წიგნიერება, მასწავლებლის სახელმძღვანელო. ავტორი- ირინა სამსონია

irina samsonia
wigniereba
maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo
irina samsonia
wigniereba
maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo
Tbilisi 2013
proeqti ,,axali SesaZleblobebi saganmanaTleblo saWiroebis mqone bavSvebs dafinansebulia evrokavSirisa da Ria sazogadoebis institutis mier da xorcieldeba samoqalaqo ganviTarebis institutis, asociacia zekarisa da marneulis axalgazrduli centris mier. publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SeiZleba ar gamoxatavdes evrokavSirisa da Ria sazogadoebis institutis mosazrebebs. Project New Opportunities for Educationally Deprived Children was made possible by the support of European Union and Open Society Institute. Project is implementing by the Civic development Institute, Association Zekari and Marneuli Youth Center. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of European Union and Open Society Institute avtori: irina samsonia recenzenti: simon janaSia dizainer-damkabadonebeli: ekaterine wiqariSvili sakonsultacio sabWo anTaZe ia boWoriSvili manana gorgoZe sofio mosiaSvili Tamar wignis SeqmnaSi gansakuTebuli wvlili Seitanes samoqalaqo ganviTrebis institutis TanamSromlebma, ganaTlebis eqspertebma, romlebmac SeimuSaves ganaTlebis meore Sansis qarTuli modeli. ideis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis procesSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen: baqraZe maia TofaZe qeTevan kobalaZe qeTevan korZaZe ekaterine papava paata samsonia irina Wanturia Tamar daibeWda gamomcemloba mwignobari Tbilisi, 2013 samoqalaqo ganviTarebis instituti, 2013
ISBN 978-9941-0-5318-4
sarCevi Sesavali........................................................................................................ 5 misaRwevi Sedegebis CarCo................................................................... 7 mimarTuleba: wera.................................................................................11 sityvebis wakiTxva.................................................................................14 rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs sityvebis wakiTxva?...........16 Tavisuflad kiTxva...............................................................................17 rogor vaswavloT Tavisuflad kiTxva?.....................................18 leqsikis daufleba...............................................................................22 rogor davexmaroT moswavleebs leqsikis dauflebaSi?.. 23 wakiTxulis gaazreba............................................................................29 rogor vaswavloT wakiTxulis gaazreba?.................................30 motivacia...................................................................................................36 gamoyenebuli literatura..............................................................94
wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo
Sesavali
saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli standartis mixedviT, kiTxvis adreul etapze gamoyofen xuT ZiriTad komponents, romlebic gadamwyvet rols asruleben kiTxvis procesSi: fonologiuri cnobiereba gulisxmobs sityvis akustikuri xatis Semadgeneli umciresi erTeulebis - bgerebis anu fonemebis -gacnobierebasa da maTi gamoyenebis unars. fonologiuri cnobierebis Tanamdevi unarebia, magaliTad, sityvebis marcvlebad da bgerebad daSla, ageba Tu tramsformireba, marcvlebisa Tu mTliani sityvebis gariTmva da a.S. anabanuri principis gageba, anu moswavlea cnobierebs, rom TiToeul bgeras Seesabamebamisi grafikuli gamoxatuleba - aso. asoebi ki qmnian konkretul sityvebs. sityvebis wakiTxvisas da warmoTqmisas mkiTxveli iyenebs swored anbanuri principis codnas, anu amoicnobs asoebs, romlebic konkretul bgerebs Seesabameba. Tavisuflad kiTxva gulisxmobs Zaldautanebeli, avtomaturi kiTxvis unars, mTliani sityvebis amocnobas erTi SexedviT, dekodirebis gareSe. Tuki aseTmkiTxvels movusmenT, advilad SevamCnevT, rom misi metyvelebis tempi da intonacia odnavac ar arisxelovnuri. leqsikis daufleba gulisxmobs sityvebis (leqsikuri erTeulebis) srulyofilad gagebisa da gamoyenebis unarsrogorc zepirmetyvelebaSi, aseve kiTxvisa da weris dros. wakiTxulis gaazreba kiTxvis ZiriTadi mizania. igi Tavis TavSi moicavs rTul kognitur procesebs, romlebic exmareba mkiTxvels, azri gamoitanos wakiTxulidan, kiTxvis procesSive daafiqsiros misTvis gaugebari an rTulad gasagebi adgilebi da gamoiyenos saTanado strategiebi am xarvezebis aRmosafxvrelad. Tumca kiTxvaSi problemebis mqone mozrdili mkiTxvelebisTvis prioritetebi cotaTi gansxvavebulia. fonologiuri cnobiereba da anbanuri principis gageba SedarebiT maRal
irina samsonia
klasebSi wignierebis unarebis swavlebaSi arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone komponentebad ar miiCneva, radgan mozrdil asakSi TiTqmis yvela, Tundac kiTxvaSi Zalian sust moswavleebs, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, sityvebis wakiTxva mainc SeuZliaT. Tuki maT mainc sWirdebaT daxmareba am mimarTulebiT, umjobesia amisTvis gamoviyenoTe.w. sityvebis swavleba, rac, anabanuri principis swavlebasTan SedarebiT ufro rTuli unarebis gamomuSavebas gulisxmobs. xuTi mTavari komponenti, romlebic safuZvlad udevs kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebas,ase gamoiyureba swavlebis adreul da Semdgom etapebze:
me-3 klasis CaTvliT fonologiuri cnobiereba anbanuri principis gageba Tavisuflad kiTxva leqsikis daufleba wakiTxulis gaazreba
me-4 klasidan zemoT sityvebis swavleba Tavisuflad kiTxva leqsikis daufleba wakiTxulis gaazreba motivacia
rogorc vxedavT, am CamonaTvalSi aRar gvxvdeba fonologiuri cnobiereba da anbanuri principis gageba, magram mas daemata motivaciis komponenti. kiTxvaSi warmatebis misaRwevad umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria motivacia. mozrdil mkiTxvelebSi swored misi nakleboba an ararseboba aferxebs kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebis process. kiTxvis unarebis ganviTarebis mizniT maswavlebeli unda daakvirdes TiToeul moswavles swavlebis yvela etapze da gamoavlinos,zemoT CamoTvlilidan romel komponentSi sWirdeba mas gansakuTrebuli daxmareba. swored amaze unda iyos damokidebuli, gakveTilze romel komponentebze gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas maswavlebeli. zogierT moswavles SesaZloa yvela am komponentSi sWirdebodes daxmareba, zogs ki mxolod motivaciis problema uSlides xels swavlaSi. arian moswavleebi, romlebic uSecdomod kiTxuloben, magram ver axerxeben wakiTxulis gaazrebas, risi mizezic SeiZleba leqsikis gagebis unaris naklebobaa.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dauSvebelia aseTi moswavleebis calke jgufad gamoyofa. sasurvelia, kiTxvaSi CamorCenili moswavleebi maqsimalurad iyvnen CarTulni jgufur aqtivobebSi, xolo gansakuTrebuli intervenciis saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasargeblo iqneba maTTan individualuri muSaobac. warmodgenil wignSi ganvixilavT kiTxvis aq CamoTvlil TiToeul komponents, visaubrebT warmatebuli da CamorCenili mkiTxvelebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebze TiToeuli am komponentis mixedviT da SemogTavazebT Sesabamis meTodur rekomendaciebs.sityvebis Seuferxeblad wakiTxva da Tavisuflad kiTxva kiTxvis fundamenturi unarebia da, bunebrivia, isini Cveni ganxilvis sagani iqneba,magram SevecdebiT SedarebiT vrclad visaubroT warmatebuli kiTxvisTvis saWiro ufro rTul da kompleqsur saazrovno unarebze, anu bolo sam komponentze leqsikis dauflebaze, wakiTxulis gaazrebasa da motivaciaze. amasTanave, wera-kiTxvaSi SedarebiT CamorCenil moswavleebTan samuSaod erovnuli saswavlo gegmis safuZvelze SevqmeniT misaRwevi Sedegebis CarCo, romelic iTvaliswinebs wignierebis fundamenturi, sabaziso unarebis ganviTarebas. vfiqrobT, es CarCo, CamoTvlil xuT komponentTan erTad, garkveul megzurobs gauwevs maswavlebels saswavlo procesSi.
misaRwevi Sedegebis CarCo mimarTuleba: kiTxva kiTxvis mimarTulebaSi gamovyaviT oTxi ZiriTadi saswavlo mizani: 1. kiTxvisteqnikis daxvewa;
2. aramxatvruli (pragmatuli, sainformacio, SemecnebiTi) teqstebis gageba-gaazreba; 3. mxatvruli teqstis gageba-gaazreba, Sefaseba; 4. kiTxvis strategiebis daufleba.
irina samsonia
1. kiTxvis teqnikis daxvewa sityvaTa CamonaTvalSi Tavisuflad moiZiebs maswavleblis mier waki-Txul nacnob da ucnob sityvebs; poulobs da xmamaRla, Tavisuflad kiTxulobs maswavleblis mier miTiTebul epizods nacnob teqstSi; wakiTxvamde gaiazrebs teqstis Sinaarss; xmamaRla gamarTulad da gamometyvelebiT kiTxulobs mcire zomis teqstebs/SerCeul nawyvets nacnobi teqstidan, icavs pauzas sasven niSnebTan; cdilobs daicvas Sesabamisi intonacia sxvadasxva modalobis winadadebis warmoTqmis dros. 2. aramxatvruli teqstebis gageba-gaazreba. 2.1 moswavles SeuZlia misTvis saintereso Tematikis Semcveli sxvadasxva saxis sainformacio da aramxatvruli teqstebis wakiTxva, gageba da gaazreba. teqstis maorganizebel elementebze dakvirvebiT amoicnobs da asaxelebs, ra tipis informaciaa mocemuli konkretuli saxis teqstSi; teqstis Sesabamis nawilSi eZebs da poulobs konkretul informacias; igebs teqstis zedapirze mocemul faqtobriv informacias; amokrebs teqstidan konkretul informacias; ajgufebs informacias konkretuli niSniT; akavSirebs erTmaneTTan eqspliciturad mocemul faqtebs, movlenebs, moqmedebebs da gamoaqvs saTanado daskvnebi; gansazRvravs teqstis erT monakveTSi an mis sxvadasxva nawilSi asaxul movlenebs / faqtebs Soris arsebul logikur kavSirebs; teqstSi mocemul informacias akavSirebs pirad gamocdilebasTan da gamoaqvs daskvnebi;
amoicnobs Temas; gamoyofs da asaxelebs teqstis mTavar sakiTxebs; teqstis mTliani gaazrebis safuZvelze gamoaqvs daskvna. 3. mxatvruli teqstis gageba-gaazreba, Sefaseba 3.1. moswavles SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxisa da Janris TxrobiTi/literaturuli teqstebis (zRapris, novelis, moTxrobis, igav-arakis, werilis, namdvili ambis...) damoukideblad wakiTxva da gageba-gaazreba. teqstis konkretul monakveTSi moiZiebs miTiTebul sityvebs (mag., personaJTa saxelebs, cxovels, saTa-maSos da sxv.); amokrebs konkretul informacias (sad, rodis, ramdeni, ramdenjer, rogori, riTi da sxv.); asaxelebs moqmed pirebs; gansazRvravs moqmedebaTa drosa da adgils; amoicnobs da asaxelebs dialogSi monawileTa raodenobas; gansazRvravs teqstSi gadmocemul moqmedebaTa, movlenaTa qronolo-gias; amoicnobs movlenebs, faqtebs, moqmedebebs Soris arsebul logi-kur da qronologiur kavSirebs; imaxsovrebs da sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocems teqstis/misi calkeuli monakveTis Sinaarss, gamoyofs arsebiT informacias; amoicnobs personaJebis moqmedebebs, grZnobebs, emociebs; akvirdeba personaJTa qcevas, moqmedebas, Tvisebebs da dakvirvebis safuZvelze gamoaqvs saTanado daskvna maTi azrebis, ganzraxvebis, gancdebis Sesaxeb; amoicnobs, ra tipis urTierToba aqvT personaJebs erTmaneTTan (naTesauri, mtruli, megobruli da sxv.); amoicnobs nawarmoebis ZiriTad Temas / ideas; jgufis wevrebTan erTad dgams nawarmoebSi asaxul scenebs.
irina samsonia
3.2. moswavles SeuZlia asaxelebs nawarmoebis gmirebis moqme-debis motivs da afasebs maTs saqciels; literaturuli teqs axasiaTebs personaJebs rogorc eqsplitis mimarT sakuTari citurad mocemul informaciaze dayrddamokidebulebis gamnobiT, ise Sinaarsis gaazrebis safuZveloxatva; aqvs wakiTxuli ze; mxatvruli teqstis interpretaciis sawyi- asaxelebs sayvarel personaJs da xsnis sakuTar arCevans; si unari. msjelobs misTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da gamoxatavs sakuTar pozicias; asociaciurad ukavSirebs erTmaneTs mxatvrul ambavsa da realur movlenas. gamoxatavs wakiTxuli teqstiT aRZrul emociebs, gancdebs; wakiTxuli nawarmoebidan miRebuli STabeWdilebiT qmnis ilustraciebs; msjelobs poetur nawarmoebSi gamoxatul ganwyobilebaze; asaxelebs misTvis esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT mimzidvel adgilebs. 4. kiTxvis strategiebis daufleba saTaurze an ilustraciebzedayrdnobiT ga4.1. moswavle flobs moTqvams varauds teqstis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb; kiTxvis zogierT strategias da SeuZlia sxvadasxva saSualebiT (konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, kiTxvis dasmiT) cdilobs ucmaTi miznobrivad ganobi sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis mniSvnelobis moyeneba garkvevas; iyenebs wignis sarCevs, teqstis Semdeg mocemul sityvaTa ganmartebebs; akvirdeba teqstis struqturasda iyenebs maT sayrdenebad konkretuli informaciis moZiebisas; kiTxvisas wamoWrili sirTuleebis dasaZlevad mimarTavs sxvadasxva saSualebas: Tavidan gadaikiTxavs rTul an mniSvnelovan nawilebs, akeTebs Canawerebs, komentarebs ukeTebs teqstis calkeul nawilebs;ubrundeba teqstis Sesabamis-/saTanado monakveTs sakiTxebis dasazusteblad, pasuxis gasacemad; teqstis ukeT gaazrebis mizniT svams kiTxvebs wakiTxulTan dakavSirebiT.
10
mimarTuleba: wera
weris mimarTulebaSi gamovyaviT xuTi ZiriTadi saswavlo mizani: 1. weristeqnikis daxvewa; 2. sxvadasxva saxiswerilobiTi teqstebis Seqmna; 3. TviTgamoxatva da SemoqmedebiToba; 4. enobrivi gamarTuloba; 5. weris strategiebis daufleba.
1. weris teqnikis daxvewa 1.1. moswavles SeuZlia winadadebebis gadawera da karnaxiT wera. nabeWdi furclidan/dafidan gadawers sityvebs, winadadebebs; aqvs mkafio da advilad aRsaqmeli xelwera; icavs manZils asoebs, sityvebs Soris; saTanadod anawilebs teqstis struqturul erTeulebs sawer sivrceSi; karnaxiT wers sityvebsa da winadadebebs; damoukideblad iyenebs ZiriTad sasven niSnebs (wertils, mZimes, kiTxvis niSans).
2. sxvadasxva saxis werilobiTi teqstebis Seqmna 2.1. moswavles SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxis mcire zomis teqstebis modelireba da Seqmna. werilobiT pasuxobs martiv kiTxvebs; modelis mixedviT qmnis da aformebs sxvadasxva saxis yofiT teqstebs; wers martiv instruqciebs; modelis mixedviT agebs da saTanadod aformebs martiv dialogebs; swers werils megobrebsa da warmosaxviT personaJebs; sxvadasxva saganSi SeZenili codnis safuZvelze qmnis mcire zomis Txzulebas (mag., Semodgoma, Sinauri cxovelebi da sxv.); teqstis Sedgenis dros iyenebs axlad Seswavlil sityvebsa da frazebs.
11
irina samsonia
3. TviTgamoxatva da SemoqmedebiToba qmnis sxvadasxva Janris mcire zomis 3.1. moswavles SeuZlia teqstebs (zRapars, moTxrobas, lesxvadasxva saxis teqqss); stebis damoukideblad Seqmna; aqvs mxatvruli werilobiT gadmoscems wakiTxuli teqstis Sinaarss; warmosaxvis unari da avlens TviTgamoxatvis gamoxatavs sakuTar damokidebulebas personaJis mimarT sxvadasxva forsurvils. miT (mag., mokle daxasiaTebis, gmiris saqcielze gakeTebuli komentaris saxiT da a.S.); avlens faqtisadmi (movlenisadmi) sakuTar damokidebulebas; axerxebs mis emociur Sefasebas; qmnis misTvis azrobrivad saintereso epizodis gagrZelebis / nawarmoebis gansxvavebuli dasasrulis sakuTar versias; sakuTari gancdis, STabeWdilebis gadmosacemad irCevs misTvis sasurvel mxatvrul formas; mokled wers piradi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, aRwers konkretul faqts / movlenas sakuTari cxovrebidan; Tanamimdevrulad gadmoscems faqtebsa da movlenebs; axasiaTebs misTvis nacnob sagnebs da adamianebs. 4. enobrivigamarTuloba 4.1 moswavles SeuZlia gramatikuli wese-bis marTebulad gamoyeneba, marTlwerisa da punqtuaciis elementaruli wesebis dacva teqstis Seqmnisas. sworad damarcvlavs sityvebs da gadaaqvs striqonidan striqonze; iyenebs zmnas saTanado pirisa da ricxvis formiT; saTanadod iyenebs piris, CvenebiT da kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebs; sworad uxamebs zmnas saxels pirsa da ricxvSi, sworad aTanxmebs ricxviT da / an zedsarTav saxelsa da arsebiT saxels brunvasa da ricxvSi; sworad arCevs saxelis brunvis formebs zmnis sintaqsuri konstruqciebis mixedviT;
12
msgavsi mniSvnelobis leqsikuri erTeulebidan SearCevs mocemuli konteqstisTvis Sesaferis/marTebul sityvas; marTebulad xmarobs sityvebs: TiToeuli, yvela, zogi (zogierTi), ramdenime da sworad uTanxmebs ricxvSi zmnebs; sworad iyenebs kavSirebs (da, Tu, magram, an); marTebulad iyenebs TxrobiT, brZanebiT da kiTxviT winadadebebs da winadadebebis bolos svams saTanado sasven niSnebs. saTanadod iyenebs sasven niSnebs (wertils, mZimes, brWyalebs, kiTxvisa da Zaxilis niSnebs). 5. weris strategiebis daufleba Tavs uyris informacias da Camowers 5.1. moswavle flobs sakiTxebs, romelTa Setanac unda weris zogierT teqstSi; strategias da SeuZlia maTi miznobrivad gamo- Seadgens weriTi davalebis mokle gegmas; yeneba. ubrundeba nawers koreqtirebisTvis, asworebs martivi tipis Secdomebs (Caamatebs, amoSlis an gadasvams teqstSi asos, sityvas, frazas/winadadebas); azrobrivi srulyofis mizniT, damatebiT svams teqstSi saWiro sityvebsa da gamonaTqvamebs; gadaikiTxavs nawers da Caasworebs mas punqtuaciis TvalsazrisiT; Sedgenil teqsts adarebs models da, saWiroebisamebr, Seaqvs Sesworebebi.
13
irina samsonia
sityvebis wakiTxva
Cveulebriv, moswavleebi, romlebic Zalian cudad kiTxuloben, uWirT ara mxolod anabanuri principis gageba, aramed - SedarebiT ufro rTuli operaciebis Catareba, magaliTad: mravalmarcvliani da/an ucnobi sityvebis dekodireba (gaSifvra), nacnobi sityvebis amocnoba erTi SexedviT, aseve sityvebis martivi analizi (mag., nacnobi fuZis gamoyofa sityvidan). sityvebis wakiTxva - es aris procesi, romelic gulisxmobs mkiTxvelis mxridan sityvebis fonologiurad gadamuSavebas, anu sityvis grafikuli xatis akustikur xatad gardaqmnas, aseve TiToeuli wasakiTxi sityvis SigniT aso-bgeriTi mimarTebebis codnas. radganac sityvebis wakiTxvaSi gawafva sagrZnoblad exmareba moswavles, swrafad da gacnobierebulad amoikiTxos yoveli sityva, es unari, bunebrivia, mniSvnelovnad exmareba mas wakiTxulis gaazrebaSic. magaliTad, Tuki moswavles SeuZlia struqturul nawilebad daSalos sityva, es imas niSnavs, rom mas aqvs sityvis analizis unari, esmis misi Semadgeneli nawilebis daniSnuleba da, savaraudod, - am sityvis mniSvnelobac. es ki moswavles Zalian exmareba wakiTxuli teqstis gaazrebaSi. Tuki moswavles uWirs sityvis wakiTxva da misi dekodireba, nebismier asakSi aucilebelia Careva da mizanmimarTuli muSaoba am xarvezis aRmosafxvrelad. cxadia, saswavlo masala, romelic sityvebis wakiTxvaSi savarjiSod SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva sirTulis iyos da gankuTvnili iyos sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufisTvis. miuxedavad amisa, swavlebis mizani ucvleliadawyebiT, sabazo da saSualo safexuris moswavleebisTvis. sityvebis wakiTxvaSi damatebiTi varjiSis Sedegad moswavlem Tavisuflad da Seuferxeblad unda SeZlos sityvis dekodireba, daeuflos sityvis amocnobisa da gaanalizebis strategiebs, SeZlos iseTi sityvebis amokiTxvac, romlebic gansxvavdeba da ar Seesabameba misTvis nacnob semantikurTu
14
orTografiul xatebs1. sityvis dekodirebis strategiebis srulyofilad floba Tavisuflad kiTxvis winapirobas warmoadgens. kargma mkiTxvelma icis, rom yoveli aso Seesabameba konkretul bgeras (kerZod, qarTul enaSi) da am bgerebis erToblioba sxvadasxva kombinaciiT qmnis im sityvebs, romlebsac vkiTxulobT. mas SeuZlia kiTxvis dros am codnis gamoyeneba da misi saSualebiT ucnobi an rTuli sityvebis Tavisuflad dekodirebac. kargi mkiTxveli kiTxvis procesSi mimarTavs sxvadasxva strategias sityvis struqturuli analizisTvis. sityvis struqturuli analizi niSnavs mis daSlas ufro mcire, garkveuli Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis mqone nawilebad, rac exmareba moswavles, ufro advilad moaxerxos sityvisdekodireba da misi mniSvnelobis gageba. qvemoT mocemuli cxrili warmoaCens warmatebuli da CamorCenili mkiTxvelebis zogierT maxasiaTebels sityvebis wakiTxvaSi.
kargi mkiTxveli kiTxulobs mravalmarcvlian sityvebs da iyenebs strategiebs ucnobi sityvebis amosacnobad swrafad da Seuferxeblad amyarebs kavSirs asoebsa da Sesabamis bgerebs Soris kiTxvis dros ucnob sityvebs Slis marcvlebad iyenebs strategiebs, raTa rTuli an grZeli sityvebi daSalos Sinaarsobriv nawilebad (mag., Camoacilos sityvis mawarmoebeli afiqsebi1, gamoyos fuZe, daSalos Sedgenili sityvebi da a.S.) CamorCenili mkiTxveli SeuZlia erT- an ormarcvliani, aseve Ria marcvlebisagan Sedgenili sityvebis SeuferxebladwakiTxva, magram uWirs grZeli, mravalmarcvliani sityvebis dekodireba zogjer uWirs asobgeriTi mimarTebebis damyareba zogjer uWirs sityvebis daSla marcvlebad umetesad ar iyenebs sityvis gasaanalizeblad saWiro strategiebs.
1 sityvis semantikuri ati - sityviT gadmocemuli azri, misi mniSvneloba; sityvis orTografiuli ati - sityvis grafikuli gamoatuleba. sityvis orTografiuli atis cnoba gulismobs mTliani sityvis amocnobas damarcvla-danawevrebis gareSe, e.w. pirdapiri gziT. Tuki moswavles mesierebaSi aqvs konkretuli sityvis orTografiul ati, anu sityvis Semadgeneli asoebis mowesrigebuli Tanamimdevroba, igi danavisTanave akavSirebs am ats sityvis mniSvnelobasTan.
15
irina samsonia
rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs sityvebis wakiTxva?

