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TRNG I HC TY NGUYN
KHOA KHTN&CN
B MN: CNG NGH MI TRNG
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BO CO TH NGHIM
MN: THC HNH PHN TCH MI TRNG
BI BO CO TH NGHIM S 1
XC NH C CA NC
1, Nguyn tc:
Da trn s hp th nh sng ca cc cht cn c trong dung dch.
2, Tin trnh th nghim:
2.1, Thu mu:
- Tin hnh thu 3 mu nc: nc h H Ty Nguyn, nc cng
gia H Ty Nguyn, nc my.
- Mi mu ly nc 3-5 v tr v su khc nhau, ring nc my
ly nc trc tip t vi nc.
2.2, X l mu:
- Phn tch mu ngay nn khng cn bo qun.
- ng nht mi mu vo mt cc thy tinh sch, khuy u ta c 3
cc nc cn phn tch c: nc h H Ty Nguyn, nc cng gia
H Ty Nguyn v nc my.
2.3, Phn tch mu:
- Hiu chnh my v chun mu.
- o mu nc (trc khi o phi lc u dung dch):
+ Cho ln lt 3 mu nc vo 3 l ng mu o (nc trong l
chm vch trng, khng qu y), y np l.
+ Cho ln lt tng l vo my o, y np v n gi ng thi
phim [Mode] v [Read], sau 20 giy my xut ra kt qu:
Nc h H Ty Nguyn: 72,6 NTU
Nc cng gia: 76,8 NTU
Nc my: 0,76 NTU
3, Kt lun:
- Nc my t tiu chun nc sinh hot v ch tiu c theo quy
chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc sinh hot ca B Y t (QCVN
02:2009/BYT).
- Nc h H Ty Nguyn v nc cng gia c c kh cao cho
thy nc hai khu vc ny b nhim bn.
BO CO TH NGHIM S 2
1
Mn 2+ + 2OH + O2 MnO2 + 2 H 2O
2
- Trong mi trng c axit, MnO 2 + l cht oxi ha mnh, c kh
nng oxi ha I - thnh I2 bng ng vi lng I 2 c trong mu nc lc
ban u:
MnO2 + 2 I + 4 H + Mn 2+ + I 2 + 2 H 2O
- Chun vi Na2S2O3 0,02N, ch th h tinh bt. I2 c g i i
phng ra s ha tan trong nc v c xc nh bng
p h n g p h p chun vi dung dch Na 2 S 2 O 3 . H tinh bt c
s dng lm cht ch th xc nh im tng ng trong qu trnh
chun ny.
I 2 + S 2O3 2 I + S 4O62
2, Dng c v ha cht:
2.1, Dng c:
- Buret
- Chai BOD (300ml)
- Cc
- Bnh tam gic
- Pipet
2.2, Ha cht:
- Dung dch Mn2+
- Dung dch KI
- Na2S2O3 0,02N
- H tinh bt
- H2SO4 m c
3, Tin trnh th nghim:
3.1, Ly mu:
Ly mu nc my trc tip t vi nc vo mt cc ln.
1
2
3
0,7
0,7
0,7
mgO2 / l =
(1)
Trong :
- VNa2 S2O3 : th tch Na2S2O3 dng chun
- N Na2 S2O3 : nng Na2S2O3
- VBOD : th tch chai BOD
- V: th tch mu dng trong mi ln chun
Tnh ton:
- T lng Na2S2O3 dng trong 3 ln chun , ta c th tch trung bnh:
Vtb =
- Vi:
0, 7 + 0, 7 + 0, 7
= 0, 7(ml )
3
N Na2 S2O3 = 0, 02 N
4
VBOD = 300(ml )
V = 20 (ml)
Thay vo cng thc (1), ta c:
mgO2 / l =
0, 7.0, 02.300.8.1000
= 5, 63758(mgO2 / l )
20.(300 2)
5, Kt lun:
Hm lng Oxi ha tan trong mu nc my dng phn tch chng
minh nc my ny c hm lng Oxi ph hp cho s sng ca cc sinh vt
vng nng v vn nm trong gii hn cho php ca ch tiu DO i vi nc
sinh hot (ti a l 6mgO2/l) theo TCVN 5502:2003.
