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Draft2 AN00047
Philips Semiconductors
TP97036.2/W97
Philips Semiconductors
Abstract
This application note describes a 75W Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) for a typical Monitor or TV-
application based upon the TEA1507 Quasi-Resonant controller. The power supply is based on a Flyback
topology and operates in the critical conduction mode at various frequencies depending on the output load and
input voltage. The TEA1507 uses current mode (on-time) control. This concept allows a very high efficiency also
in low power mode as result of valley (zero/low voltage) switching. Depending on the component values it is
possible to perpetrate the supply in no-load condition.
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Philips Semiconductors
APPLICATION NOTE
Draft1 AN00047
Author(s):
J. Kleuskens
R. Kennis
Philips Semiconductors Systems Laboratory Eindhoven,
The Netherlands
Keywords
Flyback converter
Quasi-Resonant
Low power standby
Valley Switching
High efficiency
Number of pages: 39
Date: 2000-06-30
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Philips Semiconductors
Summary
TM
The TEA1507 controller is part of the GreenChip family. It is intended for off-line 90VAC-276VAC power supply
applications. The controller is optimized for a very high efficiency operation up to 90% utilizing an integrated
start-up current source, a special valley switching feature, a special standby VCO mode or standby burst mode
feature and low power consumption. The controller is equipped with many protection features, such as an
accurate Over Voltage Protection, Over Current Protection, Over Power Protection, Over Temperature
Protection, Demagnetization Sensing, Maximum and Minimum On Time Protection and Short Winding
Protection. Another feature is the programmable Soft Start at primary side.
This application note starts with the introduction of the main application features (chapter 1) followed by Quasi-
Resonant Flyback topology description in chapter 2. Functionality of the TEA1507 is descriped in chapter 3. In
chapter 4 the design of a typical universal range monitor supply (cookbook) is described in more detail with
some attached measurement results (chapter 5, EMI included). In the appendix a more detailed description of
the QR-waveforms are treated.
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Philips Semiconductors
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................... 6
5
Philips Semiconductors
1. INTRODUCTION
TM
The GreenChip TEA1507 is a variable frequency SMPS controller designed for a Quasi-Resonant Flyback
converter operating directly from the rectified universal mains (see Figure 1). The topology is in particular suitable
for TV and Monitor Supplies. During nominal load it operates in a critical conduction mode including zero/low
voltage switching (ZVS/LVS). The ZVS/LVS is achieved by the resonant behavior of the voltage across the power
switch. This is also called the Quasi-Resonant mode. The Valley detection implemented in the controller ensures
this ZVS/LVS operation.
VLINE
VIN VOUT
CIN
NP
NS
VCC
1 Vcc Drain 8
CD
2 Gnd HVS 7
3 Ctrl Driver 6
CSS
4 Demag Sense 5
RSS
RSENSE
NVcc
The control method applied in the TEA1507 is known by the name ‘Current-mode control’ with the benefit of having
a good input line regulation. Control takes place by regulating the primary peak current that result in a frequency
change depending on the power stage. The input voltage and the output load influence the frequency. The IC
controls the turn-on moment of the power switch for ZVS/LVS operation by using the valley detection.
Feedback is provided by means of an opto-coupler, through which a good stabilization and good ripple suppression
can be obtained.
The controller provides two different types of stand-by possibilities. The first is Frequency Reduction to minimize
the switching losses at minimum output load. This feature enables stand-by power consumption below 3W and
needs no additional circuitry. A second alternative for stand-by power consumption below 1W is called Burst mode,
which needs only little additional circuitry.
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Philips Semiconductors
Distinctive features
• Operates from universal mains input 85VAC – 276VAC
• High level of integration leads to a very low external component count
• Soft (re)Start to prevent audible noise (ajustable)
• Leading Edge Blanking (LEB) for current sense noise immunity
Green features
• On-chip start-up current source, which is switched off after start-up
• Valley (zero/low voltage) switching for minimal switching losses
• Frequency Reduction at low power stand-by for improved system efficiency (power consumption < 3W)
• Burst mode operation for very low stand-by levels (power consumption <1W)
Protection features
• Safe-Restart mode for system fault conditions
• Mains dependent operation enabling level (Mlevel) (adjustable)
• Under Voltage Protection (UVLO) for foldback during overload
• Continuous mode protection by means of demagnetization detection
• Accurate Over Voltage Protection (OVP) over demag (adjustable)
• Cycle-by cycle Over Current Protection (OCP)
• Input voltage independent Over Power Protection (OPP)
• Short Winding Protection (SWP)
• Ton max Protection
• Over Temperature Protection (OTP)
These features enables an engineer to design a reliable and cost effective supply with a minimum number of
external components and the possibility to deal with requirements on minimum power consumption during stand-by
or other system idle modes.