sityvebis wakiTxvis swavleba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli marTlwerisa da sityvebis struqturuli analizis swavlebasTan. moswavleebTan, romlebsac uWirT sityvebis swrafad da Seuferxeblad wakiTxva (dekodireba da gageba), sasurvelia, maswavlebelma intensiurad imuSaos Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: aswavlos maT, rogor daSalon sityva marcvlebad (moswavleebi unda mieCvion sxvadasxva tipis marcvlebis amocnobas, mag., sityvaSi deda maT unda gamoyon ori Ria marcvali deda -da, sityvaSi fesvi ki- erTi daxuruli da erT Ria marcvali:fes- da -vida a.S.); avarjiSos isini grZeli, mravalmarcvliani sityvebis wakiTxvaSi (amisTvis maswavlebels SeuZlia SerCeul sityvebi jer daaSlevinos moswavleebs marcvlebad, Semdeg gadaanacvlebinos an CamoaSorebinos sityvidan es marcvlebi da sxvadasxva kombinaciiT waakiTxos TiToeuli sityva); xSirad waakiTxos moswavleebs gansxvavebuli, uCveulo bgeriTi Sedgenilobis sityvebi (aseTebia, magaliTad, zogierTi ucxo enidan Semosuli sityva, an cnebis Tu terminis aRmniSvneli sityvebi); aswavlos maT sityvis daSla cnobad nawilebad, sityvaSi fuZis gamoyofis, misi ZiriTadi mawarmoeblebis da maTi funqciis amocnobis xerxebi (magaliTad, moswavlem unda SeZlos sami segmentis gamoyofa sityvaSi gadanergili: gadanerg-il(i). maT am sityvidan unda SeZlon fuZis gamoyofa - nergi, romelsac win erTvis prefiqsi gada- (romelic dakavSirebulia raRacis gadatanasTan), boloSi ki - sufiqsi -ili(i) (rac mianiSnebs warsulSi momxdar faqtze); aswavlos da avarjiSos moswavleebi sityvebis Semadgenel nawilebad daSlasa da am nawilebis gamoyenebT axali (magram, bunebrivia, arsebuli) sityvebis SedgenaSi; aswavlos maT, rodis da rogor gamoiyenon sityvis struqturuli analizis codna maTTvis ucnobi da/an rTuli sityvebis wasakiTxad (gasaSifrad); kiTxvis swavlebis procesSi marTlac sasargebloa sityvebis swavlebaze orientirebuli aqtivobebis dagagemva, rasacmaswavlebelma saTanado dro unda dauTmos gakveTilebze, Tumca aseTi aqtivobebis xangrZlivoba, sasurvelia, ar aRematebodes 10-15 wuTs, xolo axali, anu moswavlisTvis ucnobi sityvebis raodenoba 5-10 sityviT unda Semoifarglebodes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sityvebis swavleba mxolod xangrZliv da mosawyen saqmianobad iqceva.
16
Tavisuflad kiTxva
kargi mkiTxvelis erT-erTi umTavresi maxasiaTebeliTavisuflad kiTxvaa. es imas niSnavs, rom mkiTxveli avtomaturad Sifravs da kiTxulobs sityvebs, ajgufebs an ganacalkevebs maT ise, rom gauadvildes mTliani winadadebisa Tu teqstis gageba. Tavisuflad kiTxva Zalian mniSvnelovani unaria. mkiTxveli, romelic flobs am unars, SeuZlia sityvebiwaikiTxos avtomaturad, erTi SexedviT (da ara dekodirebis, igive gaSifvris gziT)2 da, amdenad, aqvs saSualeba, meti dro da Zalisxmeva dauTmos imis gagebas, rasac kiTxulobs. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem TandaTanobiT gazardos iseTi sityvebis raodenoba, romelTa wakiTxvac mas erTi SexedviT, anu dekodirebis gareSe SeuZlia, da Sesabamisad, SeZlos Tavisuflad kiTxva, man unda ikiTxos rac SeiZleba xSirad da rac SeiZleba bevri. swored aq iCens Tavs problema, romelic CamorCenil mkiTxvelebs aqvT - isini cotas da iSviaTad kiTxuloben. bunebrivia, Tavisuflad kiTxva avtomaturad ar gulisxmobs imas, rom mkiTxvels gaiazrebs wakiTxuls, magram am unaris gamomuSaveba warmatebul mkiTxvelad Camoyalibebis aucilebeli winapirobas warmoadgens. kiTxvaSi CamorCenili mozrdili moswavleebis didi nawils ar SeuZlia Tavisuflad kiTxva, miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri maTgani SeiZleba uSecdomod kiTxulobdes calkeul sityvebs. teqstis avtomaturad da sworad wakiTxvis unari xels uwyobs wakiTxulis gagebas da, amdenad, kiTxvis sxva aseve mniSvnelovani unarebis gamomuSavebasTan erTad aucilebelia, rom maswavlebelma intensiurad avarjiSos kiTxvaSi is moswavleebi, romlebic nela da SeferxebebiT kiTxuloben. maT unda mieceT saSualeba, xmamaRla ikiTxon rac SeiZleba bevri da miiRon ukugeba maTze ufro gawafuli mkiTxvelisagan, iqneba es Tanaklaseli Tu maswavlebeli. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, Tavisuflad kiTxvaSi varjiSi gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa
2 gaSifvra anu dekodireba _ grafikuli xatis akustikur xatad konvertireba, anu asoebis amocnoba da maTi dakavSireba Sesabamis bgerebTan; bgerebis sityvad gamTlianeba, akustikuri xatis sityvis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSireba.
17
irina samsonia
im mozrdili moswavleebisTvis, romlebic mesame an ufro dabali klasebis moswavleTa doneze floben kiTxvis teqnikas. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom kiTxvaSi CamorCenil moswavleebs xSirad swored Tavisuflad kiTxvis problema aqvT. sworad da avtomaturad kiTxvis unari pirdapir kavSirSia swavlasTan, kerZod wakiTxulis gaazrebasTan, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mozrdili moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac sxvadasxva saganSi saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegebis misaRwevad uwevT uamravi teqstis wakiTxva da daswavla. mocemul cxrili gviCvenebs, ra gansxvavebaa warmatebul da CamorCenil mkiTxvelebs Soris Tavisuflad kiTxvaSi:
kargi mkiTxveli teqstis sirTulisa da tipis gaTvaliswinebiTkiTxulobs daaxl. 100-150 sityvas wuTSi (sabazo-saSualo safexurze) avtomaturad da sworad axerxebs sityvebis dekodirebas kiTxvisas gaazrebulad ajgufebs sityvebs Sinaarsobrivad kiTxulobs gamometyvelebiT kiTxvisas erTdroulad asrulebs ramdenime amocanas (mag., Sifravs, ajgufebs sityvebs, igebs Sinaarss, SeuZlia garkveuli interpretaciebis gakeTebac) CamorCenili mkiTxveli kiTxulobs nela da didi ZalisxmeviT uWirs an nela axerxebs sityvebis sworad dekodirebas ar icavs pauzebs kiTxvisas, ar iTvaliswinebs sasven niSnebs, ar ajgufebs sityvebs Sinaarsobrivad mis kiTxvaSi ar igrZnoba intonacia da eqspresiuloba aklia kiTxvis sxvadasxva unari, rac masxels uSlis, waikiTxos Tavisuflad da gaiazros wakiTxuli teqsti.
rogor vaswavloT Tavisuflad kiTxva?

Tavisuflad kiTxvis unaris dasaufleblad arsebobs ori saxis intervencia: ganmeorebiTi xmamaRali kiTxva (erTi da imave teqstis ramdenjerme wakiTxva da mosmena) da mravalferovani, urTierTgansxvavebuli teqstebis erTjeradad wakiTxva (moswavleebi intensiuradkiTxuloben sxvadasxvasaxis rac SeiZleba bevrteqsts). kiTxvis specialistebis nawili fiqrobs, rom ganmeorebiTi kiTxvis meTodis gamoyenebiT moswavleebi
18
namdvilad srulyofen Tavisuflad kiTxvis unars, magram ismis kiTxva: iseTiev waramatebiT SeZleben Tu ara moswavleebi sxva, maTTvis ucnobi teqstebis wakiTxvasac? swored amitom, bevri specialisti miiCnevs, rom ganmeorebiTi kiTxva SeiZleba naklebad Sedegiani iyos CamorCenili mozrdili mkiTxvelebisTvis, vidre bevri da mravalferovani teqstebis erTjeradi kiTxva imave itensivobiT. arsebobs mosazreba, rom erTjeradi kiTxvis meTodis sistematuri gamoyeneba sagrZnoblad uwyobs xels ucnobi da urTierTgansxvavebuli teqstebis kiTxvaSi gawafvas, kerZod: swrafad kiTxvis, sityvebis amocnobisa da wakiTxulis gaazrebis unarebis ganviTarebas. Tumca, isicunda iTqvas, rom kvleva, romelic am ori meTodis - ganmeorebiTi da erTjeradi kiTxvis meTodebis - SedarebiTi analizis Sedegebs mogvcemda, jer ar Catarebula. Cveni rekomendaciaa, maswavleblebma orive saxis intervencia gamoiyenon da daakvirdnen moswavleTa kiTxvis unarebis ganviTarebas. erTi da imave teqstis ganmeorebiTi kiTxva moswavles saSualebas aZlevs, gazardos im sityvebis raodenoba, romelTa wakiTxvasac is avtomaturad, erTi SexedviT, anu dekodirebis gareSe SeZlebs; aseTi sityvebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad ki izrdeba kiTxvis siswrafec, anu moswavle sul ufro da ufro Tavisuflad kiTxulobs teqsts. swored amitom iTvleba, rom kiTxvaSi CamorCenili moswavleebisTvis SesaZlebelia sasargeblo iyos erTi da imave teqstis ganmeorebiTi kiTxva, Tuki moswavle amasTanave axerxebs ukugebis miRebas masze ufro gawafuli mkiTxvelisagan. efeqturi meTodia mravalferovani, gansxvavebuli saxis teqstebis erTjeradad wakiTxva.teqstebi ar unda iyos gadatvirTuli moswavlisaTvis rTuli da ucnobi sityvebiT. am gziT moswavleebiecnobian sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis ZiriTad (struquturul Tu enobriv) maxasiaTeblebs, sagrZnoblad imdidreben leqsikur marags da Sinaarsobrivimravalferovnebis wyalobiTiReben bevr
rekomendaciebi:
19
irina samsonia
saintereso informaciasac. ganmeorebiTi kiTxvis meTodis gamoyeneba ormagad sasargeblo iqneba moswavleebisTvis, Tuki maswavlebeli paralelurad ukve Seswavlili leqsikis ganmtkicebazec izrunebs. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem daimaxsovros naswavli sityvebis mniSvneloba, saWiroa am leqsikasTan maqsimalurad xSiri Sexeba sxvadasxva konteqstSi. amitom, sasurvelia, Tumaswavlebeli am kriteriumsac gaiTvaliswinebs sakiTxavi masalis SerCevisas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTjeradi kiTxva saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, gaecnon sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis struqturas, daeuflon axal leqsikas da Tu dargobriv teqstebsac3 gamoviyenebT, es xels Seuwyobs maTi codnisgaRrmavebasac sxvadasxva saskolo saganSi. im moswavleebTan samuSaod, romlebsac SedarebiT mZime problemebi aqvT Tavisuflad kiTxvaSi, maswavleblebs vTavazobT damatebiT rekomendaciebs: maswavlebelma periodulad xmamaRla unda waukiTxos teqsti Tavis moswavleebs. am gziT maswavlebeli moswavleebs uCvenebs Tavisuflad kiTxvis nimuSs. amasTanave, man dro da dro unda auxsnas kidec moswavleebs sxvadasxva tipis teqtebis Tavisuflad kiTxvis martivi xerxebi, magaliTad, urCios, rom SedarebiT monotonuri, dinji intonacia Seefereba maTematikuri teqstis kiTxvas, xolo mxatvruli teqstis kiTxvisas metyveleba da intonacia ufro dinamiuri da gamomxatvelobiTi unda iyos. am midgomis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa axali sakiTxavi masalis SeTavazebisas, sanam moswavleebs daevalebaT misi damoukideblad wakiTxva. maswavlebels SeuZlia mxolod teqstis dasawyisi waukiTxos moswavleebs, aCvenos magaliTi da amis Semdeg sTxovos maT kiTxvis gagrZeleba. xmamaRla wakiTxvisas maswavlebelma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos da pirdapir auxsnas moswavleebs, rogor
3 dargobrivi teqstebi - sxvadasxva dargis (disciplinis) Sesaswavlad gankuTvnili aramxatvruli teqstebi, romelTa wakiTxvac skolis moswavleebs, ZiriTadad, uwevT saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagnebis (mag., istoriis, geografiis, fizikis, biologiis, maTematikis da a.S.) Sesaswavlad.
20
aisaxeba zepirmetyvelebaSi werilobiT teqstSi gamoyenebuli sasveni niSnebi, kerZod, rodis da ramxela pauza unda daicvan kiTxvisas, sad unda aamaRlon xma da sad ara, rogor gamoTqvan kiTxvisa da Zaxilis winadadebebi. moswavleebma unda gaacnobieron, rom intonaciisa, metyvelebis ritmisa da maxvilis Tundac mcire gadanacvlebasac ki SeuZlia mTlianad Secvalos winadadebis da, Sesabamisad, mTeli epizodis Sinaarsi.
21
irina samsonia
leqsikis daufleba
kiTxvis specialistebi aRiareben, rom sityvebis mniSvnelobis codna pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli wakiTxulis gaazrebis unarTan da, zogadad, moswavlis akademiur warmatebasTan. Tuki moswavles aqvs unari gaigos im sityvebis mniSvneloba, romlebsac igi teqstis kiTxvisas awydeba, SeuZlia gamoiyenos sxvadasxva strategia misTvis ucnobi sityvebis mniSvnelobis amosacnobad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi gaazrebulad kiTxulobs da, savaraudod,safuZvlianad igebs wakiTxuli teqstis Sinaarss. Tumca cneba leqsikis daufleba gacilebiT farTo Sinaarss itevs, vidre mxolod sityvebis mniSvnelobis gagebaa. igi gulisxmobs sityvebis mniSvnelobis, maTi semantikis gacnobierebis, gaTavisebis unarsac, rac enobrivi alRos gamomuSavebas ganapirobebs. moswavle srulyofilad flobs leqsikas, Tu igi grZnobs niuansobrv gansxvavebebs semantikurad axlos mdgom sityvebs Soris da SeuZlia teqstis miznis, misi stiluri maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT gaakeTos enobrivi arCevani. bunebrivia, aseTi enobrivi alRo didad exmareba mas wakiTxulis srulfasovnad gaazrebaSic. cxadia, warmatebuli mkiTxveli gacilebiT did leqsikur marags flobs, vidre - CamorCenili. es ki ganpirobebulia erTi martivi mizeziT: warmatebuli mkiTxveli bevrs kiTxulobs da, Sesabamisad, meti axali leqsikuri erTeulis SeTvisebas axerxebs, xolo CamorCenili mkiTxveli, piriqiT, cotas an TiTqmis ar kiTxulobs, Sesabamisad, igi ver eufleba kiTxvisTvis saWiro strategiebs, rac pirdapir ganapirobebs misi leqsikuri maragis siRaribes. CamorCenil mkiTxvelebs xSirad arc enobrivi alRo gaaCniaT, rac aseve xels uSlis maT mkiTxvelad Camoyalibebas. gTavazobT cxrils, romelSic warmodgenilia leqsikis dauflebaSi warmatebuli da CamorCenili mkiTxvelis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:
22
kargi mkiTxveli adreuli asakidanve mdidrdeboda misi leqsikuri maragi rogorc zepiri metyvelebis, ise werilobiTi teqstebis wakiTxvis gziT saxlsa Tu skolaSi. aqvs enobrivi alRo. asakis Sesabamisi teqstebis kiTxvisas igebs sityvebis umetesi nawilis (sul mcire 90%is) mniSvnelobas, aseve iyenebs konteqstur Tu enobriv codnas ucnobi sityvebis mniSvnelobis amosacnobad. iyenebs winare codnas da xvdeba, Tu ra mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli esa Tu is sityva konkretul konteqstSi.
CamorCenili mkiTxveli adreuli asakidanve ar hqonda sakmarisi SesaZlebloba, gaemdidrebina sakuTari leqskuri maragi. ar uyvars kiTxva da cdilobs ar dakavdes am saqmianobiT. naklebad aqvs ganviTarebuli enobrivi alRo. cudad esmis, rasac kiTxulobs da, Sesabamisad, ver axerxebs wakiTxulis safuZvlianad gagebisTvis saWiro ucnobi sityvebis identificirebas teqstSi. ar flobs sakmaris winare codnas, rac mas mniSvnelovnad daexmareboda axali sityvebis mniSvnelobis gagebaSi.
rogor davexmaroT moswavleebs leqsikis dauflebaSi?