BO CO TH NGHIM S 3
XC NH HM LNG SUNFAT
BNG PHNG PHP O C
1, Nguyn tc:
10
25
23
21
19
17
15
2
4
SO (ml )
dung dch
chun
Nc ct
(ml)
Mu nc
25
(ml)
- Thm vo 1ml dung dch m, khuy + 0,5g BaCl2 vo bnh tam gic.
- Khuy 5 pht.
- o quang ph = 420nm .
- Gi C l nng v A l hp thu. Ta c bng kt qu o:
C(
g / ml )
C0
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
0,005
0,017
0,037
0,05
0,081
0,115
0,056
- ng chun :
BO CO TH NGHIM S 4
7
XC NH ST TRONG NC
1, Nguyn tc:
Cc dng st ha tan trong mu nc c kh v st (II) bng cch
un si mu vi hydroxylamine (NH2OH) trong mi trng axit pH 3,2
3,3. St (II) to phc mu cam vi 1,10 phenanthroline trong khong
pH t 3,0 9,0. Phc gia st (II) v 1,10 phenanthroline tng i bn v
cng mu khng i khong 6 thng.
Phng trnh phn ng ha hc:
Fe(OH )3 + H + Fe3+ + H 2O
H+ (HCldd) gip ha tan Fe(OH)3, v trong th nghim ny, nht thit
ton b st trong mu phi di dng ha tan.
Fe3+ + NH 2OH Fe 2+ + N 2O + H 2O + H +
Phi kh thnh Fe+2 v 1,10 phenanthroline ch to phc vi Fe+2 nn
Fe+3 phi kh thnh Fe+2. Hydroxylamine c dng lm tc nhn kh.
+ Fe+2
1,10 phenanthroline
phc mu cam
3 phn t 1,10 phenanthroline kt hp vi phn t Fe +2 to phc
mu cam.
2, Dng c v ha cht
2.1, Dng c:
- Bnh tam gic
- Bnh nh mc
- ng ong
- My quang ph
- Bp in
2.2, Ha cht
- HCl 1:1
- Dung dch chun Fe2+ (1000mg/l)
- Dung dch chun Fe2+ (10mg/l)
- 1, 10 phenaltrolin 0,5%
- m axetat pH5
3, Dng ng chun
8
- Ly mu: Mu nc my
STT
Fe (10mg/l)
Nc ct
HCl 1:1
NH2OH.HCl
2+
1
0
50
2
2
48
3
4
46
4
6
44
2 ml
1ml
5
8
42
6
10
40
Mu
50
1
0.009
2
0.014
3
0.022
4
0.064
5
0.072
6
0.081
Mu
0.03
y l hp th.
Ta c hp th ca mu o c l : 0,032. Suy ra nng ca Fe2+ c
trong mu l: 0,032 = 0,004x => x = 8 mg/l.
5, Kt lun :
Mu nc c nng st vt mc cho php theo TCVN 5502 :2003,
b nhim st.
BI BO CO TH NGHIM S 5
10
XC NH pH CA T
1, ngha:
- Bit tnh cht t.
- Bit nguyn nhn gy nn tnh cht t.
- a ra bin php ci to.
2, Nguyn tc:
Chit rt ion H+ bm trn b mt ht keo t bng dung dch KCl 1N:
H
K
H
+
H
+
+ KCl
K
K
K
+
+ HCl
K
+
3, Dng c v ha cht:
3.1, Dng c:
- Bnh tam gic.
- ng ong.
- Ci chy s.
- My o pH cm tay.
3.2, Ha cht:
- KCl 1N
- Giy qu (giy o pH).
4, Tin hnh th nghim:
- Thu mu t (15g).
- Nghin mn kh.
- Cn 10g cho vo bnh tam gic.
- Ht 50ml dung dch KCl 1N cho vo bnh tam gic trn v lc trong 1
gi.
- Ly dch lc o pH.
5, Kt qu:
- o pH bng giy qu: khong 6 - 6,5
- o bng my o pH cm tay: 6,35.
6, Kt lun:
Da vo kt qu xc nh pH ca mu t trn ta thy t b chua
mc nh. Nu mun ci to cho mc ch sn xut nng nghip (trng
trt) ta c th bn vi vi lng thch hp tng pH cho t.
11
BI BO CO TH NGHIM S 6
1, ngha:
- Bit c mc cha no baz ca t.
