Professional Documents
Culture Documents
org
oD[&wempmay
trSwf 100 ( D )? tif;vsm;vrf;?
urm&GwfNrdKUe,f? &efukef/
zkef; - 502673
vGrf;armzG,fuarmZ
odkYr[kwf
oHvGif? 'k|0wD? a&TvD&kyfykHvTm
jroef;wifh
oD[&wempmtkyf - 127
4005340507
4004740507
ykEH ydS rf w
S w
f rf;
yxrtBudrf
2001 ckESpf? pufwifbmv
(&mjynfph mtkyw
f u
dk )f
'kw,
d tBudrf
2007 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv
(oD[&wempmtkyw
f u
dk )f
tkyaf &
1000
xkwaf 0ol
OD;odr;f pk;d
(NrJ-03982)
oD[&wempmay
trSwf (100 - 'D)? tif;vsm;vrf;?
urm&GwNf rdKUe,f/
a':cifat;jrifh
(&mjynfah tmhzq
f uf)
199? vrf; 50? ykZGefawmif
uGeyf sLwmpmpD
oD[&mwempmay
&Sdefjrifh
wefz;dk
1600
jroef;wifh (1929-1998)
oD[&wempmayrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;
100/ pma&;q&m (100)\ 20 &mpkjrefrm0wKwkd(100)
101/ okarmif\yDuif;rSay;pm (Pearl S.Buck-Letter From Bejing)
102/ armifrkd;ol\usm;ukwfusm;cJ (Ken Follett-EYE OF THE NEDDLE)
103/ *sme,fausmfrrav;\vufa&G;pif0wKwkdrsm;
104/ rif;vl\tojymvkvif
105/ cspfOD;ndK\rSL;rwfrsm;ESifhawGYqkHjcif;
106/ cifrsKd;cspf\pGefYcJh& uRefrb0yg&Sif (Carve her name with pride)
107/ armifrkd;ol\aMu;pm; (Wilbur Smith-The Dark of The Sun)
108/ armif0P\&ifawGckefaeonf
109/ jroef;wifh\q,fBudrfajrmuf tvnfa&mufjcif;
110/ armif0Ho\zlul,m;rm;? okd;rav;a':vD? tD'DtmrifESifhrsufarSmufurmha&;&mtjzmjzm
111/ armifrkd;ol\rmzD;,m;ESifhay:yDyef; (Rober-Wilder-Fruit of the poppy)
112/ cspfOD;ndK\avmu"HESifhvrf;avQmuftwlxGufjcif;
113/ *sme,fausmfrrav;\b0ykH&dyfrsm;
114/ armifay:xGef;\yifw*Gef (Juan Bosch-Pentagonism)
115/ armifrkd;ol\oufpGefYqHzsm; (Jack Higgins-Day of Judgment)
116/ pdk;odPf;\tvSnfhtajymif; (Sidney Sheldon-The Sands of Time)
117/ rif;ok0Pf\armifacG;zkdYuAsmaygif;csKyf
118/ armifrkd;ol\aoaeY (Sally-E.V Cunningham)
119/ cspfOD;ndK\&wem*D&dtusOf;om;
120/ ocifwifjr\bkHb0rSmjzifh xyfMuyfruGm
121/ aZmf*sD\*s&wfESifhrm;*&uf0wK (Charles Reade)
122/ nDykav;\ql;&pf? yk'krm? usm;vQm? xaemif;0wKwdkaygif;csKyf
123/ ausmfatmif\ol&Jaumif;wHqdyfeD (The Red Badge of Courage)
124/ armifodef;qkdif\a&eHYomcifcifBuD;
125/ *sme,fausmfrrav;\,Ofaus;rIc&D;onf
126/ rif;ok0Pf\uav;rsm;tzkdY ykHjyif0wKwkdrsm;
vGrf;armzG,fuarmZ odkYr[kwf oHvGif 'k|0wD a&TvD&kyfykHvTm
qufvufxw
k af 0rnfph mtkyf
128/ pkd;odPf;\tvSnfhtajymif; (The brotherhood of the rose)
129/ armifcifrif("EkjzL)\rdef;ra,musfm; xkdpum;
130/ wufwkd;\olwkdYtawG;tac: rSwfpkrsm;
rmwdum
tydik ;f (u)
vGrf;armzG,fuarmZ\ESif;,Gef;a[ref&ufrsm;(okdYr[kwf)oHvGif? 'k|0wD? a&TvD&kyfykHvTm
1/ c&D;tp
1
2/ ndEIdif;wkdifyif
4
3/ erwlodkY
12
4/ jrLarSmifvTrf;aom erwl
24
5/ erfhyef,Gef;acsmif;ab;u xa&mfvD
28
6/ uAsmq&mrsm;
33
7/ abmfwGif;rS tar&dueforwa[mif;
40
8/ ae&pfawmh abmfwGif;
47
9/ tDplZl;bwfpfum;BuD;ay:rS q&mrav;
52
10/ pcef;om a[mf
57
11/ abmfBudKbk&m;\AdokumrI
63
12/ tcsrf;omqkH;apmfbGm;
66
13/ 0ifOwifyGKdif(odkYr[kwf)vm;&Id;
71
14/ vm;&Id;rS tJeef;rkdif;qkdif
77
15/ jrefrmhvrf;rBuD;ay:rS rmZ'g*spftjzLESifheef;vkHcrf;
81
16/ wdrfyifv,fESifhawmifxGwfuRef;
91
17/ ajrmifzDvm uEmpkHajcvrf;
95
18/ pdrfhBuD;NrdKifBuD;xJu wkef,ifaoma&
101
19/ *seef;(odkYr[kwf)*s&ef; (odkYr[kwf)Z,ef;
104
20/ ta&SUajrmufykdif;odkY
113
21/ uGefvkHrSm wpfncsrf;
120
22/ vm;&Id;odkY ,ckrSa&mufjcif;
128
23/ c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJ
132
24/ rlq,fvm; rlp,fvm;
136
25/ yefcrf;wHwm;ESifhe,fjcm;rSwfwkdif
140
26/ tkd. . . ajrmufydkif;vrf;
147
27/ a&TvD&kyfykHvTm
151
28/ awmify0gyef;ESifhjrif;[DoH
153
29/ wpfzufu ormusrf;pm? wpfzufu cGJpdwf"m;
155
30/ erfhcrf; pmqkdawmf a[majymyGJ
161
31/ apmrGefvS\arG;&yfajr
163
32/ vGrf;a&TvD
33/ ae&pfawmh erfhcrf;
34/ ae&pfawmh uarmZ
169
173
175
tydik ;f (c)
xif;&SL;eHYoif;aom tpdrf;a&mifaEG&ufrsm;
xif;&SL;eHYoif;aom tpdrf;a&mifaEG&ufrsm;
180
vGrf;armzG,fuarmZ\ESif;,Gef;a[ref&ufrsm;
(okdYr[kwf)
oHvGif? 'k|0wD? a&TvD&kyfykHvTm
tydkif;(u)
(1)
c&Dptp
]]...ESif;,Gef;cga[ref? avjyefoGif;vIHY nif;nHnH? wdrf,HuGefYqkdif;? tkd arQmfav
wkdif; rIdif;a0...}}
jrLjymjym ESif;jzLjzLESifhawmifckd;vJhvJhwkdY a0qkdif;aeonfh awmifwef;MuD;rsm;udk ikHY
Munfhrdonf/ tvIdif;vIdif;xaeonfh wdrfwkdufjzLjzLrsm;ay:wGif aea&mif0if;yaeonfh
wkdif wdrfy0gMum;rS vSpfceJ jrifvkduf&onfh &Srf;&kd;rawmifwef;MuD;rsm;ay:wGifrl aejcnf
rvif;? 0if;yjcif;r&Sd/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif aejcnfonf ajymufwdajymufusm; vif;ae
aomfvnf; ae&mrsm;pGmwGif jrLawGqkdif;vsuf? ESif;awGqkdif;vsuf? awmifckd;awG0dkif;vsuf?
tkd...arQmfavwkdif; rIdif;a0.../
1958ckESpf]]vkdufcJhawmh jreEm}}0wKudk a&;pOfu Zmwfvrf;ppcsif; av,mOfay:
rS jrif&aom &Srf;jynfe,f&Icif;udk uRefawmfa&;cJhzl;onf/ xkdpOfu &Srf;jynfe,fudk uRef
awmfra&mufzl;ao;/ tzsm;tem;avmufukdom a&mufzl;jcif;jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh &Srf;jynf
e,fESifhywfoufonfh rSwfwrf;rsm;? ajrykHrsm;? orkdif;pmwrf;rsm;? "gwfykHrsm;? yef;csDum;
rsm;udk Munfhum uRefawmfra&mufzl;ao;aom &Srf;jynfe,fudk pdwful;jzifh rSef;qMunfh&
onf/ a0'emjzifhcHpm; a&;jc,fjyvkdufonfhtcgwGif uRefawmfa&;vkdufaom &Srf;jynf
e,f\&Icif;onf vGrf;armzG,faumif;aeavonf/ a0zefa&;q&mwpfa,ufurl &Srf;
jynfe,fudk ra&mufzl;ao;bJESifh a&;onf[k uJh&JUoHvm;? csD;rGrf;oHvm; a0cGJr&Ekdifaom
avoHrsKd;ESifhqkdcJhzl;onf/
pma&;q&mwpfa,muf txl;ojzifh 0wKa&;q&mwpfa,muf\tvkyfonf t
csut
f vufEiS phf w
d u
f ;l pdwo
f ef;udk aygif;pyfay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tcsut
f vufudk ,lonfh
tcgwGif udk,fawGUrS ,lonfvnf; &Sdonf/ udk,fhawGU,lr&onfhtcgwGif pmawGUrS,l
&onfvnf; &Sdonf/ b,fae&mu,l,l taMumif;r[kwf/ ta&;MuD;onfrSm olwifjy
onfhtcsuftvufonf rSef? rrSefqkdonfhtcsufom jzpfonf/
]]vkdufcJhawmhjreEm}}udka&;onfhtcgwGif uRefawmfonftcsuftvufrsm;udk pm
awGUrS,lonf/ wpfpGef;wpfpudk ukd,fawGUrS,lonf/ xkdYaemuf xdktcsuftvufrsm;ay:
oD[&wempmay
jroef;wifh
jroef;wifh
(2)
n d E I d i f ; wk d i f y if
&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;odkY oGm;rnfqkdonfhtcgwGif vkdtyfonfhaq;0g;? taEG;
xnfponfwkdYudk pkaqmif;&\/ uRefawmfwkdYoGm;onfh &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGif &moD
Owktjyif;xefqkH;tcsdef jzpfonf/ oGm;&rnfc&D;uvnf; c&D;&SnfMuD;jzpfonf/ uarmZ
cifvIdifonf &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGif uRefawmfwkdYwawG oGm;oifh? oGm;Ekdifaomae
&mrSeforQudk ykdYay;&ef tpDtpOfawG qGJjyD; uRefawmfwkdYxH ydkYvkdufavonf/ xdkrQru
uRefawmfhudkrl wwfEkdifvQif wpfvwefonf? ESpfvwefonfae&pfcJh&ef taMumif;Mum;
vku
d af o;onf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf uarmZcifvIdif\ukd,fpm; pDpOfay;ol &efukefwGif &Sdonfh ukdvS
jrdKif(vkyfom;aeYpOf t,f'DwmcsKyf)ESifhtpDtpOfawG ndEIdif;Mu&onf/ olwkdY vkdcsifonfh
&ufudk uRefawmfwkdY ray;Ekdif/ xkd&ufrsm;wGif uRefawmfwkdY &efukefrSmr&Sd/ pmqkdawmfc&D;
awG xGufaeMu&onf/ xkdYaMumifh vm;&Id;ESifhuRefawmfwkdY tjyefjyeftvSefvSef &ufawG
vSrf;nd&onf/ aemufqkH;wGif vm;&Id;u uRefawmfwkdY vmEkdifrnfh&ufudk aemufqkwf
a&TUay;onf/ od&Yk mwGif tem;uyfawmh uReaf wmfwaYdk y;onfh &ufwiG f vm;&I;d okaYd v,mOf
r&Sd/ xkdYaMumifh vm;&Id;u uRefawmhfxH av,mOfysH&Sdrnfh tapmqkH;&ufwGif MudKxGuf
vm&ef taMumif;jyefonf/ wGif uRefawmfwkdYwawG wjcm;tpDtpOfawGESifh nd&jyef
onf/ vm;&Id;rwkdifcif vufcHxm;jyD;jzpfaom pmqkdawmfyGJrsm;udk apmapmMudKjyD;atmif
vkyfay;&ef oufqkdif&mjrdKUe,frsm;ESifhvSrf;nd&onf/ vm;&Id;rStjyef aemufusrnfjzpfo
jzifh tcsKdUyGJrsm;udk aemufqkwfay;&efvnf; qkdif&mjrdKUe,frsm;ESifh vSrf;nd&jyefonf/ odkYu
vkd tjyeftvSef ndEIdif;jyD;rS vm;&Id;ESifh uRefawmfwkdY &ufowfrSwfMuonf/
uRefawmfwkdYqkdonfrSm vm;&Id;ESifh&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif; pmqkdawmfc&D;onfrsm;
jzpfMuonfh uRefawmf? atmifoif;? cspfOD;ndKESifhumwGef;ajrZmwkdY jzpfMuygonf/
rlvu 'DZifbmv 21-&ufaeYwGif &efukefrSxGuf&efjzpfaomfvnf; xkdaeYwGif av
,mOfr&Sdojzifh uRefawmfwkdYonf wpf&ufapm vm;&Id;okdY xGufcJhMuonf/
&efukefavqdyfrS reuf 7-em&DcGJxGufonfhav,mOfonf rEav;csrf;jrompnf
avqdyfodkY 9-em&DcGJwGif a&mufavonf/ csrf;jrompnfavqdyfwGif aea&mif0if;yvsuf
&Sdaomfvnf; &efukefESifhrwlawmh/ aea&mifpl;pl;xJrSmyif at;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfaeonf/ av
oD[&wempmay
jroef;wifh
jroef;wifh
10
jroef;wifh
uRefawmfu uarmZcifvidI u
f kd ar;vku
d o
f nf/ ode;f azjrifah &;onf]h ta&SUajrmufwidk ;f
wpfcGif}c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;udk trSwf& ar;vkdufjcif; jzpf\/ uarmZcifvIdifu w[m;[m;
&,fum]]aMomf. . . q&m zwfvkdufrdoudk;? ck tJ'Daumif;rav; r&Sdawmhbl;q&m&JU? awmifBuD;
udk ajymif;oGm;NyD/ aumif;rav;u apmrGefvS arG;w,fqkdwJhq,fvefYqkdwJh&Gmu/ tcsdef&&if
q&mwkdYudk vkdufykdYygOD;r,f/ olwkdYu uRefawmhf pwyfpfu aumif;rav;awG/ wpfa,mufu
w&kwf? ]vDauGusif;}wJh/ aumifrav; eifh jrefrmemrnfu b,fol}}
]]xufxufatmifyg q&mBuD;}}
]]at;. . . iguawmh vDauGusif;yJ odw,f/ aemufwpfa,mufu ]]eef;qkdif;}}wJh? ucsif/
aemufwpfa,mufu ]]cifaqGOD;}}wJh &Srf;}}
vDauGusif;rSm yefqkdif;bufrS jzpfavonf/ olwkdYbufwGif rNidrfroufjzpfojzifh vm;
&Id;odkYa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ 10 wef;wGif o&D;'DjzifhatmifcJhaomfvnf; ausmif;qufrae
awmhbJ aq;&kHwGif tvkyf0ifvkyfaeonf[k od&onf/ eefqkdif;rSmvnf; ajrmufykdif;rS vm;&Id;
odkYajymif;a&TUvmonfh ucsiftrsKd;orD;uav;jzpfonf/ cifaqGOD;wpfa,mufomvQif vm;
&Id;oljzpfavonf/
xrif;pm;aomufNyD;aemuf erwlodkYxGufrnfh uRefawmfwkdYum;udk apmifh&if; em;ae&ef
twGuf[kqkdum uarmZcifvIdifonf uRefawmfwkdYudk olYtdrfopfuav;odkY ac:oGm;avonf/
uarmZcifvIdif\tdrfrSm wpfxyfwkdufuav;jzpfNyD; ukef;avQmay:wGif aqmufxm;
avonf/ wkdufaemufaz;bufudk ajrnDbufwGif xm;NyD; rsufESmpmudk ukef;avQmxdyfwGif
aqmufxm;onfhtwGuf tdrfa&SUvomaqmifbufwGif ESpfxyfjzpfaeonf/ ukef;avQmwGif
jrufcif;jyif? ukef;ajc&if;wGif t*Fawcif;xm;onfhpBuvrf;? pBuab;wGif ausmufyGwfvkH;
cHonfhvuf&ef;wkdifuav;awG umxm;onf/ jcHpnf;&kd;wpfavQmufwGif oMum;yif? opfawmf
yif? cs,f&Dyif? ,luvpfwyfwkdY pdkufxm;onf/ cs,f&Dyifu yef;Eka&miftyGifhawG qifvsuf/
vomaqmifrS arQmfMunfhvkdufvQif urlajc&if;wGif NrdKUjyifodkYxGufonfhvrf;rBuD;wpf
oG,fu vJavsmif;vsuf/ wpfzufukef;wGif a&Ta&mif0if;aeaom omoemh 2500 apwDawmf
udk zl;jrif&onf/ ta0;wGifrl vm;&Id;BuD;ESifharQmfrqkH;Ekdifaom awmifwef;BuD;rsm;/
uarmZcifvidI o
f nf uRefawmfwu
Ydk kd aumfz?D opfo;D ponfwjYdk zifh {nfch NH yD;aemuf olt
Y rd f
udk vkdufjyonf/ acwfrDrD aqmufxm;onfhwpfxyfwkdufuav;jzpfygonf/ tdyfcef;? {nfhcef;?