leqsikis swavleba SeiZleba daiyos sam ZiriTad mimarTulebad: 1) calkeuli sityvebis swavleba pirdapiri gziT; 2) sityvis gagebis strategiebis swavleba, rac moswavles SemdgomSi damoukideblad muSaobis saSualebas miscems; 3) akademiuri leqsikis swavleba, rac gulisxmobs rogorc calkeuli sityvebis, ise sityvebis gagebis strategiebis swavlebas specifikuri dargobrivi teqstebis wasakiTxad.
nebismieri moswavlisTvis samive mimarTulebaze muSaoba Tanabrad mniSvnelovania leqsikis dauflebis procesSi.
calkeuli sityvebis swavleba gulisxmobs pirdapiri, eqsplicituri anu pirdapiri swavlebis meTodis gamoyenebas. pirdapir swavlebasTan erTad aucilebelia codnis ganmamtkicebeli, praqtikuli savarjiSoebis gamoyenebac da Sesabamisi saklaso, individualuri da jgufuri aqtivobebis dageg-
23
irina samsonia
mvac. sasurvelia, rom moswavleebs mieceT saSualeba, axlad Seswavlili sityvas gaecnon sxvadasxva, SesaZloa, urTierTgansxvavebul konteqstSi. amasTanave, umniSvnelovanesia, rom moswavlem SeZlos TiToeuli sityvis gaanalizeba gramatikulad (mag.,sityvis fuZis gamocalkeveba, sufiqsebis gamoyofa). magaliTad aviRoT sityva ganaSenianeba, romlis zusti mniSvneloba SesaZloa bevrma moswavlem ar icodes. ra meTodebi SeuZlia gamoiyenos maswavlebelma am sityvis saswavleblad? upirvelesad man pirdapir unda SesTavazos moswavleebs sityvis ganmarteba; Semdeg waakiTxos moswavleebs sxva teqsti, an nawyveti (sasurvelia, ori mainc), romelSic gvxvdeba sityva ganaSenianeba; mas SeuZlia warmarTos diskusia am sityvis garSemo, aseve Temaze, romelic sityva ganaSenianebas ukavSirdeba; mas SeuZlia SesTavazos moswavleebs swori da mcdari situaciuri magaliTebi, rac daexmarebamaT kargad daakvirdnen da gamokveTon am sityvis mniSvneloba da misi semantikuri datvirTva; dagegmos aqtivoba moswavleebTan erTad: sityvidangamoyofen fuZes - Sen da Seadgenen semantikur rukas, Camoweren rac SeiZleba met sityvas, romlebic am fuZisgan warmodgeba (mag., Seneba, Senoba, gaSeneba...). mravalmniSvnelobiani sityvebis (anu iseTi sityvebisa, romelTac sxvadasxva konteqstSi sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvT) swavlebisas mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebma SeZlon aseTi sityvebis safuZvlianad gacnobiereba. amisaTvis sasurvelia moswavleebisTvis aseTi sityvis gamoyenebis bevri magaliTis (winadadebebis, nawyvetebis, mTliani teqstebis da a.S.) SeTavazeba, romlebSic es sityva sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari da SesaZlebelia metyvelebis sxvadasxva nawilsac warmoadgens. magaliTad, sityva angariSi sxvadasxva konteqstSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. amasTanave, igi SeiZleba iyos arsebiTi saxelic da zmnis sawyisis formac, rac aseve damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas mocemul konteqstSi.
24
imisTvis, rom sityvebis swavlebis procesi saxaliso iyos, sasurvelia, rom moswavleebi ara mxolod pasiuri msmenelebis rolSi iyvnen, aramed Tavad gaxdnen saswavlo procesis aqtiuri monawileni. amis misaRwevad maswavlebels SeuZlia dagegmos Sesabamisi saklaso aqtivobebi. magaliTad: moswavleebi damoukideblad, sakuTari sityvebiT Camoayalibeben axlad naswavli sityvebis ganmartebebs; moswavleebi qmnian axali sityvis swor da mcdar (niuansobrivi sxvaobiT) ganmartebebs. amis Semdegac imarTeba jgufuri aqtivoba, romlis Sedegadac gamovlindeba, ramdenad zustad da safuZvlianad gaiazres moswavleebma sityvis mniSvneloba; moswavleebi igoneben da Txzaven ambavs, romelic Tematurad ukavSirdeba axlad Seswavlil sityvas; xataven suraTebs, romlebic Tematurad ukavSirdeba axlad Seswavlil sityvas; Semajamebeli aqtivobis saxiT (roca moswavleebs ukve naswavli aqvT garkveuli raodenoba axali sityvebisa) SesaZlebelia daigegmos gunduri TamaSebi. magaliTad, moswavleebi irCeven sityvebs da Txzaven gamocanebs, iyeneben mimikebsa da Jestikulacias amosacnobs sityvaze misaniSneblad da a.S. sityvis gagebis strategiebis swavlebiT moswavleebi kiTxvisas ucnobi sityvebis mniSvnelobis amocnobis unar-Cvevebs iZenen. am dros isini eyrdnobian konkretuli sityvebis mniSvnelobisa da garkveul gramatikul (magaliTad, sityvis morfologiuri agebulebis) codnas, da, ra Tqma unda, konteqsts. amdenad, maswavlebelma swored am ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT unda avarjiSos moswavleebi. amisaTvis, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma moswavleebs wasakiTxad SeTavazos rac SeiZleba mravalferovani teqstebi rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, ise struqturuli TvalsazrisiT. rac ufro mets da mravalferovan teqstebs waikiTxaven mowavleebi, miT ufro meti SesaZlebloba eZleva maswavlebels, amuSaos isini sityvis gagebis strategiebis dauflebaze da, Sesabamisad, leqsikuri fondis gamdidrebaze. am miznis misaRwevad maswavlebels SeuZlia gamoiy-
25
irina samsonia
enos sxvadasxva meTodi. aseTebia, magaliTad: jgufuri aqtivobebi, sadac moswavleebi zepirad ganixilaven teqstSi amokiTxul ucnob sityvebs da erToblivad Seecdebiani misi mniSvnelobis amocnobas; sityvis mniSvnelobis amocnobis Semdeg sasurvelia waxalisdes misi gamoyeneba sasaubro enaSic. am mizniT maswavlebels SeuZlia SesTavazos moswavleebs sasaubro Tema (Temebi). zepirdialogebSi (saubrebSi) moswavleebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneben axlad gagebul sityvas rogorc ukve nacnob, ise axal, gansxvavebul konteqstebSi. sayrdeni sityvis meTodis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs fonetikuri da vizualuri msgavsebis danaxvas sityvebs Soris da maT erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas, rac xSirad exmareba moswavles, gaigos da daimaxsovros Sesaswavli sityvis mniSvneloba. magaliTad, sayrdeni sityva gafantva SegviZlia davakavSiroT Sesaswavl sityvasTan safanti. maT Soris aSkaraa fonetikuri da vizualuri msgavseba, radgan isini erTi fuZisagan warmodgebian, safanti ki aris fizikuri sxeuli romelic gasrolisas haerSi ifanteba. maswavlebels pirdapir SeuZlia aCvenos moswavleebs magaliTebi, Tu rogor xdeba sityvidan fuZis, winsarTbolosarTisa da sxvadasxva mawarmoeblebis gamoyofa. akademiuri leqsikis swavlebaSi, ZiriTadad, igulisxmeba im specifikuri, dargobrivi sityvebis (terminebisa da cnebebis) swavleba, romlebsac saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul sagnebis saxelmZRvaneloebSi xvdebaT moswavleebs, magaliTad, sazogadoebriv da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi, maTematikaSi da sxv. akademiuri leqsikis swavleba moicavs rogorc calkeuli sityvebis pirdapiri swavlebis, ise sityvis gagebis strategiebis swavlebis meTodebis gamoyenebas. mecnierebi dResac davoben imis Sesaxeb, niSnavs Tu ara sityvis mniSvnelobis gageba amave sityviT gadmocemuli cnebis gaazrebas. bunebrivia, verc Cven daviwyebT imis mtkicebas, rom leqsikis gageba niSnavs am leqsikiT gadmocemuli cnebis konceptualuri wvdomas, magram cxadia, rom ZiriTadi leqsikuri
26
erTeulebis mniSvnelobis codna umniSvnelovanesia imisaTvis, rom moswavlem gaigos da gaiazros ucnobi an rTuli cnebebi, romlebTan Sexebac maT aucileblad mouwevT sxvadasxva sagnis Seswvlisas. SegviZlia davasaxeloT ramdenime efeqturi midgoma am miznis misaRwevad: akademiuri leqsikis saswavleblad maswavlebelma unda gamoiyenos dargobrivi teqstebi, romlebSic gvxvdeba am konkretuli teqstis gasagebad arsebiTi specialuri terminologia. magaliTad, sityvaregeneracia naklebad gvxvdeba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da, Sesabamisad, mis codnas CvenTvis ar unda hqondes gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, magram zogierTi cocxali organizmis gansakuTrebuli unaris - sxeulisa (cxovelebis SemTxvevaSi) da vegetatiuri nawilebis (mcenareebis SemTxvevaSi) aRdgenis unaris Sesaxeb teqstis Sesaswavlad am sityvis codnas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.ra Tqma unda, biologs gacilebiT farTod da amomwuravad esmis am cnebis mniSvneloba, vidre skolis moswavles. zogadad, dargobrivi leqsikis Rrmad da safuZvlianad gasagebad, ra Tqma unda, sasurvelia, rom moswavleebs mieceT saSualeba, erTi da igive sityva (termini) ramdenejerme da sxvadasxva konteqstSi waikiTxon. sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma winaswar Seafasos, ician Tu ara moswavleebma dargobrivi teqstis wasakiTxad saWiro sityvebis mniSvneloba da gansazRvros, raSi sWirdebaT maT daxmareba. amisaTvis man unda daadginos: a) SeuZliaT Tu ara moswavleebs konkretuli sityvis ganmarteba; b) SeuZliaT Tu ara maT am sityvis gamoyeneba winadadebaSi; g) SeuZliaT Tu ara am sityvis sinonimis an/da antonimis dasaxeleba. maswavlebels SeuZlia aseve gamoiyenos leqsikis pirdapiri swavlebis meTodi da kiTxvis dawyebamde mokled ganumartos maT teqstis gasagebad aucilebeli sityvebi, moiyvanos Sesabamisi magaliTebi, Seqmnas semantikuri ruka, romelSic mocemuli iqneba Sesaswavl sityvasTan Sinaarsobrivad dakavSirebuli sityvebi. iTvleba, rom ZiriTadi sityvebis
27
irina samsonia
pirdapiri (eqsplicituri) swavleba xels uwyobs moswavleTa leqsikuri maragis gamdidrebas da, Sesabamisad, wakiTxulis gaazrebas. am meTodis gamoyeneba gamorCeulad efeqturia gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleebTan. aqve damatebiT SevTavazebT maswavleblebs ramdenime zogad rekomendacias leqsikis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT: leqsikis dauflebaze muSaobas regularuli xasiaTi unda hqondes, radagan es procesi uwyvetia da erovnul saswavlo gegmis mixedviT dawyebiTi klasebidan meTormete klasis CaTvliT grZeldeba. kargi iqneba, Tu gakveTilebze leqsikur savarjiSoebs xSirad daeTmoba 10-15 wuTi mainc. ar aris sasurveli, rom moswavleebs erTdroulad bevri axali sityvis damaxsovreba mosTxovos maswavlebelma. es iseTivekontrproduqtiuli iqneba, rogorc SemTxveviTi, konteqsts mowyvetili sityvebis swavleba. amitom,kviris ganmavlobaSi 5-10 axal leqsikur erTeulze muSaoba, maTi gameoreba ramdenjerme da sxvadasxva konteqstSi gacilebiT Sedegis momtani iqneba, vidre erTdroulad 20 sityvaze varjiSi. maTi umetesi nawili moswavleebs erT-or TveSi aRarc ki emaxsovrebaT. moswavleebi ufro gaacnobiereben da advilad daimaxsovreben sityvis mniSvnelobas, Tu gaecnobian mis sinonimebs, antonimebs, msgavsi an dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobis sxva sityvebs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aucileblad unda mieqces yuradReba mravalmniSvnelobian sityvebs, romlebsac moswavleebi sxvadasxva konteqstSi unda gaecnon (mag., ra mniSvnelobiT ixmareba sityva reaqcia qimiaSi da ra mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba igive sityva yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi). amgvari aqtivobebi moswavlis enobrivi alRos ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
28
wakiTxulis gaazreba
rogorc cnobilia, adamianebi sxvadasxva mizniT kiTxuloben. kiTxvis mizani SeiZleba iyo raimes Seswavla dargobrivi, sainformacio an mxatvruli teqstebidan, siamovnebis miReba mxatvruli literaturis, an Tundac Jurnal-gazeTebis meSveobiT, aseve informaciis miReba, magaliTad beWduri presidan, saenciklopedio statiebidan, instruqciebidan da a.S. raimes dasaswavlad Tu informaciis misaRebad aucilebelia, rom mkiTxvelma hqondes unari, gaazrebulad waikiTxos teqsti da daimaxsovros misTvis saWiro informacia.rac ufro maRal klasSi gadadis moswavle, miT ufro metad sWirdeba mas am unarebis gamomuSaveba. kargi mkiTxveli kiTxvis procesSi mudmivad cdilobs daukavSiros da miaxmaros wakiTxuls sakuTari codna da gamocdileba, rac aseve mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels wakiTxulis srulfasovnad gaazrebas. warmatebuli mkiTxveli dakvirvebiT adevnebs Tvalyurs sakuTar Tavs kiTxvis dros, anu kiTxvis procesSive amowmebs, ramdenad kargad gaigo wakiTxuli. TviTmonitoringi da sakuTari TavisTvis kiTxvebis dasma SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas, myisierad daafiqsiros yvela is adgili teqstSi, romelic cudad an saerTod ver gaigo da swrafadve mimarTos Sesabamis strategiebs xarvezis gamosasworeblad.kargi mkiTxveli am dros, Cveulebriv, Cerdeba, ubrundeba da Tavidan kiTxulobs misTvis rTulad gasageb adgils teqstSi. kiTxvaSi CamorCenil moswavleTa umetesobas ki swored imitom uWirs wakiTxulis gaazreba, rom ar iyenebs am Zalian martiv strategias. aseTi mkiTxvelebi kiTxvis procesSi ar akvirdebian da ar amowmeben sakuTar Tavs, gaiges Tu ara wakiTxuli teqsti, ver afiqsireben, ra gaiges da ra - vera. es albaT imitom xdeba, rom isini ar floben xarvezebis identificirebisa da maTi gamosworebis unarebs. gTavazobT cxrils, romelSic warmodgenilia wakiTxuli gaazrebaSi warmatebuli da CamorCenili mkiTxvelebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:
29
irina samsonia
kargi mkiTxveli akvirdeba sakuTari kiTxvis process, ganviTarebuli aqvs metakognituri unarebi. ganixilavs teqsts rogorc avtoris, ise sakuTari poziciidan, kiTxvis procesSi da misi dasrulebis Semdeg amyarebs interaqcias teqstTan. akavSirebs teqstSi amokiTxuls winare codnasa da gamocdilebasTan. flobs da iyenebs gansxvavebul, mravalferovan da efeqtur strategiebs kiTxvis dawyebamde, kiTxvis dros da misi dasrulebis Semdeg. icis, ra mizniT kiTxulobs teqsts da iyenebs Sesabamis strategiebs
CamorCenili mkiTxveli kiTxvis dros ver axerxebs metakognituri strategiebis gamoyenebas. SesaZlebelia ver daafiqsiros is adgilebi teqstSi, romlebic ver gaigo. kiTxvis procesSi ar usvams kiTxvebs sakuTar Tavs da ar amyarebs interaqcias teqstTan. xSirad ar gaaCnia sakmarisi winare codna imisaTvis, rom gaigos wakiTxuli. naklebad an saerTod ar flobs kiTxvis strategiebs; an ver arCevs saTanado strategiebs. kargad ar icis, ra mizniT kiTxulobs teqsts. ar siamovnebs kiTxvis procesi, ver acnobierebs, raSi sWirdeba an ratom aris sasargeblo kiTxva.
rogor vaswavloT wakiTxulis gaazreba?