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Philips Semiconductors
For a clear understanding of the Quasi-Resonant behavior it is possible to explain it by a simplified circuit diagram
of the Quasi-Resonant Flyback topology (see Figure 2). In this circuit diagram the secondary side is transferred to
the primary side and the transformer is replaced by an inductance LP. CD is the total drain capacitance including the
resonance capacitor CR, parasitic output capacitor COSS of the MOSFET and the winding capacitance CW of the
transformer. The turns ratio of the transformer is represented by n (NP/NS).
In the Quasi-Resonant mode each period can be divided into four different time intervals (see Figure 3), in
chronological order:
Interval 1: t0 < t < t1 primary stroke tPRIM = t1 – t0
Interval 2: t1 < t < t2 commutation time tCOM = t2 – t1
Interval 3: t2 < t < t3 secondary stroke tSEC = t3 – t2
Interval 4: t3 < t < t00 dead time tDEAD = t00 – t3
VIN V GATE
CIN IL LP COUT
n⋅V OUT
D VD
n⋅VOUT
Valley
V IN
VD
0
Magnetization Demagneti-
VGATE CD zation
IL
1 2 3 4
0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t 00
T
At the beginning of the first interval, the MOSFET is turned on and energy is stored in the transformer
(magnetization). At the end the MOSFET is switched off and the second interval starts.
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Philips Semiconductors
In the second interval the drain voltage will rise from almost zero to VIN+n⋅(VOUT +VF). VF is the forward voltage drop
of de diode that will be omitted from the equations from now on. The current will change its positive derivative,
corresponding to VIN/LP, to a negative derivative, corresponding to -n⋅VOUT /LP.
In the third interval the stored energy is transferred to the output, so the diode starts to conduct and the inductive
current IL will decrease. In other words the transformer will be demagnetized. When the inductive current has
become zero the next interval begins.
In the fourth interval the energy stored in the drain capacitor CD will start to resonate through the inductance LP.
The voltage and current waveforms are sinusoidal waveforms (see Figure 3) with an oscillation frequency of
approximately:
1 1
f OSC = ⋅ Equation 1
2π LP ⋅ C D
In situation 1 the minimum drain voltage will be zero because VIN equals n⋅VOUT. The controller detects this
minimum and the MOSFET will be turned on again.
In situation 2 the input voltage is smaller than n⋅VOUT . The drain voltage wants to become negative, but the internal
body diode of the MOSFET starts conducting and the voltage is clamped at the negative voltage drop of this diode.
The controller detects this also as a valley and the MOSFET is turned on again. In both situations the switch-on
losses become zero, which is a big advantage of the Quasi-Resonant Flyback topology.
In the third situation the minimum drain voltage stays above zero (see Figure 3). The controller will detect this
valley and the switch-on losses will be very low even in this situation. For a more detailed description of all the
intervals see APPENDIX 2.
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P2
fMAX
VIN_MAX
switching
frequency
VIN_MIN
P1
fMIN
POUT_MIN POUT_MAX
power
Figure 4 QR frequency characteristics at different input voltages
Point P1 is the minimum frequency fMIN that occurs at the specified minimum input voltage and maximum output
power required by the application. Of course the minimum frequency has to be chosen above the audible limit
(>20kHz), but in principle the designer is free to choose the minimum frequency. The minimum frequency mainly
defines the primary inductance and because of this also the (core) size of the transformer. In applications operating
over the entire input voltage range (85Vac … 276Vac) it is not possible to choose a high minimum frequency
because in this case the frequency at minimum load and high input voltage (see point P2 in Figure 4) will end up
unacceptable high. See chapter 4 for a design example.
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3. FUNCTIONAL IC DESCRIPTION
This chapter describes the functionality of the QR Flyback controller and all the different modes in which the
controller can operate. It also describes how the features and protections are implemented in the controller. Table 3
in paragraph 3.6 shows an overview of the different functions behind each pin.