xrif;pm;cef;? pmMunfhcef;ponfwkdYudk pepfwus zGJYxm;onf/
oD[&wempmay
11
12
jroef;wifh
(3)
er w l o d k Y
uRefawmfwkdYonf erwlodkY xGufcJhMuonf/ a&SUuum;wGif uRefawmfwkdYwpfodkuf vkduf
ygvmMuNyD; q&mrBuD;a':arNzdK;u vrf;jytjzpf aqmif&u
G o
f nf/ vrf;wpfavQmufwiG f uRef
awmfwYdk odvo
dk rQudk ajzMum;&ef jzpf\/ aemufum;wGif abmfwiG ;f 'kridk ;f csKyfO;D ndKESit
hf zGo
YJ m;
rsm;vku
d yf gMuonf/ uarmZcifvidI o
f nf tazmftjzpf olw
Y ynfEh pS af ,mufjzpfaom ud&k mouf
ESifharmifyifeDwkdYudkvnf; uRefawmfwkdYESifhtwl xnfhvkdufao;onf/
]ukd&mouf}[laomtrnfudk Mum;vkdufonfESifh uRefawmhftpfudk0rf;uGJrsm;jzpfMuaom
udk&myGifhwkdY? udk&mqifhwkdYudkvnf;aumif;? uRefawmfhrdwfaqG a,mom;BuD; udk&mjynfhukdvnf;
aumif; ajy; trSwf&rdavonf/ onfemrnfrsKd;onf tnmom;emrnfppfppfjzpfygonf/
txl;ojzifh awmifwGif;BuD;? yckuL? rkH&Gm? a&Tbdkwpf0dkufwGif Mum;&wwfaom emrnfrsKd;jzpf
onf/ emrnfuom tnmqefaeonf r[kwfyg/ udk&mouf\ykHyef;oPmefuvnf; tnm
om;*kduf tjynfhaqmifaeonf/ t&yfu &Snf&Snfudkif;udkif;? tom;u rnf;rnf;? acgif;wkH;
qHawmufu eDMuifMuif? ukwftusyGyGBuD;udk 0wfum abmif;bD&Snftzsm;udk zdeyf&SnfBuD;xJ
odkYoGif; 0wfxm;NyD; acgif;wGif arG;yGrsufESmokwfy0gBuD;wpfxnfudk zkdoDzwfoD &pfxm;vkduf
ao;onf/
ar;MunfhvdkufonfhtcgwGif uRefawmfxifonfhtwkdif; rkH&Gme,f bkwvifZmwdjzpf
aMumif; od&avonf/ vm;&Id;jynfolYaq;&kHBuD;wGif pma&;BuD;tjzpf trIxrf;aeonfrSm 10
ESpfausmfavNyD/ odkYwkdifatmif pdwf"mwft& MunfhMunfh? ykHyef;oPmeft& MunfhMunhf? emrnf
t&MunfhMunfh ol\tnmom;Zmwdonf ae&mwumwGif txif;om;ay:aeavonf/
olESifhwGJzuf]armifyifeD}onfvnf; rauG;om;jzpfaomaMumifh tnmom;[kyif qkdEkdif
avonf/ pifppf oleY mrnft&if;rSm armifyifeD r[kwyf g/ armifyife(D aus;vuf)[laomtrnf
jzifh uAsmuav;awG aqmif;yg;uav;awG a&;zl;aomaMumifh olu
Y kd armifyife[
D yk if uRefawmf
wkw
Yd pfavQmufv;Hk ac:cJMh uygonf/ oluvnf; xked mrnfukd ESpNf cdKufy&Hk ygonf/ t&yfyyk ?k rsuf
vkH;arS;arS;? toHpmpmESifh/ toHpmoavmuf pum;vnf; tvGefajymEkdifoljzpfavonf/ olY
toHonf b,favmufpum;ajymajym wdr0f ifomG ;rnft
h oHrsKd; r[kw/f pum;rajymbJaevQif
vnf; onfxufydk yDyDjrnfjrnf ajymEkdifrnfrxif/ pum;ajymEkdifavmufatmifvnf; pmrsKd;
pku
H kd zwfxm;olwpfa,muf jzpfygonf/ uAsmtaMumif; ajymrvm;? pmaya0zefa&;taMumif;
ajymrvm;? 0wKtaMumif; ajymrvm;? bmoma&;pmaytaMumif; ajymrvm;? taMumif;t
oD[&wempmay
13
14
jroef;wifh
15
16
jroef;wifh
17
18
jroef;wifh
avonf/
qkid w
f iG f &Sr;f jynfe,f xkad 'orSxu
G o
f nfBh udrjf cif;rsm;? 0g;carmufrsm;? w&kwyf ef;uef
pkHrsm;? qyfjymcJrsm;ponfhvlokH;ypnf;rsm; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk awGY&onf/ qHwdkukwf0JESifh
touf 20 cefY&Sd oli,frav;wpfa,mufu qkdifwGif xkdifa&mif;aeonf/ olYtrnfrSm Munf
MunfnGefYjzpfonf[k od&\/
]]rif; ausmif; raebl;vm;}}
]]aew,f&Sifh}}
]]b,fESpfwef;vJ}}
]]rESpu
f erwrl mS oGm;aew,f/ uswmeJY 'DEpS af wmh tjyifuyJ ajzr,fpw
d u
f ;l vkYd rwuf
awmhbl;/ tdrfrSmyJ ulnDvkyfay;aew,f}}
]]rif; tBuD;qkH;vm;}}
]]r[kwfbl;&Sifh? uRefr tpfr&Sdao;w,f/ olu rEav;wuokdvfrSm}}
uRefawmfwkdY qufar;rnfudk odvm; rajymwwf/ oli,frav;u olYtpfrtaMumif;
udk wpfqufwnf; ajzvdkufonf/
refqrf&mG rS wuov
dk af usmif;wufaeonfah usmif;olausmif;om; 6 a,mufcef&Y o
dS nf
[kod&\/
]]rif;wkdYqkdifrSm csdwfxm;wJhpmwkdufykH;u pmawGudk b,fvkda0ovJ}}
]]ra0bl;&Sifh? pmydkYum;vm&if uRefrwkdYqkdifudk pmawG tm;vkH; ay;ypfcJhw,f/ aps;aeY
us&if awmu vmMuw,f/ tJ'g ukd,fhpmukd,f a&G;,loGm;MuwmyJ/ vlMuKH&Sd&ifvnf; vlMuKHu
,loGm;Muw,f/ pmxnfhcsif&ifawmh pmwkdufykH;xJudk xnfhcJh&w,f}}
aus;vufrsm;wGif qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; aESmifhaES;MuefYMumaecsdef pmydkYwkdufr&Sd
onfhae&mrsm;wGif xkdtpDtrHrsKd;jyKvkyfay;onfrSm rsm;pGmavsmfuefonf[k uRefawmfxifyg
onf/ pifppf MunfMunfnGefYwkdY\ukefpkHqkdifuav;onf pmwkdufcGJr[kwfyg/ pmydkYwkduftrIxrf;
wpfa,mufrQ r&Syd g/ pmwku
d yf ;Hk csdwx
f m;&krH Qomjzpfygonf/ pmwku
d yf ;Hk csdwcf ESiphf mrsm;udk vuf
cHctwGuf olwkdYqkdifudk qufoG,fa&;Xmeu vc 35 usyfay;xm;onf[k od&avonf/
&Sr;f jynfe,fu NrdKUtrnf? &Gmtrnfrsm;rSm wpfcEk iS w
hf pfck cyfqifqifawGcsnf; jzpfonf?
xkdYaMumifh olwkdYu xkdtrnfwl NrdKUrsm;udk uGJjym;atmif NrdKUtoD;oD;udk 0daoojyK ac:Mu
oD[&wempmay
19
20
jroef;wifh
21
22
jroef;wifh
23
rdwq
f pHk m;yGw
J iG f MumMumtcsderf jzKef;Ekid yf g/ rdwq
f ufpm;yGNJ yD;vQif xkcd ef;rxJwiG f pmay
aqG;aEG;yGJvkyf&ef pDpOfxm;ojzifh rdwfqkHpm;yGJudk cyfjrefjref odrf;&\/
pmayaqG;aEG;yGJodkY trIxrf;? t&mxrf;awG? ausmif;olausmif;om;awG? vli,fawG?
trsKd;orD;awG vmMuonf/ rQcsrf;at;&onfhtxJwGif NrdKUxJrS wul;wuefYvma&mufMu
ojzifh uRefawmfwkdY tHhMo&ao;onf/
]]q&mrBuD; y&dowfu awmfawmfrsm;wmyJ}}
]]q&mwkdYa& 'gawmif y&dowfu rukefao;bl;/ &moDOwkuvJ odyfat;vGef;? vm&
wJhc&D;uvJ a0;vGef;vkdY? EkdYr[kwf&if onfhxufrsm;wmaygh}}[k q&mrBuD;a':arNzdK;u ajym
onf/
olwkdYar;onfhar;cGef;awGuvnf; tqifhtwef;jrifhMuygonf/
n 7 em&DwGif ponfhaqG;aEG;yGJonf awmfawmfESifhrNyD;Ekdif/ ar;csifolawG usefaeao;
onf/ wcsKdUu rausvnfonfwkdYudk aqG;aEG;csifao;onf/ odkY&mwGif q&mrBuD;a':arNzdK;
onf olwkdYudk cGifhrjyKawmh/
]]&moDuvJ odyfat;ygw,f/ wcsKdUy&dowfawGqkd&ifvJ ta0;BuD;jyefMu&rSmyg? NyD;
awmh q&mawGvJ awmfawmfc&D;yef;aeygNyD/ ckqkd&if 11 em&Dxkd;ygawmhr,f/ 'gaMumifh aqG;
aEG;yGJudk &kyfodrf;ygawmhr,f}}
q&mrBuD;u aqG;aEG;yGJudk twif;&kyfodrf;awmhrS y&dowfawG jyefukefMuonf/
oD[&wempmay
24
jroef;wifh
(4)
jrLarSmifvGrf;aom erwl
aemufwpfaeYreuf uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG tdyf&mrSEdk;awmh 7 em&DausmfaeavNyD/ erwl
wGif aea&mifudk rjrif&ao;/ aea&mifudkom rjrif&onfr[kwf/ ESif;xkBuD; odyfonf;pGm us
aeojzifh a&SU0g;wpf&kdufxuf ausmfvQif bmudkrQ rjrif&yg/ cPMumvQif tcsdefwdusonfh
a':arNzdK;onf um;wpfpD;jzifh a&mufvmavonf/
]]q&mwkdYudk uRefrtdrfrSm reufvufzuf&nf aomufzkdY pDpOfxm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh NrdKU
udkvJ tcsdef&oavmufuav; vkdufjycsifygw,f}}
uRefawmfwu
Ydk m;onf um;a&SUrD;udk vif;aeatmif xGe;f um awmifatmufoq
Ykd if;vm
cJo
h nf/ um;a&SUrD;ESpv
f ;Hk udk xGe;f xm;onfw
h idk f ESi;f awG rIeaf eao;ojzifh aumif;aumif;rjrif
&/ odkY&mwGif erwlowKwGif;rS um;q&monf t&Sdefudk enf;enf;rQ ravQmh/ awmifudk auGY
ywfum t&Sed jf yif;jyif;qif;vmcJah vonf/ awmifuek ;f ab;rS tpd;k &&k;H rsm;? vlaetdraf jcrsm;
udk tem;a&mufrSom jrif&awmhonf/ xlxyfpGm usaeonfhESif;xkBuD;xJwGif vrf;avQmufae
olrsm;? tajy;avhusifhaeolrsm;udkvnf; &dyfceJ &dyfceJ awGYvkduf&onf/
uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf ESi;f xkBuD;xJwiG f t&Sed jf yif;jyif;ESiq
hf if;aeonfah rmfawmfum;ay:wGif
toufudkrQ aumif;aumif;r&SL&J? rsufvkH;awGudk jyL;aeatmif zGifhMunfhNyD; vkdufvmcJhMu
onf/ owKwGif;rS um;q&mum; wpfcsufrQ a`Erysuf/ olonfvnf; &Srf;jynfe,frS um;
q&mrsm;vkd vrf;auGYwkdif;? urf;yg;wkdif;? acsmufwkdif;ukd odol r[kwfavm/
ukef;ukdywf qif;vmNyD;aemuf cPMumvQif armfawmfum;onf NrdKUv,faumifu
wHwm;wpfcu
k kd jzwfvmavonf/ jrLck;d awG? ESi;f awGMum;rS wNidrNhf idrphf ;D aeaom erwjl rpfjzpf
yg\/ NrdKUv,fudk jzwfpD;aeonfhtwGuf &kwfw&ufMunfhvQif u,m;jynfe,fNrdKUawmf vGKdif
aumfESifhcyfqifqifwlonf/ odkY&mwGif erwlonf vGKdifaumfvdk vlaerusJyg/ jrpfwpfzufurf;
rS tpk;d &&dyo
f m&yfuu
G rf sm;wGif vlaeusJonfw
h idk f wpfzuf&dS yef[u
dk b
f ufwiG rf l vlaeodyo
f nf;
NyD; tdrfvcawG aps;BuD;aeonf/ owKwl;azmfa&; aumfydka&;&Sif;ydkif cJoefYpifa&;puf&kHrsm;?
