatebiT gaiara grifirebis procesi. Cems mier gakveTilze gamoyenebuli ,,yoCivardebis aqtivoba saxelmZRvaneloSi ase transformirda:

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praqtikuli samuSao
fotoze Cans, rom yoCivardas Tovli da sicive xels ar uSlis rom iyvavilos. ratom? rogorc mecnierebma daadgi nes es mcenare TovlSi yvavilobas Seegua, radgan misi foTlebis, yvavilebis, Rerosa da bolqvebis wvenSi Saqrismagvari nivTierebaa gaxsnili. Caatare mcire kvleva. aiRe ori erTjeradi Wiqa. erTSi Caasxi Cveulebrivi sasmeli wyali, meoreSi Saqriani wyali. Sedgi macivarSi. Yyovel 5 wuTSi daakvirdi da qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi aRniSne ramden xanSi gaiyineba TiToeul WiqaSi wyali.
5 wT wyali Saqriani wyali 10 wT 15 wT 20 wT 25 wT

eqsperimentis Sedegebi daukavSire yoCivardas TovlSi yvavilobas. gaakeTe daskvna Semoxaze swori pasuxi. 1. radgan yoCivardas wveni Seicavs Saqrismagvar nivTierebas, amitom is ar iyineba TovlSi. 2. yoCivardas wveni Saqrismagvar nivTierebas rom ar Seicavdes, mainc ar gaiyineboda.

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dRes, rogorc ganaTlebis specialists, Tavisuflad SemiZlia Tvali mivadevno am narativSi Cemi, rogorc pedagogis azrovnebis process: rogorc vxedavT, aq Zalian sainteresoa problemaze aracnobieri muSaobis procesi. wlebis ganmavlobaSi imdenad mawuxebda bunebismetyvelebis Seswavla Cemi moswavleebisTvis saintereso yofiliyo, rom Cemi goneba sul muSaobda am problemis gadasaWrelad. Ggarkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg ki moulodnel situaciaSi movida STagoneba im swavlebis meTodikis saxiT, rac zemoT giambeT. da mainc, ra moxda? daviwyoT Tavidan: 1. yvelaferi problemaze aracnobieri muSaobis procesiT daiwyo (momzadebis etapi gansakuTrebiT gonebrivi aqtivobis mdgomareoba, romelic axali ideis gaCenis winapirobas warmoadgens); 2. Semdeg daiwyo problemis garSemo uzarmazari ZiebiTi muSaoba; Sedegad pirovnebaSi ganwyobis saxiT formulirda iseTi Sinagani mdgomareoba, romliTac yvela garegani STabeWdileba problemis gadaWris garSemo Semoikriba (momwifebis etapi problemaze aracnobieri muSaobis periodi, warmmarTavi ideis inkubacia); 3. Semdeg pedagogma Seicvala amocanisadmi xedva da problemur situacias struqtura Seucvala, radgan problemis gadawyvetisaTvis mTavari funqciuri niSani ipova (STagonebis etapi inkubaciis Sedegad cnobierdeba aRmoCena - axali mimarTebebis uecari wvdoma); 4. Semdeg pedagogma idea ganaxorciela anu moxda ideis ganviTareba ideis saboloo formulireba, misi xorcSesxma, ganxorcieleba da Semowmeba; axla ki Tvali mivadevnoT process: ram ganapiroba, rom

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pedagogebma kreatiulad imuSaves? mTavari mizezi isaa, rom pedagogebma SeZles analitikuri, sinTezuri da praqtikuli unarebis gamoyeneba da wonasworobis dacva. kreatiuli muSaoba ki analitikuri, sinTezuri da praqtikuli unarebis gamoyenebiTa da maT Soris wonasworobis dacviT miiRweva (Sternberg, 1985; Sternberg, lubart, 1995; Sternberg Williams 1996). SevecadoT Tanmimdevrulad ganvmartoT TiToeuli maTgani: sinTezuri, analitikuri da praqtikuli azrovneba. sinTezuri azrovnebis unari isaa, rasac Cven, Cveulebriv, kreatiulobas vuwodebT. es axali da saintereso ideebis warmoSobis unaria. xSirad adamiani, romelsac kreatiuls vuwodebT, gansakuTrebiT kargi sinTezuri azrovnebis unaris mqone pirovnebaa, romelic sagnebs Soris iseT kavSirebs aRmoaCens, romlebsac sxva adamianebi spontanurad ver xedaven. analitikuri azrovnebis unars, Cveulebriv, kritikuli azrovnebis unarad Tvlian. adamiani, romelsac es SeuZlia, ideebis analizsa da Sefasebas axdens. yvelas, TviT Tqvens nacnob yvelaze kreatiul adamiansac ki, aqvs ukeTesi da uaresi ideebi. kargad ganviTarebuli analitikuri azrovnebis gareSe, kreatiul adamians cudi da kargi ideebis damuSavebis Tanabari Sansi eqneboda. is analitikuri azrovnebis unars imisTvis iyenebs, rom kreatiuli ideis mniSvneloba Seafasos. praqtikuli azrovnebis unari adamians aZlevs saSualebas, Teoria praqtikad, abstraqtuli ideebi ki praqtikul miRwevebad gardaqmnas. praqtikuli unari potenciuri auditoriis mqone ideebis gamosacnobadac gamoiyeneba. mocemuli ganmartebebis interpretaciis Sedegad SesaZloa Semdegi realoba miviRoT - pirovnebam, romelsac

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mxolod sinTezuri azrovneba SeuZlia, SeiZleba inovaciuri ideebi gamoimuSaos, magram isini ver icnos, an ver moaxerxos misTvis axali struqturis micema. adamiani, romelsac mxolod analitikuri unarebi aqvs, SeiZleba sxva adamianebis ideebis ZalianKkargi kritikosi iyos, magram, savaraudod, kreatiul ideebs Tavad ver warmoSobs. mxolod praqtikuli unaris mqone adamiani, SesaZloa, sxvisi ideebis araCveulebrivi realizatori iyos. rogorc vxedavT, kreatiulobis oqros wesi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom - analitikuri, sinTezuri da praqtikuli unarebi gamoviyenoT da davicvaT maT Soris wonasworoba aqedan gamomdinare niSandoblivia miviRoT pasuxi kiTxvaze rogor SevuwyoT xeli moswavleebSi kreatulobis ganviTarebas? maswavlebelTa umravlesobas surs, Tavis moswavleebSi kreatiulobis ganviTarebas Seuwyos xeli, magram maswavlebelTa umravlesoba ar aris darwmunebuli, rom mis mier SerCeuli strategia sworia. gTavazobT oTxi sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ramdenime praqtikul rCevas, romelTa gamoyeneba SeuZliaT maswavleblebs. rCevebi Seicavs strategiebs, romlebic aviTarebs maswavleblebis da moswavleebis kreatulobas.