0.5V IL
soft start
VSENSE RSS IL
5 VOUT
CSS
+
VOCP
- RSENSE VGATE
2
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frequency limit
foscH = 175 kHz
kH MinF RF QR
V VCO,start
switching
frequency
V VCO,max
foscL = 6 kHz
P OUT_MIN P OUT_MAX
power
Figure 6 Multi mode operation
The frequency reduction mode FR (also called VCO mode) is implemented to decrease the switching losses at low
output loads. In this way the efficiency at low output powers is increased, which enables power consumption
smaller than 3W during stand-by.
The voltage at the Sense pin determines where the frequency reduction starts. This fixed sense level of 75mV is
called VVCO,start (see Figure 6). This sense voltage controls the frequency of the internal oscillator over the range
between 75mV and 50mV (At sense level larger than 75mV the oscillator will run on maximum frequency foscH =
175kHz typically). At 50mV (VVCO,max) the frequency is reduced to the minimum level of 6kHz. The valley switching
is still active in this mode.
At sense levels below 50mV the minimum frequency will remain on 6kHz called MinF mode. When the required
output power decreases the controller will decrease the on-time, limited TON_MIN = 350ns. As a result of this low
frequency it is possible to run at very low loads without having any output regulation problems.
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Philips Semiconductors
This mode is introduced to prevent the components from getting destroyed during eventual system fault conditions.
This mode is also used for one operational issue, namely Burst mode. The Safe-Restart mode will be entered if it is
triggered by one of the following features:
• Over Voltage Protection;
• Short Winding Protection;
• Maximum ‘on time’ Protection;
• Over Temperature Protection;
• detecting a pulse for Burst mode;
• VCC reaching UVLO level.
When entering the Safe-Restart mode the output driver is immediately disabled and latched. The VCC winding will
not charge the VCC capacitor anymore and the VCC voltage will drop until UVLO is reached. To recharge the VCC
capacitor the internal current source (I(restart)(Vcc) ) will be switched on to initiate a new start-up sequence as
described in paragraph 3.1. This Safe-Restart mode will persist until the controller detects no faults or burst
triggers.
3.4 Protections
VGATE
3 Ctrl Driver 6
NVcc
⋅VOUT
4 Demag Sense 5
VWINDING
NS
I(opp)(demag) I(ovp)(demag)
R1
0V
NVcc
D ⋅VIN
R2 NP
VCC
winding
Magnetization Comparator
Vdemag 0.7V threshold
Vdemag
0V -0.25V
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Philips Semiconductors
As long as the output diode is conducting (demagnetization of transformer), the winding voltage is positive. In this
case Vdemag is also positive and clamped at a level of 0.7V. The controller will force the driver output to stay off as
long as the voltage at pin 4 is positive and above 100mV. In other words an increase of the switching period is a
consequence of the demagnetization feature. After demagnetization the reflected output voltage at the auxiliary
winding goes down. When the voltage comparator threshold Vdemag < 100mV is reached the controller will wait for
valley detection to allow a new switching cycle. OVP and OPP are using the same pin. These two functions
determine the resistor value of R1 and R2. The following paragraph will describe these features.
The Over Voltage Protection ensures that the output voltage will remain below an adjustable level. This is realized
by sensing the reflected output voltage across the V CC winding via the current flowing into the Demag pin. This
voltage equals the output voltage corresponding to the turns ratio of the VCC winding and the secondary winding.
The maximum output voltage is set by the resistor value R1 that determines the current into the Demag pin. This
current is mirrored and compared to a threshold level of 60µA. When this is reached the OVP is triggered.
Choosing the maximum output voltage will determine the resistor R1 that is calculated by the following equation:
N Vcc
⋅ OVP − Vclamp ,demag ( positive )
R1 = s
N
Equation 2
I ( ovp )( demag )
Where,
NVcc = VCC number of turns
NS = secondary number of turns
OVP = maximum output voltage
Vclamp,Demag(positive) = positive clamp voltage of Demag pin (0.7V)
I(ovp)(Demag) = current threshold of OVP protection (60µA)
After triggering the OVP the driver is disabled and the controller enters the Safe-Restart mode. This will stay as
long as the over voltage is present at the output.
The dashed line in Figure 7 shows the more practical waveform at the Vcc winding. The ringing is caused by the
leakage inductance of the transformer. To compensate this ringing (load dependent) the current into the Demag pin
is integrated over the demagnetization time. False triggering of the OVP is prevented in this way, which result in a
very accurate OVP.