tvkyf&kHrsm;? tvkyform;&yfuGufrsm;? aps;qkdifrsm;jzifh pnfum;aeonf/ blwm&kH? aps;? &kyf
&Sif&kHponfwkdYvnf; yef[kdufbufrSmom &SdMuonf/
q&mrBuD;a':arNzdK;\tdrfrSm aps;teD;wGif &Sdavonf/
olYcifyGef;OD;xGef;cifrSm touf 60 ausmfavNyD/ odkYwkdifatmif 40 ausmfvl&G,fwpfOD;
oD[&wempmay
25
26
jroef;wifh
27
28
jroef;wifh
aemufwpfcsufrmS tvkyt
f iftm;pk rwnfNidrjf cif;jzpfonf/ ajrjyefrY S vkyo
f m;rsm;onf
erwal bmfwiG ;f trsm;tjym; a&mufvmcJMh uonf/ txl;ojzifh ajrvwfyikd ;f ESit
hf xufjrefrm
EkdifiHrS vli,ftrsm;tjym;onf abmfwGif;odkY wufvmcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdtvkyftiftm;
pkonf wnfNidrfjcif;r&Sd/ twkd;tavsmh jyaewwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif tvkyform;OD;a&
onf rsm;aeonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif enf;aewwfonf/ tvkyftiftm;pk ysHusaeonf/ xkdodkY
rwnfrNidrf jzpfae&jcif;rSm ukefaps;EIef;rwnfrNidrf jzpfum pm;0wfaep&dwf BuD;jcif;? oGm;
a&;vma&; cufcJjcif; ponfwkdYaMumifh jzpfonf[k od&avonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf owKpuf&kH owcRwfpuf&kHrsm;? rD;&xm;tvkyf&kHrsm;? vuform;&kH
rsm;? yef;yJ&rHk sm;? pufjyif&rHk sm;udk Munfch sifMuaomfvnf; Munfch sderf &yg/ blwm&kw
H iG f rD;&xm;
u uRefawmfwkdYudk apmifhaeojzifh cyfokwfokwfqif;cJhMu&onf/
(5)
erfhyef,Gef;acsmif;ab;u xa&mfvD
blwm&kHum; ukef;awGMum;u csKdifh0Srf;xJrSm &Sdavonf/
blwm&kHonf blwm&kHqkdaomfvnf; rD;&xm;vrf;wkdY vmqkHonfhvrf;qkHwpfckrQomjzpf
yg\/ vm;&Id;rS xGufvmonfhrD;&xm;onf erwlodkYa&mufatmif vmonfr[kwf/ erwlESifh
15 rkdifcefYavmufa0;onfh erfharQmfqkdonfhblwm&kHuav;wGif vrf;qkH;oGm;avonf/ erfharQmf
rS erwltxd vrf;rSm xa&mfvDrsm;om oGm;EkdifonfhESpfayus,fonfhoHvrf;usOf;uav;jzpf
onf/ erwlrS abmfwGif;odkYoGm;vQifvnf; onfxa&mfvDuav;awGESifhyif oGm;&onf/
blwm&kH&Sd&m csKdifhxJwGif avmf&Dum;wpfpif;avmufom&Sdonfhxa&mfvDuav; &yfxm;
onf/ uRefawmfwkdYudk &yfapmifhaeonfhxa&mfvDjzpfyg\/ uRefawmfwkdY xa&mfvDay:odkYwuf
NyD; twefMumonfw
h idk f awmfawmfEiS rhf xGuaf o;/ xa&mfvaD y:wGif vlawGjynfo
h nfw
h idk v
f nf;
rxGuaf o;/ xa&mfvaD y;wGif qHyif&n
S &f n
S Ef iS v
hf il ,fav; 5 a,mufukd awG&Y onf/ olwu
Ydk m;
pufrIwuodkvfrS qif;vmonfhvli,ftif*sifeD,mrsm;jzpf\/ olwkdYxJwGif csif;trsKd;om;vl
i,fwpfa,mufvnf; ygonf/ yg;tdeYk eD ED iS chf yf00 trsKd;orD;BuD;wpfa,mufrmS uRefawmfwu
Ydk kd
vmac:onf'h rk idk ;f csKyfO;D nDEiS phf um;ajymaeonf/ owKaumfyadk &;&Si;f &k;H rS trIxrf;trsKd;orD;
jzpfonf[k od&onf/ xkdYjyif erwlodkYvmMuonfhabmfwGif;rS tvkyform;rsm;? tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;udkvnf; awGY&onf/ wcsKdUvnf; erwlokdY vm aps;0,fMujcif; jzpf\/
xa&mfvDuav;ay:wGif vl 20 avmuf uwfuwfowfowf vkdufMu&onf/ wpfpif;
vkH; vljynfhoGm;onfhwkdif xa&mfvD rxGufao;/ nae 4 em&Dxkd;awmhrnf/ xkdxufaemufus
oD[&wempmay
29
30
jroef;wifh
31
32
jroef;wifh
33
(6)
uAsmq&mrsm;
0D&d,aumif;aomOD;nDonf aemufwpfaeYreufwGif tapmBuD;a&mufvmavonf/
rkid ;f xJoYkd qif;&ef uRefawmfwu
Ydk kd vmac:jcif;jzpfonf/ awmifurf;yg;,H&dS &dyo
f mrS NrdKUv,fu
wpfckwnf;aom vrf;rBuD;udkqif;NyD; xkdrS armfawmfum;jzifh awmifMum;txufydkif;odkYwufcJh
onf/ awmifMum;txufwpfae&mta&mufwGif OD;nDonf oH0if;x&HawG umxm;onfh0if;
BuD;wpfckodkY csKd;0ifvkdufonf/
]]uJ q&mwkdYa& q&mwkdYt0wftpm;awGudk cRwfNyD; rkdif;xJudk qif;wJh,leDazmif;awGudk
0wf&vdrfhr,f}}
OD;nDu toifh,laqmifvmaomt0wftpm;rsm;ukd xkwfay;ygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY
onf xkdae&mrSmyif t0wftpm;vJMu&\/ tvkyform;awG 0wfonfhtjyma&mifabmif;bD
oD[&wempmay
34
jroef;wifh
35
36
jroef;wifh
jzpfavonf/
cPMumvQif "mwfavSum; ajrjyifodkY a&mufvmum wHcg;yGifhvmojzifh uRefawmfwkdY
tm;vkH; "mwfavSum;odkY0ifvkdufMuonf/
"mwfavSum;onf rnf;arSmifaeaom ajrwGif;BuD;xJodkYqif;vmcJhonf/ pGwfpkdaom
ajrBuD;eHEY iS b
hf meHrY eS ;f cGjJ cm;rodEidk af ompdr;f a&Ta&TteHw
Y pfrsKd;udk &\/ wcsKdUtxyfrsm;wGif rD;
uav;awG wvufvufESifhtvkyfvkyfaeMuaom tvkyform;rsm;udk &dyfcJeJ jrifvkduf&onf/
wcsKdU uRefawmfwkdYudk vufjyEIwfquf usef&pfcJhMuonf/ 12 xyfodkYa&mufonhftcgwGif "mwf
avSum;onf &yfoGm;um wHcg;yGifhvmavonf/
]]q&mwkdY rjrif&&if rD;cvkwfukd zGifhNyD; vkdufcJhMuaemf}}
OD;nDonf oHvrf;wpfavQmufwGif uRefawmfwkdYudk ac:oGm;onf/ rkdif;xJwGif wl;NyD;
owKrsm;udk ydkYaqmif&eftwGuf oHvrf;t&Snfrkdifaygif; 10 rkdif&Sdonf[k od&avonf/
oHvrf; ZvDzm;wkH;awGay:udk uRefawmfwkdY BudK;pm;avQmufMuaomfvnf; aumif;
aumif; ravQmufEidk Mf uyg/ atmuf &TUH AGuaf wGjzpfum a&pkad eojzifh rMumcP acsmfvMJ uonf/
xdyt
f yk rf ;D yGiahf wGukd zGix
hf m;onfw
h idk f uRefawmfwYdk rsufprd sm;rSm usifo
h m;r&ao;aomaMumifh
renf;oGm;,l&ygonf/ OD;nDum; ajratmufowKwGif;udk ajrjyifyrm oabmxm;um a&SUrS
cyfokwfokwfavQmufaeavonf/
ajratmufOrifBuD;xJwiG f opfom;wkid af wG axmufxm;onf/ ab;rSvnf; ajrNydKrus
atmif opfom;awGudk pDNyD; xm;onf/ wcsdKUajrrmrsm;ukdum; opfom;wef; pDrxm;bJ e*kd
twkdif;yif xm;avonf/ wpfae&mwGif owK&kdif;wkH;BuD;rsmudk rD;&xm;wGJyufvufuav;
ay:odkY wifaeaomtvkyform;rsm;ukd awGY&onf/
trsm;tm;jzifh awmifwiG ;f BuD;? ausmufyef;awmif;? rauG;? qdyjf zL? rif;bl;ponfah jr
vwfa'oESifha&Tbkd? a&OD;? uefYbvlponfhtxufjrefrmjynfrS vli,frsm;jzpfMuonf/ ajr
atmufvkyfom;wpfa,muf\wpfaeYvkyfcrSm 15 usyf 64 jym;jzpfNyD; ajray:vkyfom;wpf
a,muf\vkyfcrSm 11 usyf 62 jym; jzpfonf[k od&\/
ausmufurf;yg;BuD;wpfae&mwGif pmwef;awG xkd;xm;onfudk awGY&onf/ ]rif;b0
vnf; vjynfhn? ukd,fhb0u vrkdufn}wJh/ tvkyform;vli,fav;wpfOD;\&ifckefoHjzpfyg
oD[&wempmay
37
38
jroef;wifh
39
oD[&wempmay
40
jroef;wifh
(7)
abmfwGif;rS tar&dueforwavmif;
nydik ;f wGif tvkyo
f rm;&dyo
f m aqG;aEG;yGu
J sif;yonf/ abmfwiG ;f pmqkad wmfaumfrwD
0ifrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh tvkyform;vli,frsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwkdYtm;vkH; pmzwfMuonf/
,aeYxGufaeaom jrefrm0wKrsm;? r*Zif;rsm;? pmaya0zefa&;? aqmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfum
olwkdYtcsif;csif; rMumcP aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm eH&Huyfowif;
pmrsm;? vufa&;pmapmifrsm;udk xkwfa0Muonf/ uRefawmfwkdYa&mufaeonfhtcsdefwGif abmf
wGi;f rS tvkyo
f rm;vli,frsm;onf eH&u
H yfowif;pmwpfapmifEiS ]hf awmifxyd yf ef;}qko
d nfv
h uf
a&;pmapmifwpfckudk xkwfa0aeMuonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf olwkdY\eH&Huyfowif;pmESifholwkdYay;vkdufonfh]awmifxdyfyef;}pm
apmifudk zwfMunfhMu\/ 0wK? aqmif;yg;? uAsm? pmaya0zefa&;ponfwkdYrSm tqifhtwef;
redrfhvSyg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh awmifxdyfyef;pmapmifrS wifEGrf;vGif(&Srf;jynfe,f)\]owKodkufxJ
rS acR;pufrsm;}qkdonfhuAsmrSm ajratmufwGif tvkyfvkyf&onfhabmfwGif;rkdif;vkyfom;wkdY\
&kyfykHvTmudk MunfMunfvifvif a&;jc,fjyEkdifonfhuAsmjzpfygonf/ olYuAsmudk zwfMunfhyg/
ae r&Sd
v r&Sd
Mu,f r&Sd
arSmiftwd. . . /
aeY . . .
n. . .
cGJ r&/
taiGaY vmifNrdKuf
acR;NydKuf,dkpD;
aEGrD;vQHavmifjcif; r[kwf/
&GmapGoeG ;f NzdK;
a&usqkd;\
rk;d rif;orD;
tvGrf;BuD;jcif; r[kwf/
aoG;cJrwwf
tat;"mwfpdrfh
oD[&wempmay
aqmif;Zmwf uaejcif;r[kwf/
0J ,m a&SU aemuf
txufatmufcGif
ausmufom; abmfom;
ydwfavSmifxm;/
umAkdufrD;cGuf
tvif;pufi,f
wdkYwGuf r[mtvif;a&mif/
a&xJ &THUxJ
acR;&TJ aoG;&TJ
vJvS,f touf
0uGuftyfESH aorif;xH/
0if;vufNydK;jyuf
aiGpifcufukd
wl;,lxkwfMu ,rf;cGJMu/
ydkufxJu a&
ykdufxJ avESifh
tarmajy aomuf
raoatmif &SL
,rf;ckd;tl teHYjyif;
&SLoGif; &IdufoGif; abmfxkwf&if;/
&Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f
abmfwiG ;f rkid ;f rS
acR;vIdif;vkH;BuD;
tm;oGefpD;ae c&D;&SnfcsDwuf a&SUodkYquf/
awmifay:u acR;puf
ajratmuf acR;puf
acR;puf. . .
acR;puf. . .
wkdYay;qyf&if; tm;opfa0/
umAkdufrD;cGufuav;wpfvkH;jzifh ajratmufrkdif;xJwGif tvkyfvkyf&aom tvkyform;
vli,fwpfa,muf\uAsm jzpfygonf/
oD[&wempmay
41
42
jroef;wifh
wpfzufjzifh za,mif;wkid u
f dk udik v
f suf 0ifomG ;onf/ uHtm;avsmfpmG yif uREkyf \
f a&SUwGi&f adS om
a&tkdifuav;wpftkdifukd Munfhrdonf/ vm;. . . vm;. . . toufESifhcEmudk,fuJhodkY xif&Sm;vSaom
usm;ajc&mjzpf\/ usm;BuD;onf twGif;rSm &Sdaevdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfu uvyftm; usm;ajc&m
BuD;udk jyonf/ b*Fvm;usm;BuD;wpfaumifudk za,mif;wkdifwpfacsmif;jzifh ckcHwkdufckdufzkdYudp
rSm ESpfvkdzG,faumif;onfhudp r[kwfyg/ okdYjzifh zifhaES;av;uefjcif;r&Sd? t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGm
csDwufvmaom aMumufpdwfwkdYjzifh t0if0qDodkY wpfcsKd;wnf; vSnfhxGufvmcJhMuonf/ uH
aumif;axmufrojzifh usm;BuD;rSm uREkfyfwkdYESifhtodtuRrf;zGJYvkd[ef rwl/ xGuf EIwfquf
jcif; rjyK/
uREkyf w
f o
Ydk nf aemufxyf Orifrsm;xJoYkd 0ifrMunhaf wmhyg/ aemifwiG f owKwGi;f vkyif ef;
rsm;twGuf ESpv
f rf;oGm; OrifBuD;azmufvyk af omtcg uREkyf u
f xdOk rifukd ]usm;Orif}[ktrnf
ay;cJhonf/ tu,frsm; xkdOriftwGif;wGif aemufxyfusm;ESifhawGYcJhonfqkdygu uREkfyfwkdY
twGuf wkdufuGif;wkdufuGuf us,fus,f&wefaumif;ygonf/}}
onfrSm awmifxdyfyef;pmapmifwGif ygonfhnDnD(abmfwGif;)\jrefrmjyefqkdcsufukd
xkwfEkwfazmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
abmfwiG ;f odaYk &mufvQif awmifajc&if;wGif usm;pcef;ESiu
hf sm;Orifqo
dk nfah e&mudk awGY
&vdrfhrnf/ xkdOrifonf ay 9000 &SnfNyD; awmifatmufu ajratmufrkdif;xJodkY wkduf&kduf
a&mufoGm;onf/ xkdusm;OrifESifhusm;pcef;qkdonfhtrnfonf jrefrmwkdYu ay;cJhonfhtrnf
r[kwfyg/
1904 ckESpf rkd;wpdrfhpdrfh &GmaeonfhaeYwpfaeYwGif Orift0okdY a&mufoGm;um usm;ajc
&mBuD;udk awGYonfwGif taMumufaMumuf tvefYvefYjzifh jyefajy;vmcJhonfh[m;Awf[l;Am;
qkdol touf 30 t&G,f tar&dueftif*sifeD,muav;wpfa,mufu ay;cJhonfhtrnfjzpf
ygonf/
xkdtcsufonf rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;ygonf/ xkdYxuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;
onfhtcsuf &Sdao;onf/
[m;Awf[l;Am;onf xkdpOfu vef'efowKukrPDwpfckwGif tif*sifeD,mtjzpf vkyfae
qJjzpfonf/ t*FvdyfwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHukd odrf;NyD;aemuf abmfwGif;udk jyefvnfwl;azmfonfhtcg
wGif [l;Am;onf tif*sife,
D mtjzpf abmfwiG ;f odYk a&mufvmcJu
h m abmfwiG ;f rS rkid ;f rsm;udk yxr
qkH;jyefwnfwnfaxmifay;cJhonf/ usm;Orifudk azmufvkyfNyD;pD;onfhtcgwGifrl [l;Am;onf
oD[&wempmay
43
44
jroef;wifh
45
Mu,fa&mif
va&mif
yk;d pke;f MuL;a&mif
bma&mifrS r&Sd
obm0tvSw&m;
ewd/
umAkdufrD;cGuf
a&pufusrS
tvif;jzmxGuf
BudK;awGquf
teufwGif; wl;
,rf;bDvl; cGJ
odrfhceJ wkef
,rf;rIefa&m,Suf
zkeaf &mpGu
f
touf&SLusyf ESvkH;aoG; &yfrwwf
a&puf pdrfhus
usonfha&u
i&Jr;D "mwf
xkH;"mwf
'kwm"mwf
pyfvkdufonfhjzpfjcif;
,rrif;xH t,lcH r&
vkyfom;b0
ocFg&w&m;
aeYvm; . . .
nvm; . . .