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rCevebi maswavleblebs
maswavleblis pozicia misabaZi magaliTi maswavleblis qmedeba eWviT moepyariT varaudebs efeqturoba CamoayalibeT problemebi da xelaxla gansazRvreT isini gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi xeli SeuwyveT ideebis warmoSobas kreatiuli TanamSromlobis xelSewyoba daakavSireT erTmaneTTan ideebi da axali sicocxle STabereT kreatiulobis zrdis xelSewyoba dauTmeT dro kreatiul azrovnebas gamoumuSaveT moswavleebs pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba kreatiulobis uwyveti SenarCuneba daadgineT da gadalaxeT winaaRmdegobebi aqcenti gaakeTeT Zlier mxareze SeqmeniT stimulis gamomwvevi garemo cota xans gadadeT kreatuli ideebis Sefaseba aRiareT moswavlisa da saklaso garemos urTierTkavSiri waaxaliseT gonivruli riski xeli SeuwyeT TviTmowesrigebas maswavleblis Sefaseba aswavleT da SeafaseT kreatiulad dadebiTad SeafaseT kreatiuli ideebi da produqtebi dauSviT Secdomebi risi daSvebaa aucilebeli? dauSviT orazrovneba

xeli ar SeuSaloT moswavleTa azarts

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ganvixiloT TiToeuli rekomendacia misabaZi magaliTi SesTavazeT moswavleebs misabaZi magaliTi. kreatiulobis ganviTareba yvelaze efeqturi maSinaa, rodesac kreatiuli maswavlebeli moswavleebisTvis misabaZi magaliTad iqceva. zrdasrulTa gamokiTxvebi cxadyofs, rom maT is maswavleblebi axsovT, romelTa azrebi da qcevebi maTTvis sanimuSo iyo. mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes - bavSvebi kreatiulobas maSin ki ar iviTareben, roca maT amis Sesaxeb uyvebiT, aramed maSin, roca maT amas aCvenebT. albaT, yvelaze metad am drosaa SenarCunebuli wonasworoba saswavlo masalasa da mis swavlebas Soris. eWviT moepyariT varaudebs maswavleblebs SeuZliaT, moswavleebs varaudebis eWvqveS dayenebis magaliTi uCvenon. maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavleebs aCvenos, rom is, ris codnasac varaudoben, sinamdvileSi, ar ician. ra Tqma unda, moswavleebma eWvqveS yvela varaudi ar unda daayenon. zogierjer adamiani imden ideas ayenebs eWvqveS da Tanac xSirad, rom sxvebi mas seriozulad ubralod aRar aRiqvamen. Yyvelam unda iswavlos, romeli varaudis eWvqveS dayeneba Rirs da romel ideas an sakiTxs unda davupirispirdeT. aswavleT da SeafaseT kreatiulad moswavleebs Tu mxolod mravali pasuxis Semcvel teqstebs miscemT, isini maleve Seityoben im azrovnebis tipis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tqven afasebT. Tu gsurT, kreatiulobas SeuwyoT xeli, davalebebsa da testebSi kreatiuli azrovnebis ganmaviTarebeli kiTxvebi da savarjiSoebi unda CarToT. dasviT iseTi SekiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxis gacemasac faqtebis codna, analitikuri da kreatiuli azrovnebis gamoyeneba sWirdeba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT mo-

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swavleebs sTxovoT kanonebis Seswavla, maTi analizi da Semdeg maTi gaumjobesebis gzebze fiqri. dauSviT orazrovneba adamianebs uyvarT Sav-TeTri ambebi. mogvwons vifiqroT, rom qveyana kargia an cudi, mokavSirea an mteri, mocemuli idea ganaTlebis sferoSi gamogvadgeba, an ar gamogvadgeba. problema isaa, rom kreatiuli muSaobis samyaroSi bevri nacrisferi zonaa. xelovanebi, romlebic axal naxatze muSaoben, an mwerlebi, rolebic axal wigns weren, xSirad amboben, rom dabneulebi arian, an Tavisi ideebis sisworeSi eWvi eparebaT. maT unda gaarkvion, swor gzas adganan Tu ara. efeqturoba ganaviTareT moswavleTa efeqturoba - faqtia, rom yvela moswavles aqvs unari, raime Seqmnas da is sixaruli gamoscados, romelic axlis SeqmnasTanaa dakavSirebuli. moswavleebs aqvT mcdari warmodgenebi sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. kreatulobis zrdaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs maswavlebelis wamaxlisebeli da gamamxnevebeli gzavnilebi. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi uneblied zRudaven moswavlis kreatulobas, Tu maT pesimizmis Semcvel gzavnilebs awvdian. CamoayalibeT problemebi da xelaxla gansazRvreT isini kreatiul saqmianobas imiT SeuwyveT xeli, rom Tqvens moswavleebs problemebis gansazRvrasa da proeqtebis ganviTarebaSi. waaxaliseT kreatiuli azrovneba da mieciT moswavleebs saSualeba, Tavad airCion moxsenebis an prezentaciis sakiTxebi; gadawyviton, problemis gadaWris romeli gza sjobs da xandaxan xelaxali arCevani gaakeTon, Tu aRmoaCenen, rom maTi wina arCevani Secdoma iyo. xandaxan yvela Cvengani uSvebs Secdomebs proeqtis an misi ganxorcielebis gzebis arCevisas. ubralod gaxsovdeT, rom kreatiulobis mniSvnelovani nawili analizTan da Secdomis aRmoCenis

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swavlasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mieciT Tqvens moswavleebs arCevanis xelaxla gansazRvris Sansi da SesaZlebloba.. dadebiTad SeafaseT kreatiuli ideebi da produqtebi mxolod kreatiulobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb saubari sakmarisi ar aris. moswavleebi miCveulni arian, rom Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi erTs amboben da meores akeTeben. isini Zalian kargad grZnoben maswavleblis naTqvams, roca saqme Sefasebas an niSans exeba. Tu moswavleebi kreatiulad muSaoben, isini holisturad unda SevafasoT. aseTi Sefaseba ufro efeqturia, vidre moswavleebis arakreatiuli naSromebis gasworeba da niSnebis dawera. gaafrTxileT Tqveni moswavleebi imis Sesaxeb, rom kreatiulobis Sefasebis absoluturad obieqturi gza ar arsebobs. dauSviT Secdomebi iafad yidva da Zvirad gayidva sarisko saqmea. bevri idea ubralod imis gamoa arapopularuli, rom isini kargi ideebi araa. skolebi moswavleebs xSirad Secdomebs ar patioben. davalebebSi aRmoCenili Secdomebi xSirad cudi niSnebiT fasdeba. rodesac Tqveni moswavleebi Secdomebs dauSveben, sTxoveT maT, gaanalizon da ganixilon sakuTari Secdomebi. xSirad Secdomebi an susti ideebi karg ideebs an swori pasuxebis Canasaxebs Seicavs. iaponiaSi maswavleblebi mTeli gakveTilis manZilze ekiTxebian bavSvebs maTematikur azrovnebaSi daSvebuli Secdomebis Sesaxeb. moswavleTa Secdomebisa da misi gamomwvevi mizezebis kvleva maswavleblisTvis profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobaa. gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi sxva adamianebTan erTad muSaobidan da TanamSromlobidan maqsimaluri Sedegis miReba SesaZlebelia, Tu Tavs am adamianebis adgilas warmovidgenT. Cvens Tvalsawiers imiT vafarToebT, rom samyaros sxva xedvis wertilidan danaxvas vswavlobT. es gamocdileba zrdis Cvens kreatiul

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azrovnebasa da wvlils. xeli SeuwyeT Tqvens moswavleebs sxva adamianebis Tvalsazrisis gaazrebasa da pativiscemaSi. xeli SeuwyveT ideebis warmoSobas dgeba dro, roca moswavleebma unda moifiqron axali ideebi, moiZion problemebi axal ideebSi da maTi gadaWris gzebze ifiqron. ideebis warmoSobis garemo kritikisgan Tavisufali unda iyos. SesaZloa, moswavleebma zogi idea ukeTesad, zoki ki uaresad miiCnion, magram Tqven ar unda iyoT mkacri an kritikuli maT mimarT. miznad daisaxeT warmodgenili ideebis kreatiuli aspeqtebis gansazRvra, maTi xelis Sewyoba. moswavleebs arakreatiuli ideebis mimarT axali midgomebis gamomuSaveba SesTavazeT. SeaqeT isini bevri ideis CamoyalibebisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba Temisgan daSorebuli iyos. mouwodeT maT, TavianTi saukeTeso ideebi maRali xarisxis proeqtebad Camoayalibon. waaxaliseT gonivruli riski kreatiuli adamianebi riskze midian, isini sazogadoebas ideebis iafad yidviTa da Zvirad gayidviT iwveven. zogjer am gamowvevis gamo kreatiuli adamiani sazogadoebis guliswyromis sababi xdeba xolme. magram arsebobs sazogadoebis gamowvevis gonivruli da naklebad gonivruli mizezebi. kreatiuli adamianebi gonivrul riskze midian. maTi ideebi sxvebs moswonT da maT, rogorc axali tendenciis damfuZneblebs, pativs scemen. mieciT moswavleebs saSualeba daicvan sakuTari ideebi, daasabuTon maTi marTebuloba. es SesaZlebelia, Tu saswavlo procesSi aqtiurad CarTavT saskolo proeqtebs da moswavleebs saSualebas miscemT daasabuTon wamoWrili problemis gadaWris gzis marTebuloba. xeli SeuwyveT TviTmowesrigebas moswavles yvela kreatiuli procesis dros ver daexmarebiT. Tqvenma moswavleebma procesze kontroli Tavad