- Xc nh c lng vi cn thit bn cho t.
2, Nguyn tc:
- Dng 1 mui kim mnh axit yu (thng l CH 3COONa) trao i
+
H v Al3+ t keo t.
H
K
+ CH3COONa
Al3
+
Al3
+ 5NaOH
K 5Na
+ H2O + Al(OH)3
3, Dng c v ha cht:
3.1, Dng c:
- Buret.
- Bnh tam gic.
- ng ong.
- Ci v chy s.
- Pipet
3.2, Ha cht:
- CH3COONa 1N
- Phenolphtalein 1%
- NaOH 0,05N
4, Tin hnh th nghim:
- Ly mu t, nghin mn.
- Cn 10g cho vo bnh tam gic.
- Ht 50ml dung dch CH3COONa cho vo bnh tam gic.
- Lc trong 1 gi.
- Lc ly 20ml dch lc cho vo bnh tam gic, nh vi git
Phenolphtalein vo.
12
H TP =
H TP =
6, Kt lun:
chua thy phn ca mu t thp.
BI BO CO TH NGHIM S 7
XC NH CNG CA NC
13
1, ngha:
- Bit c hm lng cation Ca 2+ v Mg2+ c trong nc c cch
khc phc hiu qu nht.
2, Nguyn tc:
- Xc nh cng tng s:
ETOO
Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ + EDTA
phc
- Xc nh cng Canxi:
murexit
Ca2+ + EDTA
dung dch t mu chuyn sang tm hoa c
3, Dng c v ha cht:
3.1, Dng c:
- Buret.
- ng ong.
- Bnh tam gic.
- Pipet
3.2, Ha cht:
- Dung dch EDTA 0,01M
- Ch th ETOO 0,25%
- Ch th murexit 0,2%
- NaOH 0,1N
- H2SO4 0,1N
- Dung dch m pH10
4, Tin hnh th nghim (mi th nghim lp li 2 ln):
4.1, Xc nh cng tng cng:
- Ly mu
- Kim tra s b mu : ly 5 10ml mu, dng giy qu o pH ca
mu, dng NaOH 0,1N nh vo mu s b (ta c pH ca mu khong 10
12).
- Ly 5 10ml dung dch mu kim tra s b thm vo 5ml dung
dch m pH10 v 0,1g ch th ETOO.
- Chun vi EDTA 0,02N n khi dung dch chuyn t mu nho
sang xanh chm.
4.2, Xc nh cng Canxi:
- Tin hnh tng t nh xc nh cng tng cng nhng thay ch
th ETOO bng ch th Murexit.
5, Tnh ton kt qu:
5.1, Xc nh cng tng cng:
- Lng EDTA dng chun :
V1 = 2,5ml
V2 = 2,3ml
14
BI BO CO TH NGHIM S 8
15
XC NH KIM CA NC
1, ngha:
- Bit c kh nng trung ha axit ca nc
2, Nguyn tc:
- kim c xc nh bng phng php chun th tch vi
H2SO4 hoc HCl. Gm 2 giai on ng vi 2 loi kim ty thuc vo
im cui ca php chun : kim phenolphtalein v kim tng s.
+ Giai on 1: kim phenolphtalein:
Nu pH ca mu nc ln hn 8,3: chun vi ch th
phenolphtalein, pH gim do c OH- vaf CO32- c trung ha:
OH- + H+ H2O
HCO3 + H + H 2O + CO2
3, Dng c v ha cht:
3.1, Dng c:
- Buret.
- Cc
- Pipet
- Bnh tam gic
3.2, Ha cht:
- Ch th Phenolphtalein 0,5%
- Metyl cam
- H2SO4 0,02N
- NaOH 0,1N
4, Tin hnh th nghim (mi th nghim th hin 3 ln):
- Ly mu nc: gm mu nc do phng th nghim chun b v mu
nc h H Ty Nguyn.
- Ly y chai BOD, trnh bt kh, y kn np.
4.1, Xc nh kim Phenolphtalein:
- Ly 100ml mu, nh vi git PP, nu mu nc xut hin mu hng
th i xc nh kim PP, nu khng xut hin mu hng th xc nh
kim tng s.
- Chun vi H2SO4 0,02N, mu t mu hng chuyn sang khng
mu.