1
POUT _ MAX = η ⋅ ⋅ L P ⋅ I L _ peak 2 ⋅ f Equation 3
2
Where f is input voltage depending
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Philips Semiconductors
1
f =
t PRIM + t COM + t SEC + t DEAD
Equation 4
L P ⋅ I L _ peak
t PRIM =
V IN
The maximum output power will increase with the input voltage when the OCP level would be a fixed level. To
prevent over dimensioning of all the secondary power components an internal OCP compensation is used to get an
independent OPP level. This compensation is realized by sensing the input voltage level via the VCC winding. A
resistor is connected between this winding and the demag pin. During magnetization of the transformer the
reflected input voltage is present at this winding (see Figure 7). A negative current into this pin is used to
compensate the OCP level. Figure 8 shows the relation between the negative current and OCP level.
0.60
0.50
0.40
OCP level[V]
0.30
0.20
0.10
typical OCP level
0.00
-100 -75 -50 -25 0
Idemag [uA]
The current threshold level where the controller starts to compensate the OCP level is fixed at - 24µA. This
threshold level is used to set the external resistor value at the minimum input voltage. The OVP and OPP
protections are separated by means of a diode in series with R2 (see Figure 7). The forward voltage drop of this
diode is also taken into account when calculating the resistor R2. Resistor R2 is calculated by substituting the
minimum input voltage and the current threshold level (see equation below).
N Vcc
⋅ VIN _ MIN + Vclamp , demag ( negative ) − VF
R2 = NP Equation 5
N Vcc
⋅ VIN _ MIN + Vclamp ,demag ( negative )
I ( opp )( demag ) − P
N
R1
Where,
NVcc = VCC number of turns
NP = primary number of turns
VIN_MIN = minimum input voltage
Vclamp,demag(negative) = negative clamp voltage of Demag pin (-0.25V)
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Philips Semiconductors
Burst mode can be used to reduce the power consumption below 1W at stand-by. During Burst mode the controller
is active (generating gate pulses) for only a short time and for a longer time inactive waiting for the next burst cycle.
In the active period the energy is transferred to the secondary and stored in the buffer capacitor CSTAB in front of the
linear stabilizer (see Figure 9). During the inactive period the load (e.g. microprocessor) discharges this capacitor.
In this mode the controller makes use of the Safe-Restart mode.
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VIN
4 Demag Sense 5
For a more detailed description of one burst cycle three time intervals are defined:
• t1 Discharge of VCC when gate drive is active
• t2 Discharge of VCC when gate drive is inactive
• t3 Charge of VCC when gate drive is inactive
t2
t1 t3
Active/
inactive
IL
Soft start
VSTAB
VµC
V(start)
VCC
V(UVLO)
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Philips Semiconductors
During the first interval energy is transferred, which result in a ramp-up of the output voltage (VSTAB) in front of the
stabilizer. When enough energy is stored in the capacitor the IC will be switch-off by a current pulse generated at
the secondary side. This pulse is transferred to the primary side via the opto coupler. When this pulse reaches a
threshold level of 16mA into the Ctrl pin it will stop switching. Because of the large variation on the CTR of the opto
coupler a resistor (R1) is placed in series to limit the current going into the Ctrl pin. Meanwhile the VCC capacitor is
discharged but has to stay above VUVLO (see
Figure 10).
During the second interval the VCC is discharged to VUVLO. The output voltage will decrease depending on the load.
The third interval starts when the UVLO is reached. The internal current source charges the VCC capacitor (also the
soft start capacitor is recharged). Once the VCC capacitor is charged to the start-up voltage the driver is activated
and a new burst cycle is started.
The dotted line in Figure 9 shows an additional switch connected between the high voltage winding (e.g. 185V or
80V) and the output that supplies the microprocessor. Closing the switch during Burst mode gives an voltage
reduction of the unused outputs. Reducing the output voltage will prevent consuming any power by these unused
outputs, which result in lower power consumption during stand-by.
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This chapter could be used as a guide line to calculate the large signal components of the Quasi-Resonant
converter including the primary transformer inductance LP the resonance capacitor CD and the sense resistor.
This design strategy is used to design a monitor supply (see circuit diagram Figure Figure 12, page 26). It will be
clear that the strategy differs in each application depending on costs, volume, efficiency etc.