sanam moswavleebi kiTxvas daiwyebdnen, upirvelesad maswavlebelma saSualeba unda misces maT, rom Tvali gadaavlon wasakiTx teqsts. am gziT moswavleebi gaecnobian teqstis vizualur mxares, missigrZes, struqturas, yuradRebas miaqceven saTaursa da qvesaTaurebs, sakvanZo sityvebsa da frazebs, rac maT garkveul warmodgenas Seuqmnis wasakiTxi masalis Sesaxeb.
am saxiT wasakiTxi teqstis erTgavi moTelva mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels wakiTxulis gaazrebas. winare codna - es aris informacia, romelsac flobs moswavle im sakiTxTan Tu TemasTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac exeba an Seicavs wasakiTxi teqsti. es codna erTgavri xidia naswavlsa da Sesaswavls So-
winare codnis aqtivacia kiTxvis dawyebamde moswavleTa winare codnis aqtivacia da
30
ris. amitom, winare codnis aqtivaciis saSualebiT moswavle axerxebs, daakavSiros arsebuli codna Sesaswavl masalasTan, rac mniSvnelovnad exmareba mas axali informaciis gagebasa da damuSavebaSi. CamorCenil moswavleebis problema ki xSirad swored is aris, rom isini ar floben sakmaris winare codnas da, Sesabamisad, ver akavSireben erTmaneTTan ukve naswavlsa da Sesaswavls. SesaZlebelia aseve, rom isini ver axerxeben adekvaturi codnis aqtivacias da or Seusabamo informacias akavSireben erTmaneTTan, rac kidev ufro uSlis xels swavlaSi. am mizniT maswavlebels SeuZlia gamoiyenos Semdegi meTodebi da midgomebi: maswavlebeli moswavleTa winare codnis gasaaqtiureblad iyenebs saTaurs, moswavleebTan erTad eZebs sakvanZo sityvebs da saubrobs maT mniSvnelobaze, moswavleebs sTavazobs varaudebis cxrilis Sevsebas, ekiTxeba maT,Tu ris Sesaxeb SeiZleba iyos teqsti, ra SeiZleba iyos misi mTavari Tema.miuxedavad imisa, rom kiTxvis am etapze moswavleTa aqtiurobaa gadamwyveti, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma winaswar dagegmos am tipis aqtivobebi da marTos es procesi, daakvirdes, swor Sinaarsobriv kavSirebs amyareben moswavleebi Tu ara sakuTar codnasa da wasakiTx teqsts Soris. kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg sasurvelia, rom maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad daubrundes kiTxvis dawyebamde Catarebul aqtivobas da daexmaros maT, daadasturon, nawilobriv an mTlianad uaryon gamoTqmuli varaudebi, imsjelon da Seajamon wakiTxuli. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki maswavleblisTvis cnobilia, rom moswavleebi ar floben sakmaris winare codnas, maswavlebelma Tavad unda miawodos moswavleebs is aucilebeli informacia,romelic maT wasakiTxis teqstis gagebaSi daexmareba. romelime istoriuli xasiaTis teqstis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebels SeuZlia esaubros moswavleebs, magaliTad, im qveynebis, erebis an tomebis Sesaxeb, romlebic naxsenebia masSi, mokled mimoixilos istoriuli konteqsti, winaswar ganumartos maT specialuri terminebi da a.S.
31
irina samsonia
grafikuli maorganizeblebi
wakiTxulis gasaazreblad sasargebloa aseve grafikuli maorganizeblebis gamoyeneba. grafikuli maorganizebeli aris martivad da TvalsaCinod warmodgenili teqstis Sinaarsi, rac exmareba moswavles, amoicnos, sistemurad dainaxos da daimaxsovros yvela mniSvnelovani detali, romelic mas wakiTxulis dasamuSaveblad da gasaazreblad sWirdeba. grafikul maorganizeblebs ganekuTvneba:azrobrivi ruka, venis diagrama, ambis ruka, cnebaTa ruka, qronologiuri ruka, obobas qseli (igive ablabuda) da mravali sxv. (nimuSebisTvis ix. danarTi 1). grafikuli maorganizeblebis efeqturad da droulad gamoyenebisaTvis, sasurvelia, rom maswavleblebma gaiTvaliswinon Semdegi rCevebi: grafikuli maorganizeblebis gamoyeneba sasargebloa kiTxvis wina etapze, raTa moswavleebi saTanadod moemzadon teqstis wasakiTxad, miiRon saWiro informacia winaswar, gaixsenon da Tavi mouyaron winare codnasa da gamocdilebas, rac maT wakiTxulis srulyofilad gaazrebaSi daexmareba, agreTve, winaswar gamoTqvan TavianTi varaudebi wasakiTxi teqstis miznis, daniSnulebis, Temisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. grafikuli maorganizeblebis gamoyeneba saWiroa kiTxvis procesSic, radgan moswavleebi vizualuri TvalsaCinoebis saSualebiT ufro advilad da swrafad dainaxaven kavSirebs teqstSi asaxul movlenebs, faqtebsa da mosazrebebs Soris, gadmocemuli ambis an movlenebis qronologias, aRmoaCenen da daimaxsovreben mniSvnelovan detalebs. yovelive es ki mniSvnelovnad exmareba moswavles gaigos da gaiazros wakiTxuli teqsti. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Catarebulma araerTma kvlevam aCvena, rom gansakuTebiT misasalmebelia, Tuki moswavleebi Tavad iswavlian Tundac umartivesi saxis grafikuli maorganizeblebis (sqemebis, organizebuli komentarebis,teqstis gegmis, sxv.) gamoyenebas kiTxvis procesSi, radgan es exmareba mas wakiTxulis srulyofilad gaazrebaSi. teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg grafikul maorganizeblebs iyeneben masSi gadmocemuli informaciis Sejamebis mizniT. misi saSualebiT moswavleebi axerxeben teqstSi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis gansazRvras, informaciis klasifikacias sxvadasxva logikuri niSniT, aseve mis dakavSirebas realur cxovre-
32
basTan. imisaTvis, rom grafikuli maorganizeblebis gamoyeneba realurad Sedegismomtani iyos, aucilebelia misi sworad SerCeva teqstis tipis mixedviT. magaliTad, msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis diagrama umjobesia dargobrivi teqstebis (mag., teqstebi sazogadoebrivi an sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis sferodan) gasaazreblad gamoviyenoT, xolo ambis qronologiis amsaxveli diagrama, bunebrivia, naratiul teqstebs ufro Seesabameba.
metakognicia
wakiTxulis gaazrebis xelSewyobis mizniT aseve mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebs vaswavloT sakuTari kiTxvis procesis kontroli. wakiTxulis gaazrebas didad Seuwyobs xels, Tuki moswavle kiTxvis dros yuradRebiT daakvirdeba, risi gageba gauWirda da myisierad gamoiyenebs Sesabamis strategias am xarvezis gamosasworeblad. amitom, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma daarwmunos moswavleebis amgvari strategiebis gamoyenebis aucileblobaSi da pirdapiri gziT aswavlos, ra strategiebi arsebobs sakuTari kiTxvis procesis gasakontroleblad da ra SemTxvevaSi romeli strategiis gamoyenebaa mizanSewonili kiTxvis dros warmoqmnili dabrkolebebis Tavidan asacileblad. moswavleebi unda daeuflon strategiebs, romelTa saSualebiTac isini SeZleben kiTxvis dros daSvebuli xarvezebis identificirebas. aseTi strategiebia, magaliTad: yvela ucnobi an rTulad gasagebi leqsikuri erTeulis (sityvis, frazeologiis, cnebisa Tu terminis) dafiqsireba; kiTxvis procesSi teqstSi asaxuli movlenebis, faqtebis warmosaxvaSi gacocxleba, anu cocxlad warmodgena imisa, rac weria an rasac mogviTxrobs avtori; TiToeuli abzacis an Sinaarsobrivad dasrulebuli monakveTis wakiTxvis Semdeg mcire pauzis gakeTeba da wakiTxulis Sejameba; sakuTari TavisTvis kiTxvebis dasma wakiTxulis Sesaxeb. moswavleebi unda daeuflon konkretul strategiebs kiTxvis dros warmoqmnili xarvezebis gamosasworeblad. aseTi strategiebia, magaliTad: ucnobi an rTulad gasagebi leqsikuri erTeulebis amosacnobad konteqstis, gramatikuli codnis (lingvisturi analizis unaris) gamoyeneba, saWiroebis SemTx-
33
irina samsonia
vevaSi ki leqsikonis an specialuri literaturis moZieba da gamoyeneba; xelaxla wakiTxva gaugebari an Znelad gasagebi adgilisa; wakiTxuli teqstidan gaugebari an Znelad gasagebi monakveTis sakuTari sityvebiT xmamaRla gadmocema. Tuki kiTxvis process maswavlebeli uZRveba, maSin mas SeuZlia: dausvas moswavles teqstTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi rogorc kiTxvis dawyebamde, ise kiTxvis procesSi; kiTxvis procesSi periodulad Seaxsenos moswavles, rom dafiqrdes, gamarTlda Tu ara mis mier gamoTqmuli varaudebi teqstis Sinaarsisa da Temis/Temebis Sesaxeb da misces saSualeba, isaubros amaze; aucileblad daarwmunos TiToeuli moswavle, rom dabrkolebebis gamo xeli ki ar unda aiRos kiTxvaze, aramed gaagrZelos da Sesabamisi strategiebis gamoyenebiT gadalaxos sirTuleebi.
wakiTxulis Sejameba
kiTxvis mizani upirvelesad wakiTxulidan azris gamotanaa. es ki SeuZlebelia, Tuki mkiTxvels ara aqvs unari, Tavi mouyaros wakiTxul teqstSi mocemul mTel informacias, romelic zogjer SesaZlebelia sakmaod tevadic iyos da daiyvanos igi mxolod ZiriTad, yvelaze mniSvnelovan elementebamde. swored es aris wakiTxulis Sejamebis unari, rac mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs teqstis gaazrebas. am unaris gamomuSavebas dros sWirdeba. amitom, aucilebelia, rom maswavlebelma etapobrivad, sistemuri varjiSisa da ukugebis gziT aswavlos Tavis moswavleebs, Tu rogorSeajamon wakiTxuli teqsti. am miznis misaRwevad sasurvelia, rom moswavleebs jer vaswavloT teqstis SedarebiT mcire monakveTebis (magaliTad, erTi abzacis an Sinaarsobrivad dasrulebuli ufro mcire monakveTis) Sejameba. amis Semdeg ki etapobrivad SeiZleba gaizardos Sesajamebeli monakveTebi moculoba. pirvel etapze gamoviyenoT pirdapiri instruqciebisa da modelirebis meTodi, magaliTad: maswavlebeli exmareba moswavleebs teqstSi ZiriTadi winadadebis amocnobaSi, xolo Tuki teqstSi pirdapir ar aris mocemuli aseTi winadadeba - mis SeTxzvaSi;
34
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, erTmaneTTan Sinaarsobrivad dakavSirebuli sityvebi Caanacvlon erTi sityviT (ganmazogadebeli sityviT); maswavlebeli exmareba moswavleebs, erTmaneTisagan gaarCion mTavari da meorexarsixovani informacia, Semdeg ki moaSoron es naklebad mniSvnelovani informacia; teqstis SejamebaSi moswavleebs did daxmarebas gauwevs grafikuli maorganizeblebis gamoyeneba.
kiTxvebis dasma da kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema

wakiTxulis srulyofilad gasaazreblad aseve sasargebloa, rom moswavleebma iswavlon kiTxvebis dasma wakiTxulis Sesaxeb da, amasTanave, maswavleblis mier dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema. Tuki moswavleebi iswavlian, rogor da ra saxis kiTxvebi dasvan kiTxvis dawyebamde, kiTxvis dros da misi dasrulebis Semdeg, bunebrivia, es mniSvnelovnad gazrdis maT interess teqstis mimarT da saSualebas miscems, ufro Rrmad gaiazron igi. marTalia, maswavleblis mier kiTxvebis dasma, Cveulebriv, ganixileba, rogorc moswavleTa Sefasebis saSualeba, magram am meTodiT moswavleebi aseve swavloben, Tu rogor da sad eZebon swori pasuxi kiTxvaze, rac maT exmareba wakiTxulis gaazrebaSi. moswavleebSi kiTxvebis dasmisa da maTze pasuxebis gacemis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebis mizniT maswavlebelma SeiZleba gamoiyenos Semdegi midgomebi: aswavlos moswavleebs, Tavad dasvan da upasuxon sxvadasxva sirTulis kiTxvebs teqstis Sesaxeb, maT Soris, iseTebs romlebze pasuxebic pirdapir (eqspliciturad) aris mocemuli teqstSi da iseT kiTxvebsac, romlebze pasuxis gacemac moswavlisagan qveteqstis aRqmasa da garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTebas moiTxovs. aswavlos moswavleebs strategiebi, romelTa saSualebiTac isini winaswar gansazRvraven kiTxvebis tipebs maTi generirebis dros da Seafaseben maswavleblis mier dasmuli kiTxvebis sirTulesac imis mixedviT, Tu ras moiTxovs maTgan am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema - eqsplicituri informaciis moZiebas, Tu teqstis ufro Rrmad gaazrebas da masSi arapirdapir (impliciturad) mocemuli informaciis gagebas. wakiTxulis Sesaxeb diskusiis warmarTva erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aqtivobaa wakiTxulis gasaazreblad.
35
irina samsonia
motivacia
motivacia warmatebul mkiTxvelad Camoyalibebis erTerTi gadamwyveti faqtoria. motivirebulmoswavles kiTxvis procesi siamovnebas aniWebs. amitom igi droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro kargad eufleba da Tavisuflad iyenebs kiTxvis mravalferovan strategiebs da, Sesabamisad, kargad gaiazrebs wakiTxuls. cxadia, Tuki mozards siamovnebs kiTxva, is bevrs kiTxulobs kidec da mudmivad izrdeba, rogorc mkiTxveli. CamorCenili mkiTxvelebis problema ki swored motivaciis naklebobaa. amis gamo maT naklebad aqvT gamomuSavebuli gaazrebuli kiTxvis unari, ver floben kiTxvis efeqtur strategiebs, aqvT mwiri leqsikuri maragi, rac xels uSliT maT, gaigon da gaiazron wakiTxuli teqsti. yvelaferi es ki xels uSlis maT, gaecnon dargobrv teqstebs, rac iwvevs maT akademiur CamorCenas yvela saskolo saganSi. CamorCenili mkiTxvelebi, Cveulebriv, arc klasgareSe literaturas kiTxuloben siamovnebiT. cudi mkiTxveli ki, cxadia, ver miaRwevs warmatebas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis vercerT sferoSi. amitomac, aucilebelia efeqturi meTodebisa da gzebis Zieba kiTxvis motivaciis asamaRleblad mozrdil moswavleebSi. Tuki moswavle ori, sami an meti wliT CamorCeba Tavis Tanatolebs kiTxvaSi, es SeiZleba imas niSnavdes, rom isini wlebis ganmavlobaSi gariyulebi iyvnen saswavlo procesidan, an saWiroebdnen maswavleblisa da mSoblis met yuradRebas, ris gamoc maT TandaTanobiT interesi da motivacia dakarges swavlis mimarT. ase rom, mozrdil CamorCenil moswavleebTan muSaobisas mTavari amocana aris maTTvis ara mxolod sistemuri saswavlo kursis SeTavazeba, aramed maTi daxmareba, rom daubrundeT sakuTari Tavis rwmena da Sinagani motivacia swavlis mimarT. gTavazobT cxrils, romelSic aRwerilia warmatebuli da CamorCenili mkiTxvelebis maxasiaTeblebi maTi kiTxvisadmi damokidebulebis WrilSi da naCvenebia isic, Tu rogor uwyobs xels kiTxvis motivacia karg mkiTxvelad Camoyalibebas.
36
kargi mkiTxveli kiTxulobs interesiT da amyarebs dialogs teqstTan. yuradRebiT, gulisyuriT kiTxulobs da, Sesabamisad, kargad gaiazrebs wakiTxuls. kiTxulobs bevrs da, Sesabamisad, aqvs gansxvavebuli tipis teqstebis kiTxvis gamocdileba, aseve flobs sakmaris winare codnas axali teqstis srulfasovnad gasaazreblad. kiTxva uRvivebs interess da cdilobs, misTvis saintereso sakiTxis Sesaxeb waikiTxos da miiRos rac SeiZleba meti informacia.
CamorCenili mkiTxveli misTvis kiTxva pasiuri procesia, ar aqcevs yuradRebas, ra ver gaigo teqstSi da, Sesabamisad, ar iyenebs wakiTxulis gasagebad saWiro strategiebs. umetesad cudad an saerTod ver igebs wakiTxuls. cotas kiTxulobs da, Sesabamisad, ara aqvs gansxvavebuli tipis teqstebis kiTxvis gamocdileba. kiTxvis mwiri gamocdilebis gamo ar aqvs winare codna, romelic mas wakiTxulis gaazrebaSi daexmareba. Zalian SezRuduli aqvs an saerTod ara aqvs interesebis sfero da, Sesabamisad, ar cdilobs gaiRrmavos codna.
rogor avamaRloT moswavleTa motivacia?

kiTxvis motivaciis asamaRleblad kiTxvis zogierTi specialisti gamoyofs oTx umTavres midgomas. esenia: 1) kiTxvis miznis gansazRvramoswavleTa interesebis gaTvalsiwinebiT; 2) moswavleTa arCevanis pativiscema; 3) saintereso sakiTxavi masalis SerCeva da 4) moswavleTa Soris TanamSromlobis (moswavleTa socializaciis) waxaliseba. kiTxvis sxvadasxva komponentis swavlebis dros gamoyenebuli midgomebisgan gansxvavebiT, motivaciis amaRleba ar gulisxmobs pirdapiri swavlebis meTodis gamoyenebas. es aris kiTxvis swavlebis Tanamdevi procesi. motivaciis amaRlebaze maswavlebeli unda zrunavdes kiTxvis nebismieri aqtivobis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis dros. 1) kiTxvis miznis gansazRvramoswavleTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. maswavlebelma unda gaiTvalisiwinos, rom sakiTxavi masalis SerCevisas misi ZiriTadi mizani unda iyos ara konkretuli skiTxavi amocanebis gadawyveta da davalebebis sworad Sesruleba, aramed Tavad teqstis Sinaarsobrivi mxare. moswavle ufro yuradRebiT waikiTxavs teqsts, Tu igi exeba
37
irina samsonia
misTvis saintereso Temas, romlis gagebac mas SeuZlia. Tu misTvis kiTxva mxolod valdebulebaada misi mizani mxolod maswavleblis mier SeTavazebuli davalebebisa da savarjiSoebis Sesrulebaa, bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi moswavlis Sinagani motivacia sagrZnoblad klebulobs. kiTxvis process upiratesad saganmanaTleblo, SemecnebiTi mizani unda hqondes. 2) moswavleTa arCevanis pativiscema. Tuki moswavles saSualeba miecema, monawileoba miiRos sakiTxavi masalis SerCevaSi, Tavad airCios sakuTari roli jgufur Tu wyvilur aqtivobebSi, aucileblad gaizrdeba misi motivaciac. moswavle, romelic TviTon irCevs, ra waikiTxos, ufro meti interesiT kiTxulobs da ufro efeqturad iyenebs kiTxvis strategiebs wakiTxulis gasaazreblad. kargi iqneba, Tu maswavlebeli gaiTvaliswinebs moswavlis zogierT survilsac, magaliTad, romel TanaklaselTan erTad unda mas ama Tu im aqtivobaSi monawileoba an davalebis Sesruleba, individualurad surs muSaoba Tu jgufurad an partniorTan erTad, ra tipis produqti surs, rom Seqmnas wakiTxul teqstTan dakavSirebiT (mag., Txzuleba, Canaxati Tu posteri) da a.S. 3) saintereso sakiTxavi masalis SerCeva. moswavleebs exalisebaT iseTi teqstebis kiTxva, romlebic maT interess aRZravs. isini ufro advilad imaxsovreben maTTvis saintereso informacias, vidre iseTs, romelic maTi interesis sagans ar warmoadgens. sadavo ar aris, rom rac ufro sainteresoa teqsti, miT ufro izrdeba mkiTxvelis motivaciac da, Sesabamisad, wakiTxulis gaazrebis xarisxic. moswavles uTuod daainteresebs teqsti, romelSic ganxilul sakiTxebze Tu Temebze mas garkveuli winare codna ukve gaaCnia. is, rom man icis raRac teqstSi mocemuli informaciis Sesaxeb, ukve iwvevs mis interess. ra Tqma unda, aravin uaryofs, rom skola is adgilia, sadac mozardma axali codna unda miiRos da moswavleebsac xSirad uwevT maTTvis sruliad ucnobi informaciis Semcveli teqstebis wakiTxva da Seswavlac. Cven vambobT ara imas, rom maswavlebelma Tavi unda aaridos axali masalis klasSi Setanas, aramed ufro vurCevT maT, sifrTxiliT moekidon am sakiTxs da teqstis SerCevisas gaiTvaliswinon, rom kiTxvisas motivaciis faqtori Zalian mniSvnelovania. sruliad ucnobi Temebis SeTavazebam ki SesaZlebelia uaryofiTi gavlena iqonios moswavleTa motivaciaze. es, Tavis mxriv, kidev erTxel
38
usvams xazs kiTxvis dawyebamde moswavleTa winare codnis mobilizebis mniSvnelobasa da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, im Temebisa da sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac wasakiTxi teqsti Seicavs garkveuli informaciis miwodebis aucileblobasac. maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinoc isic, rom moswavleebi meti interesiT kiTxuloben vizualurad mimzidvel teqstebs. amitom, sakiTxavi masalis SerCevisas man yuradReba unda miaqcios ilustraciebisa da TvalsaCinoebebis xarisxs, Sriftis zomas, aseve imas, Tu rogor aris teqsti ganawilebuli gverdze da a.S. cxadia, ar arsebobs universaluri sazomi, romlis saSualebiTac SegviZlia zustad davadginoT, romeli teqsti iqneba yvela moswavlisaTvis erTnairad saintereso da romeli - ara. es sakmaod individualuri sakiTxia. amitom, sasurvelia, Tu maswavlebels winaswar eqneba garkveuli informacia sakuTari moswavleebis interesebis sferoebis Sesaxeb da amis mixedviT SearCevs sakiTxavi masalas. 4) moswavleTa Soris TanamSromlobis waxaliseba. rogorc cnobilia, mozrdil moswavleebs gansakuTrebiT ainteresebT erTmaneTTan urTierToba. gamocdilebam aCvena, rom moswavleebi ufro motivirebulni xdebian swavlaSi da xSirad gakveTilis dasrulebis Semdegac ki agrZeleben muSaobas, Tuki maT mivcemT saSualebas, daamyaron erTmaneTTan socialuri interaqcia da TanamSromlobis gziT erToblivad gadawyviton sxvadasxva saswavlo (Cvens SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxavi) amocanebi. iTvleba, rom TanamSromlobiT swavlis meTodi gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa CamorCenili moswavleebisTvis. Tuki aseT moswavleebs xSirad miecemaT saSualeba, magaliTad, wyvilSi imuSaon swavlaSi maTze ufro warmatebul TanaklaselTan erTad, isini, savaraudod, ufro advilad daZleven sirTuleebs konkretuli amocanebis gadawyvetisas. es ki uTuod dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens mis motivaciaze. ase rom, socialuri interaqcia ara mxolod motivaciis amaRlebas uwyobs xels, aramed exmareba kidec CamorCenil moswavles, ukeT gaigos da gaiazros wakiTxuli. sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma xSirad dagegmos iseTi aqtivobebi, romlis drosac moswavleebi erTad waikiTxaven teqsts, gauziareben erTmaneTs informacias, Sexedulebebsa da mosazrebebs, daexmarebian erTmaneTs rTuli adgilebis gagebaSi da a.S.
39
irina samsonia
danarTi 1. sanimuSo saklaso aqtivobebi

sanimuSod gTavazobT cxrils, romelSic warmodgenilia nawili im saklaso aqtivobebis CamonaTvalisa, romlebic mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels wignierebis unarebis ganviTarebas moswavleebSi. cxrils Tan erTvis TiToeuli dasaxelebuli aqtivobisa Tu meTodis detaluri aRwerilobani da TvalsaCinoebani.
mimarTuleba
leqsikis daufleba
wakiTxulis gaazreba
wera
kiTxvis dawyebamde o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
varaudebis cxrili TanamSromlobiTi strategiuli kiTxvis qronika cnebaTa klasifikacia pirveli striqoni sityvis ruka CamoTvale, daajgufe, daarqvi saxeli moismine, waikiTxe da imsjele swavla mewyvilesTan erTad SesaZlo winadadebebi xmamaRla fiqri
40
kiTxvis dros o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
ideaTa ruka ormagi Canawerebi gamokiTxvisfurceli yvelaze mnivnelovani faqtebi kiTxva wyvilebSi abzacis SekumSva/ Semokleba mTavari, naklebad mTavari da meorexarisxovani kiTxvis gzamkvlevi ormxrivi swavleba SerCeviTi moniSvna semantikuri kavSirebi ambis ruka SQ3R teqstis struqtura
kiTxvis Semdeg o o o o o o o o o o
klasSi dasatovebeli baraTebi CarCoebi kiTxvebiavtors kiTxva da pasuxi SevajamoT wakiTxuli
41
irina samsonia
aqtivoba: varaudebis cxrili

