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FKASA

PROCEDIA CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2013

Evaluation of plasticity of Kuantan clayey soils stabilized by recycle and reuse materials mixed with lime
Diana Erika Phillip
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this study is to determine the utilization of reuse and recycle materials such as fly ash, bottom ash, glass and OPEFB ash in order to improve the strength of the soil. Soils that have high plasticity index especially clayey soils, is the most common problem that occurs during the construction of pavement and highway, retaining wall, foundation and other type of construction projects. Soft subgrade soil does not have the quality engineering properties which can support the structures efficiently. In order to overcome the problem, the soils have to be stabilized so that the engineering properties of the soil will improve. There are many method of soil stabilization that can be use, such as mechanical method and chemical method. However, soil stabilization by using mechanical method is very costly. Therefore, method of stabilization by adding chemicals additives into the soil is one of the alternative methods that can improve the engineering properties of the soil and it is more economical. KEYWORDS | stabilizers, plasticity, clays, Fly ash, OPEFB ash, glass, Bottom ash
*Corresponding author email | erika90diana@gmail.com/ fauzi_phd@yahoo.com

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INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the plasticity of Kuantan Clayey Soil using recycle and reuse materials mixed with lime. The use of additives such as fly ash, bottom ash, lime and Portland cement for soil stabilization has been one of the options since many years ago. These additives when added into the soil, will reduce the plasticity of the soil. The design of pavement and highway, retaining wall and foundation is depend on the quality and type of the underlying soil and its capability to resist the shear stresses and to withstand the excessive loads from the structures to avoid

incorporation of the additives added into the subgrade in order to increase the strength of the soil and provide sufficient structural value for the structures. The reasons of stabilizing the subgrade soil is to ensure that the soil under the pavement will have lower deflections, better loads distribution and able to resist the consolidation of supporting soils. Moreover, stabilizes soils will provide a better platform for pavement or highway and other structures. Soft subgrade soils have lower stiffness compare to the soil that have been stabilized which causing it to deflect more, resulting failure on the pavement structures such as surface strains and eventual fatigue cracking of the pavement. The method of stabilization using the

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PROCEDIA CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2013

additives such as fly ash, bottom ash, Portland cement and lime involve physiochemical reactions between the soils and the additives. Therefore, the soils that have to be stabilized must be fine grained soil or cohesive soil.

and 12% added into the soil, measured by the dry weight of the soil sample. The samples that had been prepared were sealed and will be keep in laboratory, in constant room temperature. The Atterberg limit test were conducted in order to obtain the data such as Liquid limit, Plasticity Limit and Shringkage limit. Soils mixed with different type of stabilizers in

MATERIALS & METHODS

There are four (4) recycled and reusable materials which to be used to mix with lime for stabilization of Kuantan soft clays which are crushed glass, fly ash, bottom ash and also OPEFB ash. This research studied and evaluated the engineering properties of Kuantan clayey such as the liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and shrinkage limit, stabilized by recycled and reusable material mixed with lime. The sources of soil sample are obtained from 2 locations in Kuantan, Pahang and recorded as S2 and S24. The first type of soil was obtained from Lepar Hilir, Gambang in Kuantan area with label of S2. The other type of soil was obtained from Panching area in Kuantan which is labeled with S24. The soils, both soil S2 and S24 were allowed to air dry in laboratory and broken up to pass No. 4 sieve in order to remove any organic materials and rock from the soil. After that, it will proceed to be sieve by using 425m sieve, to prepare the soil to be use in Atterberg Limit test. The soil samples and various stabilizers were mixed together at different proportion or percentage, according to its dry weight. For each of the test, 250g of soil sample will be prepare and different proportion of stabilizers which are 4%, 8%

order to determine the effect of adding stabilizers to the plasticity of the soils. Different percentage of stabilizers, which is measure as 4%, 8% and 12% from the soils dry weight. The following tables shows the proportion of stabilizers added into the soil for soil S2 and S24. Table 1: Proportion of additives added into the soils for S2 and S24

Table 2: Proportion of additives mixed with lime added into the soils for S2 and S24

The plasticity Index of the soils were determined by using the formula of PI=LL-PL.

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All the data were analyze by using Microsoft excel.