aiGwiG ;f xJ0if
a&Tpif
aiGpif
cJpif
aeYpOf &SmMu
vlu rkdif;xJ
pdwfu tdrfa&muf
oD[&wempmay
46
jroef;wifh
wpfa,muf oufxm;
cspfr,m;av;
pyg;vkH; a&G;p&m
qefrS &Sdygavp/
twwfynmydkif;wGif uAsmq&mBuD;awGavmuf rawmufajymifaomfvnf; o&kyfazmf
&m? cHpm;&mwGifum; uAsmq&mBuD;awGxuf omvdrfhrnf xifygonf/
]awmifxdyfyef;}pmapmifwGif ]tkef;om(acsmuf}u ]pmzwfoluvnf; ajymcsif;w,f}
[laom acgif;pOfjzifh pmaya0zefa&;vkyfxm;ygonf/ olu
]]'DaeY pmayavmutaMumif; ajymMunfhcsifw,fAsm/ 'DaeY pma&;q&mawG&JUta&;
tom;awGudk zwfNyD; b0ifrusbJ wpfrsKd;BuD;jzpfaew,f/ pma&;q&mtcsKdU[m(pmzwfol
awG&JUtusKd;twGufr[kwfbJ)pma&;q&mtcsKdUtwGuf a&SUaevdkufwwfMuw,f/ olwkdY&JU
r[mavQmufvJcsufu jynfolawGu qkH;jzwfygvdrfhr,fwJh/ pmzwfolawGu qkH;jzwfygvdrfh
r,fwJh/ aemufNyD; pmzwfolu BudKuf&if 0,fvdrfhr,f/ rBudKuf&if y,fvdrfhr,fvkdYvnf; qkdao;
oAs/
. . . tawmfhukd acwfaemufuswJhtqdktrdefYvkdY qkdcsifoAs/ wpfcgvm pmzwfolu qkH;
jzwfvrd yhf gvdrrhf ,f/ jynfou
l qk;H jzwfygvdrrhf ,feYJ jynfoel u
YJ ikd u
f ikd af ygufaeMuwm awmfawmf
MumvSNyDy/J zefwpf&m awaeNyD/ 'gaMumifh tawmhu
f kd a[mif;aewJt
h qdt
k rdev
Yf q
Ydk v
dk u
dk w
f myg/
. . . bmaMumifhqkd pma&;q&mqkdwm jynfoludk todPfOD;aqmifrI ay;aewJholawGvkdY
uRefawmfwYdk ,lqxm;vkyYd gyJ/ aumif;atmif OD;aqmifovm;? raumif;atmif OD;aqmifovm;
qkw
d muawmh pma&;q&m&JUcH,rl t
I ykid ;f aygh/ raumif;wJph mawGukd a&;NyD;pmzwfoal wG&UJ Pf
udk xkx
H idk ;f apatmif pmayrl;,pfaq; wku
d af uR;aeMuwJph ma&;q&mawG&UJ pmawGuakd wmh uRef
awmfwkdYpmzwfolawG em;vnfod&Sdatmif vrf;nTefulnDay;Muyg/ vrf;nTefulnDaewJhpma&;
q&m? a0zefa&;q&mawGudk uRefawmfwkdYuawmh BudKqkdrsmyJ/ b,fpmay a&SUaeawG rsufpd
qHyifarG;pl;pl; pum;tai:wl;wl; uRefawmfwkdYuawmh vufcHrSmyJ/ "m;oHwnHnH aoewfoH
wnHnHawG[m pmtkyfawGxJrSmawmif qlnHaewm r[kwfawmhbJ uufqufawG? ydwfum;
awG? jyZmwfawGtxd em;NiD;atmif nHaeMuwm pdwfysufp&m odyfaumif;wmyJ/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ
qkdawmh 'DaeY pmzwfol[m uufqufem;axmifolvnf;jzpf? &kyf&SifMunfhy&dowfvnf; jzpfae
vkyYd gyJ/ jzpfcsif&m jzpf? a&SUaeBuD;wkpYd um;eJaY jym&&if a&;csif&ma&;? zwfcsif&m zwfciG ahf Mumifh
vm; rodbl;/ uufqufawGxJrSm pkef;oH? q,fhESpfBudK;oH? OpmapmifhoHawGudk Mum;ae&NyD/
oD[&wempmay
47
48
jroef;wifh
49
xa&mfvo
D nf usm;pcef;ukd ausmfvmcJah vonf/ aMomf usm;pcef;ESiu
hf sm;Orif/ tar
&dueforwavmif;jzpfrnf[
h m;Awf[;l Am;trnfay;cJo
h nfah e&muav;/ olo
Y rkid ;f uav;u
pdw0f ifpm;p&m/
usm;pcef;rS rD;a&mifuav;rsm;onf ESif;rIefxJwGif wjznf;jznf;a0; usef&pfcJhav
NyD/ cPMumvQif vkdy blwm/ vkdy blwmwGif rD;r&Sd/ arSmifESifhrnf;rnf;BuD;wGif vkdy blwm
uav;udk uRefawmfwYdk jzwfcMhJ uonf/ blwmqkad omfvnf; wJuav;wpfv;Hk ESiahf wmif,mvkyf
onfhwJuav; av;vkH;om&SdonfhwJokdufuav;wpfckom jzpfyg\/ onfhaemufwGifrl bmudk
rQ rawGY&awmh/ xa&mfvDonf vGef;xkd;qif;vmum awmifMum;xJu erfhyef,Gef;acsmif;ab;
wpfavQmufwGif ajy;aeonf/ ESif;awG rIefae&onfhtxJwGif awmifMum;twkdif;pGyf wuf
vmonfhaqmif;avu at;pdrfhaeonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf taEG;xnfawG txyfxyf0wf? acgif;wGif rmzvmudk pD;um xa&mf
vDay:wGif ukyf vdkufvmMuonf/ wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf pum; rajymrdMu/
abmfwiG ;f rS reufav;em&DwiG f xGuv
f maom xa&mfvo
D nf 5 em&Dcw
JG iG f erwo
l aYdk &muf
avonf/
erwlum; abmfwGif;rSmxuf ESif;awG rIefaeao;onf/ ESif;omydkrIefonfr[kwf/ t
csrf;u ydkvkdufao;onf/ aphpyfaocsmaom OD;nDonf blwm&kHtjyifbufwGif um;udk BudK&ef
tqifoifph pD Ofxm;NyD; jzpfavonf/ uRefawmfwu
Ydk kd vmBudKonfu
h m;jzifh erwl armfawmfum;
*dwfodkY vmcJhMuonf/ xkdum;jzifh ausmufrJodkY qif;&ef jzpf\/
erwlor0g,ronf erwl-rEav;ta0;ajy;um;BuD;rsm;udk ukdifxm;avonf/ wpf
aeY wpfpD;us xGufNyD; vlwpfa,mufudk 60 usyfay;&onf/
&Srf;jynfe,fwGif ajy;onfharmfawmfum;rsm;\xl;jcm;csufrSm pufa&m? armfawmfum;
abmf'Dyg ckdifcHhaumif;rGefjcif; jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdYoGm;cJhonfhc&D;wpfavQmufwGif pufysuf
xk;d &yfaeonfah rmfawmfum;qk
d wpfp;D wpfavrQ rawGcY &hJ / vlp;D um;qkv
d Qifvnf; oabFm
om;um;ac:onf'h wfqef;um;awG ajy;aeonf/ ukew
f ifvpl ;D onfu
h m;BuD;awGqv
dk Qifvnf;
tDplZl;wkdY? [D;Ekd;wkdY ponfhum;rsKd;awGjzpfonf/ awmifay:vrf;awG onfum;BuD;rsKd;awGom
cHEkdifayvdrfhrnf/ ajrjyefYrSmvkd ppfokH;vufusefum;awGjzifh armif;ae&vQif awmifatmufodkY
oD[&wempmay
50
jroef;wifh
51
52
jroef;wifh
(9)
tDplZl;bwfpfum;BuD;ay:rS q&mrav;
erwlNrdKUe,fonf 'k|0wDwpfzufwGif usef&pfcJhavonf/
'k|0wDudk jzwful;xm;onfhrkd;awwHwm;rSm uGefu&pfjzifh tckdiftcHhaqmufxm;onfh
wHwm;BuD;jzpfNyD; rMumcifurS aqmufvkyfNyD;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ rkd;awwHwm; raqmufcifwkef;
u onfae&mudk ul;wkdYjzifh jzwful;&onf/ avSESpfpif;udk wGJxm;onfhul;wkdYay:odkYarmfawmf
um;ukd xkd;wif&onhftwGuf tE&m,frsm;onf/ c&D;zifhonf/ ,ckrl rkd;awwHwm;BuD;NyD;
oGm;ojzifh erw-l ausmufru
J m;rrsm;? rkid ;f aigh-ausmufru
J m;rsm;? erfq
h ef-ausmufru
J m;rsm;
tcsdefrukefbJ tvG,fwul jzwfoef;oGm;vmEkdifMuygonf/ okdYwkdifatmif wHwm;udk jyKjyif
oD[&wempmay
p&mawG usefaeao;onf[k odc&hJ onf/ erwjl rpfac: 'k|0wDjrpfonf rk;d wGi;f wGif a&pD;Murf;
ojzifh urf;NydKrnfudk pkd;&drf&onf/ uRefawmfwkdYa&mufonhftcsdefwGif wHwm;xdyfwpfzufwpf
csuf ajrNydKrnfpkd;ojzifh 0g;rsm;udk 0if;x&H&ufouJhokdY &ufNyD;umxm;onfudk awGYcJh&onf/
rkd;awwHwm;rSm erwlNrdKUe,fESifhausmufrJNrdKUe,f\e,fjcm;jzpfavonf/ wHwm;[dk
bufu erwlNrdKUe,f? wHwm;onfbufu ausmufrJNrdKUe,f/
um;ay:rSqif;onfhtcgwGif um;ay:rSygvmonfhc&D;onfrsm;udk Munfhrdawmhonf/
trsm;tm;jzifh ukeo
f nfrsm;jzpfMu\/ ajrjyefu
Y cPa&mufvmol wpfO;D tzkYd &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f
&Sr;f ESiw
hf &kwf cGjJ cm;&onfrmS rvG,yf g/ w&kwu
f jrefrmpum;ajymonht
f cg &Sr;f oH0aJ eonf[k
uRefawmfxifygonf/ &Srf;onf ]w}ESifh]o}udk aumif;aumif; ryDoyg/ w&kwfvnf; xkdenf;
twkdif; jzpfygonf/
um;atmufodkYqif; vrf;avQmufaeMupOf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vSyacsmarmonfhrdef;u
av;wpfa,mufudk uRefawmfwkdY owdjyKrdMuonf/ uRefawmfwkdYwGif ruyg/ wpfum;vkH;vnf;
owdjyKrdMuygonf/ xdkoli,frrSm tom;rSm 0g0if;aeonf/ t&yftarmif;uvnf; unif
yifysKdwpfyifvkd jrifhoG,fonf/ rsufvkH;wkdYu &Tef;vJh&Da0aeMuonf/ qHyifndKvJhvJhwkdYu ausm
ay:wGif a00Jvsuf/ udk,fvkH; udk,faygufa&m rsufESmyg wifhw,fajyjypfonfholi,frjzpfyg
onf/
ol 0wfpm;xm;yku
H bmrQrqef;aomfvnf; olt
Y csKd;tquf? olt
Y &yftarmif;ESiMhf unfh
aumif;aeonf/ pkwfcsuf cyf0g;0g;jzifh qGJxm;aom yef;&kduf ygwdwfvkHcsnfudk 0wfxm;NyD;
wifyg;txd zkH;aom ukwftusjzLudk 0wfxm;onf/ ajctdwfjzLESifhuif;bwfzdeyfjzLwkdYudk
pD;um acgif;wGif acgif;pnfy0k gudk ar;okid ;f pnf;xm;onf/ acsmarmonfrh sufEmS ? ausmh&iS ;f
onfhudk,fvkH;ESifhzswfvwfoGufvufonfholYtrlt&mwkdYaMumifh b,folrQ owdrjyKbJ raeEkdif
Muyg/ xkdoli,frav;rSm erwlrS ausmif;q&mrav;wpfa,muf jzpfonf[k od&avonf/
uRefawmfwkdY um;ay:wGif ygvmonfhc&D;onftrsm;pkrSm ukefonfrsm;jzpfMuNyD; t
enf;pkomvQif trIxrf;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ,kd;',m;bufrSvmaom ypnf;rsKd;pkHonf &Srf;
jynfe,facsmifBudKacsmifMum;u qkid u
f av;awGtxd a&mufaeonf/ refqrfEiS yhf efvq
S o
dk nfh
&Gmuav;ESpf&Gmudk uRefawmf jzwfcJh&mwGif ukefpkHqkdifuav;rsm;tay: ,kd;',m;ypnf;t
awmfrsm;rsm;ukd awGYcJh&onf/ xkdypnf;rsm;onf rEav;udkjzwf vm;0efwifrsm;jzifhvnf;
aumif;? &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;odkY 0ifaeonf[k od&avonf/ &efukefESifhpmvQif ,kd;',m;
ypnf;tm;vkH;avmufrSm aps;BuD;aeonfudk awGY&ay\/
oD[&wempmay
53
54
jroef;wifh
55
56
jroef;wifh
57
olEiS w
hf zJG ufO;D oef;atmifrmS wpfcgu or0g,r0efxrf;wpfO;D jzpfcNhJ yD; ,ckNrdKeY ,faumif
pD0ifwpfOD;jzpfonf[k od&avonf/ t&yfaxmifarmif;aomfvnf; cyf00jzpfojzifh t&yfjrifh
rSe;f rodomyg/ vIy&f mS ;rIwiG v
f nf;aumif;? pum;ajym&mwGiv
f nf;aumif; cEmuk,
d Ef iS rhf vku
d f
atmif oGufvufzswfvwfol jzpfygonf/
pmqkad wmf aumfrwDonf uRefawmfwu
Ydk kd NrdKUv,f&dS emrnfBuD;w&kwx
f rif;qkid w
f pfqidk f
odkYac:oGm;um eHeufpm auR;avonf/ uRefawmfwkdY eHeufpm pm;onfhtcsdefwGif aeYv,fem
&DjyefESpfcsuf xkd;aeavNyD/
(10)
pcef;om a[mf
pmqkad wmf aumfrwD\pDpOfay;csuft& ausmufraJ qmufvyk af &;&dyo
f mrSm wnf;cdMk u
onf/ rlvu tay:bdkwJ[kac:onfh{nfh&dyfomwGif wnf;&efjzpfaomfvnf; wjcm;{nfhonf
awG a&mufaeojzifh uRefawmfwkdYcsnf; vGwfvyfpGm aeEkdif&ef aqmufvkyfa&;&dyfomrSm ae&m
csay;xm;jcif; jzpfavonf/
&dyfomwGif a&rkd;csKd;? cPem;NyD;aemuf naeykdif;wGif uRefawmfwkdYukd ausmufrJNrdKUukd
vkdufjyonf/ ausmufrJum; &Srf;? jrefrm? w&kwf? ukvm;ponfjzifh vlrsKd;pkHaomNrdKUBuD;jzpf\/
NrdKUv,fu wkdfufwmBuD;rsm;uvnf; BuD;rm;cdkifcHhMuonf/ ta&mif;t0,fvnf; jzpfxGef;o
jzifh aiGaMu;acsmifvnfolrsm; aygrsm;Muonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh vufzufpkd? vufzufajcmuf
ta&mif;t0,fvkyfonfhukefonfyGJpm;BuD;rsm; jzpfavonf/
ausmufrJrSm odEDwkdY oDaygwkdYvkd NrdKUa[mif;r[kwfacs/ NrdKUopfwpfNrdKUjzpfavonf/
1221 ckavmufu jrefrmjynfrbufrS ukefonfrsm;onf EGm;0efwifrsm;? vm;0efwifrsm;jzifh
awmawmifrsm;udk ausmfum &Srf;jynfe,fodkYwufvmcJhMuonf/ xkdvrf;rSm vloGm;vrf;jzpf
avonf/ xkdvm;0efwifEGm;0efwifrsm;onf ,ckausmufrJNrdKU awmifbuf bk&m;av;qlESifh
uRJukef;&GmMum;wGif pcef;cscJhMuonf/ xkdaps;uav;wGif &Srf;ukefonfESifhjrefrmukefonfwkdY
ukefpnfzvS,fjcif; jyKMuonf/
1260 ckEpS af vmuftxd ausmufr[
J o
l nft
h rnfonmukd r&ao;/ xkpd Ofu ]r[dev
f rf}
oD[&wempmay
58
jroef;wifh
59
60
jroef;wifh
xkdtaqmufttkHum; uG,fvGefoloDaygapmfbGm;BuD;qmapmcs,f\aEG&moDa[mfeef;
jzpf ]]pcef;oma[mf}}[ktrnfwGifavonf/
wthHwMojzifh ai;MunfhrdMuonf[k uRefawmfajymcJhygonf/ tjcm;aMumifhr[kwf/
rQacsmifus rQtxD;usefEkdifvSaom awmacgifacgif awmifukef;BuD;ay:wGif rQacwf
rD rQcrf;em; rQvSyaom taqmufttkBH uD;udk txD;wnf; awG&Y aomaMumifjh zpfygonf/
oDaygapmfbmG ;\pcef;oma[mfrmS awmifp,
G w
f pfcak y:wGif wnfaqmufxm;avonf/
awmifpG,frsufESmjyifonf pnfrsufESmuJhodkY nDnmjyefYjyL;vsuf &Sd\/ wpfcgwkef;u jrurvm
udk jzefYxm;onfhES,f&Sdaom jrufcif;vJhvJhwkdY &SdcJh[efwlaomfvnf; ,ckrl aygif;jrufwkdY awmx
atmif zkH;aeavNyD/ awmifpG,fqkH;oGm;onfhtcg urf;yg;udk NzdKcsum ausmufwkH;awGpDxm;
NyD; atmuftqihw
f iG f jrufcif;jyifwpfck vkyx
f m;jyefonf/ tay:jrufcif;jyifrS tkwaf vSum;
twkdif; qif;vmvQif atmufjrufcif;jyifodkY a&mufonf/ xdkae&mwGif wpfcgu aZmfrTm;? a'
vD,m? *Erm? umae;&Sif;ponfhyef;yifrsm; &Sdvdrfhrnf[k uRefawmf awG;Munfhygonf/
awmifp,
G u
f jrufcif;tv,fwiG f aqmufxm;onfah EG&moDa[mfeef;rSm taemufwidk ;f
ESifhta&SUwkdif;trsKd;om;Adokumvuf&mudk aygif;pyfxm;onfhtaqmufttkHwpfckjzpfonf/
aumfhwpfcsfac: wpfxyfwkdufjzpfNyD; tv,fxdyfwGif a&mracwfu aumfvHrsm;vkd ausmufjzL
wkdifvkH;BuD;awG xlxm;um xdyfwGif a'gif;&kyfBuD;wpf&kyfudk ausmufqpf ykHazmfxm;onf/
aumfhwpfcsfab;bufu awmifyHozG,f jzefYaeonf/ taqmifwpfzufwpfcsufay:wGif jym
om'frsm; wifxm;onf/ yifraumfhwpfcsftaemufbufrsufESmpm t0uvnf; a&mraumfvH
vkd ausmufjzLwkdifBuD;awG xlxm;NyD; xdyfwGif ,kef&kyfudk ausmufqpf azmfxm;avonf/
uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf a[mfeef;tv,faygufrS &yfum a&SUwGif jrif&onf&h cI if;udk arQmfMunfh
Muonf/ &IarQmfcif;BuD;wpfckvkH;udk jrifuGif;us,fjrifEkdifaomae&maywnf;/
awmifpG,fatmufwGifuGif;jyifBuD;u arQmfrqkH;Ekdif/ uGif;jyifudk vGefvQif vm;&Id;-rE
av;armfawmfum;vrf;udk a&;a&;jrif&onf/ um;vrf;udk vGefvQif arQmfrqkH;Ekdifaomv,f
uGif;rsm;? awmif,mrsm;? avSum;xpfpkdufuGif;rsm;? awmtkyfrsm;? prf;acsmif;rsm;? rIdif;jym
aomawmifwef;rsm;? xkdYaemuf rkd;ukyfpuf0dkif;BuD;/
]]ck aeMumcif;awG? pyg;awG pdkufxm;wJhuGif;BuD;u [dkwkef;uawmh jrif;NydKifuGif;BuD;
q&m? aEG&moDus&if apmfbmG ;BuD;u 'DrmS yJ aew,f/ 'Da[mfa&SUuaeNyD; jrif;yGu
J kd Munhw
f myJ}}
a'ocHrsm;u ajymjyMuonf/
oD[&wempmay
61
62
jroef;wifh
avonf/
xkda[mfBuD;udk tokH;cs&ef &nf&G,fcsuf &Sd r&Sd uRefawmfwkdYu ar;MunfhMuonf/
]]rl;,pfaq;0g;pGNJ yD; vlaumif;jyefjzpfvmwJv
h il ,fawGukd u,fq,fa&;vkyif ef;wpf&yf
taeeJY ae&mcsxm;zkaYd wmh pDpOfaeMuwmyJ? b,fawmhavmuf taumiftxnfay:rvJawmh
rodao;bl;/ wpfcgwpf&HrSm vkHjcKHa&; tcuftcJ enf;enf;&Sdw,f}}[kajymjyMuonf/
vGefcJhonfhwpfESpfavmufwkef;u tapmifhwpfa,mufudk tMurf;zuform;u ypfowf
oGm;onf[k od&avonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf a[mfukdMunfhNyD;aemuf trkd;ay:&Sd vomaqmifodkYwufcJhMuonf/
wpfzufwpfcsuf jymom'fwifxm;onfhtrkd;ay:wGif us,fjyefYonfhvomaqmifBuD;wpfckpD
&Sdao;onf/ a[mf\tvsm;rSm uRefawmhftxif ay 150 avmuf&Sdrnf xifygonf/ vom
aqmifwpfckESifhwpfckudk tv,fu jymom'fawG? trkd;awG jcm;aeojzifh jrifvnf; rjrif&/
pum;ajymvQifvnf; rMum;&yg/
vomaqmifay:rS arQmfMunfhvdkufonfhtcgwGif atmufrS Munfh&onfhxuf &Icif;wpf
ckvHk;ukd ykdoJuGJpGm jrif&onf/ a[mf aqmufxm;&m awmifpG,faemufwGif awmifwef;BuD;
rsm;? awmrsm; &Sdonf/ a[mfywfvnfwGifvnf; xif;&SL;yifawG? 0ufopfcsyifawG? ,luvpf
yifawG pku
d x
f m;onf/ &kww
f &ufMunfv
h u
dk v
f Qif jrefrmEdik if aH &mufaeonf[k rxif&/ Oa&my
EkdifiHwpfcku aus;vufpHtdrfwpftdrfodkY a&mufaeonf[k xif&avonf/
uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf pcef;oma[mfukd vSnyhf wfMunf&h NI yD;aemuf ausmufro
J jYkd yefcMhJ uonf/
xkdpOfu uRefawmfwkdYwGif uifr&m rygojzifh oDaygapmfbGm;\a[mfeef;tkdudk "mwfykHr&dkufcJh&
yg/ umwGef;ajrZmomvQif pcef;oma[mf\ykHudk aumufaMumif;jzifh ykHMurf;qGJcJh&onf/
t*Fvdyftpkd;&onf 1886 ckESpf &Srf;jynfe,ftygt0if jrefrmEkdifiHtxufydkif;udk NAdwd
oQtifyg,m\tpdwftydkif;tjzpf aMunmcJhavonf/ 1887 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfpnf;rsOf;
Oya't& &Srf;jynfe,fudk e,frsm;cGJa0owfrSwfcJhonf/ 1895 ckESpfwGif xkdtufOya'jyifqif
csuft& &Srf;jynfe,fudk awmifykdif;? ajrmufykdif; cGJcJhonf/ awmifydkif;e,f odEDe,fajrmufydkif;?