aqtivobavaraudebis cxriligamoiyeneba kiTxviswina etapze moswavleTa winare (ukve arsebuli) codnis gasaaqtiureblad da axali Temebisa Tu sakiTxebis mimarT maTi interesis gasaRviveblad. moswavleebi fiqroben da TavianT winaswar damokidebulebas gamoxataven teqstis ZiriTadi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva debulebis mimarT - eTanxmebian an uaryofen maT. am meTodis gamoyeneba xels uwyobs moswavlis dainteresebas teqstSi wasakiTx teqstSi asaxuli Temebisa da sakiTxebis mimarT da amgvarad exmareba mas kiTxvis miznis gansazRvraSi. kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia moswavleebi miubrundnen maT mier Sevsebul varaudebis cxrils, gadaamowmon sakuTari Sexedulebebi da garkveuli Sesworebebi Seitanon maTSi. varaudebis cxrili, rogorc saklaso aqtivoba, xelsayrelia im mxrivac, rom am dros maswavlebeli axerxebs yvela moswavlis aqtiurad CarTvassaswavlo procesSi, saSualebas aZlevs maT, ifiqron da kritikulad gaiazron, sinamdvileSi ra ician da ra hgoniaT, rom ician ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb da ecadon miiRon maTTvis saintereso informacia. es aris jgufuri (saklaso) aqtivoba, romelic kiTxvis mizans uCens im moswavleebsac ki, romlebic Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba sulac ar iyvnen dainteresebulni mocemuli sakiTxebiT. gTavazobT varaudebis cxrilis nimuSs:
saxeli sakiTxi
instuqcia: waikiTxeT qvemoT CamoTvlili debulebebi. marcxena svetSi aRniSneT, eTanxmebiT (diax) Tu ar eTanxmebiT (ara) maTSi gadmocemul informacias/mosazrebas. dafiqrdiT, ratom eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT am debulebebs da moemzadeT Tqveni Sexedulebebis gasaziareblad.
42
kiTxvis dawyebamde (veTanxmebi / ar veTanxmebi)
debuleba / kiTxva
kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg (veTanxmebi / ar veTanxmebi)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. aqtivobis dagegmva
aqtivobis varaudebis cxrili dagegmvis sxvadasxva gza arsebobs, magram maTi umetesoba Sedgeba Semdegi etapebisagan: 1. maswavlebeli gansazRvravs mTavar Temebsa da sakiTxebs sakiTxavi masalidan. 2. maswavlebelma unda ivaraudos, daaxloebiT ra warmodgena aqvT mis moswavleebs ama Tu im Temis/sakiTxis Sesaxeb. 3. am varaudebis gaTvaliswinebiT maswavlebelma unda Camoweros iseTi debulebebi/kiTxvebi, romlebic moswavleTa warmodgenebis provocirebas Seuwyobs xels. 4. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, daeTanxmon an ar daeTanxmon cxrilSi mocemul debulebebs/kiTxvebs. konkretuli nabijebi: 1. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, Seavson varaudebis cxrili. maT SeuZliaT imuSaon damoukideblad, wyvilebSi an mcire jgufebSi. maswavlebelma unda Seaxsenos moswavleebs, rom samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg maT mouwevT dis-
43
irina samsonia
kusiaSi monawileoba. 2. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg imarTeba diskusia, romlis drosac moswavleebi asabuTeben sakuTar mosazrebebs ratom daeTanxmnen an ar daeTanxmnen varaudebis cxrilSi mocemul debulebebs. am procesSi maswavlebeli maqsimalurad unda cdilobdes moswavleTa kritikuli azrovnebis waxalisebas. amitom, rac SeiZleba Rrmad da detalurad unda mosTxovos TiToeul moswavles sakuTari poziciis dasabuTeba. 3. amis Semdeg moswavleebs unda daevaloT teqstis wakiTxva da cal-calke moniSvna an amowera iseTi adgilebisa, romlebic daemTxva maT mier winaswar gamoTqmul varaudebs da romlebic maTgan moiTxovs am varaudebis kritikulad gadaxedvas. 4. kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebs unda mieceT diskusiis gamarTvis saSualeba. maswavlebels SeuZlia, hkiTxos moswavleebs, Seicvala Tu ara romelime sakuTari azri cxrilSi warmodgenili debulebebis mimarT da sTxovos moiyvanon teqstidan magaliTebi, romlebic maTi pirvelad pasuxebs adasturdebs an, piriqiT, eWvqveS ayenebs.
44
aqtivoba: TanamSromlobiTi strategiuli kiTxvis qronika

TanamSromlobiTi strategiuli kiTxva aris teqnika, romlis saSualebiTac moswavleebi swavloben, rogor gadawyviton maswavleblis mier maTTvis dasmuli sakiTxavi amocanebi TanamSromlobis gziT wakiTxulis ukeT gasaazreblad. TanamSromlobiTi strategiuli kiTxvis qronikis funqciaa, daexmaros moswavleebs, etapobrivad aRweron kiTxvis procesi. am dros isini safuZvlianad gaiazreben, ras kiTxuloben, ra SekiTxvebi uCndebaT kiTxvis dros, ra Sexedulebebi uyalibdebaT wakiTxulze da yovelive amas Caiweren. Serulebuli samuSao ki kargi saSualebaa maswavleblisaTvis rogorc Semdgomi aqtivobebis gasagegmad, ise, Sefasebis sawarmoeblad. gTavazobT TanamSromlobiTi strategiuli kiTxvis qronikis nimuSs: saxeli
Tema
kiTxvis dawyebamde
gonebrivi ieriSi
varaudi
kiTxvis dros kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg
ra aris teqstis mTavari Tema? ra sakiTxebs (Temebs) exeba teqsti?
ra kiTxvebi maqvswakiTxulis Sesaxeb?
ra gavige axali?
45
irina samsonia
aqtivobis dagegmva:
maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs wasakiTx teqsts da uxsnis maT aqtivobis mimdinareobas. kiTxvis dawyebamde: 1. maswavlebelma unda daajgufos moswavleebi ise, rom TiToeul jgufSi moxvdnen rogorc CamorCenili, ise warmatebuli mkiTxvelebic; 2. maswavlebelma unda auxsnas moswavleebs, rogor SeuZlia Seavsos es cxrili (gaakeTos winaswar moumzadebeliCanawerebi eqspromtad, Caweros mokle frazebi, Tundac Caxatos grafikuli gamosaxulebebi); 3. moswavleebma Sesabamis grafaSi unda Caweron, ra ician teqstis Temis Sesaxeb da gamoTqvan TavianTi winaswari varaudebi. kiTxvis dros maT unda Caiweron, ra gaiges teqstis kiTxvisas, ra aris misi mTavari Tema, kidev ra sakiTxebs exeba igi, mokled yvela ZiriTadi informacia, romelic miiRes teqstis kiTxvis procesSi. kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg ki moswavleebi Seajameben teqstis Sinaarss, gaiazreben, ra gaiges da ra kiTxvebi darCaT wakiTxulis irgvliv. maswavlebelma kiTxvis samive etapze unda akontrolos es Canawerebi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, daexmaros moswavleebs kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemaSi da ganumartos gaugebari an arasworad gagebuli adgilebi. cnebaTa klasifikacia - es saklaso aqtivoba gamoiyeneba moswavleTaTvis axali leqsikis saswavleblad. igi gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa, Tuki sakiTxav masalaSi Warbad gvxvdeba specialuri leqsika. maswavlebeli sakiTxavi masalidan SearCevs da aZlevs moswavleebs terminebisa da cnebebis CamonaTvals. moswavleebma ki mniSvnelobis mixedviT kategoriebad unda daaxarisxon da daajgufon isini. es kategoriebi umjobesia Tavdapirvelad maswavlebelma SeTavazos moswavleebs, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki sasurvelia, Ta-
aqtivoba: cnebaTa klasifikacia
46
vad moswavleebma SeZlon cnebaTa gamaerTianebeli kategoriebis Seqmna. Tuki am aqtivobas maswavlebeli kiTxvis dawyebamde gamoiyenebs, es mas saSualebas miscems, gaigos, aqvT Tu ara raime sabaziso codna moswavleebs wasakiTxi teqstis Temis Sesaxeb, rac daexmareba mas swavlebis Semdgomi etapebis dagegmvaSi. teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSiki maswavlebeli SeZlebs Seafasos, ramdenad kargad gaiges misma moswavleebma axlad Seswavlili cnebebisa da terminebis mniSvneloba. aqtivoba SeiZleba daigegmos rogorc mTel klasTan, ise mcire jgufebTan samuSaod. is SesaZlebelia iyos individualuric.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebeli arCevs sakiTxav masalas moswavleebisTvis; 2. SerCeuli teqstis safuZvelze maswavlebeli amoiwers TemasTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan leqsikas, oRond ise, rom gaiTvaliswinos, ra kategoriebad SeiZleba daiyos es sityvebi; 3. maswavlebeli baraTebze wers (an beWdavs) am cnebebsa Tu terminebs (TiTo baraTze TiTos); 4. maswavlebeli Tavad sTavazobs moswavleebs sityvaTa kategoriebs, an exmareba maT dajgufebuli sityvebis saxeldebaSi. SeniSvna: am SemTxvevaSi, sasurvelia, Tu maswavlebeli jer aaxsnevinebs moswavles, ratom daajgufa man sityvebi ase da Semdeg sTxovos ganmazogadebeli sityvis mofiqreba. gTavazobT cnebaTa klasifikaciis aqtivobis nimuSs: 1. maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs winaswar SerCeuli terminebis CamonaTvals:
foTolmcveni maradmwvane mzis sinaTle foTlebi tye niadagi wyali ylortebi fesvebi qerqi mTebi tropikuli tye
47
irina samsonia
2. Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs maT, daalagon es sityvebi kategoriebis mixedviT, magaliTad: xis nawilebi; xis tipebi; sad izrdeba xeebi; ra sWirdeba xes, rom icocxlos.
aqtivoba: pirvelistriqoni
pirveli striqoni aris saklaso aqtivoba, romelic igegmeba kiTxviswina etapze. am dros moswavleebi kiTxuloben wasakiTxi teqstis mxolod pirvel or an sam winadadebas (raodenoba, ra Tqma unda, damokidebulia winadadebis sigrZesa da Sinaarsobrv datvirTulobaze) da cdiloben amoicnon, rogor gagrZeldeba teqsti, an rogor ganviTardeba misi Sinaarsi. es aqtivoba moiTxovs moswavlisagan: a) kiTxvis dawyebamde ivaraudos, rogor SeiZleba gagrZeldes teqsti da b) gaixsenos yvelaferi, rac icis teqstis Temis Sesaxeb. garda imisa, rom moswavle kiTxvis procesis aqtiuri monawile xdeba. igi aseve erTveba diskusiebSic da, amasTanave, uviTardeba weris unarCvevebic, radganac mas uwevs sakuTari varaudebis organizeba da werilobiT warmodgena. moswavleTa mier gamoTqmuli da werilobiT Camoyalibebuli varaudebis gacnoba, cxadia, daexmareba maswavlebels gaigos, ramdenad arian misi moswavleebi mzad teqstis aRsaqmelad da Sesabamisad dagegmos momdevno nabijebi.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
maswavlebels SeuZlia winaswar moniSnos an gadaRebuli aslebidan calke amoWras wasakiTxi teqstis pirveli striqoni da daurigos moswavleebs. man kargad unda auxsnas moswavleeba aqtivobis mizani da misi mimdinareoba. moswavleebs SeuZliaT imuSaon rveulebSi an Seavson specialurad am aqtivobisTvis momzadebuli forma.
48
gTavazobT nimuSs: saxeli saTauri
pirveli striqoni
varaudi
dasabuTeba / axsna
Sesworebebi
aqtivobis mimdinareoba:
1. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, waikiTxon pirveli winadadebebi / striqoni teqstidan; 2. amis Semdeg igi sTxovs moswavleebs, gamoTqvan TavianTi varaudebi wasakiTxi teqstis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb pirveli winadadebebis / striqonis safuZvelze; 3. maswavlebelma aucileblad unda Seaxsenos moswavleebs, rom am dros ar arsebobs mcdari da swori mosazrebebi, magram aucilebelia, rom gamoTqmuli varaudebi emyarebodes im informacias, romelsac wakiTxuli pirveli winadadebebi / striqoni gvawvdis; 4. TiToeuli moswavlis mier gamoTqmuli varaudis Sesaxeb warimarTeba saklaso diskusia;
49
irina samsonia
5. aqtivobis mimdinareobisas moswavleebi avseben winaswar specialurad am aqtivobisTvis Seqmnil cxrils, xolo diskusiis dros SeuZliaT Seitanon mas garkveuli Sesworebebi an damatebebi. moswavleebma SeiZleba imuSaon rogorc jgufurad, ise individualurad; 6. teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg moswavleebi, ra Tqma unda, miubrundebian maT mier Sevsebul cxrils, Seafaseben sakuTar namuSevars da Sesabamis grafaSi weren TavianT komentarebs.
aqtivoba: sityvis ruka

es aris leqsikis daufleba-gamdidrebaze orientirebuli saklaso aqtivoba, romlisTvisac gamoiyeneba grafikuli maorganizebeli. es aqtivoba xels uwyobs moswavleTa kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas. amasTanave, moswavleebs saSualeba eZlevaT, mobilizeba gaukeTon Tavian winare codnas da dainaxon semantikuri Tu konceptualuri kavSirebi maTTvis nacnob da ucnob leqsikur erTeulebs Soris. es aqtivoba SeiZleba daigegmos rogorc mTel klasTan samuSaod, ise mcire jgufebTan da calkeul moswavleebTanac.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebeli aqtivobis dawyebamde wasakiTxi teqstidan winaswar SearCevs sityvebisa da cnebebis CamonaTvals; 2. maswavlebeli acnobs moswavleebs dasamuSavebel leqsikas; 3. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs waikiTxon teqsti, romelic Seicavs am leqsikas da aZlevs saSualebas, yuradRebiT dafiqrdnen maT SesaZlo mniSvnelobaze; 4. maswavlebeli avalebs moswavleebs oTxnawiliani cxrilis Sevsebas. moswavleebs saSualeba unda mieceT, Tavad airCion dasamuSavebeli leqsikuri erTeulebi; 5. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg TiToeuli namuSevari ganixileba mTel klasTan erTad da moswavleebi midian saer-
50
To daskvnamde TiTeoul sityvasTan Tu cnebasTan dakavSirebiT. maswavlebelma, bunebrivia, unda akontrolos es procesi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, swori mimarTuleba misces diskusias. 6. gTavazobT sityvis rukis grafikuli maorganizeblis nimuSs: ganmarteba faqtebi
sityva/mcneba
Sesabamisi magaliTi
Seusabamamo magaliTi
aqtivoba: CamoTvale, daajgufe, daarqvi saxeli

es aqtivoba gamoiyeneba leqsikaze samuSaod da moswavleebisgan moiTxovs sametapiani saswavlo moqmedebis Sesrulebas, ZiriTadad, dargobrivi (anu sxvadasxva disciplinebTan dakavSirebuli) leqsikis, cnebebisa da terminebis organizebis mizniT. igi saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, sakuTari winare codnis gamoyenebiT amoicnon semantikuri kavSirebi sityvebsa da cnebebs Soris. am aqtivobis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia kiTxvis dawyebamdec da misi dasrulebis Semdegac. es aqtivoba mravalmxriv sasargebloa moswavleebisTvis.
51
irina samsonia
isini akvirdebian TiToeuli sityvisa Tu cnebis mniSvnelobas, eZeben kavSirebsa da urTierTmimarTebebs maT Soris, saubroben erTmaneTTan. moswavleebi xalisiT monawileoben am tipis aqtivobebSi, radgan am dros yoveli sityva, cneba Tu termini cocxldeba maT warmosaxvaSi. es aqtivoba moswavleebisgan kritikul azrovnebas moiTxovs da am gziT isini ufro advilad imaxsovreben axal leqsikur erTeulebsac da maTTan dakavSirebul informaciasac.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
sakiTxavi masalidan maswavlebelma unda SearCios sakvanZo cneba, ris Semdegac: 1. igi avalebs moswavleebs, ifiqron da gaixsenon yvela is sityva, romelic, maTi azriT, dakavSirebulia am cnebasTan. sasurvelia, maswavlebelma moswavleebis mier dasaxelebuli yvela sityva Camoweros dafaze. rekomendacia: SesaZlebelia, zogierTi dasaxelebuli sityva sruliad ararelevanturi iyos, magram am etapze ar aris mizanSewonili maTi pasuxebis gakritikeba. aqtivobis momdevno etapze, rodesac isini daiwyeben sityvebis dajgufebas, Tavadve ityvian uars Seusabamo sityvebze. 2. maswavlebeli yofs klass mcire jgufebad da avalebs maT, Tanaklaselebis mier CamoTvlili da dafaze Camowerili sityvebidan SearCion iseTebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, Sinaarsobrivad (Tematurad) aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, xolo Semdgom maTgan msgavsi (Sinaarsobrivad yvelaze axlos mdgomi) sityvebidaajgufon qvekategoriebad. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebelma unda dausvas TiTeoul jgufs kiTxvebi, Tu ratom moxvda esa Tu is sityva konkretul qvekategoriaSi da ara sxvagan, an ratom amovarda romelime sityva saerTo CamonaTvalidan da a.S. 3. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, moifiqron da SeurCion saTauri / saxelwodeba maT mier Seqmnil sityvaTa TiToeul jgufs. am gziT isini daasabuTeben kidec, Tu ratom moaqcies es sityvebi erT jgufSi.
gTavazobT samuSao furclis nimuSs: 52
instruqcia: marcxena svetSi CamowereT yvela is sityva, romelic, Tqveni azriT, erT Temas ukavSirdeba. rodesac CamowerT maT, daajgufeT erTad msgavsi mniSvnelobis sityvebi. amis Semdeg ki TiToeul jgufs daarqviT saxeli.
sityvebis CamonaTvali sityvaTa jgufebi jgufis saxelwodeba
SeniSvna: miuxedavad imisa, rom aqtivoba CamoTvale, daajgufe, daarqvi saxeli igegmeba da tardeba kiTxvis dawyebamde, moswavleebs SeuZliaT miubrundnen TavianT namuSevrebs teqstis wkiTxvisa da saTanadod damuSavebis Semdegac. maT SeiZleba gauCndeT survili, daamaton sityvebi CamonaTvals an gadaarqvan maT mier SerCeuli saxelwodeba sityvaTa romelime jgufs.
53
irina samsonia
aqtivoba: moismine, waikiTxe da imsjele

es aqtivoba xels uwyobs moswavleTa mier wakiTxulis gaazrebas teqstis wakiTxvamde mis Sesaxeb zepiri informaciis mosmenisa da winare codnis gaaqtiurebis gziT. aqtivobis pirvel etapze moswavleebi ismenen maswavleblis leqciis tipis mimoxilvas teqstis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg moswavleebi iwyeben teqstis kiTxvas da am procesSi maT saSualeba eZlevaT, Seadaron erTmaneTs mosmenili da wakiTxuli informacia, daazuston detalebi da am gziT Seafason, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT mosmenilisa da wakiTxulis gageba-gaazreba. kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebi saubroben TavianT dakvirvebebze. es meTodi gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa kiTxvaSi CamorCenili moswavleebisaTvis.radganac aseT moswavleebs ar SeuZliaT damoukideblad waikiTxon da gaigon mTliani teqsti, maswavleblis mier miwodebuli informacia exmareba maT, zedapiruli warmodgena mainc SeeqmnaT am masalis Sesaxeb.im moswavleebs ki, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi winare codna wasakiTxi teqstis gasagebad, mosmeniT iReben am informacias da am gziT uadvildebaT kiTxvis procesSi wakiTxuli gaazreba. swored amitom, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma am aqtivobisTvis SearCios iseTi teqsti, romlis Sesaxebac, misi azriT, moswavleebs ara aqvT sakmarisi winare codna da damatebiTi informacia daexmareba maT wakiTxulis gasaazreblad.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. mosmena: maswavlebeli atarebs mimoxilviTi xasiaTis mokle leqcias wasakiTxi teqstis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasurvelia sxvadasxva TvalsaCinoebis da/an grafikuli maorganizeblebis gamoyenebac; 2. kiTxva: moswavleebi damoukideblad kiTxuloben SeTavazebul teqsts. maswavlebelma winaswar unda gaafrTxilos moswavleebi, rom daakvirdnen, zustad iseve aRiqvamen da gaigeben teqsts, rogorc es maswavlebelma miawoda Tu ara. 3. msjeloba: moswavleebi ganixilaven wakiTxul teqsts. maswavlebelma unda waaxalisos moswavleebi, rom maT gaakeTon mosmenilisa da wakiTxulis SedarebiTi analizi da imsjelon am Temaze.
54
aqtivoba: swavla mewyvilis daxmarebiT