16
mgCaCO3 / l =
mgCaCO3 / l =
XC NH AXIT CA NC
17
1, ngha:
- Bit c kh nng gii phng ion H+ ca nc.
- Kh nng n mn ng ng.
- Bin php khc phc ph hp.
2, Nguyn tc:
- Dng dung dch kim mnh nh phn axit ca cc axit v c
mnh, axit hu c v axit yu.
- axit do nh hng ca axit v c c xc nh bng cch nh
phn n im i mu ca ch th metyl cam nn gi l axit metyl cam
hay axit khong (pH<4,5).
- Qu trnh tip tc nh phn sau xc nh axit ton phn
c thc hin n im cui ca ch th Phenolphtalein, gi l axit tng
cng.
H+ + OH- H2O
3, Dng c v ha cht:
3.1, Dng c:
- Buret.
- Pipet.
- Bnh tam gic
- Cc.
3.2, Ha cht:
- NaOH o,1N
- Ch th PP 0,5%
- Metyl cam.
4, Tin hnh th nghim:
- Ly mu gm mu nc do phng th nghim chun b v mu nc h
H Ty Nguyn.
- Ly 100ml mu kim tra pH:
Nu pH < 4,5 th xc nh axit MO: Ly 50 100ml mu thm 3 git
MO, chun vi NaOH 0,05N n khi dung dch chuyn sang mu vng
th dng.
+ Cng thc xc nh axit khong:
V
.N
.1000.50
mgCaCO3 / l = 1NaOH NaOH
Vml
* Xc nh axit tng cng:
+ Cch 1: Thm tip 3 git PP 0,5% vo bnh chun MO trn v
chun vi NaOH 0,05N n khi dung dch chuyn sang mu hng.
Cng thc axit tng cng:
18
BI BO CO TH NGHIM S 10
19
XC NH Cl- TRONG NC
1, ngha:
- Bit c hm lng Cl- c trong nc.
- Bit c mc nh hng ca Cl - trong nc c bin php khc
phc ph hp.
2, Nguyn tc:
Ag + + Cl AgCl (trng)
Ag + + CrO4 2 Ag 2CrO4 (nu )
3, Dng c v ha cht:
3.1, Dng c:
- Buret
- Pipet
- Bnh tam gic
- ng ong
3.2, Ha cht:
- AgNO3 0,04N
- Ch th K2CrO4 5%
- NaOH 0,01N
4, Tin hnh th nghim (tin hnh 3 ln):
- Ly mu nc gm mu do phng th nghim chun b v mu nc h
H Ty Nguyn.
- Ly 30ml mu nc cho vo bnh tam gic.
- Kim tra pH ca mu nc v iu chnh n pH 7-8
- Nh vo mu 3 git K2CrO4 5%, lc u.
- Chun vi AgNO3 0,04N, dung dch t mu vng sang xut hin kt
ta nu.
- Th nghim mu trng: chun b tng t nh trn, thay mu nc bng
nc ct. Chun vi V2 AgNO3.
- Cng thc tnh ton:
(V1 AgNO3 V2 AgNO3 ).N AgNO3 .35,5.1000
Cl (mg / l ) =
Vml
5, Kt qu th nghim:
- Mu trng:
+ Lng AgNO3 dng chun :
V2(1) = 0,4ml
V2(2) = 0,4mlV2(3) = 0,4ml
20
BI BO CO TH NGHIM S 11
21
XC NH NNG BI
TRONG KHNG KH
1, Gii thiu chung v bi:
- Bi l tn chung cho cc ht cht rn c ng knh nh c
vi micrmt n na milimt,t lng xung theo trng lng ca chng
nhng vn c th l lng trong khng kh mt thi gian sau. Cc ht to hn
c th gi l ct, si. Khi bi phn tn mnh trong khng kh hay cc cht
kh ni chung, hn hp kh v bi c gi l aerosol rn.
- Bi c nhiu tnh cht vt l khc so vi khi chng trng thi cht
rn hay cht lng v m.
2, Ngun gc:
- Trong kh quyn Tri t, bi sinh ra t mt s ngun: t mn
b gi cun ln, cc hot ng ni la, v nhim khng kh.
Cc ht bi tri ni trong kh quyn c th hp th v bc x nhit
nng ca nh sng Mt Tri v to nn hiu ng mnh cho kh hu ca Tri t.
22
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