odEDe,fawmifydkif;? oDayge,f? taemufESifhta&SUrkdif;vkHe,fwkdYudk apmfbGm;tkyfcsKyfonfhe,f
rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcJhNyD; oHvGifta&SUbufurf;&Sd e,frsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf bk&ifrif;jrwf
(t*Fvdyfbk&if)\oHvGifta&SUbufe,frsm;[k owfrSwfcJhonf/ xkde,frsm;tm;vkH;udk jrefrm
oD[&wempmay
(11)
abmf B ud K bk & m;\Ad o k u mrl
{nf&h yd o
f modYk jyefa&mufonft
h cgwGif a':cifxm;? a':eDe?D a':jroef; ponfph mqkad wmf
aumfrwD0ifrsm;udk awGY&avonf/ olwkdYonf uRefawmfwkdY\pm;a&;aomufa&;? aea&;xkdif
a&;udk wm0ef,l&onfhyk*Kdvfrsm;jzpf\/ a':cifxm;ESifha':eDeDrSm ausmif;q&mrrsm;jzpfMu
NyD; a':jroef;rSm aqmufvyk af &;XmerS 0efxrf;wpfO;D jzpfavonf/ q&mrESpaf ,mufu pum;
enf;oavmuf a':jroef;u pum;awmfawmfajymEkdifonf/ a':jroef;onf aqmufvkyfa&;
0efxrf;wpfOD;yDyD ausmufrJc&dkifxJu vrf;awGtaMumif; awmfawmfodavonf/ rkd;awwH
wm;t&Sn?f tus,f? aqmufvyk o
f nf&h uf? NyD;onf&h uf usoifo
h nfah iGponfwu
Ydk kd 'k;d ceJ a'guf
ceJ ajymEkdifavmufatmif odoljzpfygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf ausmufrJe,fxJu vrf;awGtaMumif;udk a':jroef;xH pkHprf;&\/
a[majymyGJudk nae 7 em&DwGif NrdKUv,f&kyf&Sif&kHwGif vkyfavonf/ tvGefat;onfh
Mum;rS &kHvkH;jynfhrQ wufa&mufMuygonf/ 7 em&DcGJuponfh uRefawmfwkdY a[majymyGJonf
em&Djyef wpfcsufxdk;rS NyD;awmhonf/
oD[&wempmay
63
64
jroef;wifh
65
66
jroef;wifh
(12)
tcsrf;omqkH; apmfbGm;
oDaygodkY a&mufonhftcg t0wftpm;yif vJcsdef r&awmhyg/ a[majymyGJusif;yrnfh
txufwef;ausmif;xJwGif y&dowfjynfhaeavNyD/
uRefawmfwkdYonf um;ay:rSqif;NyD; pifjrifhay:odkY wef;wufMu&onf/
&Srf;jynfe,frS tjcm;pmqkdawmfyGJrsm;uJhodkYyif oDaygpmqdkawmfyGJonfvnf; pnfum;
oD[&wempmay
67
68
jroef;wifh
69
70
jroef;wifh
onft
h cgwGif eef;wGi;f a&;udpr sm;onf &Sr;f jynfe,fya'o&mZfapmfbmG ;rsm;\a[mfeef;rsm;
odv
Yk nf; ta&mif&u
dk cf wfvmcJah vonf/ oDaygrif;eef;wufonft
h cgwGif uaemifrif;om;\
om;awmf vif;yifrif;om;udk armfvNrdKifNrdKUodyYk u
Ykd m tapmift
h a&Smufrsm;jzifh xm;cJo
h nf/ armf
vNrdKifwGifaepOf usKdif;wkHapmfbGm;\vlrsm;ESifhtquftoG,f&um vif;yifuGefzuf'a&pDudk
xlaxmif&ef &Sr;f jynfe,foYkd xGuo
f mG ;cJo
h nf/ xked ef;wGi;f a&;wGif oDaygapmfbmG ;onf rnfonfh
bufodkYrQ rygbJ &efukefodkY xGufajy;cJhonf/ txufjrefrmEkdifiHudk t*FvdyfwkdY odrf;vkdufonfh
tcgwGif oDaygapmfbGm;onf rEav;wGif &kH;pdkufonfht*Fvdyf0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;ESifhtquf
toG,f oGm;a&muf,lcJhonf/ oDaygapmfbGm;um; &Srf;jynfe,ftyodkYxGuf t*FvdyfwkdYESifh
yxrqkH; tquftoG,f,lonfhapmfbGm;ygwnf;/
t*FvdyfwkdYu olYudk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh 0dwkd&d,bk&ifrBuD;\eef;wufyGJ aiG&wkobif
odkY wufcGifhay;cJhavonf/ xkdYaemuf rsufpda&m*guk&ef bdvyfodkY xGufoGm;onfhtcg 0dwkd&d,
bk&ifrBuD;u apmfbGm;BuD;tm; vufcHawGYqkHjcif; jyKcJhonf/ apmfbGm;BuD;r&SdkcdkufwGif bdvyf
odkY tif*sifeD,moGm; oif&mrS jyefa&mufvmonfhom;awmf apmcs,fu t*FvdyftMuHay;
t&m&SdwpfOD;\tultnDjzifh oDayge,fudk qufvuftkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ apmfbGm;BuD;uG,fvGef
onfhtcgwGif apmcs,fu qufvuftkyfcsKyfcJh&m aemifwGif qmapmcs,f[k jzpfvmcJhonf/
apmfbGm;BuD; qmapmcs,fudk owd&onfhtcgwGif tqkdawmfBuD;a':apmjrat;Munf
udkyg wpfqufwnf; owd&rdygonf/ pifppf olwkdYESpfOD;\udk,fa&;ukd,fwm tjzpftysufrsm;
onf uRefawmfwkdYESifhbmrQrqkdifyg/ odkY&mwGif rkd;a'0gvkd oDcsif;rsKd;udk a':apmjrat;Munf
a&;Ekdifavmufatmif tm;ay;ajrmufpm;cJhonfholYtEkynmjrwfEkd;pdwfukdrl todtrSwftjyK
yJ raeEkdifyg/ oDaygapmfbGm;onf apmif;q&mBuD;q&mNidrf;? ,if;awmfrav;? bm*smq&m
vTm; polwkdYudkvnf; ac:,lajrmufpm;cJhavonf/
oDaygapmfbGm;BuD;qmapmcs,f\om;rSm apmMumtkHjzpfavonf/ apmfbGm;BuD;apm
MumtkHonf ppfrjzpfrDuav;wGif uG,fvGeftedpa&mufcJhonf/ apmMumtkHvufxuf arm&pf
aumvpf &Srf;jynfe,fa&mufoGm;pOf ,ck uRefawmfwdkY MunfhcJhonfha[mfopfudk arm&pfaum
vpfu wcrf;wem; zGJYcJhavonf/
]]&Srf;jynfe,f apmfbGm;rsm;xJwGif oDaygapmfbGm;um; acwftqefqkH;? tcsrf;omqkH;
jzpfayonf}}[k wpfae&mwGif arm&pfaumvpfu a&;cJhavonf/
oD[&wempmay
71
(13)
0ifOwifyGKdif odkYr[kwf vm;&Id;
72
jroef;wifh
73
74
jroef;wifh
75
76
jroef;wifh
(14)
vm;&I d ; rS tJ e ef ; rk d i f ; qk d i f
vm;&Id;a[majymyGJ y&dowfxJwGif uRefawmfhrdwfaqGwpfOD;udk rarQmfvifhbJ awGY&\/
a[majymyGJrprD a&SUwef;wGif uRefawmfxkdifaepOf uRefawmfhudk rdwfaqGwpfa,mufu
awGYvkdaMumif;jzifh a[majymyGJwm0efcHwpfOD;u vma&muftaMumif;Mum;avonf/ olESifht
wlvu
dk v
f monft
h cg cef;0wGif &yfaeonf&h yk &f nfoefo
Y efjY yefjY yefY &Sr;f trsKd;orD;BuD;wpfa,muf
udk awGY&avonf/
xkdtrsKd;orD;BuD;rSm touf 50 ausmf 60 twGif;avmuf&SdavNyD/ qHyifwkdYwGif aiG
a&miforf;pjyKaeNyD/ &Srf;trsKd;orD;wkdY\pHjzifh MunfhvQif tom;tenf;i,f ndKonf[kajym
Ekid af omfvnf; us,fjyefo
Y nfrh [mezl;? pl;&Sawmufajymifonfrh sufv;Hk rsm;? cyfa&;a&;ay:ae
onfhav;axmifhusus ar;&kd;ESifhrsOf;ajzmifhwpfaMumif;vkd wef;aeonfhrxlryg; EIwfcrf;tpkH
wkdYukd Munfh xufjrufonfhtrsKd;orD;wpfOD;rSef; csufcsif;odEkdifygonf/ trsKd;orD;BuD;onf
vuf&SnftustjzLa&mif? tndKa&mifrIdif; ygwdwfvkHcsnfwkYdukd 0wfxm;NyD; xkH;ajcmufa&mif
y0gwpfxnfudk ykckH;ay:wGif pkHcsxm;onf/
xkt
d rsKd;orD;BuD;u uRefawmfu
h kd jyKH; EIwq
f ufonfw
h idk f uRefawmf Za0Z0gjzpfaeqJ/
]]q&m uRefrudk rSwfrd&JUvm;? q&m ygw,fMum;vkdY a[majymyGJudk vmem;axmifwm}}
[laom toHudk Mum;rS olYudk rSwfrdawmhonf/
tjcm;olr[kw/f uRefawmhrf w
d af qGa[mif;wpfO;D jzpfaom tJeef;rkid ;f qkid f odrYk [kwf eef;
qG,f/
oD[&wempmay
77
78
jroef;wifh
79
80
jroef;wifh
81
(15)
jref r mh v rf ; rBuD ; ay:rS rmZ'g*spf t jzLES i f h e ef ; vk H c rf ;
aemufwpfaeY reufapmapm odEo
D Ykd xGucf MhJ uonf/ rlvu uarmZcifvidI f vku
d &f efjzpf
aomfvnf; rEav;rS txl;ukq&m0efawG a&mufojzifh rvkdufEkdifawmhbJ tvkyfrsm; usef
&pfcJhavonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf pkdif;pHatmif armif;aom uarmZcifvIdif\rmZ'g*spftjzLjzifh vmcJh
Mu\/ vm;&I;d rS odEo
D Ykd oGm;aomvrf;rSm aumif;pGmjyKjyifxed ;f odr;f xm;aom vrf;jzpfNyD; bm;
rm;&kwf'fac: jrefrmvrf;rBuD;\tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf/ tcsKdUu xkdvrf;rBuD;udk w&kwf
-jrefrmvrf;rBuD;[kvnf; ac:Muavonf/
'kwd,urmppfBuD; rwkdifrDwkef;u xkdvrf;rBuD;onf EdkifiHa&;ESifhppfa&;t& tcsuft
csmusonfhAsL[mvrf;rBuD; jzpfcJhavonf/ xkdpOfu *syefonf csefau&Sdwf\w&kwjynfudk
a&wyf? Munf;wyfwkdYjzifh 0kdif;0ef;ydwfqkdYxm;\/ w&kwfqdyfurf;NrdKUrsm;jzpfonfh&Sef[J? wD,ef
pifponfhNrdKUrsm;udk ydwfxm;ojzifh w&kwfqdyfurf;NrdKUrsm;odkY b,foabFmrS r0ifEkdif/ wGif
r[mrdwfrsm;tzkdY w&kwfjynfodkY ppfypnf;rsm;? avmifpmrsm;? &dumrsm;ydkY&ef tcuftcJ awGY
cJhMuonf/
odjYk zifh w&kw-f jrefrmvrf;rBuD;onf tm&Swu
dk rf S w&kw-f *syefppfyw
JG iG f ta&;BuD;onfh
vrf;rBuD;jzpfvmcJhonf/ w&kwf-*syefppfyGJtwGufomruyg/ Oa&myppfyGJonfvnf; w&kwf
-*syefppfyaJG y:wGif trSjD yKaeonft
h wGuf xkv
d rf;rBuD;onf Oa&myESiw
hf uG urmEh ifkd if aH &;ESihf
ppfa&;wGifvnf; ta&;ygvmcJhonf/ odkYjzifh urmu w&kwf-jrefrmvrf;rBuD;udk tm&kHpkdufcJh
Muonf/ Oa&mywGif r[mrdwfwkdYu [pfwvm\xkd;ppfudk cHEkdifa&;? rcHEkdifa&;onf wnfae
onf ta&SUbufwGif w&kwfjynfu *syefudk cHEkdifa&; rcHEkdifa&;ay:wGif wnfaeonf/ odkY&m
wGif csefau&Sdwf\w&kwfjynfonf bufaygif;pkHrS 0kdif;ydwfcHae&NyD/ w&kwfjynftzkdY EkdifiHjcm;
oD[&wempmay
82
jroef;wifh
83
ab;wpfzufwpfcsuf cyfvrS ;f vSr;f wGif awmifwef;awG &Sad omfvnf; jrifrh wfonfah wmif
wef;BuD;rsm;r[kw/f awmifwef;cyferd ehf rd u
hf av;awGom jzpfonf/ v,fuiG ;f rsm;rSm &dwo
f rd ;f
NyD;MuavNyD/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif rJZvDyif tkyftkyfuav;awGudk awGY&onf/ wcsKdUtyifrsm;wGif
rJZvDyiG ahf wG a0vsuf/ rJZvDyiftyk af wG Mum;xJoYkd jzwfomG ;onft
h cgwGif rJZvDyiG ehf aYH wG oif;
aeawmhonf/
ausmufrJbufwkef;u avxJwGif rkefnif;eHYoif;aeonf/ oDaygbufa&mufavawmh
avu vdarmfeHYoif;aeonf/ odEDbufodkY a&mufonhftcgwGifrl avonf rJZvDyef;eHYoif;ae
onf/
vrf;wGif pufbD;pD;vmMuonfhtrsKd;orD;? trsKd;om;rsm;udk awGY&onf/
vrf;wpfavQmufv;Hk &Gmqufjywfjcif;r&Sad wmh/ &Sr;f &Gm? ucsif&mG ? vm;[l&mG ? &Sr;f w&kwf
&GmponfwkdYudk qufwkdufawGY&onf/ vm;&Id;ajrmufbufwGif onfae&mwpf0dkufonf vlae
tpdyfqkH; &GmqufteD;qkH;ae&mjzpfonf[k xifygonf/
vm;&Id;rS xGufvmwkef;u ESif;awG usaomfvnf; onfbufa&mufonhftcgwGifrl ESif;
awG aysmufoGm;um rkd;wdrfawG ndKrIdif;&mrS rkd;zGJuav;awG usvmavonf/
]]uJ. . . udkatmifoif;eJYukdausmfpGm rjrif&ifqkdwJh]uarmZ}udk &w,fr[kwfvm;? &&if
qkdAsm}}
atmifoif;u avbmwDrjr&ifqkdaom uarmZoDcsif;udk qkdonf/
]]odEDe,f. . . vm;&Id;u. . . &GmNzdK;tkHYqif. . . cgrkd;r[kwf rxif. . . &GmNzdK;tkHYqif. . . uarmZ
*kwfjrwfr[D. . . 'k|0wD. . . a&ToDwma&,mOf. . . eef;a&SUukdBuD;wifu. . . uRefr avbmwDukdjrif. . . }}
qkdonfhoDcsif; jzpfygonf/
olwkdYESpfa,mufwGif ruyg/ uRefawmfvnf; vkdufqkdrdygonf/ onfae&m? onf&Icif;
ESiv
hf u
dk af tmif pmom;a&m toHyg &SmEkid o
f nfeh ef;awmfa&SUq&mwif\*kPaf us;Zl;udk uRefawmf
wkdY atmufarhrdMuygonf/
oD[&wempmay
84
jroef;wifh
85
ausmfat;u ajymonf/
86
jroef;wifh
87
88
jroef;wifh
89
90
jroef;wifh
oD[&wempmay
91
(16)
wd r f y if v ,f E S i f h a wmif x G w f u Ref ;
92
jroef;wifh
jyefw
Y iG f ajy;aeaomfvnf; qifausmuke;f BuD;awGvdk ck;H ck;H BuD;awGjzpfaeonfh awmifuwk;H BuD;
rsm;udkum; vrf;ab;wGif uyfvsufawGY&onf/ awmifukef;BuD;awGrSm wpfckESifhwpfck qufpyf
jcif;r&Sd/ awmifydkYBuD;awGvkd wpfvkH;csif; oD;jcm;wnfaeMuonf/ xkdawmifukef;BuD;rsm;ukd
]vG,fqrfppf}}[kac:Muavonf/ jrefrmvkd awmiftvkH; 30 [k t"dyg,fxGufaMumif;od&\/
awmiftvkH; 30 wu,f&Sd r&Sdukdrl uRefawmf rajymEkdifyg/
vG,fqrfppf awmifajcwGif ucsif&Gmrsm;&Sdavonf/ awmifajcwGif &GmbufodkYoGm;ae
aomvlwef;rsm;udk awGY&onf/
]]awmifBuD;awGu awmifydkYBuD;awGvkdvkd bmvkdvkd ajy;wufcsifp&mBuD;awG}}[k cspfOD;
ndKu wrf;wrf;ww ajymavonf/
vG,q
f rfppfukd vGev
f Qif &Gmuav;wpf&mG odaYk &muf\/ &Gm\trnfudk uRefawmfaumif;
aumif; rrSwfrdawmh/ um;vrf;ab;wGif tdrfuav;awG? aps;qkdifuav;awG? rJZvDyiftkyf
uav;awG? 0g;&kHyifuav;awGESifhtuGuftuGif;vSonfh&Gmuav; jzpfygonf/ &Gmab;wGif
v,fuGif;rsm;rS &kd;jywfwkdYu aejcnfEkEkxJwGif 0g0if;aeMuonf/
&Gmxdyfrlvwef;ausmif;uav;a&SU uGufvyfwGif pm;yGJwpfvkH;ESifhukvm;xkdifrsm;udk cs
xm;NyD; teD;wGif pkpk pkpk vkyaf eMuaom vlwpfou
dk u
f jkd rif&\/ uRefawmfwu
Ydk kd vmBudKaeonfh
uGwcf idk t
f zGjYJ zpfaMumif; od&avonf/ xkt
d zGx
YJ w
J iG f uGwcf idk o
f o
Ykd mG ; tv,fwef;jyq&mvkyf
aeonfhuRefawmfhtod armifcifatmif0if;udk rarQmfvifhbJ awGY&onf/
olwkdYtzGJYu uRefawmfwkdYudk vufzuf&nfaomuf&ef zdwfac:onf/ csrf;uvnf; csrf;?