Calculating the transformer inductance L P and the resonance capacitor CD two important requirements are used:
• Universal input range 85VAC…264VAC;
• Operating power range 20W…85Wpeak.
In normal operation, when the deflection circuit of a Monitor is enabled, there will be a certain amount of power
consumption varying between 20W and 85Wpeak. Due to efficiency reasons the converter has to operate in the
Quasi-Resonant mode within this power range, which makes it possible to achieve efficiency up to 90%.
There are also some other choices and criteria that have to be taken care of before starting the design. These
choices strongly depend on the application as mentioned before.
• No peak clamp to limit the maximum voltage across the switch. Minimize component count and improve
efficiency;
• maximum voltage across the power MOSFET (VD_MAX, including ∆V caused by leakage inductance Ls) which
defines maximum turns ratio n;
• fMIN = 25kHz and fMAX = 150kHz. The choice of fMIN determines the transformer size and fMAX is restricted by the
maximum frequency of the controller.
20
Philips Semiconductors
LS
∆V = I L _ peak ⋅ Equation 7
CD
Where,
IL_peak = peak inductor current (at maximum input voltage)
LS = leakage inductance
CD = total drain capacitance
Without a peak clamp ∆V depends on the leakage inductance, the total capacitance on the drain node (CR and
parasitic capacitance’s COSS, CW) and the primary peak current just before switch-off. These parameters are not
known yet but assuming the ∆V would be 125V and substituting VIN_MAX = 264√2V, VOUT = 185V and VF = 0.7V
gives a maximum turns ratio of:
Choosing the maximum turns ratio close to this value of 1.62 will give minimum switch-on losses at high input
voltages. But keep in mind that the value of the ∆V should be checked afterward because this depends on the
transformer construction (leakage inductance).
2
1 1
−
f
MIN f MAX
LP = 2
POUT _ MAX 1 1 1 P
2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + − 2 ⋅ OUT _ MIN ⋅ 1 ⋅
1
+
1
η f MIN V IN _ MIN n ⋅ VOUT η f MAX V IN _ MAX n ⋅ VOUT
1
C D = t DEAD 2 ⋅ Equation 9
π ⋅ LP 2
Note:
Keep in mind that the main reason for placing the resonant capacitor is to limit the switch-off losses and to reduce
the dV/dt for EMI reasons. When using the formulas above and choosing a small frequency range (fMIN…fMAX) it
21
Philips Semiconductors
In practice the frequency will deviate from the calculated frequency especially at low output powers. This can be
explained because the commutation time (tCOM) between magnetization and demagnetization is neglected and the
dead time is assumed to be constant in the calculations.
NP = n ⋅ NS
Equation 10
N P = 1.62 ⋅ 34 ≈ 55
Sense resistor
The sense resistor in series with the MOSFET limits the maximum inductor peak current. The inductor peak current
is calculated by:
POUT n ⋅ VOUT + V IN
I L _ peak = 2 ⋅ ⋅
(
η n ⋅ VOUT ⋅ V IN ⋅ 1 − π ⋅ L P ⋅ C D ⋅ f ) Equation 11
Limiting the output power to 90W and substituting η = 0.9, n⋅VOUT = 300.5V, VIN = 100V, LP = 1mH, CD = 1.17nF
and f = 23.8kHz gives an primary peak current of 2.9A
22
Philips Semiconductors
Substituting VOCP = 0.5V and IL_peak = 2.9A gives a sense resistor of 172mΩ (two resistors of 330mΩ in parallel
gives a maximum primary peak current IL_peak = 3.03A @ VIN = 100V). It is recommended to use low inductive
current sense resistors preventing noise at the Sense pin.
The peak flux density in the transformer can be calculated by the following equation:
LP ⋅ I L _ peak
B peak = Equation 13
N P ⋅ AMIN
Where,
LP = primary inductance
IL_peak = primary peak current set by the OCP level
Np = primary number of turns
AMIN = minimum core area
The saturation flux density of a ferrite core (Philips 3C85) is equal to 330mT at 100°C. Substituting the previous
calculated LP, IL_peak and NP will give the minimum required core area.
LP ⋅ I L _ peak 1 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ 3.03
AMIN ≥ ≥ −3
≥ 167 mm 2 Equation 14
Bsat ⋅ N P 330 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 55
E42/21/15 core can meet this requirement. The core parameters of the E42 are:
23
Philips Semiconductors
4.3.2 Protections
The OVP level is set by the resistor between the VCC winding and de Demag pin.