Figure 2: Plasticity Index of soil S2 with different contains of stabilizers mixed with lime

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Engineering properties of the soil The engineering properties and classifications of the Kuantan clayey soils were shown in Table 1. All of the soils were fine-grained materials and classified according to USCS Classification System. Table 3 | Properties of the Kuantan clayey soils Properties Liquid Limit (LL) Plastic Limit (PL) Plasticity Index (PI) Specific Gravity (Gs) Effect of stabilizers to the plasticity index of the soil 2.67 2.65 16.26 17.30 19.24 16.90 S2 35.5 S24 34.20

Figure 3 Plasticity Index of soil S24 with different contains of stabilizers

Figure 4: Plasticity Index of soil S24 with different contains of stabilizers mixed with lime
For soil S2, the original PI for the soil is 16.26. The lowest PI the soil can reach is 8.04, that is when 12% bottom ash mixed with 6% lime added into the soil. Therefore it can be concluded that the best stabilizer that can be use to reduce the PI value of soil S2 is 12% mixed with 6% of lime. For the other type of stabilizers, the optimum content that can be used in order to improve the soil S2 are as follows: a. The optimum percentage content of fly ash is at 12% Fly ash + 6% lime which reduce the PI value to 10.29 The optimum percentage content of OPEFB ash is 12% OPEFB ash which reduce the PI value to 8.56 The optimum percentage content of glass is 12% glass + 6% lime

Figure 1: Plasticity Index of soil S2 with different contains of stabilizers

b.

c.

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which reduce the PI value to 13.27 For soil S24, the original PI value is 17.30. The lowest PI the soil can reach is 9.66 that is when 12% of glass mixed with 6% of lime added into the soil. Therefore it can be concluded that the best stabilizer that can be use to reduce the PI value of soil S24 is 12% mixed with 6% of lime. For the other type of stabilizers, the optimum content that can be used in order to improve the soil S24 are as follows: a. The optimum percentage content of bottom ash is at 12% bottom ash + 6% lime which reduce the PI value to 11.8 The optimum percentage content of fly ash is 12% fly ash +6 % lime which reduce the PI value to 12.53 The optimum percentage content of OPEFB ash is 12% OPEFB ash + 6% lime which reduce the PI value to 14.6

fly ash at suitable percentage also can be considered to be use as good stabilizer for S24.

REFERENCES
American coal association (2008). Fly ash for Highway engineer: 1-53 Balasingam Muhunthan, Farid Sarioseirri (2008). Interpretation of Geotechnical Properties of Cement Treated Soil: 5-23 Braja M das (2010). Principles of Engineering7th edition: 100-110 Foundation

b.

Bumjoo Kim, Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salago (2005). Geotechnical Properties of Fly and Bottom Ash Mixtures For Use in Highway Embankment: 111 Caterpillar (2006). Introducing to Soil Stabilization: 911 Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants, (2008). Environmentally sound use of Bottom ash: 1-6 Department of the Army, The Navy and The Air Force, (1994). Soil stabilization for Pavement: 5-10 Disfani, M. M., Arulrahah, A., Bo, M. W., & Hankour, R. (2011). Recycled crushed glass in road work applications. Waste Management: 2341-2351. Dallas N little, Eric H Males, Jane R Prusinski, Barry Stewart (2003). A2J01 Committee on Cementitious Stabilization: 1-11 National Lime Association, (2004). Lime Treated Soil, Construction Manual Lime Stabilization and Lime Modification: 5-9 Oklohama DOT (2009). OHD L-50 Soil Stabilization Mix Design Procedures: 1-4 Prof. Krishna Reddy, UIC (2002). Engineering Properties of Soils Based on Laboratory Testing, Experiment 7, atterberg Limit test: 6067

c.

CONCLUSIONS
As for the conclusion, adding stabilizers such as bottom ash, fly ash, OPEFB ash and glass will change the engineering properties of the soils. Stabilization of high plasticity soils with lime pretreatment is more effective than using a single treatment like bottom ash or fly ash alone. By adding the stabilizers into the soils, the engineering properties of the soil will improve by decreasing it plasticity index and decreasing it linear shrinkage. For soil S2, the best stabilizer that can be used to improve the soil is bottom ash mixed with lime since it reduce plasticity index of the soil the most. For soil S24, the best stabilizer that can the best stabilizer that can be used to improve the soil is Glass mixed with lime since it reduce plasticity index of the soil the most. However,

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Prof.

Krishna Reddy, UIC (2002). Engineering Properties of Soils Based on Laboratory Testing, Experiment 4 Specific Gravity: 27-30