kiTxvaSi CamorCenili moswavleebis daxmarebis Zalian efeqturi saSualebaa mewyvileebTan muSaobis (e.w. partnioruli kiTxvis) meTodis gamoyeneba. es aris aqtivoba, romlis drosac ufro warmatebuli moswavleebi exmarebian TavianT Tanaklaselebs kiTxvaSi, aZleven saWiro rCevebs, aswavlian kiTxvis efeqturi strategiebis gamoyenebas, uziareben TavianT gamocdilebas da am gziT xels uwyoben maTi Sedegebis gaumjobesebas. maswavleblis roli am aqtivobaSi aris CamorCenili moswavleebis saWiroebebis gansazRvra, Sesabamisi sakiTxavi amocanebis SeTavazeba aseTi moswavleebisaTvis maTi susti mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT da Sesabamisi mewyvilis miCena. maswavlebeli, bunebrivia, yuradRebiT unda akvirdebodes wyvilebSi muSaobas da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, garkveul instruqciebs aZlevdes damxmare moswavles.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
maswavlebeli gamoavlens moswavleebs, romlebsac problemebi aqvT kiTxvaSi, gansazRvravs, romeli unarebis gamomuSavebaSi sWirdebaT maT daxmareba da amis mixedviT SearCevs maT mewyviles. isini inawileben rolebs: erTi xdeba mwvrTneli, xolo meore - mkiTxveli. magaliTad, rodesac mkiTxveli xmamaRla kiTxulobs teqsts, mwvrTneli yuradRebiT usmens mas da usworebs Secdomebs, aZlevs mas saTanado rCevebs, kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg usvams kiTxvebs da exmareba wakiTxulis gaazrebaSi. mewyvileebi regularulad unda enacvlebodnen erTmaneTs. imisaTvis, rom klasi ar daiyos Zlier da sust moswavleebad, maswavlebeli unda Seecados, rom garkveuli drois Semdeg yvela moswavles mieces saSualeba, Seasrulos mwvrTnelis roli. aqtivoba swavla mewyvilis daxmarebiT daaxloebiT 25dan 35 wuTamde SeiZleba gagrZeldes, radgan is kiTxvis yvela etaps moicavs. Sedegis misaRebad misi ganxorcieleba dasaSvebia kviraSi erTxel an orjer. moswavleTa wasaxaliseblad
55
irina samsonia
SeiZleba dawesdes jildoebic saukeTeso mwvrTnelisaTvis da saukeTeso mkiTxvelisaTvis.
aqtivoba: Semoklebuli abzaci

warmodgenili aqtivoba mewyvileebTan muSaobis, anu partnioruli kiTxvis meTodis erT-erTi saxeobaa. am dros wyvilSi myofi moswavleebi rig-rigobiT kiTxuloben abzacebs. TiToeuli abzacis wakiTxvis SemdegCerdebian, ajameben mas da cdiloben erTi (an ori) winadadebiT gadmoscen misi mTavari saTqmeli. mewyvileebi usmenen erTmaneTs da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, koreqtivebi SeaqvT, avseben an azusteben erTmaneTis naTqvams. moswavlem daaxloebiT aT sityvaSi unda moaxerxos SerCeuli monakveTisa Tu abazacis Sejameba. sasurvelia, Tu es aqtivoba gamoyenebul iqneba weriTi unar-Cvevebis gasaviTareblad da moswavleebi specialur cxrilSi Seitanen Semajamebel winadadebebs.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebeli qmnis moswavleTa wyvilebs zustad im principiT, rogorc es wina aqtivobaSia aRwerili. TiToeuli moswavle rig-rigobiT asrulebs mwvrTnelisa da mkiTxvelis rols. 2. yvela moswavle iwyebs teqstis xmamaRla kiTxvas daaxloebiT xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi. TiToeuli abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg igi Cerdeba da ajamebs wakiTxuls. orientiris misacemad maswavlebeli winaswar, aqtivobis dawyebamde miuTiTebs moswavleebs, raze unda gaamaxvilon yuradReba teqstis monakveTis Sesajameblad (magaliTad: ra aris am abzacis/monakveTis mTavari saTqmeli? visze an razea es abzaci/monakveTi? ra aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac mas ukavSirdeba am monakveTSi?) 3. mwvrTneli yuradRebiT usmens Tanaklasels da uzustobebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, usvams mas damatebiT kiTxvebs an sTxovs, xelaxla waikiTxos mocemuli abzaci (an winadadeba) da gaasworos Tavisi Secdoma. 4. moswavles specialur cxrilSi Seaqvs TiToeuli abzacis
56
Semajamebeli winadadebebi. bolos ki am Semajamebeli winadadebebis mixedviT weren mTliani teqstis Sejamebas.
gTavazobT cxrilis nimuSs:

abzaci # 1 2 3 4 5 Sejameba: Sejameba
SesaZlo winadadebebi aris kiTxvis wina etapze leqsikis ganviTarebaze orientirebuli aqtivoba, romelic xels uwyobs moswvleebSi dargobrivi sityvebisa da cnebebis codnis gaaqtiurebas. kiTxvis dawyebamde maswavlebeli winaswar sTavazobs moswavleebs wasakiTxi teqstidan amokrebili sityvebis mokle CamonaTvals, romelTa mixedviTac maT unda Seadginon winadadebebi. kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebi ubrundebian am winadadebebs da amowmeben, ramden sworad icodnen maT ama Tu im sityvis mniSvneloba da ramdenad adekvaturad gamoiyenes isini konteqstSi.
aqtivoba: SesaZlo winadadebebi
57
irina samsonia
es aqtivoba Zalian sasargebloa im mxriv, rom igi moswavleeb uRvivebs cnobismoyvareobas, gaigon ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi esa Tu is specifikuri sityva Tu termini. Sesabamisad, isini interesiT kiTxuloben teqstsac.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. sanam moswavleebi daiwyeben teqstis wakiTxvas, maswavlebeli yvelasTvis dasanax adgilze akravs SerCeuli dargobrivi sityvebis / cnebebis CamonaTvals; 2. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, rom scadon am sityvebis mniSvnelobis amocnoba da, Tu SeZleben, daawyvilon msgavsi an erTmaneTTan Sinaarsobrivad dakavSirebuli sityvebi; 3. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, individualurad an wyvilebSi imuSaon da Seadginon winadadebebi am sityvebis gamoyenebiT. sasurvelia, Tu moswavleebi dawyvilebuli sityvebidan orives gamoyenebas SeZleben winadadebaSi; 4. amis Semdeg moswavleebi iwyeben teqstis kiTxvas, romlis drosac erTmaneTs adareben sakuTari winadadebebisa da teqstis Sinaarss; 5. Tu moswavleebis mier Sedgenili winadadebebi Seicavs Sinaarsobriv uzustobebs, maswavlebeli sTxovs maT, gaasworon TavianTi Secdomebi da xelaxla daweron winadadebebi; 6. moswavleebs SeuZliaT gauziaron erTmaneTs sakuTari winadadebebi teqstis wakiTxvamdec da mis Semdegac. teqtis wakiTxvis Semdeg amas SeiZleba TamaSis saxec mieces. magaliTad, erTi waikiTxavs sakuTar winadadebas, xolo sxva moswavlem an moswavleTa jgufma unda amoicnos, ramdenad sworad aris masSi gamoyenebuli esa Tu is sityva an cneba. aqtivobis es nawili saSualebas miscems maswavlebels, Seafasos, ramdenad kargad gaiges moswavleeba wakiTxuli teqsti da Sesabamisi leqsika. gTavazobT moswavleTa samuSao furclis nimuSs: instruqcia: waikiTxeT maswavleblis mier Camowerili sityvebi. amoicaniT sityvebis mniSvneloba da daawyvileT erTmaneTTan mniSvnelobiT dakavSirebuli sityvebis. CamowereT sityvaTa es wyvilebi.
58
axla ki SeadgineT winadadebebi am sityvebis (an sityvaTa wyvilebis) gamoyenebiT.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
rodesac teqsts waikiTxavT, daubrundiT da gadaamowmeT Tqven mier SeTxzuli winadadebebi. SegiZliaT gaasworoT daSvebuli Secdomebi da SecvaloT an axlidan daweroT winadadebebi.
aqtivoba: xmamaRla fiqri

am aqtivobis saSualebiT moswavle swavlobs sakuTari fiqris procesze dakvirvebas teqstis kiTxvisas. amisaTvis moswavleebs winaswar acnoben kiTxvebs, romlebsac man pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvis dros da gamoavlinos, ramdenad kargad igebs, rasac kiTxulobs. droTa ganmavlobaSi, roca moswavleebi sakmarisad auReben alRos am aqtivobas, maT saSualeba unda mieceT, Tavad moifiqron kiTxvebi da srulad marTon sakuTari kiTxvis procesi. xmamaRla fiqri Zalian praqtikuli da sakmaod advilad Sesasrulebeli aqtivobaa. Tavdapirvelad maswavlebels SeuZlia aCvenos moswavleebs, ras niSnavs xmamaRla fiqri kiTxvis procesSi da, amave dros, auxsnas rogor iqceva kargi mkiTxveli: igi zogjer Tavidan kiTxulobs winadadebas informaciis
59
irina samsonia
dasazusteblad, zogjer win garbis, raTa naTeli mohfinos manamde wakiTxuls, aseve, akvirdeba mTlian konteqsts da ase cdilobs imis wakiTxulis gagebas da a.S. xmamaRla fiqris dros moswavle kiTxulobs gacilebiT nela, rac aZlevs mas saSualebas gaiazros, kargad esmis Tu ara, rasac kiTxulobs.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs wasakiTxad sTavazobs teqsts da damxmare kiTxvebs xmamaRla fiqrisTvis. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma kargad gaigon, rogor unda Seasrulon es davaleba, Tavdapirvelad maswavlebeli iwyebs teqstis xmamaRla kiTxvas, xolo moswavleebi mas Cumad kiTxuloben. dro da dro maswavlebeli Cerdeba da pasuxobs winaswar SemuSavebul kiTxvebs. magaliTisTvis gTavazobT ramdenime kiTxvis nimuSs: 1. ra vici am Temis (sakiTxis) Sesaxeb? 2. ra SeiZleba gavigo teqstidan am Temis (sakiTxis) Sesaxeb? 3. kargad gavige Tu ara, rac am wuTas wavikiTxe? 4. kargad SemiZlia Tu ara warmovidgino gonebaSi, rac aq weria? 5. ra SemiZlia gavakeTo, rom es adgili ufro kargad gavigo? 6. romeli iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgili (adgilebi) am teqstSi? 7. ra gavige axali wakiTxulidan? 8. rogor SemiZlia erTmaneTTan davakavSiro is, rac vicodi da is, rac axla gavige?
aqtivoba: ideaTa ruka

es aqtivoba exmareba moswavles, vizualurad dainaxos da aRiqvas sityvebs, frazebsa da sakiTxavi teqstis mTavar ideas Soris arsebuli mravalmxrivi kavSirebi. swored vizualizacia ganapirobebs imas, rom es meTodi gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa CamorCenili mkiTxvelebTan samuSaod, rac mraval qveyanaSi Catarebuli kvlevebiT dasturdeba.
60
gTavazobT ideaTa rukis nimuSs:
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. Tuki maswavlebeli am aqtivobas kiTxvis procesSi gamoiyenebs, maSin igi mTliani teqstis an misi erTi monakveTis wakiTxvis Semdeg sTxovs moswavleebs, wakiTxuli monakveTidan gamokveTon mTavari saTqmeli. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma amis gakeTeba SeZlon, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebels garkveuli mosamzadebeli samuSao hqondes Catarebuli pirdapiri swavlebisa da modelirebis gziT. 2. maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs Sesavsebad gamzadebuli ideaTa rukis nimuSs (an dafaze, an furclebze, romlebsac urigebs yvela moswavles) da sTxovs maT, centralur rgolSi Caweron teqstis an misi monakveTis mTavari saTqmeli (idea), garSemo ganlagebul rgolebSi ki - a) teqstidan amoiweron faqtebi an mosazrebebi, romlebic amyarebs mTavar saTqmels (ideas) an 2) sakuTari mosazrebebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba wakiTxuli teqstis an misi monakveTis mTavar saTqmels. muSaobis procesSi SesaZlebelia ideaTa rukaze rgolebis raodenobis gaz-
61
irina samsonia
rdac. 3. Tuki maswavlebeli am aqtivobas kiTxvis wina etapze gamoiyenebs, maSin centraluri ideis garSemo moswavleebi Caweren imas, ra codnasac (informacias) floben warmodgenili sakiTxis Tu Temis Sesaxeb. kiTxvis procesSi ki isini miubrundebian rukas da gadaaxaliseben mas axalaxali informaciiT. 4. maswavlebels SeuZlia ideaTa ruka gamoiyenos, rogorc wakiTxuli teqstis Sejamebis saSualebac.
aqtivoba: ormagi Canawerebi

ormagi Canawerebis furceli saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, Caiweron yvela is mosazreba da STabeWdileba, romelic maT kiTxvis procesSi ebadebaT. isini amoiweren teqstidan iseT frazebs da winadadebebs, romlebmac yvelaze metad daainteresa isini da yvelaze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina maTze, xolo gaswvriv miuweren sakuTar damokidebulebebsa da mosazrebebs. am meTodis mizania, sakuTari fiqrebis, mosazrebebisa da STabeWdilebebis Tavisuflad gamoxatvis gziT xeli Seuwyos moswavles, aqtiurad iazrovnos kiTxvis procesSi da dakvirvebiT waikiTxos teqsti. aqtivoba ormagi Canawerebis furceli xels uwyobs wakiTxulis gaazrebas, leqsikis gagebasa da teqstis Sinaarsis, masSi gadmocemuli informaciis kargad damaxsovrebas, agreTve, weris unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebasac.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebeli moswavleebs avalebs SerCeuli teqstis wakiTxvas da aZlevs instruqcia, rogor Seavson ormagi Canawerebis furceli: moswavleebs Sinaarsobrivad dasrulebuli nebismieri monakveTis wakiTxvis Semdeg, maTTvis sasurvel adgilas SeuZliaT droebiT Sewyviton kiTxva da gaakeTon Canawerebi; 2. moswavleebi Canawerebis fuclis marcxena mxares amoiweren teqstidan maTTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan frazas an winadadebas, xolo mis gaswvriv, marjvena svetSi gad-
62
moscemen am konkretuli frazis / winadadebis mimarT sakuTar damokidebulebas, mosazrebas Tu misiT gamowveul STabeWdilebas. moswavles SeuZlia gaakeTos mokle komentari, dasvas kiTxva an Tundac gaaanalizos mis mier SerCeuli winadadeba an fraza; 3. aqtivobis daskvniT nawilSi, sasurvelia, Tu moswavleebi gauziareben erTmaneTs sakuTar Canawerebs. gTavazobT ormagi Canawerebis furclis nimuSs:
ra weria teqstSi
ras vfiqrob me
63
irina samsonia
gamokiTxvis furceli aris aqtivoba, romelic saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, daxelovndnen raime Temis/sakiTxis garSemo saintereso da Sinaarsiani kiTxvebis mofiqrebasa da werilobiT CamoyalibebaSi. moswavleebi axerxeben sakuTari winare codnisa da sxvadasxva wyarodan miRebul damatebiTi informaciis integrirebas. es aqtivoba sami etapisagan Sedgeba. es etapebia: 1) dagegmva; 2) interaqcia da 3) integrireba / Sefaseba. es aqtivoba sagrZnoblad aviTarebs kritikuli azrovnebisa da kiTxvis sxvadasxva unars. misi gamoyeneba SeiZleba mTel klasTan, mcire jgufebTan da individualuri muSaobisTvis. gamokiTxvis furceli kargi saSualebaa maswavleblisTvis, Seafasos, ramdenad amomwuravad gaigo da gaiazra TiToeulma moswavlem esa Tu is Tema an sakiTxi.
aqtivoba: gamokiTxvis furceli
aqtivobis dagegmva:
moswavleebi muSaobas iwyeben dagegmvis etapiT, romelsac uZRveba maswavlebeli. es etapi moicavs Semdeg nabijebs: 1. Temis / sakiTxis SerCeva; 2. kiTxvebis Camoyalibeba; 3. gamokiTxvis furclis Sedgena; 4. masalis Segroveba. momdevno etapia interaqcia, romelic moicavs Semdegs: 1. winare (arsebuli) codnis aqtivacia; 2. saintereso / mniSvnelovani faqtebis gaziareba; 3. kiTxva informaciis moZiebis mizniT. aqtivobis bolo, integrirebisa da Sefasebis etaps ki kvlav maswavlebeli uZRveba. es etapi moicavs Semdeg operaciebs: 1. Sejameba; 2. Sedareba; 3. gamokvleva; 4. angariSis momzadeba.
64
gTavazobT gamokiTxvis furclis nimuSs:
saxeli _______________________________________ Tema/sakiTxi ____________________________________

kiTxva 1 viciT, rom.... wyaro 1 kiTxva 2 kiTxva 3 kiTxva 4 saintereso faqtebi axali kiTxvebi
wyaro 2
wyaro 3
Sejameba
rogorc vxedavT, kiTxvebi iwereba cxrilis pirvel horizontalur svetSi moTavsebul ujrebSi (kiTxva 1, kiTxva 2...), meore svetSi ki, TiToeuli kiTxvis qveS iwereba is informacia, romelic moswavleebs ukve hqondaT SeCeuli Temis/sakiTxis Sesaxeb. maT qveS ki miniSnebulia sxvadasxva wyarodan miRebuli damatebiTi informacia. sul bolo rigSi ki moswavleebs SeuZlia Tavi mouyaron mTlian svetSi Camoweril yvela informacias da Seajamon igi. Tuki TiToeuli svetis sxvadasxva ujrebSi mocemuli informacia ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs, an ar CaiTvleba sakmarisad, moswavleebs saSualeba eZlevaT, moifiqron da dasvan axali, damatebiTi kiTxvebi am xarvezebis aRmosafxvrelad.
65
irina samsonia
aqtivoba: yvelaze mniSvnelovani

es aqtivoba efuZneba TanamSromlobiT swavlis princips, roca moswavleebi aqtiurad exmarebian erTmaneTs wakiTxulis gaazrebaSi. amitom, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma jgufebi daakompleqtos ise, rom masSi gaerTiandnen rogorc warmatebuli, ise SedarebiT susti mkiTxvelebic. jgufis TiToeul wevrs ekisreba misia, rom gaxdes wasakiTxi teqstis erTi romelime monakveTis eqsperti da Semdeg aswavlos igi jgufis danarCen wevrebs. es aqtivoba xels uwyobs kritikuli azrovnebisa da socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas moswavleebSi. maT saSualeba eZlevaT, iswavlon jgufuri muSaoba, TanamSromloba, aiRon sakuTar Tavze pasuxismgebloba, aswavlon da daexmaron sxvas. Sesabamisad, am tipis aqtivobebi sagrZnoblad aviTarebs zepirmetyvelebis (mosmenis), efeqturi komunikaciisa da problemis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevebs. 1. maswavlebeli akompleqtebs 3-5 moswavlisagan Semdgar jgufebs, romlebSic gaerTianebulia kiTxvaSi sxvadasxva doneze myofi moswavleebi; 2. maswavlebeli moswavleebs avalebs dasamuSaveblad SerCeuli teqstis wakiTxvas; 3. maswavlebeli arCevs sakiTxebs/TemebssakiTxavi masalidan da jgufis TiToeul wevrs urigebs dasamuSaveblad; 4. paralelurad iqmneba eqspertTa jgufebi, romlebSic erTiandebian is moswavleebi sxvadasxva jgufebidan, romlebsac erTi da igive sakiTxi/Tema aqvT dasamuSavebeli. 5. aqtivobis mimdinareoba winaswar unda gaiweros da maswavlebelma sxvadasxva jgufSi samuSaod konkretuli dro unda gamouyos moswavleebs. agreTve, sasurvelia, Tu maT winaswar eqnebaT gamzadebuli samuSao furclebis Sablonic; 6. maswavleblis daxmarebiT eqspertTa jgufebi dasamuSavebeli sakiTxis/Temis safuZvelze gamoyofen sakvanZo sakiTxebs da imuSaveben maT Sesaxeb saWiro informaciis
aqtivobis dagegmva:
66
moZiebasa da damuSavebaze; 7. sasurvelia, rom eqspertTa jgufebs damatebiTi informaciis mosaZieblad maqsimalurad mravalferovani resursebis gamoyeneba SeZlon, raTa kargad da amomwuravad Seiswavlon esa Tu is sakiTxi; 8. amis Semdeg eqspertTa jgufebis wevrebi ubrundebian TavianT jgufebs da mocemuli sakiTxis/Temis Sesaxeb mopovebul informacias awvdian Tanajgufelebs. es procedurac winaswar unda gaweros maswavlebelma, raTa TiToeul moswavles Tanabrad mieces sakuTari namuSevris prezentaciis saSualeba da, amave dros, ar dairRves teqstis Sinaarsi; 9. sxvadasxva eqspertis mier mowodebuli informaciis Sesagroveblad da Sesajameblad sasurvelia grafikuli maorganizeblis winaswar momzadebac da darigeba TiToeuli moswavlisTvis; 10. moswavleebma unda icodnen, rom maT yuradRebiT unda mousminon erTmaneTs daiswavlon eqspertebisgan, rasac maswavlebeli aucileblad Seamowmebs. SeniSvna: radgan es aqtivoba teqnikuri TvalsazrisiTi sakmaod kompleqsuria da mTel gakveTils moicavs, mniSvnelovania, rom maswavlebelma misi mimdinareobisas gamudmebiT adevnos Tvalyuri TiToeuli moswavlis muSaobas, mkacrad gaakontrolos reglamenti. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli unda daexmaros kidec jgufebs masalis kargad da zedmiwevniT gaazrebasa da yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gamokveTaSi. sasurvelia, jgufis TiToeulma eqspertma wevrma Seavsos winaswar gamzadebuli cxrili (grafikuli maorganizebeli), romelSic Tavs mouyris da Seajamebs mTel informacias. es, erTi mxriv, xels Seuwyobs informaciis daxarisxebisa da Sejamebis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas moswavleebSi, meore mxriv ki, saSualebas miscems maswavlebels, Seafasos rogorc jgufebis, ise TiToeuli moswavlis muSaoba.
67
irina samsonia
gTavazobT grafikuli maorganizeblis nimuSs: Tema/sakiTxi ___________________________________