N Vcc
N ⋅ OVP − Vclamp ,demag ( positive )
ROVP = S Equation 15
I ( ovp )( demag )
3
⋅ 200 − 0.7
34
ROVP = ≈ 280kΩ = R18
60 µ
The Over Power Protection level is set by the negative current going into the Demag pin. The OVP and OPP
protections are separated by means of a diode in series with R17. The forward voltage drop (VF) of this diode is also
taken into account when calculating R17.
N Vcc
⋅ VIN (min) + Vclamp ,demag ( negative ) − VF
R17 = NP Equation 16
N Vcc
⋅ VIN (min) + Vclamp ,demag ( negative )
I ( opp )( demag ) − P
N
R18
Substituting a minimum input voltage of 100V and a VD = 0.6V will give the following resistor value:
3
⋅100 − 0.25 − 0.6
55
ROPP = ≈ 820kΩ
3
⋅ 100 − 0 .25
55
24 µ −
280k
24
Philips Semiconductors
N −10V 2
V−10V = ⋅ VSTAB = ⋅ 10 ≈ −1.3V
N 80V 15
The thyristor is activated by an external signal (e.g. DPMS signal from µC or S1 on the demo board). Once the
thyristor is closed the voltage at the stabilizer will rise. When the voltage exceeds the zener voltage of Z2 (and
forward voltage drop of both D19, TR4) the transistor TR5 is turned on to generate the current pulse to switch-off the
IC. R33 limits the current through the opto coupler and C28, R25 are used as feed forward to get a steep pulse. Via
the opto coupler this current pulse will enter the Ctrl pin, which will activate the Burst mode stand-by. The minimum
pulse width is defined by the blanking time of 30µs that prevents false triggering due to spikes. The amplitude
should be larger then 16mA. The driver is immediately disabled and the controller will enter the Safe-Restart mode.
Burst mode operation will continue until the DPMS signal is removed.
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.4
+5V
A R1 A
22k
C1 S1
220pF
P1 F1 C2 1N4148 R3
2 1 2 R2 220pF 4.7k
2A ** 22k D1
Philips Semiconductors
1 FUSE C3 D5 C4 D6
L1 D3 D2 R4 R5 TR1 R6
BC546 100k TR2
2.2nF BYW54 BYW54 1N4148
1N4148
4 3 4.7M 4.7M D7 BT149G 1nF
** ** BC546
C6 C7 VR25 ** VR25
R7
2.2nF 10k
470nF 470nF ** BYD33G D4
2 1 C9 D8 D9
2.6mH_CU20d3_4 C5
2.2nF BYW54 BYW54
Circuit diagram
;7147[MXL8)%
NTC R8
B - P2 B
10R +5V
T1 L2 P4
BYV27-600
10 33uH
BRIDGE_WIRE
+185V
C10 C11 10
D10 R40
9 100k
47uF 47uF GND
9
200V 200V
C12 +80V
11 8
220uF L3
400V D11
8 12 220uH 7 +12V
C13 C14 +16V
35V 1 8 7 BYV27-400 C15 6
Vcc Drain 47uF
22uF
IC1 100V 47uF +5V
5
100V
2 7 13
R10 Gnd LM7812CT DPMS
4.7 TEA1507 D12 L4 4
100uH IC2
PR01 ** C16 TR3 6
R11 ** +9V
22nF 3 Reg 6 C17 14 OUT C18 3
Driver BYD73A ** IN
C 10 C20 C21 GND
C
R12 1nF GND 47uF
** C19 2
R13 470uF 100nF 25V
4 Sense 5 330nF 4
1k Demag 25V -9V
470 15 1
R14 L6 LM7805CT
L5 D14 IC3
S2
R15
22k D13 16
R16
0.33 0.33 BDW3.5_6-4S2 C22 100uH C23 IN OUT
BYW543 BYD73A
GND C24
1000uF 470uF
16V 16V 47uF
D15 25V
18
BYW54
26
C25 C26
2
L7 1000uF L8 470uF
1N4148 R17 D17 16V 16V
17 100uH
D16 1M BDW3.5_6-4S2
BYD73A
R18 R19 1
D 280k 22 D
PR01
R20
820
Z1
R32
1.8k
TR5
BC517
R33
150
Engineer: Philips Semiconductors B.V.