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unda ganaxorcielon. mas Semdeg, rac kreatiul produqtebs Seqmnian, igrZnoben kreatiulobis sixaruls, moswavleebs TviTmowesrigebis strategiebic gaacaniT. ai, ramdenime rCeva, romlebic moswavleebs TviTmowesrigebis procesSi daexmarebaT. maswavleblis rCevebi moswavleebs: 1. CamowereT davalebis ramdenime idea; 2. SeafaseT da ganaxorcieleT kreatiuli ideebi; 3. daicaviT Tqveni arCevani; 4. SeimuSaveT davalebis Sesrulebis gegma, gaiTvaliswineT, sad da rogoraa SesaZlebeli informaciis mopoveba, rogor daasrulebT proeqts; 5. aRricxeT informacia yoveldRiuri progresisa da winaaRmdegobebis Sesaxeb; 6. ganixileT dasrulebul proeqtebze maswavleblebis mier mowodebuli SeniSvnebi; 7. SeafaseT Tanaklaselebis proeqtebi. kreatiul TanamSromlobis xelSewyoba kreatiuli muSaoba xSirad individualur saqmianobad ganixileba. sinamdvileSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi adamianebi jgufurad muSaoben. TanamSromlobam SeiZleba kreatiulobis stimulireba moaxdinos. mouwodeT Tqvens moswavleebs, erTad imuSaon. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kreatiul adamianebTan erTad muSaoba. moswavleebi sargebels im teqnikis, strategiisa da midgomebis gacnobiT iReben, romlebsac sxvebi kreatiuli procesis dros iyeneben. isini isrutaven im enTuziazmsa da sixaruls, romelsac adamiani axlis keTebis procesSi asxivebs. moswavleebTan mniSvnelovania jgufebSi muSaobis kreatiuli meTodebis povna, radgan SeuZlebelia mudmivad TiTo - TiTo moswavlesTan erTad muSaoba. imis gamo, rom cxovreba sxvebTan erTad muSaobas iTvaliswinebs, Rirs moswavleebisTvis erToblivi

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kreatiuli muSaobis da TanamSromlobis swavleba. daakavSireT erTmaneTTan ideebi da axali sicocxle STabereT moswavleebis kreatiulobis stimulireba sxvadasxva sagansa da disciplinaze erTdrouli fiqris saSualebiT moaxdineT. tradiciul saskolo garemoSi sxvadasxva sagans sxvadasxva saklaso oTaxSi swavloben. SesaZloa, moswavleebi fiqroben, rom maT Soris kavSiri SeuZlebelia. ra kavSiri SeiZleba hqondes maTematikasa da, socialuri mecnierebebs.? magram kreatiuli ideebi warmoiSveba ara sxvadasxva sagnis masalis damaxsovrebasa da dazepirebaSi, aramed maTi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis Sedegad. moswavleebs unda vaswavloT sxvadasxva saganSi miRebuli codniT ideebis gamdidreba. ideebis gamdidrebis procesSi erTveba moswavlis unarebi, interesebi da SesaZleblobebi. sagans am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ar aqvs. magaliTad, Tu Tqvens moswavleebs maTematikis swavla uWirT, SegiZliaT, sTxovoT kiTxvebi im sakiTxebze, rac ainteresebT. fexburTis moyvarulebs sTxoveT, geometriis problemebi TamaSze dayrdnobiT gaiazron. konteqstma SesaZloa xeli SeuwyosKkreatiuli ideebis warmoSobas, radgan moswavleebi Temas sasiamovnod miiCneven da aman SeiZleba geometriis SeswavliT gamowveuli uaryofiTi emociebi gaabaTilos. sxvadasxva sagnis masaliT swavlebis procesis gamdidreba motivacias im moswavleebs umaRlebs, romlebsac abstraqtuli sagnebis swavla ar ainteresebT. ideebis gamdidrebis erT-erTi gzaa gaigoT, ra aris bavSvis yvelaze ,,kargi da ,,cudi sagani. amis Semdeg daavaleT, moifiqron proeqtis ideebi im sagnebSi, romlebic uWirT da amisTvis Zlieri sferoebidan aRebuli ideebi gamoiyenon. cota xans gadadeT kreatuli ideebis Sefaseba kreatiuli saqmianobis dros moswavle proeqtsa an davalebaze xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ise muSao-

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bas, rom garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi jildos ver iRebs. moswavleebma unda iswavlon, rom dajildoebis gadavadebas Tavisi dadebiTi mxare aqvs. raime davalebis Sesrulebaze xangrZlivi muSaobis dros moswavle xarisianad Sesrulebuli davalebaze daxarjuli Zalisxmevis fass swavlobs. proeqtebi am miznis misaRwevi saukeTeso saSualebaa, magram rTulia bavSvebs saxlSi Sesasruleblad proeqtis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebuli davaleba misceT, Tu darwmunebuli ar xarT mSoblebis daxmarebasa da maT CarTulobaSi. aRiareT moswavlisa da saklaso garemos urTierTkavSiri kreatiuli saklaso garemos Seqmnisa da misi mniSvnelobis mudmivi xazgasmiT Tqven moswavleebs kreatiul warmatebaSi exmarebiT. daexmareT maT Tavisi unarebis Sesaferisi Ggaremocvis SerCevaSi.

kreatiulobis zrdis xelSewyoba adamianebi xSirad Relaven, rom Semdegi idea, SesaZloa, iseTi kreatuli ar iyos, rogorc wina, an mopovebuli warmateba axal ideasTan erTad gaqres. iyo kreatiuli aris adamianis unari gaarRvios es CarCoebi da win iaros. dauTmeT dro kreatiul azrovnebas Cvens sazogadoebas cota dro aqvs. Tu testSi Zalian bevrs SekiTxvas CawerT, an moswavleebs imden saSinao davalebas miscemT, ramdenis Sesrulebac maT ar SeuZliaT, gamova, rom isini kreatiulad fiqrisTvis verasodes moiclian gamoumuSaveT moswavleebs pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba moswavleebisTvis kreatiulobis swavleba pasuxismgeblobis ganviTarebasac gulisxmobs, radgan:

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(1) moswavleebi iazreben kreatiul process, (2) iviTareben TviTkritikis unars, (3) amayoben sakuTari kreatiuli naSromebiT. samwuxarod, warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, bevri maswavlebeli da mSobeli Sedegebze pasuxismgebel gareSe ,,mters eZebs. isini moswavleebsac ,,nebas rTaven warumateblobis mizezi gare mterSi eZebon. SeiZleba banalurad mogeCvenoT is azri, rom moswavleebs sakuTar namuSevarze pasuxismgeblobis aReba unda vaswavloT. magram albaT sakuTari an sxva adamianis gamocdilebidan iciT, ramxela naprali Cndeba xolme, rodesac xdeba codnisa da azrebis qmedebebad gardaqmna. adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian im pasuxismgeblobebis TvalsazrisiT, romlebsac qmedebebis mizezebsa da Sedegebze iReben. kreatiul adamianebs sakuTar Tavsa da Tavis ideebze pasuxismgeblobis gaazreba sWirdebaT. xeli ar SeuSaloT moswavleTa azartulobas Tqveni moswavleebis saukeTeso kreatiuli unarebis gamosaaSkaraveblad maT imis povnaSi unda daexmaroT, rac maT ainteresebT. am dros izrdeba azartuloba da kreatiuli produqtis Seqmnis survili.

kreatiulobis uwyveti SenarCuneba mas Semdeg, rac kreatiulobis ganmaviTarebel meTodebs ganaviTrebT da maT yoveldRiuri swavlebis nawilad aqcevT, daiwyeT axali midgomebi ganxilva kolegebTan. gaxdiT cvlilebebis iniciatori. mouyeviT kreatulobis Sesaxeb Tqvens kolegebs, megobrebs, administratorebs, skolis direqtors. uTxariT ramdenad mniSvnelovania moswavleebSi kreatiulobis ganviTareba. aCveneT kreatiuli moswavleebis namuSevrebi (gansakuTrebiT im moswavleebis naSromebi, romlebsac ar aqvT maRali akademiuri moswreba), kolegebs esaubreT kreatiuli swavlebiT gamowveuli cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.

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 daadgineT da gadalaxeT winaaRmdegobebi kreatiulad moazrovne adamiani xSirad xvdeba winaaRmdegobebs. mTavaria, aqvs Tu ara kreatiulad moazrovne adamians winaaRmdegobebTan gamklavebis unari. sad midis amdeni imedismomcemi kreatiulad moazrovne axalgazrda. adre Tu Ggvian isini iwyeben fiqrs, rom kreatiuloba winaaRmdegoba da rig SemTxvevebSi dasjacaa. magram xdeba isic, rom kreatiuli adamianebi garkveul fass ixdian, radgan xvdebian, maT ideebs cvlilebebis gamowveva SeuZliaT. aqcenti gaakeTeT Zlier mxareze moswavllebma unda iswavlon sakuTari Zlieri mxareebis Sefaseba. unda icodnen maTi gamoiyeneba. aRuwereT maT Tqveni Zlieri mxareebi da sTxoveT, Tavisi siZlieris Sesaxeb mogiyvnen. CaatareT Ggonebrivi ieriSi maTgan maqsimaluri sargebelis miRebis Sesaxeb. uTxariT Tqvens moswavleebs, rom maTi niWisa da SesaZleblobebis gaerTianebiT isini sakuTar kreatulobas aviTareben. SeqmeniT stimulis gamomwvevi garemo imisTvis, rom moswavleebis kreatiuloba gaizardos, saswavlo procesi dagegmeT Sesabamis garemoSi. kargi garemo kreatiulobis stimulirebas axdens. dagegmeT eqskursia axlomdebare muzeumSi, istoriul SenobaSi, meriaSi an sxva iseT adgilas, sadac saintereso eqspoziciis naxvaa SesaZlebeli. me, rogorc ganaTlebis specialisti, wlebis ganmavlobaSi uamrav maswavlebels Sevxvdi, yovelTvis gulisyuriT vusmendi im narativebs, romlebic erTgvari reportaJebi iyo maTi gakveTilebidan da vcdilobdi mxari dameWira kreatiuli ideebisaTvis. gTavazobT italiuri skolis pedagogis inga TeTraZis

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naambobs kreatiuli ideis ganxorcielebis istoriis Sesaxeb - dawyebiT klasebSi i. gogebaSvilis moTxrobebis swavleba yovelTvis did siamovnebas maniWebda, wlebi gadioda, erTi Zalian aqtiuri klasi myavda, iolad uRebden alRos yvelafers; siaxleebs da originalur midgomebs iTxovdnen Cemgan. gogebaSvilis moTxrobebi iswavles, Tavisufali Temebi daweres, literaturuli speqtaklic davdgiT, magram raRac ar masvenebda... Cemi moswavleebic aTasgvar kiTxvebiT im Rirebulebebs ukirkitebdnen, rac gogebaSvilis moTxrobebs Zlier xazad gasdevs... maxsovs erT-erTma moswavlem kiTxva damisva maswavlebelo, ramdenad saintereso iqneboda iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebi masSi uaryofiTi gmirebi rom ar iyvnen? da uceb mivxvdi rac unda gamekeTebina.. zari daireka da moswavleebs Sevpirdi, rom am sakiTxs isev davubrundebodiT... ase gaCnda proeqti gogebaSvilis moTxrobebi uaryofiTi personaJebis gareSe moswavleebi wyvilebSi muSaobdnen. moswavleTa wyvilebma SearCies TiTo moTxroba da Seecaden daeweraT moTxrobis alternatiuli varianti uaryofiTi parsonaJebis gareSe. moswavleebma aRniSnes, rom moTxrobebi uintereso gaxda. Semdeg maTve vTxove - Tavi im uaryofiTi personaJebis adgilas warmoedginaT da daeweraT sakuTari gancda, rac moTxrobidan gamoZevebis Sedegad daeuflaT. moswavleebma saocrad emociuri komentarebi warmoadgines. am komentarebis safuZvelze naxati filmis scenari davwereT, moswavleebma daxates scenaris siuJetebi da erT-erTi studiis daxmarebiT SevqmeniT naxati filmi, romlis finali aseTi iyo - moTxrobebidan gamoZevebuli personaJebi gzajvaredinze xvdebian iakob gogebaSvils, romelic TiToeul maTgans abrunebs TavianT moTxrobebSi. gTavazobT mcire eqskurss am kreatiuli saswavlo proeqtidan:

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personaJTa dardi rac moTxrobidan gamoZevebis Semdeg daeuflaT:

mkvexara qoTani - oqrosZiriani maRali qoTani ki var, magram rogori mkvexara da baqia var?!

muqTamWamela - rogori muqTamWamela, zarmaci da pativmoyvare var?!

mtredi _ Cemi nakli isaa, rom damcinavi, ironiuli, Tavdajerebuli var..

dedaberi _ aseTi xarbi da gaumaZRari ratom var?!

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gogebaSvilis pasuxi personaJTa dardebze: mkvexara qoTans xom gagigoniaglaxa ampartavanio, arc RmerTs uyvars, arc kacsao an es: vaJkaci wynari sjobia, Calad ara Rirs mkvexari

muqTamWamelas garegnuli ieris SecvliT cdilob daimsaxuro pativiscema. daimaxsovre tanisamoss ki nu icvli xasiaTi gamoicvale da pativic dagedebao mtreds _ daimaxsovre: nu uTxri sxvas ormos, Torem TviTonve Cavardebio; xom gagigonia nu dascini sxvasao gadagxdeba Tavsao.

dedabers xom gagigonia metis mdomi cotasac dakargavso an es andaza xarbis Tvali ar gaZRao

finali _ gogebaSvili sTxovs uaryofiT personaJebs moTxrobebSi dabrundnen. 83

momeciT sayrdeni wertili da dedamiwas adgilidan davZrav gasakviri ar aris, rom arqimedes es sityvebi yvela kreatiuli adamianisaTvis dRemde seriozul gamowvevad rCeba. marTlac sayrdeni wertilis povna kreatiuli maswavleblisaTvis gakveTilis gasaRebia xolo moswavlisaTvis aseTi gakveTili warmatebaSi varjiSia. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba- kiran igani, mihai Ciqsentmihai, robert Sternbergi da uendi m. viliamsi - samoqalaqo ganviTarebis instituti, 2012 2. erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 2007w. 3. swavleba da Sefaseba, maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri . Tbilisi 2008w 4. erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri. erovnuli saswavlo gema 2011-2016w 5. . 2000 .