instruqcia: teqstis wakiTxvisa da TanajgufelebTan ganxilvis Semdeg CamowereT yvela mniSvnelovani faqti, romelic SerCeul Temas ukavSirdeba. rodesac Tqven gaxdebiT eqsperti am sakiTxSi, Tqven SeZlebT gauziaroT Tqveni namuSevari Tqvens megobrebs, xolo isini gagiziareben sakuTars. mniSvnelovani informacia:
1.
2.
3. Sejameba:
damatebiTi faqtebi:
68
es aris meTodi, rodesac moswavleebi TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis gziT cdiloben gaaumjobeson rogorc sakuTari, ise TavianTi Tanaklaselebis miRwevebi kiTxvaSi. cnobilia, rom am dros moswavleebi ufro gabedulad da meti mondomebiT kiTxuloben Tundac maTTvis rTulad gasageb teqstebs da cdiloben am sirTuleebis daZlevas. mTavaria, maswavlebelma winaswar saTanadod dagegmos aqtivobis mimdinareoba da uzrunvelyos TanamSromlobiTi garemo moswavleebs Soris. maswavlebeli awyvilebs moswavleebs. imisaTvis, rom es aqtivoba ganskuTrebiT sasargeblo da Sedegismomtani iyos kiTxvaSi CamorCenili moswavleebisTvis, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma yvela aseT moswavles SedarebiT gawafuli mkiTxveli SeurCios mewyviled. sakiTxav masalad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas nebismieri saxis teqsti (sainformacio da mxatvruli teqstebi - moTxrobebi, leqsebi, zRaprebi da a.S.). es aqtivoba aviTarebs ara mxolod kiTxvis, aramed zepirmetyvelebis (mosmenisa da laparakis) unarebsac. amasTanave, xels uwyobs moswavleebSi socialuri komunikaciisa da urTierTanamSromlobis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas.
aqtivoba: kiTxva wyvilebSi
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. aucilebelia, rom maswavlebelma winaswar gaacnos moswavleebs, ras isaxavs miznad wyvilebSi kiTxva, Semdeg ki maTTan erTad gansazRvros, rogor unda imuSaon erTad. magaliTad, moswavleebs SeuZliaT Semdegnairad dagegmon erToblivi kiTxva: a) xmamaRla erTad waikiTxon teqstis romelime monakveTi, Semdeg - cal-calke da mas Semdeg, rac SedarebiT susti moswavle miiRebs magaliTs Tavisi warmatebuli Tanaklaselisagan, isev erTad waikiTxon igive monakveTi; b) moswavleebs SeuZliaT gainawilon teqsti da rigrigobiT waukiTxon erTmaneTs sxvadasxva monakveTi. erToblivi kiTxvis es formac modelirebis princips efuZneba; g) SesaZlebelia mTeli teqsti waikiTxos mxolod erTma - waramtebulma mkiTxvelma, xolo
69
irina samsonia
SedarebiT sustma moswvlem yuradRebiT mousmonos mas, Tan Tvali adevnos teqsts. 2. maswavlebelma winaswar unda misces rekomendaciebi moswavleebs, rogor miuTiTonerTmaneTs Secdomebze (magaliTad, romeli sityva waikiTxes arasworad, an gamotoves, sad ar gamoiyenes modalobis Sesaferisi intonacia an ar daicves pauza sasven niSanTan da a.S.) da rogor aswavlon am Secdomebisa Tu xarvezebis gamosworeba (magaliTad, sTxovos mewyviles, SeCerdes da Tavidan waikiTxos romelime sityva an fraza, an TviTon uCvenos swori wakiTxvis magaliTi da Semdeg xelaxla waakiTxos igive monakveTi mewyviles). 3. aqtivobis dasrulebis Semdeg, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma sTxovos moswavleebs, Seajamon TavianTi erToblivi kiTxva, imsjelon, Seafason erTmaneTi, ra xarvezebi aRmouCines mewyviles da rogor Seecadnen maT gamosworebas, ra iswavles TavianTi mewyvilisagan da a.S.
aqtivoba: arisxovani
mTavari,
naklebad
mTavari
da
meorex-
kiTxvis unaris gasaviTareblad umniSvnelovanesia, rom mkiTxvels SeeZlos ara mxolod teqstSi mocemuli informaciis gageba, aramed misi organizeba da kategorizaciac. am aqtivobis mizani swored is aris, rom daexmaros moswavles, SeZlos wakiTxuli teqstidan miRebuli informaciis daxarisxeba. vizualizacia, anu grafikuli maorganizeblis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels am unar-Cvevis swrafad da iolad dauflebas. am aqtivobis gamoyenebiT moswavleebi iswavlian, rogor ganasxvavon erTmaneTisagan mTavari da meorexarsixovani (damxmare detalebi) teqstis kiTxvis dros da misi dasrulebis Semdgom.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs wasakiTx teqsts, acnobs maT aqtivobis mizans da magaliTis safuZvelze uxsnis,
70
ra principiT unda daaxarisxon informacia. aseTi magaliTia: kategoria 1. cxovelebi: kategoria 2. ZaRlebi: o kategoria 3. kavkasiuri nagazi o kategoria 3. labradori kategoria 2. katebi: o kategoria 3. siamis kata o kategoria 3. sparsuli kata 2. rodesac maswavlebeli darwmundeba, rom moswavleebma kargad gaiges informaciis kategorizaciis principi, mas SeuZlia daavalos moswavleebs, amokribon teqtidan 1-li kategoriis informacia. 3. amis Semdeg isini iwyeben qvekategoriebze (2, 3, 4 da a.S.) muSaobas. pirvel etapze, sasurvelia, rom muSaoba warimarTos mTel klasTan erTad da TiToeuli kategoriisTvis SerCeuli informacia (detali) erToblivad iqnas ganxiluli. 4. amis Semdeg moswavleebi avseben winaswar gamzadebul grafikul maorganizebels. gTavazobT grafikuli maorganizeblis nimuSs: instruqcia: SeavseT cxrili. daiwyeT mTavari, pirvelxarisxovani informaciiT da miuwereT gaswvriv I kategorias, xolo informacia, romelic avsebs (azustebs) mas, - miuwereT II kategorias, misi damxmare detali ki - III kategorias da a.S. I kategoria: mTavari sakiTxi (Tema) II kategoria: informacia (detali), romelic avsebs I kategorias III kategoria:informacia (detali), romelic avsebs II kategorias IVkategoria:informacia (detali), romelic avsebs III kategorias
71
irina samsonia
I kategoria II kategoria
aqtivoba: kiTxvis gzamkvlevi

kiTxvis gzamkvlevi exmareba moswavleebs maTTvis SedarebiT rTuli, upiratesad, dargobrivi teqstebis wakiTxvaSi, romelTa damoukideblad gagebac SeiZleba gauWirdeT. kiTxvis procesSi moswavleebi xelmZRvaneloben maswavleblis mier winaswar Sedgenili gzamkvleviT, romelic erTgvari orientiris rols asrulebs da daxmarebas uwevs maT ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gamokveTasa da gagebaSi, aseve informaciis organizebaSi. es aqtivoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc mTel klasTan, ise mcire jgufebTan da calkeul moswavleebTan muSaobisas.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebeli SerCeuli sakiTxavi masalis mixedviT adgens kiTxvis gzamkvlevs, romelSic gamokveTs teqstis yvelaze mniSvnelovan, yuradsaReb faqtebsa da naklebad mniSvnelovan detalebs. SesaZlebelia kiTxvis sxvadasxva doneze myofi moswavleebisTvis maswavlebelma SeimuSaos gzamkvlevis sxvadasxva versia. 2. maswavlebeli urigebs moswavleebze kiTxvis gzamkvlevebs da sTxovs maT, kiTxvis procesSi Seavson igi. sasurvelia, rom aqtivobis sawyis etapze maswavlebeli
72
gauZRves moswavleTa kiTxvis process da daexmaros maT gzamkvlevebTan muSaobaSi.
gTavazobT kiTxvis gzamkvlevis nimuSs, romelic istoriul Temaze Seqmnil teqsts ukavSirdeba: ra aris teqstis mTavari Tema / ras exeba teqsti? .. ................................................................................................. ra aris avtoris mizani? ............................................ avtori saubrobs gansxvavebaze (an msgavsebaze) ............................. da ............................. Soris. romel wlebSi moxda yvelaze mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlenebi? ................................................................. yvelaze mniSvnelovani saqme, romelic ........................... gaakeTa, iyo ............................................. avtoris damokidebuleba ............................ mimarT aris ......................................................................................... Cemi damokidebuleba .............................. mimarT aris ................................................................................................ am teqstidan viswavle/gavige, rom ......................... ................................................................................................. am teqstSi aRweril movlenas Sevadarebdi ............. ................................................................................................. aqtivoba: ormxrivi swavleba
ormxrivi swavleba gulisxmobs imas, rom moswavles eZleva SesaZlebloba maswavleblis roli Seasrulos da Tavad gauZRves diskusias wakiTxuli garSemo. es meTodi efuZneba kiTxvis Semdeg oTx startegias: varaudebis gamoTqma, kiTxvebis generireba, informaciis dazusteba da Sejameba. es aqtivoba didad uwyobs xels wakiTxulis gageba-gaazrebas, radgan moswavleebi kiTxvis procesSi mravalmxrivad amuSaveben teqsts: axarisxebeninformacias, amoicnoben mTavar Temas/saTqmels, amuSaveben leqsikas, msjeloben da ajameben wakiTxuls.
73
irina samsonia
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebeli SearCevs sakiTxav masalas da yofs mas mcire monakveTebad; 2. amis Semdeg maswavlebeli yofs klass jgufebad, romlebSic gaerTianebulni arian sxvadaxva donis mkiTxvelebi. erT-erTi moswavle iniSneba maswavleblad. igi pasuxismgebelia, rom misma jgufma imuSaos zemoT CamoTvlil oTxive strategiaze. 3. maswavlebeli ukiTxavs Tavis jgufs teqstis nawils da uZRveba ormxrivi swavlebis aqtivobas. gTavazobT ormxrivi swavlebis models: 1. varaudebis gamoTqma. a) hkiTxeT moswavleebs, maTi azriT, ras SeiZleba exebodes wasakiTxi teqsti. sTxoveT maT, dafiqrdnen, rogor SeiZleba ganviTardes movlenebi. ecadeT, dasvaT bevri kiTxva, raTa daazustoT yvela detali maTi warmodgenebis Sesaxeb. 2. kiTxvebis generireba. a) SeaxseneT Tqvens jgufs, rom mosmenisa da kiTxvis procesSi maT unda moifiqron da Camoayalibon kiTxvebi teqstis wakiTxuli monakveTis Sesaxeb. sTxoveT maT, dasvan sami tipis SekiTxvebi. esenia: I. gagebaze orientirebuli (romlis pasuxic pirdapir aris teqstSi mocemuli); II. gaazrebaze orientirebuli (romelze pasuxis gacema moiTxovs implicituri, anu qveteqsturi informaciis gagebas, aseve daskvnebis gamoatanas; III. analizsa da kritikul azrovnebaze orientirebuli kiTxvebi (romlebic moiTxovs sakuTari azris, damokidebulebis gadmocemas, teqstis Sefasebas). 3. dazusteba. a) SeaxseneT Tqvens jgufs, rom mosmenisa da kiTxvis procesSi dausvan kiTxvebi sakuTar Tavs, Tu romeli sityvis mniSvneloba an fraza ver gaiges, an gauCndaT eWvi, rom arasworad
74
gaiges. es kiTxvebi da mosazrebebi daaxloebiT aseTi Sinaarsis SeiZleba iyos: I. ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es sityva / fraza? II. raze saubrobda avtori wina winadadebaSi? momdevno winadadebaSi? III. Cemi azriT, es sityva unda niSnavdes / es fraza unda gulisxmobdes............... IV. Cemi azriT, avtors aq surs gviTxras.................
4. Sejameba.
a) sTxoveT moswavleebs, rom kiTxvis procesSi Seajamon teqstis TiToeuli nawili. kiTxvis dasrulebisas sTxoveT Tqvens jgufs, rom jer zepirad Seajamon mTliani teqsti, Tqven ki Tavi mouyareT maT naazrevs, CaiwereT da waukiTxeT maT saboloo versia. teqstis nawilebisa da mTliani teqstis Sesajameblad maT SeuZliaT gamoiyenon Semoklebuli abzacis meTodi (ix. gv.....)
aqtivoba: SerCeviTi moniSvna

es aqtivoba exmareba moswavles wakiTxulis organizebaSi. isini axarisxeben informacias da gamokveTen yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtebsa da movlenebs. moswavleebs evalebaT, moniSnon (markeriT an xazi gausvan) mxolod da mxolod sakvanZo sityvebi da frazebi, romlebic aucilebelia teqstis gasagebad. es aqtivoba sakmaod moqnilia im TvalsazrisiT, rom misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli saxisa da sirTulis teqstebis dasamuSaveblad, agreTve, sxvadasxva saswvlo miznis misaRwevad (magaliTad, leqsikaze samuSaod an teqstSi ZiriTadi da meorexarisxovani faqtebisa Tu ideebis dasaxarisxeblad).
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs sakiTxav masalas da uxsnis aqtivobis mimdinareobas; 2. moswavleebi kiTxuloben teqsts Tavidan bolomde;
75
irina samsonia
3. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, Tavidan waikiTxon teqsti da moniSnon mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgilebi (sadac ZiriTadi ideaa gadmocemuli) da sakvanZo sityvebi an frazebi (da ara mTliani winadadebebi); 4. amis Semdeg moswavleebi sxva feris markeriT an fanqriT moniSnaven iseT adgilebs (an sityvebsa da frazebs), romlebic ZiriTadi ideis gagebaSi exmareba mkiTxvels; 5. sasurvelia, Tu aqtivoba ganawildeba jgufebSi. muSaobis dasrulebis Semdeg ki jgufebi gauziareben erTmaneTs sakuTar mosazrebebs, gaimarTeba diskusia, ris Semdegac maT miecemaT saSualeba, Seitanon Sesworebebi sakuTar namuSevrebSi; 6. aqtivobis dasasruls moswavleebi zepirad Seajameben, ra aris mTavari teqstSi da ra exmareba mkiTxvels mis gagebaSi. Sejamebas SeiZleba werilobiTi saxec mieces.
aqtivoba: semantikuri kavSirebi

es aqtivoba wakiTxulis gagebasa da gaazrebas uwyobs xels. moswavleebi erTmaneTTan azrobrivad akavSireben sityvebsa da teqstSi mocemul Sesabamis informacias. misi saSualebiT moswavleebi igeben sityvebis mniSvnelobas da ajgufeben maT logikuri niSnis mixedviT. am aqtivobisTvis gamoiyeneba matrica, romelsac moswavleebi jer avseben, xolo Semdeg - aanalizeben. amgvari vizualizacia exmareba maT, mkafiod dainaxon kavSirebi teqstis sxvadasxva nawilSi gadmocemul informacias Soris, amave dros, ukeT gaiazron da daimaxsovron es informacia. maswavlebelma es aqtivoba SeiZleba gamoiyenos rogorc mTel klasTan, ise mcire jgufebTan da calkeul moswavleebTan samuSaod. matricis wyalobiT mas SeuZlia srulyofili informacia miiRos, Tu ramdenad kargad gaiges da gaiazres moswavleebma wakiTxuli teqsti, Seafasos isini da amis mixedviT dagegmos saswavlo procesi.
76
gTavazobT semantikuri matricis nimuSebs: nimuSi 1:

farnavaz mefe Tamar mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli demetre Tavdadebuli
erTiani saqarTvelos mefe
gaatara reformebi
gaaerTaiana rTvelo
saqa-
Seipyres da mokles mtrebma
mefobda 30 welze met xans
77
irina samsonia
nimuSi 2:
mefe moRvaweobs monarqiul saxelmwifoebSi moRvaweobs demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi irCevs qveynis mosaxleoba prezidenti imperatori ministri
-/+
-/+
SesaZlebelia misi xelaxla arCeva
aqvs sruli Zalaufleba
ganagebs imperias -/+ niSnavs qveynis mTavroba + -
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebelis SearCevs teqsts da winaswar amzadebs semantikur matricas. igi amokrebs teqstidan sakvanZo
78
sityvebs da ZiriTad sakiTxebs, romlebic azrobrivad erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli. momavalSi, rodesac moswavleebi iswavlian aseT matricaze muSaobas, isini TviTon SeZleben amis gakeTebas. 2. moswavleebi yuradRebiT kiTxuloben teqsts; 3. kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg isini weren +, - an -/+ niSnebs imis mixedviT, ramdenad Seesabameba sityvebi cxrilis marcxena svetSi mocemul informacias; 4. muSaobis dasrulebis Semdeg, sasurvelia, moswavleebma gauziaron erTmaneTs sakuTari namuSevrebi, ganixilon gansxvavebuli pasuxebi, gaasworon Secdomebi da Semdeg Seajamon, ra iswavles wakiTxuli teqstidan.
aqtivoba: ambis ruka

maswavleblebi am aqtivobas iyeneben imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs gauadvilon rogorc mxatvruli, ise aramxatvruli naratiuli teqstebis struqturis aRqma da, Sesabamisad, daexmaron mis ukeT gaazrebaSi. am aqtivobaSi CarTulia grafikuli maorganizebeli, risi saSualebiTac moswavle iolad axerxebs teqstis yvela ZiriTadi (mniSvnelovani) detalis organizebas. am dros moswavleebi yuradRebas amaxvileben teqstis mTavar Temaze, personaJebze, moqmedebis adgilsa da movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobaze da am yvelafers Tavs uyrian gonebaSi. maswavlebelma es aqtivoba SeiZleba gamoiyenos rogorc mTel klasTan, ise mcire jgufebTan da calkeul moswavleebTan samuSaod. igi Tanabrad sasargebloa yvela moswavlisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki maTTvis, visac uWirs teqstis mTlianobaSi aRqma. vizualizacia, anu grafikuli maorganizeblebis gamoyeneba swored saukeTeso saSualebaa aseTi moswavleebis dasaxmareblad. maswavlebeli SearCevs sakiTxav masalas da masze dafuZnebiT Camowers ZiriTad detalebs, romlebzec, misi azriT, moswavleebma aucileblad unda gaamaxvilon yuradReba. gTavazobT im ZiriTadi detalebis sanimuSo CamonaTvals,
ativobis dagegmva:
79
irina samsonia
romlebic gamoiyeneba ambis rukis Sesavsebad:

personaJebi CamoTvaleT moqmedi gmirebi daasaxeleT mTavari gmiri / gmirebi daasaxeleT meorexarisxovani personaJebi dawereT, rodis moxda es ambavi CamowereT is adgilebi, sadac xdeba moqmedeba problema: daasaxeleT mizezi, ratom moxda es ambavi (ram gamoiwvia aRwerili movlenebi), anu ra problemaa dasmuli teqstSi. movlenebi: dawereT movlenaTa ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi Sedegi: dawereT, rogor gadawyda teqstSi dasmuli problema / iqna Tu ara miRweuli mizani dawereT, ra aris am teqstis mTavari Tema / ra aris am teqtSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani / ra aris avtoris mTavari saTqmeli / ra aris nawarmoebis morali
moqmedebis adgili da dro
Sinaarsi (siuJeti)
Tema
moswavleebs SeuZliaT monawileoba miiRon teqstis ZiriTadi detalebis identificirebaSi, Seavson CamonaTvali damatebiTi detalebiT an sulac Seitanon cxrilSi axali kategoriebi. 1. moswavleebi kiTxuloben mTlian teqsts da mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeben maswavleblis mier gamzadebuli ambis rukis Sevsebas; 2. muSaobis dasrulebis semdeg, sasurvelia, namuSevrebis klasSi ganxilva da diskusiis mowyoba. 3. gTavazobT ambis rukis nimuSs:
80
saTauri
moqmedebis adgili da dro sad? rodis?
mTavari gmirebi sxva personaJebi
problema
movlena 1
movlena 2
movlena 3
problema
81
irina samsonia
xSirad mozardebi ise amTavreben teqstis wakiTxvas, rom warmodgenac SeiZleba ar hqondeT, ra weria masSi. aseTi moswavleebisTvis gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa am aqtivobis gamoiyeneba, radgan igi ubiZgebs maT aqtiuri fiqrisken kiTxvis procesSi da exmareba wakiTxulis gaazrebaSi. aqtivoba SQ3Rmoicavs Semdeg xuT etaps: gadaxedva: kiTxvis dawyebamde moswavle Tvals gadaavlebs teqsts da mis Sesaxeb iRebs garkveul informacias, magaliTad, gamuqebuli (gamokveTilad dabeWdili) sakvanZo sityvebis an frazebis, qvesaTaurebis, ilustraciebis, TandarTuli cxrilebis da a.S. meSveobiT. kiTxvebis dasma: gadaxedvis safuZvelze moswavles uCndeba kiTxvebi wasakiTxi teqstis Sesaxeb. moswavlem unda Camoayalibos da Caiweros es kiTxvebi. wakiTxva: rodesac moswavle iwyebs teqstis kiTxvas, is unda ecados, ipovos pasuxebi mis mier winaswar dasmul kiTxvebze. pasuxebis Zieba daexmareba mas, meti yuradRebiT waikiTxos teqsti. gameoreba: kiTxvis procesSi moswavleebi imeoreben maT mier dasmul kiTxvebs da xmamaRla scemen maT pasuxebs. isini Caiweren am pasuxebs, raTa SemdgomSi Seavson da daazuston isini. ganxilva: kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebi ganixilaven wakiTxul teqsts, kvlav ubrundebian maT mier dasmul kiTxvebs da cdiloben daazuston da Seavson pasuxebi. es aqtivoba gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia mcire jgufebTan da calkeul moswavleebTan samuSaod. igi maswavlebelma SeiZleba gamoiyenos rogorc saklaso, ise saSinao davalebad.
aqtivoba: SQ3R (gadaxedva - kiTxvebis dasma - wakiTxva gameoreba - ganxilva)
aqtivoba: teqstis struqtura
nebismieri teqstis kiTxvisas mniSvnelovania, rom moswavlem gaiazros misi struqtura, anu gaacnobieros, rogor aris organizebuli informacia, romelsac is gvawvdis. es erT-erTi
82
gadamwyveti faqtoria wakiTxulis srulfasovnad gaazrebisTvis.
1. maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs sakiTxav masalas, xolo kiTxvis dawyebamde uxsnis maT, rom yovel teqstSi informacia garkveuli saxiT aris organizebuli, rasac teqstis struqturas uwodeben; 2. maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs teqstis struqturis yvelaze gavrcelebul tipebs. aseTebia, magaliTad: aRwera movlenaTa Tanamimdevroba mizezi da Sedegi Sedareba-Sepirispireba problema da misi gadawyveta teqstis sturuqturis swavlebisTvis, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma Semdegi midgomebi gamoiyenos: 1. maswavlebelma unda gaacnos moswavleebs teqstis yvela zemoT CamoTvlili struqturis nimuSi; 2. maswavlebelma unda misces moswavleebs saSualeba, daakvirdnen specifikur sityvebsa da frazebs, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva struqturis teqstebisaTvis; 3. maswavlebelma modelirebis mizniT unda aCvenos moswavleebs magaliTi, rogor iqmneba ama Tu im struqturis teqsti; 4. sasurvelia, Tu moswavleebi SeTavazebuli modelebis mixedviT, Tavad Seecdebian sxvadasxva struqturis mqone teqstebis Seqmnas. gTavazobT cxrils, romelSic warmodgenilia teqstis struqturis yvelaze gavrcelebul tipebis aRweriloba, maT ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi da Sesabamisi grafikuli maorganizeblebis nimuSebi:
83
irina samsonia
stuqturis tipi aRwera
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi avtori aRwers sagans an movlenas, CamoTvlis mis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, mohyavs magaliTebi
specifikuri leqsika (sityvebi da frazebi) - is aris... - mas axasiaTebs... - is gamoiyureba... - magaliTad, / rogoricaa, magaliTad... - kerZod...
grafikuli maorganizebeli
sanimuSo kiTxvebi - vis (adamians) an ras (cxovels, adgils, sagans, movlenas an ideas) aRwers avtori? - rogor gamoiyureba igi? - ra Tvisebebi axasiaTebs mas? - rogoria is? a.S.
movlenaTa Tanamimdevroba
avtori garkveuli mimdevobiT (mag., qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT an numeraciis mixedviT) CamoTvlis movlenebs da sagnebs.
- jer / pirvelad Tavdapirvelad... - amis Semdeg... - dasasruls... - sabolood...
1. _________ 2. _________ 3. _________ 4. _________ ra moxda pirvelad? Semdegi movlena Semdegi movlena Semdegi movlena ra moxda bolos?
- ra moxda pirvelad / jer? - rogor daiwyo es ambavi? ra moxda Semdeg? - ris mere ra moxda? - ra mniSvnelovani ambebi / movlenebia aRwerili? - ris mere ra modis? - ra moxda bolos?
84
mizezi da Sedegi
avtori xsnis mizezSedegobriv kavSirebs movlenebs Soris; aRwers/ gadmogvcems faqts/movlenas, romelsac Sedegad mohyveba sxva faqti/movlena.
- es imitom moxda, rom... - amis mizezia... - es gamowveulia... - igi iwvevs.... - ris zegavleniT - Sedegad... - aqedan gamomdinare... - Tu.... maSin... - radgan / imitom, rom.... - isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom... - isini erTmaneTs hgvanan... - maT saerTo aqvT... - amis sapirispirod... - amis msgavsad... - erTi mxriv..., meore mxriv... - igivea, rac / anu - iseve, rogorc...
mizezebi Sedegi
- ra iyo amis mizezi? - ratom moxda es? - ra uZRoda amas win?
Sedegi mizezi Sedegi Sedegi
- ram gamoiwvia es? - ra mohyva Sedegad / ra Sedegi mohyva amas? - ra mniSvneloba hqonda am movlenas?
SedarebaSepirispireba
avtori aRwers msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas or movlenas, sagans, pirovnebas, Sexedulebas, ideas da a.S. Soris
- ras da ras adarebs avtori erTmaneTs?

msgavsi gansxvavebuli
- ratom adarebs avtori maT erTmaneTs? ra aqvT maT saerTo? - ra niSniT amsgavsebs avtori maT erTamenTs? / ra niSniT ganasxvavebs? - ra saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi aqvT maT? - ra ganaxvavebulli niSan-Tvisebebi aqvT maT? riTi gansxvavdeba es niSan-Tvisebebi erTmaneTisagan?
riTi gvanan erTmaneTs? __________ __________ riTi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan? ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
85
irina samsonia
problema da misi gadawyveta
avtori svams problemas da gvTavazobs misi gadawyvetis erT an met SesaZlo gzas. avtori wyvets problemas da gvacnobs mis Sedegebs.
- problemaa is, rom... - jer kidev ar aris pasuxi.... - arsebobs kiTxva/kiTxvebi... - unda gamoinaxos gza, rom... - unda gakeTdes arCevani - unda gadawydes es sakiTxi - problema mogvarebulia
problema
gadawyveta
- ra problemaa wamoWrili teqstSi? - ratom warmoiSva es problema? ra iyos amis mizezi? - ra SesaZlo gzebi arsebobs / aris SemoTavazebuli mis gadasawyevtad? - teqstis mixedviT, romelia problemis gadawyvetis saukeTeso gza?
problema
problema
Sedegi
problema
es aqtivoba sruldeba werilobiT. teqstis wakiTxvisa da misi damuSavebis Semdeg, gakveTilis dasrulebamde daaxloebiT10-15 wuTiT adre, moswavleebma unda Seavson maswavleblis mier momzadebuli specialuri baraTebi. es aqtivoba saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, srulad gamoavlinon TavianTi codna da gamoxaton TavianTi damokidebuleba wakiTxulis Sesaxeb. am gziT isini ixseneben da Tavs uyrian yvelafers, rac gaiges da iswavles gakveTilze da axerxeben, sistemaSi moiyvanon es codna. amasTanave, maswavleblisTvis Zalian mosaxerxebelia am meTodis gamoyeneba, radgan drois sakmaod mcire monakveTSi mas yvela moswavlis Sefasebis SesaZlebloba eZleva.
aqtivoba: klasSi dasatovebeli baraTebi
86
gTavazobT baraTebis nimuSebs:
dawere, ra gaige dRevandel gakveTilze. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ saxeli _____________________________________________
Seafase, ramdenad kargad gaige masala. dauwere sakuTar Tavs qula 1-dan 10-mde. rogor fiqrob, ra unda gaakeTo imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaigo igi? _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ saxeli _____________________________________________
dawere, raSi gamoiyeneb am codnas. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ saxeli ______________________________________________
87
irina samsonia
daasaxele erTi sakiTxi mainc, romlis Sesaxeb metis gagebas isurvebdi. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ saxeli ______________________________________________ dawere, ra ver gaige dRevandel gakveTilze. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ saxeli ______________________________________________
dawere, dRes naswavlidan ram dagainteresa yvelaze metad. ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ saxeli ______________________________________________
88
airCie romelime sakiTxi (Tema) da dawere sakuTari azri mis Sesaxeb. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ saxeli ______________________________________________
maswavlebels SeuZlia damatebiT daarigos carieli baraTebic, romlebsac moswavleebi sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gaaformeben. am baraTebidan miRebuli informacia SesaZleblobas aZlevs maswavlebels, Sesabamisad dagegmos Semdgomi saswavlo procesi. aqtivoba: CarCoebi
es aqtivoba moswavleebs exmareba wakiTxul teqstSi dasmuli sakiTxebis, ZiriTadi Temebisa da detalebis organizebaSi. amisaTvis isini iyeneben specialur, ierarqiuli tipis grafikul maorganizebels, romelsac avseben kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebeli acnobs moswavleebs grafikul maorganizebels da uxsnis, rogor unda Seavson igi; 2. moswavleebi amoicnoben da Sesabamis CarCoSi Caweren im ZiriTad sakiTxs/Temas, romelsac exeba wakiTxuli teqsti. es faqtobrivad teqstis saTauris funqcias Seasrulebs; 3. moswavleebi amoicnoben da mokled Camoayalibeben im mniSvnelovan mosazrebebs / ideebs, romlebic teqstis mTavar Temas/ZiriTad sakiTxs ukavSirdeba; 4. amis Semdeg moswavleebi ixseneben im detalebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania am mosazrebebisa Tu ideebis gagebisaT-
89
irina samsonia
vis. es detalebi moswavleebs SeuZliaT daalagon ierarqiulad, mniSvnelovnebis mixedviT; 5. dabolos, moswavleebi gansazRvraven teqstis mTavar saTqmels da Caweren Sesabamis CarCoSi. am Canawers SeiZleba mieces reziumes an daskvnis saxe; 6. grafikuli maorganizeblis Sevsebis Semdeg, sasurvelia, moswavleebs mieceT saSualeba, gamarTon diskusiebi wakiTxulis garSemo, Seafason masSi gadmocemuli mosazrebebi da damokidebulebebi.
gTavazobT grafikuli maorganizeblis nimuSs:

mniSvnelovani detali mniSvnelovani detali mnivnelovani detali mTavari Tema
teqsti exeba
mniSvnelovani mosazreba mniSvnelovani detali
mTavari saTqmeli
90
es aqtivoba examreba moswavleebs, gaiazron mTliani teqsti da kritikulad Seafason avtoris damokidebulebebi, misi enobrivi arCevani da saTqmelis gadmocemis stili, rac saSualebas aZlevs maT, gacilebiT Rrmad da safuZvlianad gaaanalizon da Seafason wakiTxuli. am aqtivobisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania saklaso diskusiebis gamarTva TiToeul kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT.
aqtivoba: kiTxvebi avtors
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebelma am aqtivobisTvis unda SearCios iseTi teqsti, romelic kargad masalad gamodgeba diskusiebisa da saubrebis gasamarTavad; 2. maswavlebeli moniSnavs monakveTebs, sadac moswavleebma cota xniT unda Sewyviton kiTxva, raTa dasvan kritikuli kiTxvebi da am gziT ufro Rrmad gaiazron wakiTxuli; 3. maswavlebeli TiToeuli monakveTisTvis winaswar qmnis kiTxvebis CamonaTvals. magaliTad, igi Camowers amgvar kiTxvebs: risi Tqma surs avtors am monakveTSi? Tqveni azriT, ratom gamoiyena avtorma mainc da mainc es sityva / fraza am adgilas? geubnebaT rames es adgili? Tqven rogor gadmoscemdiT imaves, rasac avtori gveubneba? a.S. es aqtivoba gamoiyeneba kiTxvis Semdgom etapze da exmareba moswavleebs, gansazRvron, ra tipis kiTxvebze uwevT maT pasuxebis gacema da sad unda eZebon es pasuxebi. ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba oTxi tipis kiTxvebi. esenia: kiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxebic pirdapir aris teqstSi mocemuli. xSirad aseT kiTxvaSi gamoyenebuli sityvebi da frazebi emTxveva teqstisas; kiTxvebi, romlebic moiTxovs teqstis sxvadasxva nawilSi informaciis moZiebas da Tavmoyras. aseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas meti dafiqreba da mTliani teqstidan
aqtivoba: kiTxva da pasuxi
91
irina samsonia
azris gamotanis unari sWirdeba; kiTxvebi, romlebic teqstidan gamomdinareobs, magram moswavlisagan sakuTari gamocdilebis moxmobas moiTxovs. marTalia, aseT kiTxvebze pasuxebi pirdapir ar aris teqstSi mocemuli, magram moswavles mainc sWirdeba misi yuradRebiT wakiTxva kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad; kiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxis gasacemad ar aris aucilebeli teqstidan raimes gaxseneba an masSi Caxedva, magram moswavles sWirdeba is codna (informacia), romelic am teqstidan miiRo. masSemdeg, rac moswavleebi gaecnobian kiTxvebis tipebs, isini metad SemoqmedebiTad miudgebian kiTxvis process, ufro CauRrmavdebian teqsts da moemzadebian SedarebiT maRal saazrovno unarebze orientirebul kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad.
aqtivoba: SevajamoT wakiTxuli

es aqtivoba aswavlis moswavleebs, rogor SeiZleba vrceli teqstis Semokleba misgan mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovanis amokrebis gziT. amasTanave, amgvari aqtivobebis saSualebiT moswavleebi swavloben wakiTxulidan yvelaze arsebiTi sakiTxebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani detalebis amocnobas. es teqnika exmareba maT, kiTxvisas yuradReba gaamaxvilon iseT sityvebsa da frazebze, romlebic sakvanZo rols asruleben teqstis Sinaarsis gasagebad. wakiTxulis werilobiT Sejamebaze varjiSi sagrZnoblad uwyobs xels moswavleTa weriTi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebasac, radaganac amgvari davalebis Sesrulebisas isini iyeneben teqstisgan gansxvavebul sintaqsur struqturebs, axal leqsikas, metyvelebis lakonur stils da a.S.
aqtivobis dagegmva:
1. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, waikiTxon SerCeuli teqsti an Tavad kiTxulobs mas xmamaRla; 2. kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli kiTxvebis dasmis gziTexmareba moswavleebs naweris agebaSi. aseTi kiTxvebia, magaliTad:
92
ra aris am teqstis mTavari Tema? romeli informaciis (detalebis) saSualebiT SegviZlia amovicnoT mTavari Tema? romeli informaciaa (detalebia) aucilebeli, rom teqstidan azri gamovitanoT? romeli informacia ar exeba teqstis mTavar Temas, an romeli maTgania zedmeti? 1. maswavlebelma unda urCios moswavleebs, rom werisas gamoiyenon is ZiriTadi, anu sakvanZo sityvebi da frazebi, romlebic pirdapir ukavSirdeba teqstis mTavar Temas. 2. moswavleebi muSaoben pirveli versiis Seqmnaze. muSaobis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebi acnoben TavianT namuSevrebs maswavlebels da misi daxmarebiT agrZeleben TavianTi naweris daxvewas: cdiloben maqsimalurad Seamoklon reziume ise, rom masSi darCes mxolod yvelaze arsebiTi da relevanturi informacia.
93
irina samsonia
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. erovnuli saswavlo gegma (2011-2016) - erovnuli saswavlo gegmebis centri, Tbilisi, 2011; 2. gzamkvlevi maswavleblebisTvis 2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT, qarTuli ena da literatura (IVI klasebi), avtorebi: T. jayeli, i. samsonia, n. doborjginiZe, T. ceraZe da sxvebi, Tbilisi, 2011; 3. Improving Adolescent Literacy: Effective Classroom and Intervention Practices The Institute of Education Sciences (IES), 2008; 4. Timothy Shanahan - The National Reading Panel Report: Practical Advice for Teachers, Learning Point Associates, Naperville, IL, 2006; 5. Gina Biancarosa, Catherine E. Snow - Reading Next - A Vision for Action and Research in Middle an High School Literacy:A Report to Carnegie Corporation of NewYork Alliance for Excellent Education, 2004.
94
irina samsonia, filologi daamTavra iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis fakulteti, klasikuri enebis ganyofileba. 2008-2011 wlebSi muSaobda erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centrSi qarTuli enisa da literaturis jgufis xelmZRvanelad. 2011-2012 wlebSi iyo saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros zogadi ganaTlebisa da erovnuli saswavlo gegmebis ganviTarebis departamentis saxelmwifo enebis jgufis xelmZRvaneli. 2012 wlidan dRemde muSaobs gamocdebis erovnul centrSi qarTuli enisa da literaturis jgufis xelmZRvanelad. aqvs pedagogiuri gamocdileba. aswavlida qarTuli enasa da literaturas, aseve laTinur enas me-6 saavtoro skolaSi.

წიგნიერება, მასწავლებლის სახელმძღვანელო. ავტორი- ირინა სამსონია

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

წიგნიერება, მასწავლებლის სახელმძღვანელო. ავტორი- ირინა სამსონია

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

irina samsonia

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs sityvebis wakiTxva?

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

rogor vaswavloT Tavisuflad kiTxva?

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

rogor davexmaroT moswavleebs leqsikis dauflebaSi?

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

rogor vaswavloT wakiTxulis gaazreba?

winare codnis aqtivacia kiTxvis dawyebamde moswavleTa winare codnis aqtivacia da

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

kiTxvebis dasma da kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

rogor avamaRloT moswavleTa motivacia?

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

danarTi 1. sanimuSo saklaso aqtivobebi

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

klasSi dasatovebeli baraTebi CarCoebi kiTxvebiavtors kiTxva da pasuxi SevajamoT wakiTxuli

aqtivoba: varaudebis cxrili

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

kiTxvis dawyebamde (veTanxmebi / ar veTanxmebi)

kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg (veTanxmebi / ar veTanxmebi)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. aqtivobis dagegmva

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

aqtivoba: TanamSromlobiTi strategiuli kiTxvis qronika

kiTxvis dros kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg

ra aris teqstis mTavari Tema? ra sakiTxebs (Temebs) exeba teqsti?

ra kiTxvebi maqvswakiTxulis Sesaxeb?

aqtivoba: cnebaTa klasifikacia

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

gTavazobT nimuSs: saxeli saTauri

aqtivoba: sityvis ruka

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

aqtivoba: CamoTvale, daajgufe, daarqvi saxeli

gTavazobT samuSao furclis nimuSs: 52

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

aqtivoba: moismine, waikiTxe da imsjele

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

aqtivoba: swavla mewyvilis daxmarebiT

SeiZleba dawesdes jildoebic saukeTeso mwvrTnelisaTvis da saukeTeso mkiTxvelisaTvis.

aqtivoba: Semoklebuli abzaci

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

gTavazobT cxrilis nimuSs:

aqtivoba: SesaZlo winadadebebi

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

axla ki SeadgineT winadadebebi am sityvebis (an sityvaTa wyvilebis) gamoyenebiT.

aqtivoba: xmamaRla fiqri

aqtivoba: ideaTa ruka

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

gTavazobT ideaTa rukis nimuSs:

aqtivoba: ormagi Canawerebi

wigniereba. maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

saxeli ___ Tema/sakiTxi