F J. Kleuskens Eindhoven The Netherlands F
PHILIPS PHILIPS SEMICONDUCTORS Drawn by: Size:
Sheet Name: 75W monitor supply A3
I.Lodema
Systems Laboratory Eindhoven Changed by:
ilodema
Date/Time Changed: Tuesday, February 29, 2000 2:31:56 pm Project: PR70181 Variant: None Drwg: 130 - 1 / 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
AN00047
Application Note
Philips Semiconductors
M ains
filter
C IN
H e a tsin k L arg e
sig n al + CY
CR
R SE N S E 1
T ransform er
2
S m a ll
MOSFET D ra in
sig n al trac k
8 7 6 5
T E A 1507
1 2 3 4
S oft s ta rt
c ircuit
+
H igh
im p edance
27
Philips Semiconductors
28
Philips Semiconductors
29
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30
Philips Semiconductors
5. MAESUREMENTS
Figure below shows the measured switching frequency as a function of output power at two different input voltages.
145.00
125.00
105.00
f[kHz]
31
Philips Semiconductors
5.1.2 Efficiency
The figure below shows the efficiency measured at two different input voltages respectively 110Vac and 230Vac.
Both curves showing efficiency above 90% at a nominal output power of 75W. The efficiency stays even above
87% over the power range from 20W to 85W. Efficiency is a big advantage of the Quasi-Resonant Flyback
converter compared to the Fixed Frequency Flyback converter.
95.0
90.0
eff[%]
This high efficiency is mainly achieved because of the ZVS/LVS switching, which reduces the switch-on losses and
makes it possible to use a non-dissipative dV/dt limiter (only a capacitor across the drain-source of the MOSFET).
215
210
OVP level[V]
205 110Vac
200 230Vac
195
190
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Iout[mA]
From this measurement it can be seen that the OVP level stays within 5% of the nominal value.
32
Philips Semiconductors
115
110
OPP level[W]
105
95
90
85
100 200 300 400
Vin[V]
From this measurement it can be seen that the OPP level stays within 20% of the maximum value.
V (start) = 11V
CH1: V CC
OCP level
CH2: V SENSE
Soft start
CH3: V R SENSE
CH4: V OUT_185V
33
Philips Semiconductors
CH4 : Iout_185V
CH1 : V out_1585 V
Vp
Conditions:
V IN = 110V AC
Figure 20 shows the response of the 185V deflection output when applying a load step. The load varies between
54mA (10W) and 405mA(75W). This is an even more severely load step than compared to a transition from black
to full white screen in a monitor application. The overshoot is equal to VP = 410mV. From this it can be concluded
that the overshoot stays within the specification of ±1V of its nominal range.
CH2: VC12
Conditions: Conditions:
VIN = 85VAC VIN = 85VAC
POUT = 75W POUT = 75W
Figure 22 shows the switching frequency related AC ripple of the 185V output at minimum input voltage (worst
case) and 75W output power. The output ripple is 18mVPP. This is within the specification of 20mVPP.
34
Philips Semiconductors
Figure 23 shows the bode plot of the measured loop transfer function including the Gain (trace A) and the Phase
(trace B). This plot shows that the bandwidth is 820Hz and phase margin is 70 degrees at VLINE = 110VAC and POUT
= 75W.
