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Introduction to Reactor Design Reactor Classification Modes of Operation of Reactors Choice of Operating Conditions: A practical approach Design of an ideal batch Reactor
Fundamentals
Chemical reactor is the heart of the plant Basic aim is to produce a specified product at a given rate from unknown reactants. How to proceed: 1- The type of reactor and its method of operation 2- The physical condition of reactants at inlet What is desired: 1- Reactor Size: Volume and important dimensions 2-Composition and physical conditions of product 3- Temperature inside the reactor and H.T methodology 4- Operating pressure and any pressure drop occurring at inlet or outlet of reaction mixture The existence of any by product must be known
Types of Reactors
Batch Reactor (BR, STR) The reactants are initially charged into the vessel and are well mixed and left to react for a certain period of time. The resultant mixture is then discharged. This is an unsteady operation where the composition changes with time but is uniform throughout the reactor at a specific time.
Continuous Reactors
Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR, MFR, BMFR)
An agitator is introduced to disperse the reactants thoroughly into the reaction mixture immediately they enter the reactor. Product is continuously drawn out and thats why known for perfect mixing. Compositions at outlet and inside reactor are same. Best suitable for liquid phase reactions
Semi-Batch Reactors
Aim of their invention is to get benefit of any thing by changing the contacting pattern. One of the reactants may not be charged at once but slowly. When required:
To react a gas with a liquid To control a highly exothermic reaction To improve the product yield in suitable circumstances
Reactors with Heat Transfer This arrangement is used when isothermal operation is desired The temperature can be controlled through internal coils, external jackets or external heat exchanger
The factors which influence the H.T. are:
1-H.T. coefficient 2- Jacket Pressure 3- Jacket Pressure drop 4- Reactor pressure 5- Cleanliness 6- Cost
Example (Coulson)
Statement: A process for the manufacture of styrene by the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene C6H5-CH2-CH3 = C6H5-CH=CH2 At T= 560 degree C + H2
Tasks: 1- Determine max. conversion of Et at P=1 bar 2- Determine max. conversion at Et: Steam = 1 : 15 Solve Yourself
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