qmvnf; qmojzifh uRefawmfwkdYwawG rjiif;EkdifMuawmhbJ olwkdYvufzuf&nf0kdif;wGif xkdifrd
Muonf/
cPem;NyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdY\rmZ'g*spfum;tjzLonf uGwfckdifbufodkY c&D;qufcJh
avonf/ uGwcf idk af &mufcgeD;wGif opfawmjcHrsm;ukd jrif&\/ od&Yk mwGif jyKjyifapmifah &Smufjcif;
r&Sdyifavm? &moDOwk a&ajrrudkufyifavm rajymwwfyg/ aumif;pGm jzpfxGef;jcif; r&Sd
onfudk awGY&\/
xkdaeYrS uGwfckdifaps;aeY jzpfavonf/ aps;udk MunfhcsifvQif aps;ruGJrD apmapmMunfh
Muyg/ rdwfqkHyGJ ponfh useftpDtpOfwkdYudk aemufrS pDpOfxm;ygonf[kqkdojzifh uRefawmfwkdY
onf a&mufa&mufcsif; uGwfckdifaps;udk vSnfhMunfhMuonf/
oD[&wempmay
93
94
jroef;wifh
xm;avonf/
reufpmudk Akv
d rf LS ;BuD;[&efaem\wyf&if; &dyo
f mcef;rwGif auR;arG;\/ tom;rsKd;pk?H
[if;&GufrsKd;pkHwkdYudk tpdrf;vkdufykHxm;NyD; xrif;ESifh Hot Pot ac:tkd;yljzpfygonf/ tcsKdrIefY? yJ
iHjym&nfEiS t
hf om;tenf;i,fukd xnfjh yKwfxm;onfrh ;D zkw
d yft;dk BuD;rsm;udk pm;yGaJ y:wGif wnf
cif;xm;NyD; teD;wGif tom;trsKd;rsKd;ESifha*:zD? yef;rkefvm? yJykpGef? yJnTefY&Gufponfh[if;oD;
[if;&Gufrsm;udk yefuefrsm;ESifhcsxm;onf/ vkd&mudkBudKufoavmuf,lNyD; ukd,fhbmomudk,f
eSpfpm;&kHom jzpfavonf/
xkdYaemuf 'k-wyfrrSL;BuD; AkdvfrSL;BuD;Pfvif; wnfcif;onfhvufzuf&nfyGJudk cP
wufNyD; a[majymyGJ usif;yMuonf/
a[majymyGJudk aeYvnf 12 em&DwGif jyKvkyf&m nae 4 em&DcGJwGif NyD;avonf/
a[majymyGNJ yD;onfah emufwiG f tdro
f nfrsm;udk EIwq
f ufum cyfow
k o
f w
k f jyefcMhJ uonf/
uGwfckdifonf tar&duef&kyf&SifawGxJu aumif;bGKdifNrdKUwpfNrdKUESifhwlaeonf/ NrdKUcif;
NrdKUuGuu
f s,fNyD; oef&Y iS ;f onf/ ab;ywfywfvnfwiG f awmifwef;BuD;awGu 0kid ;f aeonf/ vrf;
uvnf; tus,fBuD;awG/ tdrfawGuvnf; oGyfrkd;awGESifh/ NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;uvnf; usef;
rmawmifhwif;NyD; awmfawmfwefwef tMurf;ywrf;avmufudk xDrxifqkdonfhtrlt&mrsKd;
ay:aeMuonf/
jrif;awG? t&ufqidk af wG? &efyaJG wG? aoewfypfraI wG? aumif;bGKid af wGr&So
d nfuvGv
J Qif
uGwcf idk o
f nf tar&duefaumif;bGKid 0f wKa&;q&mrsm;jzpfaom b&uf[mwDEiS Zhf ed *f a&;wk0Yd wK
awGxJ NrdKUuav;wpfNrdKUESifhwlaeavonf/
uGwfckdifESifhvm;&Id;rSm 48 rkdifa0;ojzifh uRefawmfwkdYum;ukd cyfokwfokwf armif;EkdifygrS
tcsdefrD a&mufEkdifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh um;q&mpkdif;pHatmifonf uarmZcifvIdif\rmZ'g*spf
tjzLudk cyfokwfokwf armif;onf/ toGm;wGif awmifwufc&D;awGjzpf aES;auG;oavmuf
tjyefwGif tqif;awGcsnf;jzpf odEDudk rMumcifuav;wGif a&mufoGm;ygonf/
vrf;wGif qufwDawG? y&dabm*ypnf;awG wifvmonfhum;BuD;rsm;udk rMumcPawGY
&\/ um;BuD;rsm;onf uGwfckdif*dwfukd rD&ef tjyif;armif;aeMuavonf/
erft
h eG af &ylprf;odYk a&mufonft
h cgwGif 6 em&Dx;dk vke;D aeNyD/ vm;&I;d *dwu
f kd uRefawmfwYdk
oD[&wempmay
95
(17)
ajrmif z D v muE m pk H a jcvrf ;
erfhqefqkdaomtrnfudk uRefawmfMum;zl;onfrSm MumvSygNyD/ yavmifr wHqdyfygonfh
vufzufajcmufxkyfrsm;udk i,fi,fuwnf;u jrifcJhzl;onf/ uRefawmfwkdY tnma'ovuf
vkyfvufpm;awG vufzufcl;oGm;NyD;jyefvmvQif erfhqeftaMumif;ukd ajymoHrMumcPMum;&
onf/
erfhqefqkdaomtrnfudk rMumcPMum;cJhzl;jcif;aMumifh erfhqefonf vm;&Id;wkdY? odEDwkdY?
ausmufrJwkdY? oDaygwkdYvkd toGm;tvm vG,fulacsmarmonfhae&mwGif &Sdvdrfhrnf[k uRefawmf
xifcJhonf/ r[kwfyg/ erfhqefonf tvGeftqufjywf tvGefacsmifusNyD; wul;wuefYoGm;
rSom a&mufEidk yf gonf/ vm;&I;d u vlrsm;yifvQif awmfawmfwefwefupd j zifh erfq
h efukd ra&muf
jzpfMuyg/ erfq
h efonf tjcm;aom&Sr;f NrdKUrsm;ESirhf wl/ oD;oefjY zpfaeonf/ &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmuf
ydkif;onf oD;jcm;urmwpfckjzpfonfqkdvQif erfhqefonf oD;jcm;urmxJu oD;jcm;urmav;
jzpfaeonf/ vm;&Id;ESifherfhqefrSm rkdif 70 ausmfa0;NyD; awmiftxyfxyfudk ausmf? awmtxyf
xyfudk jzwf&onf/ c&D;onfum;u rSefrSefr&Sd/ &moDOwktajctaet&yf&yf aumif;onfqkd
ygrS wpf&ufjcm;vQif *spfum;wpfpif;avmufom &So
d nf/ vlwpfa,mufukd 60 ausmf 70 ausmf
eD;yg;ay;&onf/ ausmf&onfhawmifBuD;awGuvnf; enf;onfhawmifBuD;awG r[kwf/ wpf
vrf;vk;H ay 6000 ausmf 7000 tjrifrh mS oGm;ae&onf/ awmifawGay:rSm oGm;&onfEiS rhf wl/
wdrfawGay:rSm wdrfawGMum;rSm oGm;ae&onfESifhwlawmhonf/
erfhqefrSm &Srf;pum;jzpfNyD; jrefrmvkd ]a&wkef}[k t"dyg,fxGufavonf/ tvGefat;
aom a&yifvQif ckdufckdufwkefatmif csrf;aomNrdKU[ktcsKdUu teufzGifhMuonf/
ya'o&mZfacwfwek ;f u erfq
h efonf awmifyikd f (Tawng Peng) apmfbmG ;\NrdKUawmfjzpfav
onf/ NrdKUe,fwpfckvkH;wGif yavmiftrsKd;om; 80 &mcdkifEIef;aexkdifojzifh erfhqefudk yavmif
NrdKUawmf[kvnf;ac:Ekdifrnfxifygonf/
a&S;'@m&Drsm;tvkdt& yavmifwkdYonf xkde,fwpf0dkufwGif *sef;wGefqefNrdKUudk wnf
axmifum umvMumjrifhpGm aexkdifcJhMuNyD;aemuf 1228 ck? ewfawmfvjynfhausmf 10 &uf
oD[&wempmay
96
jroef;wifh
aomMumaeYwiG f cGeu
f sderf nfaomapmfbmG ;u erfq
h efukd wnfaxmifco
hJ nf[k rSww
f rf;rsm;wGif
qkdonf/ apmfbGm;ckepfquf tkyfcsKyfoGm;onfhteuf aemufqkH;apmfbGm;rSm apmcGefyef;pdefjzpf
avonf/ apmcGeyf ef;pderf mS tjcm;aom&Sr;f acgif;aqmifrsm;ESit
hf wl yifvpHk mcsKyfukd vufrw
S f
a&;xkd;cJholwpfOD; jzpfygonf/
'DZifbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG erfhqefodkYxGufvmcJhMuavonf/ reuf
apmapm xGuf&efjzpfaomfvnf; rxGufEkdifyg/ vrf;wGif tqmcH&eftvkdYiSm vlY0rf;Akdufudk tpm
jznfh&? armfawmfum;udk qDjznhf&onfhudpawGudk aqmif&Gufae&ojzifh reuf 6 em&DcGJxGuf&ef
csdef;xm;onfhuRefawmfwkdYwawGonf 7 em&DcGJrS xGufjzpfMuawmhonf/
wpfaeukef armif;&rnfhc&D;jzpfNyD; vrf;wGif tpm;taomufqkdifqkd rnfrnf&&r&SdyJ
awmawG awmifawGxJ jzwf&rnfch &D;jzpfojzifh vluakd &m um;ukyd g tpma&pm jznfch MhJ u&jcif;
jzpfyg\/
erfhqefodkYtoGm;wGif uRefawmfwkdYpD;onfhum;rSm atmifjrifhac:t&Sefqkdonfhw&kwfvl
i,fav;wpfOD; armif;onfhum;jzpfavonf/ w&kwfykHoPmefay:aeojzifh w&kwftrsKd;om;
[kajymvku
d &f jcif; jzpfygonf/ w&kwu
f jym;avm? &Sr;f w&kwaf vmqko
d nfukd uRefawmfaumif;
aumif; rodyg/ &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;odkY wpfcgw&HrSom a&mufoGm;olwpfa,muftzkdY &Srf;
jynfe,fajrmufyidk ;f wGif w&kw?f &Sr;f w&kww
f EYdk iS &hf rS ;f trsKd;om;wku
Yd kd cGjJ cm;&ef tvGecf ufygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYum;q&m armifatmifjrifhrSmrl t&Sefqkdonfhw&kwftrnf&SdonhftwGuf
w&kwfujym;yif jzpfvdrfhrnf[k uRefawmf pdwfcsvufcs,lqvkdufygonf/
t&Seaf c:atmifjrifrh mS touf odyrf BuD;ao;/ tvGeq
f ;Hk &Srd S touf tpdwaf vmufom
&SdvdrfhOD;rnf/ w&kwftrsm;pkwGif awGY&ovkd rsufESmjym;jym;? ESmacgif;jym;jym;? rsufaygufarS;
arS; r[kwyf g/ rsufEmS oG,o
f ,
G ?f ESmwHay:ay:? rsufv;Hk rsufc;Hk aumif;onfv
h al csmuav;wpf
a,muf jzpfavonf/
vm;&I;d ESiehf rfq
h efonf rkid af ygif; 70 avmufa0;NyD; ay 6000 ausmf 7000 eD;yg;jrifo
h nfh
awmifurf;yg;,HBuD;rsm;ay:wGif wpfaeukeaf rmif;&onfch &D; jzpf\/ awmifurf;yg;,HawGukd
ywfauGyY wfarmif;&ojzifh armif;olrajymESi?hf pD;olyifvQif awmfawmfyifyef;onfch &D;jzpfonf/
&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;rS rdwfaqGrsm;url erfhqefvrf;wGif tauGYaygif;wpfaxmif&Sdonf[k
wifpm;ajymMuonf/ pifppf tauGYwpfaxmif&SdcsifrS &Sdygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif uRefawmfwkdYpdwf
um; wpfaeukef awmifurf;yg;,HawGay:wGif oGm;ae&onfhc&D; tauGYwpfaomif;yif&Sd
oD[&wempmay
97
vdrfhrnf[k xifrdMuavonf/
98
jroef;wifh
99
100
jroef;wifh
acsmif;ESiq
hf idk af &SUwGif eufapmufaom awmifurf;yg;,HBuD;udk jrif&ojzifh &Icif;vnf; aumif;
ygonf/ jrpfESifhawmifurf;yg;,HBum;wGif ykcufpD;aeonfhavvk&Gm jzpfygonf/
csrf;vnf;csrf;? yef;vnf; yef;ojzifh uRefawmfww
Ydk awG xrif;rpm;cif &Sr;f t&ufvuf
zuf&nfMurf;yef;uefwpfv;Hk pDavmuf aomufvu
dk Mf uonf/ wpfu,
kd v
f ;Hk udk ylaEG;&Sed ;f zde;f oGm;
apaom &Srf;t&ufygwnf;/
avvkrS erfq
h eftxd rkid f 40 ausmfc&D;rSm awmifwufawGcsnf; jzpfavonf/ armfawmf
um;vrf;onf ay 5000 rS 7000 txdjrifhaomawmifBuD;awGay:odkY wufoGm;onf/ wpf
avQmufvkH; vrf;u usOf;usOf;uav;rQom jzpf\/ armfawmfum;wpfpD; bD;vGwf&kHuav;rQ
omus,favonf/ ab;wGifrl eufapmufaom awmifurf;yg;,HBuD;rsm;? awmifurf;yg;,H
wpfavQmuf awmifapmif;rsm;wGif pdu
k x
f m;onfv
h ufzufcif;rsm;udk jrif&\/ rwfapmufaom
awmifapmif;rsm;wGif pdkufxm;ojzifh vufzufpkdufol vufzufcl;olwkdY\uRrf;usifrIESifhvkyf
tm;wkdYudk uRefawmfwkdYtHhMo&avonf/ t&SdefrowfEdkif vdrfhrsm;usoGm;vQif t&kd;tom;
yif &SmawGYEkdifzG,f rjrifyg/
t&Sefonf usOf;ajrmif;onfhawmifwufvrf;wGifvnf; armfawmfum;puf&Sdefukd avQmh
armif;jcif;r&Sdyg/ uRefawmfwkdYu puf&Sdefudk avQmharmif;ckdif;onfhwkdif ]r&bl;q&mwkdY&JU?