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interesis roli samoqalaqo ganaTlebis swavlebisas

nino WiabriSvili, qeTevan WiabriSvili, giorgi gaxelaZe

interesi codnis survilia Tomas aqvineli

Sesavali rogor vaswavloT ukeT? kiTxvaze pasuxi kidev ufro rTuldeba gardamaval periodebSi, roca sazogadoeba axal politikur, socialur, ekonomikur da sxvagvar cvlilebebTan Seguebas cdilobs. saqarTvelo gardamaval ekonomikaSi cxovrobs da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aSenebs. am rTul procesSi aucileblad gvWirdeba samoqalaqo kompetencia, romelic codnas, unar-Cvevebsa da Sesabamis damokidebulebebs daefuZneba. gamorCeuli interesis mqone axali yaidis moqalaqis aRzrda xelsayreli sawyisi wertili da kargi damxmare instrumenti iqneba samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi. interesis mqone moqalaqeebi yovelTvis ecdebian ra kiTxvidan ratom kiTxvaze gadasvlas, mudmivad ganiviTareben cnobismoyvareobas da SeeZlebaT gaazrebulad da uwyvetad CaerTon samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. qarTul sazogadoebaSi am cvlilebaTa konteqstis aRweris Semdeg SemogTavazebT sanimuSo gakveTils, romelic gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba gavaRviZoT interesi da cnobismoyvareoba dawyebiT klasebSi samoqalaqo ganaTlebis elementebis swavlebisas.

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qarTuli sazogadoeba _ samoqalaqo ganaTlebis saWiroeba cnobilia, rom ganaTleba adamianuri saqmianobis ganuyofeli da arsebiTi nawilia. ganaTlebis sistema miiCneva faqtorad, romelic ayalibebs nebismier civilizebul sazogadoebas _ sazogadoeba da mis xelT arsebuli ganaTlebis instrumentebi urTierTgadajaWvulia. sazogadoebis winaSe mudmivad dgas kiTxva: rogori ganaTlebaa saukeTeso? rogor mivceT axalgazrdebs iseTi ganaTleba, romelic mSvidobis, keTildReobisa da solidarobisken gagviZRveba? raSia 21-e saukunis ganaTlebis saidumlo? rogor movZebnoT is gasaRebi, romelic SegvaZlebinebs, Tanabar pirobebSi yvelas undodes da SeeZlos sakuTari wvlilis Setana mdgrad ganviTarebaSi, mSvidobisa da TanasworobisaTvis brZolaSi? rogor avagoT ganaTlebis sistema, rom axalgazrdebma SeZlon Zveli modelebis SezRudulobaTa daZleva? rogor SevuwyoT xeli iseT ganaTlebas, romelic axalgazrdebs globalizaciis gamowvevebis Rirseulad gadalaxvas SeaZlebinebs? (Braslavsky, 2004, gv.1). gardamaval periodebSi Seguebis kriziss isic arTulebs, rom politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri realoba radikalurad icvleba, xolo qcevis modelebi praqtikulad ucvleli rCeba. rogorc rubinova aRniSnavs, Rirebulebebi da kulturuli gamocdileba gacilebiT swrafad icvleba, vidre zefaseulobebi da pirovnuli Taviseburebebi (Rubinova 2010, gv. 1). gardamaval periodSi sazogadoebam garkveulwilad unda Secvalos Zveli wesebi an Tanacxovrebis, urTierTqmedebis sruliad axali wesebi SeimuSaos. ukanasknel aTwleulSi saqarTvelo warmatebiT cdilobs demokratiuli sazogadoebis wesebis damkvidrebas; am procesSi samoqalaqo ganaTleba sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. pirveli

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nabiji am mimarTulebiT 2006-2007 wlebSi gadaidga, roca samoqalaqo ganaTleba erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT savaldebulo sagani gaxda (erovnuli saswavlo gegmisa da Sefasebis centri, 2011). am procesis mniSvnelobas da aucileblobas jer kidev 1917 wels xazi gausva dimitri uznaZem: demokratiulad organizebuli saxelmwifo eswrafvis aRzardos ara marto pirovneba, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, moqalaqe, amitom axalgazrda Taobis moqalaqeobrivi aRzrdis sakiTxi saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. udavoa, rom demokratia dainteresebulia Segnebul moqalaqeTa aRzrdiT, romlebsac unari eqnebaT, SemoqmedebiTad Caerion saxelmwifos cxovrebis ganviTarebis procesSi. pirvel yovlisa, aucilebelia, mivceT bavSvebs codnis garkveuli raodenoba, magram es ar aris mTavari. arsebiTia, ara SexedulebaTa wris SeTviseba, aramed xasiaTisa da nebisyofis samoqalaqo wrToba (uznaZe, 2005, gv. 387). broSuraSi uwyveti ganaTlebis sakvanZo kompetenciebis evropuli CarCo aRniSnulia, rom samoqalaqo kompetencia efuZneba ra individebis mier socialuri da politikuri koncefciebisa da struqturebis codnas da aqtiuri da demokratiuli monawileobisadmi erTgulebas, samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi srulyofil CarTulobas uwyobs xels (Key Competences for Lifelong Learning European Reference Framework, 2007, gv. 9) monawileoba da CarTuloba gulisxmobs moqmedebaze orientirebas, romelic Tanamedrove moqalaqis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa; Tumca is unda efuZnebodes interess, cnobismoyvareobas, kritikul azrovnebas, argumentebisa da kontrargumentebis frTxil awon-dawonvas, gadawyvetilebis miRebas. warmatebuli CarTuloba emyareba codnis, unarCvevebisa da damokidebulebebis triadas. SesaZloa gvqondes

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saWiro codna da unarebi, magram monawileobac unda gvsurdes, CarTulobisadmi Sesabamisi damokidebuleba unda gvqondes. es kavSiri pirobiTad ase SeiZleba gamovxatoT: codna+unarebi+ganwyoba=CarTuloba ratom da rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT interesi am rTul realobaSi? axali Taobis moqalaqis TaviseburebaTa daxasiaTebisas veyrdnobiT momavali moqalaqisaTvis aucilebel Rirsebebs da demokratiuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad principebs, romlebic ufro srulyofilad xorcieldeba, roca politikuri sazogadoebis yoveli wevri monawileobs mmarTvelobaSi. politikuri sazogadoebis wevrebi misi moqalaqeebi arian, Sesabamisad, moqalaqeoba demokratiaSi politikis wevrobaa. wevroba gulisxmobs monawileobas, magram ara formalur monawileobas. moqalaqis monawileoba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi unda emyarebodes informirebul, kritikul refleqsias da wevrobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis codnasa da aRiarebas (Branson & Quigley, 1998, gv. 4). naSromis samoqalaqo ganaTlebis roli avtorebi aRniSnaven, rom demokratia ar aris TviTmavali manqana, saWiroa misi gaazrebuli reproduqcia erTi Taobidan meoreSi (Branson & Quigley, 1998, gv. 3). isini iSvelieben aleqsis de tokvilis mosazrebas, rom yoveli axali Taoba axali adamianebisagan Sedgeba, romlebmac unda SeiZinon codna, unar-Cvevebi da CamouyalibdeT kerZo da sazogado xasiaTis ganwyobebi, romlebic ganamtkicebs sakonstitucio demokratias (Branson & Quigley, 1998, gv. 3). Cveni azriT, cnobismoyvareobas gadamwyveti rolis TamaSi SeuZlia demokratiuli manqanis gaazrebul da uwyvet reproduqciaSi. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, cnobismoyvareoba swavlis ZiriTadi stimulia. cnobismoyvareoba pirovnebis