70
Quasi−Peak Limit
60
Average Limit
50
40
U [dBuV]
30
20
10
0
3 4
10 10
f [kHz]
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Philips Semiconductors
70
Quasi−Peak/Average Limit
60
50
40
U [dBuV]
30
20
10
0
2 3
10 10
f [MHz]
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Philips Semiconductors
Symbol Description
n Transformer turns ratio
Nx Number of turns
VLINE Line voltage
fLINE Line frequency
VIN Rectified line voltage
VOUT DC output voltage
IOUT DC output current
VF Diode forward voltage drop
VCC IC supply voltage
VOCP Over Current Protection level
CTR Current Transfer Ratio
RSENSE Primary current sense resistor
RDS(ON) Drain-source on-resistance
CD Total drain node capacitance (including CR, COSS and CP)
CR Drain-source resonance capacitor
COSS Parasitic MOSFET output capacitance
CW Parasitic transformer winding capacitance
VD Drain voltage
IL Inductor current
LP Primary transformer inductance
LS Leakage inductance
ZVS Zero Voltage Switching
LVS Low Voltage Switching
Table 8 List of symbols
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Philips Semiconductors
1] VIN = n⋅VOUT
One period of Inductor Current
1.5
I 1( t)
1
I 2( t)
I 3( t)
Iinductor (A)
I 4x ( t ) 0.5 tt 11 t 1t 2 t2
t00
tt00
t3 t3
I 4( t)
t00
__ZERO
0
0.5
1 .10 2 .10 3 .10 4 .10 5 .10 6 .10 7 .10 8 .10 9 .10 1 .10 .10
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5
0 1.1
t
t (s)
V 1( t )
600
V 2( t )
V 3( t )
Vdrain (V)
400
V 4x ( t )
V 4( t ) t1 t2
t1 t3
V IN t3
200 t00
__ZERO
t2 t00
tt00
0
1 .10 2 .10 3 .10 4 .10 5 .10 6 .10 7 .10 8 .10 9 .10 1 .10 .10
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5
0 1.1
t
t (s)
V IN
I L (t ) = ⋅ (t − t 0 ) + I L (t 0 ) where I L (t 0 ) = 0 and t 0 = 0
LP Equation 17
V D (t ) = I L (t ) ⋅ ( R SENSE + R DS (ON ) )
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Philips Semiconductors
In practice the leakage inductance (Ls) will cause an oscillation together with the resonance capacitor CD. The
resulting oscillation current and voltage must be add to respectively the inductive current and drain voltage. This
phenomenon is beyond the scope of this waveform explanation and is neglected for that reason.
The actually dead time is almost constant and can be calculated by:
t DEAD = π ⋅ LP ⋅ C D
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Philips Semiconductors
The derivatives of the inductive current at the end of interval 4 is not equal to that of the begin of interval 1.
Because of that a discontinuity (of the slope) in the current waveform occurs.
I 1( t)
1
I 2( t)
I 3( t) t1 t0 0 x
Iinductor (A)
I 4x ( t ) 0.5
t2
I 4( t)
t 0t 0 t3 tZ V tt00 00
__ZERO
0
0.5
2 .10 4 .10 6 .10 8 .10 1 .10 .10 .10
6 6 6 6 5 5 5
0 1.2 1.4
t
t (s)
V 1( t )
V 2( t )
400
t1
V 3( t )
Vdrain (V)
V 4x ( t )
200
V 4( t )
t3 tZ V
t0 t0 0
V IN t2
0
__ZERO
t0 0x
200
2 .10 4 .10 6 .10 8 .10 1 .10 .10 .10
6 6 6 6 5 5 5
0 1.2 1.4
t
t (s)
The description of the period is mainly the same as the previous condition when VIN = n⋅VOUT. The inductive current
and drain voltage during of the intervals-1, -2 and –3 can be described with the same formulas. The main difference
is the voltage/current description of interval-4 and the longer tDEAD in this situation.
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Philips Semiconductors
CD
I L (t ) = −n ⋅ VOUT ⋅ ⋅ sin{ω (t − t 3 )
LP Equation 23
VD (t ) = VIN + n ⋅ VOUT ⋅ cos{ω (t − t 3 )
As can be seen in Figure 27 the MOSFET is switched on at tZV , where the drain voltage is zero. The MOSFET will
first conduct the negative current, with derivative VIN/LP. From tZV until t00 there is no energy stored in the
transformer that will be transferred to the output. The result of this is that the dead time is slightly longer compared
to the previous situation. This means also that there is no direct relation anymore between the on time (=width gate
pulse) and the energy that is transferred to the output.
In all three situations Ttot=t00. In this situation t00x represents the value of t00 if there was no ‘head bumping’.
I 1( t )
I 2( t ) 1
I 3( t )
Iinductor (A)
I 4x ( t ) 0.5 tt 11 t2
I 4( t ) t0
t3 t00
__ZERO
0
0.5
1 .10 2 .10 3 .10 4 .10 5 .10 6 .10 7 .10 8 .10 9 .10 1 .10
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5
0
t
t (s)
V 1( t )
V 2( t ) 600
V 3( t )
Vdrain (V)
V 4x ( t )
400
V 4( t ) t1 t2
V IN t3
200
__ZERO
t00
t0
0
1 .10 2 .10 3 .10 4 .10 5 .10 6 .10 7 .10 8 .10 9 .10 1 .10
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5
0
t
t (s)
41
Philips Semiconductors
42
Philips Semiconductors
2 18
16
15
14
6 13
7 12
8 11
9 10
43