awmifwufqkdwm t&SdefeJYwufrS &rSm/ t&SdefeJYrwuf&if aemufjyefusrSmaygh}[kqkdygonf/
uRefawmfwu
Ydk m; rnforYdk Q rajymawmhyg/ uroum[kom oabmxm;vku
d Mf uygonf/
vrf;wGif rsufESmcsif;qkdifrSvmonfhum;rsm;udk rawGY awmfao;onf[katmufarh&onf/
rsufESmcsif;qkdfifrSvmonfhum;ESifhwkd;vQif um;ESpfpD; ra&Smifomonfhawmifay:vrf;wGif rnf
odkY a&SmifMurnfudk uRefawmfwkdY pOf;pm;r&yg/
]]tay:u qif;vmwJhaumifu a&SmifvkdY&wJhae&mtxd aemufqkwfay;&w,fav}}[k
olwkdYu ajymjyMuonf/
oD[&wempmay
101
(18)
pdrfhBuD;NrdKifBuD;xJu wkef,ifaoma&
102
jroef;wifh
103
104
jroef;wifh
(19)
*seef; odkYr[kwf *s&ef; odkYr[kwf Z,ef;
a'gufwmpef;vGiw
f u
dk o
f nfh erfq
h efa&TzOD ;D tcsKdajcmufjzifh azsmfxm;onfv
h ufzuf&nf
ususudk aomufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdYwpfodkuf NrdKUudk avQmufMunfhMuonf/ erfhqefonf
awmifxdyfawGay:rSm &Sdaomfvnf; aea&mifonf aumif;aumif; rvif;Ekdifyg/ awmifckd;rsm;
ESifh ESif;rsm;aMumifh erfhqef\reufcif;onf tkHYrIdif;aeygonf/
erfhqefNrdKUv,fvrf;rSm usOf;ajrmif;NyD; ukef;wuf? ukef;qif;awGESifhjynfhESufaeonfh
vrf;jzpfavonf/ tdrfrsm;rSm ESpfxyftdrfrsm;jzpfvsuf tay:xyfwGif vlaeNyD; atmufxyf
wGif qkdifzGifhxm;onfhtdrfqkdifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ tdrfwkdif;vkdvkd ukefpkHqkdifuav;rsm; zGifhxm;
Muonfukd uRefawmfwkdY owdjyKrdMuonf/ awmifay:yavmif&Gmrsm;onf xdktdrfqkdifuav;
rsm;udk tm;udk;aeMu&onf/
oD[&wempmay
105
106
jroef;wifh
107
108
jroef;wifh
109
110
jroef;wifh
111
112
jroef;wifh
oD[&wempmay
113
wyfrawmfjynfoq
Yl ufqaH &;Xmeu Akv
d rf LS ;BuD;ode;f pdeEf iS q
hf &m0efBuD;a'gufwmuarm
ZcifvIdifwkdY yl;wGJzdwfMum;onhftpDtpOfwGif ta&SUajrmufydkif; uGefvkH-[kdyefc&D;udk xnhfoGif;
xm;avonf/ pDpOfolrsm;u uRefawmfwkdYwawG c&D;yef;rnfudk pkd;&drfaomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdY
tzkdYrSmrl a&iwfwkef; a&wGif;xJ usouJhodkY &Sdacs\/ pifppf ta&SUajrmufydkif;odkY a&mufzkdYqkd
onfrSm rvG,fyg/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;? ykdYaqmifa&;ponfhtcuftcJrsm;aMumifh &Srf;jynf
e,fajrmufyikd ;f odo
Yk mG ;aompma&;q&mtzGw
YJ idk ;f ta&SUajrmufyikd ;f odYk ra&mufcMhJ uyg/ uRefawmf
wkdY a&mufoGm;jcif;rSm MuKHawmifhMuKHcJaom tcGifhta&;wpf&yfudk &&Sdvkdufjcif;jzpfonf[k qkd
Ekid yf gonf/ a&mufcv
J o
S nfah 'oudk a&mufatmif pDpOfay;Muonfyh *k K v
d rf sm;udv
k nf; aus;Zl;
wif&ygonf/
uGefvkH-[kdyefc&D;pOfwGif uarmZcifvIdifonf vrf;yef;uRrf;usifonfh'&kdifbmESifhe,f
uRrf;onfha'ocHwpfa,mufudk xnfhay;vkdufavonf/ um;q&mrSm tkdufapmqkdonfhw&kwf
ESi&hf rS ;f ujym; vli,fwpfO;D jzpf\/ olu
Y kd w&kw&f rS ;f [kvnf;ac:Ekid yf gonf/ uRefawmfwu
Ydk dk erfh
qefodkYykdYcJhonfhum;q&matmifjrifhac:t&SefuJhodkY tkdufapmonfvnf; um;armif;usifvnf&kH
omru c&D;udkvnf; aumif;pGmuRrf;usifoljzpfygonf/
uGev
f cHk &D;wGif uarmZcifvidI x
f nfv
h u
dk o
f nfah 'ocHrmS refqrfa&xGuw
f iG f aq;pyfq&m
tjzpf trIxrf;aeonfhausmfNidrf;qkdonfhucsifvli,fwpfOD; jzpfonf/ &kwfw&ufMunfhvQif
ucsiftrsKd;om;wpfa,mufxuf ArmtrsKd;om;wpfa,mufESifhwlaeonf/ &kyfuom wlonf
r[kwf/ pum;ajymvQifvnf; Armpum;udk ArmtrsKd;om;wpfa,mufxuf vSypGm ajymEkdifol
jzpfavonf/ ausmfNidrf;rSm uGefvkHteD; vG,fydef;&Jawmifajcu ucsif&Gmuav;wpf&GmwGif
arG;oljzpfonft
h wGuf xked ,fwpf0u
kd t
f aMumif;udk aumif;aumif;odol jzpfavonf/ rsufEmS
trlt&mu jyKH;&Tifoavmuf vIyf&Sm;ykHu zswfvwfoGufvufonfhtwGuf ausmfNidrf;onf
vrf;wpfavQmufwGif uRefawmfwkdYxuf rsm;pGm tokH;0ifygonf/
uarmZcifvIdifonf uRefawmfwkdY\usef;rma&;udk Munfh&Iapmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf vm;
&I;d rS vufaxmufq&m0efa'gufwmMunfp;dk udv
k nf; uRefawmfwEYdk iS t
hf wl xnfv
h u
dk af o;onf/
a'gufwmMunfp;kd ESio
hf ZYl eD; a'gufwmMunfat;aqGwEYdk pS af ,mufpvk;H rSm pmay0goem&Sirf sm;
jzpfNyD; uRefawmfwkdYpmrsm;udk zwfzl;olrsm; jzpfMuojzifh uRefawmfwkdYtwGuf rsm;pGmtqifajy
ygonf/
oD[&wempmay
(20)
ta&S U ajrmuf y d k i f ; od k Y
114
jroef;wifh
uarmZcifvidI o
f nf owif;axmuf ukb
d edk u
D v
kd nf; uRefawmfwEYdk iS t
hf wl xyfxnhv
f u
kd f
onf/ owif;"mwfy\
Hk wefz;dk udk aumif;pGmem;vnfaom"mwfyq
Hk &mwpfa,mufvnf;jzpf\/
uarmZcifvidI u
f uRefawmfwcYdk &D;wGif udb
k edk u
D kd xnfv
h u
dk jf cif;rSm uRefawmfwv
Ydk cdk sifonf&h u
dk f
uGif;&kdufuGufrsm;udk &kdufay;&ef xnfhvkdufjcif;jzpf\/ uRefawmhfaqmif;yg;rsm;wGif azmfjycJh
onfh"mwfykHtrsm;pkrSm ukdbkdeD&kdufay;onfh"mwfykHrsm;jzpfNyD; uRefawmhfaqmif;yg;wGif "mwfykH
rQrsm;rsm;ygEkid jf cif;rSm udb
k edk \
D tultnDaMumifo
h m jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfvcdk sifonf&h u
dk f
uGif;&kdufuGufrsm;udk rajymbJESifhem;vnfolwpfOD;jzpf&kHrQru wpfcgwpf&H uRefawmfowdrrl
rdvkdufonfh&kdufuGufrsm;yif trdt& zrf;&kdufxm;vkdufEdkifolwpfOD;jzpfygonf/
armifyife(D aus;vuf)rSm uRefawmfw\
Ydk &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyidk ;f c&D;wGif tNrJyg&oljzpf
onft
h avsmuf uGev
f cHk &D;wGiv
f nf; olygcJah vonf/ uRefawmfwYdk pmayc&D;taxGaxGwm0ef
cH[kvnf; qkdEkdifygonf/
'DZifbmv 30 &ufaeY reufapmapmwGif uRefawmfwkdYtzGJY uGefvkHodkYxGufcJhMuonf/
uGefvkHodkYrwufrD ukdbkdeDu uRefawmfwkdYukd qkdifwpfqkdifodkYac:oGm;NyD; qefacgufqGJ auR;ao;
\/ qefacgufqGJudk rBudKuf? &efukefrSm&SdpOfu qefacgufqGJukd rBudKufojzifh pm;avhpm;xr&Sd
cJhacs/ odkY&mwGif &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;odkY a&mufwkef; pm;zl;onf&Sdatmif pm;Munfhvkduf\/
awmfawmfpm; aumif;onfhqefacgufqGJjzpfygonf/ qefacgufqGJwGif tom;vkH;0rygyg/ c
&rf;csOfoD;tESpfrsm;ESifhyJykyfaxmif; qDrjyefYwjyef csufxm;onfh[if;udk qefacgufqGJxJodkY
avmif;xnfhvkdufonf/ xkdYaemuf MuufoGefjzLqDcsuf? i&kwfoD;qDaMumf? wkdY[l;<uyfaMumf? yJ
iHjym&nf/ w&kwfeHeHponfwkdYjzifh pm;&onf/ uRefawmf xifonfxuf t&om&SdonfhacgufqGJ
jzpfygonf/
udkbdkeDauR;onfhqefacgufqGJukd pm;aomufMuNyD;aemuf uGefvkHodkYxGufvmcJhMuonf/
vm;&Id;BuD;odkYta&mufwGif uarmZcifvIdif xnfhvkdufonfhaq;pyfq&mausmfNidrf;udk 0ifac:
&ao;\/ vm;&Id;BuD;&Sd ausmfNidrf;\tdrfrSm oyf&yfom;em;onfhwkdufcHtdrf jzpfavonf/
]]aq;pyfq&m&JUtdrfu aumif;vScsnfhvm;uG}}[k uRefawmfwkdYu ar;onfhtcgwGif
ausmfNidrf;u tm;&yg;& &,fvkduf&if;
]]uRefawmfhtdrf r[kwfbl;q&m/ uRefawmfha,mufz&JUtdrf/ uRefawmfha,mufzqkdwm
u uRefawmfhESr&JUa,musfm;? ukefonfqkdawmh 'DvkdtdrfrsKd; aqmufEkdifwmaygh}}
c&D;MuKHojzifh uRefawmfwkdYum;ay:wGif ausmfNidrf;\tazvnf; vkdufvmavonf/
oD[&wempmay
om;ESio
hf rD;qDoYkd tvnfvmNyD;aemuf vG,yf ed ;f &JUawmifajcu &GmodjYk yef&ef jzpfavonf/ ausmf
Nidr;f \tazrSm touf 50 ausmf 60 eD;yg;avmufom &Syd gvdrrhf nf/ od&Yk mwGif ol&Y yk rf mS touf
ESifhrvkdufatmif tkdpmvsuf &Sdum touf 70 ausmf? 80 cefYtbdk;BuD;wpfa,muf[kxif&av
onf/ ausmfNidrf;\ESr ucsiftrsKd;orD;uav;rSm acwfqefqef0wfpm;xm;avonf/ &kwf
w&ufMunfhvQif olonfvnf; ucsiftrsKd;orD;ESifhrwlbJ ArmtrsKd;orD;wpfa,mufESifhwl
aeonf/ pum;ajymvQifvnf; tenf;i,frQ 0Jjcif;r&Sdyg/
vm;&Id;csKdifh0Srf;xJwGif qD;ESif;awG qkdif;aeavonf/ odkY&mwGif csKdifh0Srf;udk um&Hxm;
onfah wmifwef;rsm;ay:wGirf l aea&mif0if;yvsuf&o
dS nf/ csKdi0hf rS ;f xJraS eMunfv
h Qif ud,
k t
hf eD;
wpf0u
dk rf mS om qD;ESi;f awGqidk ;f aeNyD; ta0;awmifwef;awGay:wGif aea&mifawmufaeonf
xif&\/ odkY&mwGif awmiftjrifhawGay:odkY wufvmonfhtcg awmifwef;awGay:rSm qD;ESif;
awG qkid ;f qkaYd eNyD; csKdi0hf rS ;f xJwiG f aea&mif0if;yaeonfudk awG&Y jyefavonf/ rsufpv
d n
S jhf cif;
avm? odw
Yk nf;r[kwf awmifatmufrS awmifay:odYk wufaecsdew
f iG f &moDOwkajymif;oGm;jcif;
avm[k cGjJ cm;r&Ekid yf g/ &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f u aqmif;wGi;f &Icif;onf xdt
k wkid ;f jzpfonf[k
uRefawmfwkdYESifhygvmolrsm;u ajymjyMuavonf/
a&ylacsmif;okaYd &mufaomtcgwGif uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf eef;vkcH rf;odq
Yk idk b
f ufov
Ykd rS ;f Munfh
Muonf/ qkdifa&SUwGif ukefum;BuD;awG &yfxm;onfudk awGY&\/ raeYnu tdyfonfhum;rsm;
jzpfNyD; tcsKdUrSm c&D;quf&ef jyifqifaeMuavonf/ um;aemufydkif;wGif qkdzmrsm;? qufwD
rsm;udk awGY&avonf/ wcsKdUum;rsm;ay:wGif *Dwmrsm;udkvnf; awGY&\/
vm;&Id;rS eHeufvufzuf&nfESifhtqmajypm;aomufcJhMuNyD;jzpfwpfaMumif;? a&SUwGif
c&D;qufp&m&Sdao;ojzifhwpfaMumif; eef;vkHcrf;wkdYqkdifwGif rem;Muawmhyg/
cPMumvQif odEo
D aYkd &mufavonf/ odEcD sKdi0hf rS ;f xJwiG f aea&mifazsmhazsmhvif;um av
u at;pdrfhvsuf &Sd\/
odEDNrdKUv,fvrf;rBuD;u vufzuf&nfqkdifwpfqkdifwGif uRefawmfwkdYudk BudKaeonfh
owif;axmufa[mif;udkausmfat;ESifhpmqkdawmftzGJY0iftcsKdUudk awGY&avonf/ trSeftm;
jzifh olwkdYtzdkY uRefawmfwkdYudk BudKqkd&ef txl;0g,rpkdufxkwfp&m rvkdyg/ NrdKUv,fvrf;rBuD;
ay:u vufzuf&nfqkdifwpfqkdifokdY xGufvm&kHrQom jzpfygonf/ uGwfckdif? rlq,fESifherfhcrf;odkY
oGm;aom armfawmf,mOfum;rSeforQESifhuGefvkH-[dkyefodkYoGm;onfharmfawmfum;rSeforQonf
xkv
d rf;rBuD;udk jzwfoef;oGm;&av&m vrf;ray:vufzuf&nfqidk w
f pfqidk w
f iG f xkid af evQif vm
orQum;udk rvGwfEkdifyg/
oD[&wempmay
115
116
jroef;wifh
117
118
jroef;wifh
119
oD[&wempmay
onf/ [kwfyg\/ ar;? yg;? ESma&mifwkdY oPmefudkyif zrf;,l &ygonf/ xkdawmifrSm [kduf
urf;yg;awmif[k od&avonf/
120
jroef;wifh
(21)
uGefvkHrSm wpfncsrf;
uGev
f rHk S uRefawmfwt
Ydk rd &f iS rf mS AsL[mrSL;Akv
d rf LS ;buD;avmh&ifph af tmif'ifjzpf\/ Akv
d f
rSL;BuD;rSm tom;ndKndK? t&yfaxmifaxmifarmif;armif;? ar;&kd;um;um;ESifhjzpfNyD; ppfom;
wpfa,muf\Oy"d&kyftjynfh&Sdoljzpfonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;atmif'ifonf olY&kH;{nfhcef;wGif uRef
awmfwu
Ydk kd {nhcf &H if; uRefawmfwYdk odv&dk mwku
Yd dk ajzMum;NyD;aemuf uGev
f NHk rdKUudk olu,
dk w
f idk v
f u
dk f
jyonf/
uGefvkHukd wcsKdUu ]uGrf;vkH}[kvnf; a&;Muonf/ b,foif;u rSefonfudk uRefawmf
rodyg/ uGev
f q
Hk o
dk nfrmS ]uRef;BuD;}[k t"dyg ,fxu
G \
f / erfw
h if;acsmif;onf vG,yf ed ;f &Jawmif
Mum;rSae ajrmufoYkd pD;qif;vmcJNh yD;vQif [dv
k &D mG teD;wGif oHviG jf rpfxo
J pYkd ;D 0ifum taemuf
rS ta&SUodkY 4 rkdifcefY pD;qif;vmcJhonf/ okdYpD;qif;vmcJhpOf vG,frefcg;awmifajcrS pD;qif;vm
cJhaom erfheif;acsmif;ESifhaygif;qkHcJhonf/ xdkae&mwGif jrpfESpfjrpfwkdYqkHMuojzifh tv,faumif
wGif uRef;BuD;wpfuRef;jzpfay:vsuf&Sd\/ xkduRef;BuD;udk tpGJjyK uGefvkH[kac:jcif;jzpfav
onf/
uGefvkHonf oHvGifjrpf\ajrmufbufurf;wGif wnf&SdNyD; awmifbufwGif wyfpcef;rsm;
ESifhaemufwkd;vmonfhvlaetdrfajcopfrsm; &SdMuonf/ uGefvkHawmifbufurf;ESifhajrmufbuf
urf;udk emrnfausmf uGefvkHBudK;wHwm;BuD;jzifh qufxm;\/ uRefawmfwkdY i,fi,fu oifcJh&
onfhyx0D0ifxJwGif uGefvkHul;wkdYqdyf[k rSwfcJh&ojzifh uGefvkHonf ul;wkdYazmifawG? ul;wkdYavS
awGjzifh&Iyf,Sufcwfaevdrfhrnf[k rsufpdxJwGif jrifaecJhonf/ xkdrQru uGefvkHudk NrdKU[krjrif/
ul;wkdYul;aeonfh&Gmuav;wpf&Gm[k jrifcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif uRefawmfhrsufpdxJwGif jrifaeonfh
uGefvkHESifhwu,fawGYjrifvkduf&onfhuGefvkH\&kyfykHvTmwkdYonf wjcm;pDjzpfaeavonf/
uRefawmf wu,fjrifawGYvkduf&onfhuGefvkHum; awmifbufurf;taqmufttkHopf
awGEiS v
hf yS aeaom uGev
f /Hk oHviG jf rpfukd jzwfu;l xm;onfBh udK;wHwm;BuD;jzifh vSyaeonfu
h eG f
vkH/ awmifurf;yg;,HwGif tpDt&D aqmufxm;onfhtdrfopf? &kH;opfawGESifhpnfum;aeonfh
uGefvkH/ vG,fydef;&J? vG,frefcg;? [kdufurf;yg;ponfhawmifpOfawmifwef;wdkY\&ifcGifwGif arS;
pufaeonfhuGefvkH/
uGefvkHu ncsrf;wGif aqmif;ESif;awG rIefaeavonf/ ESif;jrLESifhawmifckd;wkdYMum;wGif
a&;a&;rIefay:aeonfhuGefvkH\&kyfykHvTmonf yef;csDum;wpfcsyfESifhwlaeonf/
oD[&wempmay
121
122
jroef;wifh
rHp&m&dSonfwkdYudk pDrHaeavonf/
uGefvkHudk vmcJhonfhrlvtpDtpOfxJwGif pmaya[majymyGJtpDtpOfrygacs/ avhvm
a&;tpDtpOfrQom jzpf\/ odkY&mwGif AkdvfrSL;BuD;atmif'ifESifhwuG t&m&Sdrsm;? tMuyfrsm;?