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Camoyalibebaze zegavlenisas pirovnebis mimarTulebas da xasiaTsac gansazRvravs. dekarte (dekarte, 1989, gv. 507) xsnis aristoteles mosazrebas Semecnebis Sesaxeb, romelic cnobismoyvareobis safuZvelze Cndeba. eqvs ZiriTad grZnobas Soris cnobismoyvareobis grZnobas pirvel adgils uCens da amtkicebs, rom mas ara aqvs sapirispiro grZnoba, radgan Tu sagani uCveulo ar aris, is ar gvaRelvebs da mas gatacebis gareSe vumzerT. misi azriT, cnobismoyvareobis mizezi moulodnelobaa: cnobismoyvareoba maSin Cndeba Cvens sulSi, roca raRac moulodneli gvaiZulebs yuradRebiT davakvirdeT iSviaT da uCveulo sagnebs (Decart, 1989, gv. 511). kanti (1999, gv. 340-341) cnobismoyvareobas aRwers rogorc Secbunebas, dabneulobis gancdas raRac moulodnelis winaSe. cnobismoyvareobis rogorc emociis ganviTarebaSi is or fazas mijnavs: Tavdapirvelad is anelebs fiqrs, radgan SesaZloa Sedegi (obieqti) usiamovno iyos, magram Semdeg xels uwyobs fiqrisa da uCveulo xatebis dinebas da sasiamovno xdeba. uSinskis azriT, ara moulodneli movlena an xati axdens mZafr STabeWdilebas, aramed maTi gavlena Cvens Sexedulebebsa da fiqrebze da amis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli molodinebi. am SemTxvevaSi cnobismoyvareoba axali movlenis winaswari codnaa, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens arsebul Sexedulebebs. CvenSi gaocebas iwvevs moulodneli mxolod im mizeziT, rom gviZneldeba misi SeTanxmeba Cvens warmosaxvasTan. rogorc ki amgvar SeTanxmebas vaRwevT, cnobismoyvareoba qreba (Ushinsky, 1974, gv. 435) raki cnobismoyvareobis gaCena moulodnel faqtsa da situacias ukavSirdeba, is didxans ar grZeldeba da sxva emociur mdgomareobad gardaiqmneba: - Tu moulodneli situacia stresuli da saxifaToa, cnobismoyvareoba SesaZloa SiSSi gadaizardos.

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_ Tu moulodneli situacia usafrTxoa, cnobismoyvareoba SesaZloa interesSi gadaizardos. _ Tu moulodneli situacia sasiamovnoa, cnobismoyvareoba SesaZloa sixarulad iqces (ilini, 2001, gv. 130). Sesabamisad, maswavleblis mizani unda iyos, radac unda daujdes, ecados moswavleebis cnobismoyvareoba interesad gadaaqcios, xolo idealur SemTxvevaSi _ sixaruladac. ratom migvaCnia aseTi gardaqmna mniSvnelovnad? dimitri uznaZe aRniSnavs, saswavlo procesi imaze unda iyos orientirebuli, rom moswavles adamianis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli moTxovnileba, inteleqtualuri moTxovnileba (cnobismoyvareoba), e.w. swavlis wyurvilSi gadaezardos (uznaZe, 2010, gv. 193). swored swavlis wyurvili aris is mamoZravebeli Zala, romelic adamians mudmiv maZieblad aqcevs da mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axlis swavlas ubiZgebs. am gardaqmnis Sedegi iqneba e.w. cnobismoyvare adamiani, romelic mudam ecdeba ra kiTxva rogor kiTxvamde ganavrcos da gaazrebulad CaerTos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. rogor SeiZleba samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gakveTilebi saintereso gavxadoT? pasuxi erTi SexedviT martivia _ unda SevTavazoT iseTi aqtivobebi, romelic moswavleTa cnobismoyvareobas aRZravs da aviTarebs. konfuciseuli mesmis da maviwydeba, vxedavda vimaxsovreb, vakeTeb da vigeb warmatebuli swavlis uZvelesi formulaa. dRes Tu Tanamedrove skola, misi xelmZRvanelebi droisa da Zalebis udides nawils xarjaven saskolo programebisa da swavlebis meTodebis damuSavebaze, momavlis skola, romlis mizani moqalaqeobrivad ganwyobili xasiaTis aRzrda iqneba, aucileblad bevrs ifiqrebs saskolo cxovrebaSi mCqefare praqtikul saqmianobaze, ro-

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melic dReniadag aRZravs bavSvebSi TviTmoqmedebas, iniciativas, Seupovrobas (d. uznaZe, 2005, gv. 388). keTeba, praqtikuli saqmianoba, aqtiuroba is socialuri fenomenia, romelic gulisxmobs miznebis dasaxvas, miRwevisTvis saWiro saSualebebze fiqrs, sasurveli Sedegebis winaswar xedvas da TviT am miznebis misaRwevi Zalisxmevis process. yuradRebiT dagegmil formalur da araformalur aqtivobebs SeuZlia cnobismoyvareobis inteleqtualuri moTxovnileba swavlis wyurvilad aqcios. (SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxolod aseTi TviTmswavleli, mudmivi maZieblebi da ara arsebulis pasiuri momxmareblebi SeZleben momavalSi warmatebul moqalaqeebad Camoyalibebas.) miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo ganaTleba tradiciulad skolas ukavSirdeba, is mxolod skolis funqcia ver iqneba. samoqalaqo ganaTlebam unda moicvas formaluri garemoc (skola) da araformaluric (ojaxi, sazogadoeba, biblioTeka, samuSao adgili, samoqalaqo organizaciebi, kavSirebi, sportuli gundebi, masmedia da sxv.). metic, gonivruli iqneba Tu vityviT, rom samoqalaqo ganaTlebis warmatebisTvis saWiroa am formalur da araformalur garemoTa integrireba Tu ara, koordinireba mainc (Crittenden, J., 2007, gv. 1) gTavazobT samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gakveTilebze cnobismoyvareobis grZnobis gaRviZebis ramdenime strategias: cnobismoyvareoba unda ganvixiloT erTobliv saswavlo aqtivobebSi moswavleTa CarTvis kognitur agentad; moswavleebTan erTad unda SevqmnaT proeqtis gegma (teqstis, cxrilis da sxva saxiT), romelic pasuxs gascems Semdeg kiTxvebs: ras vakeTebT? rogor vapirebT amis gakeTebas? ratom vakeTebT amas? risTvis vakeTebT amas? unda wavaxalisoT moswavleebis mier varaudebis gamoTqma, movusminoT yuradRebiT da Semdeg vkiTxoT: rogor SeZleb amis damtkicebas?

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 vaCvenoT, rogor SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxva (saxelmZRvanelos, damatebiTi literaturis, vebgverdis da sxvaTa daxmarebiT); TandaTanobiT unda gavarTuloT moswavleTa aqtivobebis Sinaarsi; frTxilad gamoviyenoT stimulebi (Sefaseba, jildo), raTa Sedegebi xelSesaxebi gavxadoT; vaswavloT moswavleebs sakuTar Tavs dausvan kiTxvebi: rogor mivaRwie warmatebas? ratom gamiZnelda? Tavi unda avaridoT pasuxebis, daskvnebis, produqtebis swavlebas: moswavleebisaTvis ufro sasargebloa codnisa da unar-Cvevebis damoukideblad daufleba, individualurad an jgufSi muSaoba; frTxilad unda movekidoT moswavleTa daxasiaTebas, romelsac ZiriTadad mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao unda gansazRvravdes; SeZlebisdagvarad unda gamoviyenoT realuri cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi da situaciebi. es CamonaTvali usasrulo SeiZleba iyos da icvlebodes maswavleblisa da klasis mixedviT. mTavaria, mudam gvaxsovdes da efeqturad gamoviyenoT cnobismoyvareobis grZnobis usazRvro potenciali swavla/swavlebis procesSi. qvemoT gTavazobT sanimuSo gakveTils imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor SeiZleba cnobismoyvareobis grZnobas xeli SevuwyoT dawyebiT klasebSi samoqalaqo ganaTlebis integrirebuli swavlebisas kursiT Cveni saqarTvelo. gakveTilSi gamoyenebulia qarTuli xalxuri zRapari rwyili da WianWvela. moswavleebi Tavdapirvelad zRapris arsebul versias gaiTamaSeben, xolo Semdeg saxecvlils, rac saSualebas miscems maT nacnobi zRapari uCveulo kuTxiT ganixilon, erTmaneTs Seadaron gasaWirSi myofi megobris daxsnis alternatiuli xerxebi da imsjelon fu-

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lis, rogorc sxva adamianis daxmarebis saSualebis mniSvnelobaze. gakveTilis saTauri: ra moxda 3 aTasi wlis win? gakveTilis aRwera: gakveTilze moswavleebi gaecnobian barters da naxaven rogor aadvilebs fuli gacvlas. Tavdapirvelad isini zRapris rwyili da WianWvela originalur versias gaiTamaSeben, xolo Semdeg zRapris saxecvlil versias, romelSic rwyili lars iyenebs megobris gadasarCenad. koncefciebi: gacvla, barteri, vaWroba, fuli, saqoneli, momsaxureba. monaTesave sagnebi: mSobliuri ena gakveTilis miznebi: moswavleebi SeZleben: 1. axsnan vaWrobis mizezebi; 2. gansazRvron barteri; 3. Seadaron erTmaneTs vaWroba fuliT da ufulod da axsnan ratom aadvilebs fuli vaWrobas; 4. daasaxelon fulis gamoyenebis sxva formebi (vaWroba, dazogva, daxarjva da sxv.); 5. daasaxelon, gansazRvron da erTmaneTisagan gamijnon saqonlisa da momsaxurebis magaliTebi. klasi: me-5 saWiro dro: 60 wuTi saWiro masalebi: savarjiSo # 1-Tvis saWiro resursebi 11 monawile; kiserze Camosakidi muyaos patara dafebi zRapris Semdegi gmirebisa da sagnebis gamosaxulebiT _ rwyili, WianWvela, Rori, muxa, yvavi, qaTami, ormo, Tagvi, kata, Zroxa, aseve ru, rko, jagari, wiwila, fetvi, rZe, balaxi, Toki.

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 savarjiSo # 2-Tvis saWiro resursebi 4 monawile; kiserze Camosakidi muyaos patara dafebi zRapris Semdegi gmirebisa da sagnebis gamosaxulebiT _ rwyili, WianWvela, Rori, aseve ru, jagari. gakveTilis msvleloba: aqtivoba # 1 erT-erTi moswavle Tavis magidaze poulobs dedamiwaze SemTxveviT moxvedrili ucxoplanetelis werils. (ucxoplanetels moswavleebi TviTon urCeven saxels.) ucxoplaneteli iwereba, rom ipova ucnobi nivTi, romelsac gamoyeneba ver mouZebna. igi aseT miniSnebebs sTavazobs da daxmarebas iTxovs: mrgvalia; liTonisaa; zed amotvifrulia naxatebi da warwerebi. moswavleebi gonebrivi ieriSis gziT cdiloben gamoicnon is sagani, romelic samive miniSnebas akmayofilebs. logikuri deduqciis gziT gvTavazoben swor daskvnas, rom es SeiZleba fuli iyos. moswavleebi pasuxs weren ucxoplanetels TavianTi varaudis Sesaxeb. meore dRes kidev erTi werili xvdeba erT-erT moswavles magidaze. ucxoplaneteli enciklopediidan an sxva wyaroebidan damatebiTi informaciis miwodebas sTxovs fulis Sesaxeb. moswavleebi Tavs uyrian saWiro informacias da pasuxoben ucxoplanetels. maswavlebelma SesaZloa gaagrZelos moswavleebisa da ucxoplanetelis aseTi komunikacia axali Tavsatexebis SeTavazebiT, romelic moswavleTa interesis gaRvivebas emsaxureba. aqtivoba SesaZloa dasruldes ucxoplanetelis madlobis weriliT. aqtivobis bolos maswavlebeli dafaze xatavs wrisebr gonebriv rukas (ix. qvemoT), wers SuagulSi

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sityva fuls da sTxovs moswavleebs, gonebrivi ieriSis gziT gaixsenon fulis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebuli zedsarTavebi, frazebi, sityvebi.

ojaxi

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aqtivoba # 2 1. maswavlebeli eubneba moswavleebs, rom isini monawileobas miiReben speqtaklSi da naxaven, rogor vaWrobdnen adamianebi Zvelad. 2. moswavleebs unawilebs rolebs, dafebsa da baraTebs Sesabamisi teqstiT. iniSnavs dros da moswavleebi iwyeben speqtaklis TamaSs, mis 1 nawils # 1 savarjiSos Sesabamisad. 3. speqtaklis dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli svams kiTxvebs: ratom ver SeZlo rwyilma Wianvelas gadasarCenad saWiro jagris swrafad mopoveba? (Rorma uari uTxra jagris micemaze, Tuki sanacvlod rkos ar miiRebda, aseve uari miiRo zRapris sxva gmirebisgan, Tuki sanacvlod rac maT undodaT imas ar miutanda). maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs gaixsenon sakuTari cxovrebidan gacvlis magaliTebi da gacvlis mizezebi (pasuxebi sxvadasxvagvari iqneba, Tumca arsebiTia is, rom adamianebi, rogorc wesi, mobezrebul, arasaWiro sagans cvlian axal, sasurvel, saintereso saganze). am zRaparSi gmirebi erTmaneTs zogjer saqonels ucvlian, zogjer ki, momsaxurebas. modiT, movifiqroT da dafaze CamovweroT saqonlisa da momsaxurebis magaliTebi. (dafaze erT svetSi iwereba saqonlis magaliTebi: bawari, jagari, rko, rZe, fetvi, wiwila, xolo meore svetSi momsaxurebis magaliTebi: bawris dagrexva, balaxis moTibva, Zroxis mowvela). ra gansxvavebaa saqonelsa da momsaxurebas Soris? (Tu moswavleebi ver pasuxoben, maswavlebeli azustebs - saqonelic da momsaxurebac akmayofilebs adamianTa moTxovnilebas, Tumca, saqoneli xelSesaxebi sagnebia, xolo momsaxureba iseTi ram, rasac xeliT ver Seexebi). rogor fiqrobT, es zRapari ukavSirdeba Tu ara vaWrobas? rogor? (ukavSirdeba, radgan rwyili ramdenjerme cvlis erT sagans meoreze wyalSi Cavardnili megobris saSvelad).

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 ras niSnavs gacvla? (gacvla niSnavs arasaWiro nivTis sanacvlod saWiro, sasurveli nivTis miRebas). 4. maswavlebeli uxsnis, rom sagnis saganze amgvar pirdapir gacvlas barteri ewodeba da Cveni winaprebi Zvelad swored vaWrobis am formas iyenebdnen. Tumca, es garkveul sirTuleebs uqmnidaT. modiT, movifiqroT, rogori SeiZleboda yofiliyo es sirTuleebi! (pasuxebi sxvadasxvagvari iqneba, magram maswavlebelma unda gamoyos arsebiTi, kerZod: romelime sagani SeiZleba Zalze patara yofiliyo da adamianebs uWirdaT SeTanxmeba, ramdeni patara sagani moeTxovaT erTi didi sagnis sanacvlod. aseve bevri dro da Zalisxmeva sWirdeboda Sesabamisi adamianebis Sexvedras _ erTs unda hqonoda is, rac meores sWirdeboda, xolo meores, is, rac pirvels sWirdeboda). adamianebi Zalian wvalobdnen, manam, sanam erT dRes raRac ar moxda da samudamod ar Seicvala vaWrobis sistema. 5. moswavleebs unawilebs rolebs, dafebsa da baraTebs Sesabamisi teqstiT. iniSnavs dros da moswavleebi iwyeben speqtaklis TamaSs, mis me-2 nawils # 2 savarjiSos Sesabamisad. 6. speqtaklis dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli svams kiTxvebs: ra Seicvala? (rwyili isev erTgulad daexmara megobars, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, man fuli gadauxada Rors da pirvelive mcdelobiT swrafad da uwvaleblad moipova sasurveli jagari da gadaarCina megobari. Rori fulis sanacvlod daTanxmda jagris micemas.) ra gansxvavebaa gacvlasa da vaWrobas Soris? (gacvla niSnavs arasasurveli, mobezrebuli sagnis nacvlad sasurveli sagnis miRebas fulis gamouyeneblad, xolo vaWroba sasrveli sagnis yidvas fulis gamoyenebiT). zRapris romel versiaSi dasWirda ufro naklebi dro da Zalisxmeva rwyils megobris gadasarCenad? (meore

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versiaSi, radgan man pirvelive mcdelobisas iolad gadaarCina megobari). ratom aris fuli mniSvnelovani gamogoneba? (is amartivebda gacvlis process, advili iyo, misi gadatana erTi adgilidan meoreze, zogavda saWiro sagnis mosapoveblad saWiro dros da sxv.) risTvis gamoiyena Rorma fuli? (megobris gadasarCenad) risTvis viyenebT fuls? (pasuxebi sxvadasxvagvari iqneba _ vyidulobT saWiro saqonels da momsaxurebas, vzogavT samomavlo miznebisTvis, da sxv., Tumca, mniSvnelovania imis xazgasma, rom fuliT mravali sikeTis gakeTeba aris SesaZlebeli.) daskvniTi nawili: moswavleebi iyofian or jgufad. erTi jgufi gonebrivi rukis (ormagi buStisebri ruka) saSualebiT adarebs erTmaneTs bartersa da fuliT vaWrobas, gamoyofs saerTo da ganmasxvavebel Taviseburebebs. barteri da fuli meore jgufi gonebrivi rukis (xisebri ruka) gamoyenebiT Camowers saqonlisa da momsaxurebis magaliTebs. sakuTar namuSevrebs erTmaneTs acnoben.

gansxvavebuli

saerTo

gansxvavebuli

gansxvavebuli

barteri

saerTo

fuli

gansxvavebuli

gansxvavebuli

saerTo

gansxvavebuli

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saqoneli da momsaxureba
gacvla

saqoneli

momsaxureba

ganvrcoba/dakavSireba: gTavazobT ramdenime variants: 1. moswavleebs vTxovT daweron gacvlis sakuTari gamocdilebis Sesaxeb da daasuraTon namuSevari. 2. daxaton saqonlis 3 da momsaxurebis 3 magaliTi. 3. davurigoT nivTebi (mag., fanqari, saSleli, qaRaldisagan damzadebuli saTamaSoebi da sxv.) da vTxovoT sasurveli nivTis mopoveba barteris saSualebiT. vTxovoT Caweron garigebaTa raodenoba.

danarTi: savarjiSo # 1. zRapari rwyili da WianWvela originaluri versia. savarjiSo # 2 zRapari rwyili da WianWvela Secvlili versia. mTxrobeli: rwyili da WianWvela daZmobildnen. daadgnen gzasa. gzaze erTi ru SexvdaT. rwyilma uTxra WianWvelas: rwyili: me gadavxtebi da Sen ra geSvelebao. mTxrobeli: WianWvelam upasuxa: WianWvela: gana me ver gadavxtebio. mTxrobeli: rwyilma iskupa da gadaxta, WianWvelam iskupa da wyalSi Cavarda. maSin ki sTxova megobars: WianWvela: nu damaxrCob, miSveleo.

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mTxrobeli: rwyili axta daxta, mivida RorTan da sTxova: rwyili: Roro, momec jagari, davgrex Toksa-bawarsa, Cavugdeb da amoviyvan Cems Zmobil WianWvelasa. mTxrobeli: Rorma upasuxa: Rori: Cemi jagari 5 lari Rirs, gadamixade es Tanxa da mogcem Seni megobrisTvis saWiro jagars. mTxrobeli: rwyilma misca Rors 5 lari, iyida jagari, dagrixa Toki, Caugdo megobars ruSi da gadaarCina WianWvela. amrigad, SesaZlebelia nacnobi masala Sesaswavli Temisadmi moswavleTa interesis gasaRviZeblad gamoviyenoT. interesi is stimuli iqneba, romelic swavlas TviT moswavlisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovans gaxdis. is momaval saswavlo saqmianobaSi maT mudmiv gaazrebul CarTulobas Seuwyobs xels. interesi SemecnebiTi saqmianobis gamovlenis is forma iqneba, romelic uzrunvelyofs moswavlis mier saqmianobis miznis gacnobierebas da amiT xels Seuwyobs sinamdvilis ufro srulyofil aRqmas. moswavleebi emociurad (Sefaseba) da gonebrivad (racionaluri) mxolod im informacias gadaamuSaveben, romelic maT moTxovnilebebs pasuxobs. amis Sedegad bavSvs Semdgomi saqmianobis impulsi uCndeba. interesi erT-erTi aseTi mudmivi moTxovnilebaa, romlis dakmayofilebaze zrunva warmatebuli swavleba/swavlis erT-erTi winapiroba SeiZleba gaxdes.

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gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Branson, M. S., Quigley, C. N., (1998) The role of civic education, mopovebulia 2012 wlis 25 maiss veb-gverdidan http://aladinrc.wrlc. org/bitstream/1961/581/1/branson-role-199809.pdf 2. Braslavsky, C., (2004) Educational challenges in the 21st century, 47th International Conference on Education, UNESCO, Geneva. 3. dekarte, r., (1989) rCeuli naSromebi (rusul enaze), t. 1. 4. Ganina, M., (1989), While alive I hope, Essay collection, Sovremenik (in Russian). 5. Ilin, E., (2001), Emotions and feeling, Piter, (in Russian). 6. Kant, I., (1999) Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view, (in Russian), Nauka. 7. Mahovskaya, O., In the article of Rubinova E., (2010) Evolution of the Homo Sovieticus retrieved from http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20100706/159709502.html 8. Rubinova, E., (2010) Evolution of the Homo Sovieticus, mopovebulia 2012 wlis 5 aprils veb-gverdidan http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20100706/159709502.html. 9. uznaZe, d., (2005) pedagogiuri Txzulebani, Tb., 2005. 10. uznaZe, d., ganwyobis fsiqologia, Tb. 2009. 11. Ushinsky K., (1990) Pedagogical essays, V. 5, Moscow, Pedagogy. 12. Crittenden, J., Civic education, (December 27, 2007) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, mopovebulia 2012 wlis 20 marts veb-gverdidan http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/civic-education/#GooCit 13. Key competences for lifelong learning European reference framework, European Communities, (2007), mopovebulia 2012 wlis 25 maiss vebgverdidan http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/publ/pdf/ll-learning/keycomp_en.pdf 14. National Curriculum and Assessment Centre, (2011) mopovebulia 2012 wlis 17 ianvars veb-gverdidan http://www.ncac.ge/index. php?m=854

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