wyfom;rsm;ESifhNrdKUcHvlxkonf uRefawmfwkdYudk jrifonfhtcgwGif raeEdkifawmh/ wpfntdyfrnfh
twlwl pmaya[majymyGJwpfyGJavmuf vkyfoGm;apcsifMuonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;atmif'ifonf
owif;axmufudkausmfoef;xGef;udkac: NrdKUudk vSnfhvnfaMunmcdkif;\/ vQyfwpfjyufpDpOf
&onfha[majymyGJaywnf;/
NrdKUxJwGif xrif;pm;aomufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkYdonf uGefvkHwHwm;awmifbuf&Sd
pcef;odkY jyefcJhMuonf/ a[majymyGJudk wyfxJwGif vkyf&efpDpOfxm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ Akdvf
rSL;BuD;atmif'ifonf wyfx&J dS t&m&S?d tMuyf? wyfom;rsm;ESit
hf rd af xmifonfrsm; a[majym
yGJudk em;axmifEkdif&ef wyfxJwGif pDpOfjcif; jzpfavonf/
]]uRefawmfwkdYtzkdY MuKHcJygw,fq&m? 'Dawmh 'Dvkdpmaya[majymyGJrsKd;udk uRefawmhft
&m&SdawG? wyfom;awGwif rubl;/ tdrfaxmifonfvkdif;u rdom;pkawGyg em;axmifapcsif
w,f/ uRefawmfwq
dYk u
D kd pma&;q&mrajymeJY pmtkyw
f Ydk r*Zif;wkaYd wmif rSerf eS af &mufwm r[kwf
bl;/ 'Dawmh olwkdYwawG em;axmifapcsifw,f/ NrdKUxJvmNyD; em;axmifcsifwJhy&dowftwGuf
awmh uRefawmf um;awG vTwfay;r,f/ NyD;awmh a[majymyGJNyD;&ifvJ um;awGeJYjyefydkYr,f}}
uGefvkHNrdKUxJrS uRefawmfwkdY jyefvmonfhtcgwGif nae 6 em&DomomavmufrQom &Sd
ao;onfhwkdif aetawmfarSmifaeavNyD/ awmifwef;awG ywfywfvnf 0dkif;aeonfhuGefvkHu
aqmif;&ufrsm;onf wjcm;a'orsm;u aqmif;&ufrsm;xuf yd
k aeYwm wkad eonf/ aexGuf
vQifvnf; awmfawmfEiS ahf evk;H udk rjrif&/ aevk;H onf awmifwef;awGukd tMumBuD;ausmfjzwf
ae&onf/ awmifwef;awGtay:odkY a&mufvmonfhtcgwGifvnf; vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwf r
vif;Ekdif/ ESif;jrLawGESifhawmifckd;awGudk xkd;azmufae&ao;onf/ qD;ESif;awGudk azmufxGuf
NyD;onfhaemufwGifvnf; pl;pl;&J&J vif;Ekdifjcif; r&Sd/ azsmhazsmhom vif;Ekdifonf/
xkH;pHtwkdif;qkdvQif nae 6 em&Dxkd;onfESifhuGefvkHwHwm;udk ydwfvkdufavonf/ odkY&m
wGif xkdaeYnrl AdkvfrSL;BuD;atmif'ifonf a[majymyGJNyD;onftxd uGefvkHwHwm;udk wm0ef
,l zGifhay;vkdufonf/ NrdKUxJrSvmonfhy&dowfrsm; jyefEkdif&efjzpfavonf/ a[majymyGJudk
usif;yay;aomAkdvfrSL;BuD;atmif'ifudk uRefawmfwkdY aus;Zl;wif&ygonf/
AkdvfrSL;BuD;atmif'ifonf wHwm;*dwfwGif wm0efusonfhuif;rsm;tm; rSmp&m&Sdonf
oD[&wempmay
wku
Yd kd rSmNyD;aemuf um;ukd armif;xGurf nfjyKpOf uif;wJxrJ S uif;wm0efrusao;aom &Jabmf
wpfa,mufu um;em;odkY wzkwfzkwfESifhajy;vmavonf/ ajy;vm&if;vnf; uRefawmfhemrnf
udk atmfac:avonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;atmif'ifu um;udk &yfay;vkdufpOf
]]q&mjroef;wifh ygovm;? q&mjroef;wifh}}[kar;onf/
]]ygw,f uRefawmfyJ}}
&Jabmfonf vufESpfzufESifhuRefawmfhvufudk vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ qGJ,rf;um
]]aemifrSm ]"m;awmif}vkd 0wKrsKd;awG a&;Ekdifygap? ]oHacsmif;}vkdZmwfvkdufrsKd;udk zef
wD;Ekdifygap}}[kajymNyD;aemuf uRefawmfhudk tav;jyKojzifh uRefawmfuvnf; olwdkYudk jyef
tav;jyKvkduf&onf/
AkdvfrSL;BuD;atmif'ifu &Jabmfav;udk auseyfpGm Munfhvkduf&if;u
]]&Jabmfav;awGu pm odyfzwfwm q&m? olwkdYcrsmrSm 'gyJ tysif;ajzp&m&Sdwm}}[k
u&kPmoufpGm ajymygonf/
xkdnu a[majymyGJudk wyfpcef;xJ&Sd cef;raqmifxJwGif usif;y&m cef;vkH;jynfhrQ wuf
a&mufMuonf/ wyfxJu t&m&Sd? tMuyf? wyfom;rsm;tjyif tdrfaxmifonfrdom;pkrsm;
vnf; wufMuonf/ Akv
d rf LS ;BuD;atmif'if\pDpOfcsuft& uGev
f NHk rdKUxJrS y&dowfuv
kd nf; um;
BuD;rsm;jzihf toGm;tjyef ydaYk y;avonf/ &moDOwktvGeaf t;onfw
h idk f y&dowfrmS a[majym
yGNJ yD;onftxd em;axmifMuavonf/ uRefawmfwYdk a[majymyGo
J nf oef;acgifausmfrS NyD;awmh
onf/
reufyikd ;f wGif AsL[mrSL;Akv
d rf LS ;BuD;atmif'ifEiS w
hf yf&if;rSL;wku
Yd reufpmtjzpf &efuek f
rkefY[if;cg;csuf auR;avonf/ &efukefrkefY[if;cg;qkdonfrSm ig;cl? ig;usnf;ponfwkdYESifh
[if;&nfcsufxm;aomrkefY[if;cg;jzpfygonf/ &Srf;jynfe,f rajymESifh/ tnma&mufvQifyif
&efukefrkefY[if;cg;udk rpm;&awmh/ tnmrSm ig;cl? ig;usnf;&Sm;onfhtwGuf rkefY[if;cg;vuf
okyfudkom pm;Mu&onf/ 0ufom;vkH;? 0uftlacsmif;ponfwkdYudk ajcxnhfNyD; yJrIefY? qDcsuf? eH
eHyifponfwjYdk zifh oky
f pm;Mu&jcif;jzpf\/ &Sr;f jynfe,fum; awmifay:a'ojzpfonft
h wGuf
ig;rnfrQ&Sm;onfukd txl;ajymp&m rvkad wmhyg/ od&Yk mwGif Akv
d rf LS ;BuD;atmif'ifEiS w
hf yf&if;rSL;
wkdYonf oHvGifjrpfxJu &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;&vmaom ig;clESifhig;usnf;wkdYudkom t0,fckdif;um uRef
oD[&wempmay
123
124
jroef;wifh
awmfwt
Ydk wGuf &efuek rf ek [
Yf if;cg; csufauR;vku
d af vonf/ &Sr;f jynfe,fc&D;wGif &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;
pm;cJh&onfhrkefY[if;cg; jzpfyg\/
&efukefrkefY[if;cg;ESifhwyfxJrS wkdufonfhvufzuf&nfususudk aomufNyD;aemuf uRef
awmfwo
Ydk nf [kyd efoYdk c&D;qufcMhJ uavonf/ uRefawmfwYdk um;wpfp;D wnf; xGuv
f mcJMh ujcif;
jzpf\/ uGefvkHrS xGufuwnf;u erfhwif;acsmif;ab; uyfazmufxm;onfhum;vrf;twkdif;
ajrmufbufodkY qefwufcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ erfhwif;acsmif;csKdif0Srf;um; pkdufcif;? ysKd;cif;awG
jzifh pdrf;pkdvsuf&Sd\/ awmifukef;rsm;rSm odyfrjrifhbJ cyfedrfhedrfhomjzpfonfhtwGuf awmBuD;
awmifBuD;awG odyfr&SdvSyg/ vrf;ab;wGif rJZvDyiftkyfrsm;udkom rMumcP awGY&onf/
]q&m Munfhprf;? b,favmufvSovJ? erfhwif;acsmif;[m vSypGm pD;qif;xm;w,f}[k
uRefawmfwkdYESifhtwlygvmonfhucsiftrsKd;om; ausmfNidrf;u ajymojzifh uRefawmfwkdYrSm &,f
&ao;\/ trSeftm;jzifh ausmfNidrf;onf Armpum;udk a&vnfpGm ajymwwfoljzpfygonf/ odkY
&mwGif pma&;q&mESifhawGY "mwful;oGm;jcif;aMumifhavm? odkYwnf;r[kwf oludk,fwkdifuyif
uAsmqefomG ;aomaMumifah vm rajymwwfyg/ olyY g;pyfu xGuv
f monft
h cgwGif pmqefaom
Armpum; jzpfaeavonf/ xkdYaMumifh uRefawmfwkdY &,fMujcif;jzpf\/
ausmfNidrf; uAsmqefrnfqkdvQif qefavmufygonf/ uRefawmfwdkYum;onf erfhwif;
acsmif;ab;u ukef;ajrmifuav;twkdif; oGm;aeNyD; erfhwif;acsmif;u atmufwGif vSypGm
pD;qif;aeygonf/ erfhwif;acsmif;onf vGifjyifBuD;wpfavQmufwGif pD;qif;vmcJhjcif;jzpf&m
acsmif;nmudak omfvnf;aumif;? acsmif;atmufuadk omfvnf;aumif; wpfarQmfwpfac:BuD;jrif
ae&onf/ erfhwif;acsmif;um; uRefawmfwkdY awGYcJh&onfherwljrpfESifhvnf;rwl/ oHvGifjrpfESifh
vnf; rwlacs/ erwljrpfESifhoHvGifjrpfwkdYu urf;yg;awG rwfapmufNyD; a&pD;oefonf/ t&Sdef
jzifh pD;vmNyD;aemuf awmBuD;awmifBuD;awGxJodkY ikyfvQKd;aysmufuG,foGm;onf/ awmawG
awmifawGMum;wGif csufcsif;aysmufomG ;NyD; awmfawGawmifawGMum;rSm csufcsif;jyefay:vm
wwfonf/ erfw
h if;acsmif;u xko
d rYkd [kw/f jrifuiG ;f us,f&yk &f iS u
f m;BuD;wpfcu
k kd Munhaf e&ovkd
tnmudkvnf; jrif&onf/ taMuudkvnf; jrif&avonf/ erfhwif;acsmif;wpfzufwpfcsuf
vGifjyifwGifvnf; pdrf;pkdaompkdufcif;wkdY jynfhaeonf/
auGYaumufaeonfherfhwif;acsmif;urf;yg;twkdif; azmufxm;onfharmfawmfum;vrf;
rSm q,fhESpf&moDvrf;jzpfonfhwkdif uw&mvrf;r[kwfbJ ausmufvrf;jzpfavonf/ wpfem&D
ausmfausmf? ESpfem&DeD;yg; armif;rdonfhtcgwGif ul;wkdYqdyfodkYa&mufavonf/ erfhwif;acsmif;
udk jzwful;onfhul;wkdYqdyfjzpf\/
oD[&wempmay
125
126
jroef;wifh
127
128
jroef;wifh
(22)
vm;&Id;odkY ,ckrSa&mufjcif;
xdkaeYrSm ESpfqef;wpf&ufaeY jzpfavonf/
bmvkdvkdESifh 1980 ckonf uRefawmfwkYdukd jzwfoef;oGm;avNyD/ raeYnu uGefvkHrS jyef
a&mufonfhtcgwGif awmfawmfarSmifaeavNyD/ uRefawmfwkdY\tdrfonf q&m0efBuD;uarmZ
cifviId o
f nf uRefawmfwrYdk a&mufEidk o
f jzifh [kpd pHk rf;? onfppHk rf; vkyaf eaMumif;udk aemufrS uRef
awmfwdkYod&\/ odEDudkvnf; rMumrMumvSrf;ar;\/ vm;&Id;atwD*dwfudkvnf; rMumrMum
vSr;f ar;\/ oufqidk &f mwko
Yd v
Ykd nf; olpY ma&;q&m{nfo
h nfawG ra&mufvmao;aMumif; rMum
cPowif;ykdY&\/ okdY&mwGif uRefawmfwkdYum; ol 'Davmuf tvkyfrsm;aeonfukd rodMuyg/
arSmifBuD;rnf;BuD; vrf;Murf;BuD;wGif vmcJMh u&m xkn
d u 9 em&Dx;dk awmhrS vm;&I;d odjYk yefa&muf
Muavonf/ uarmZcifviId o
f nf uRefawmfwaYdk &muf? ra&muf uRefawmfwx
Ydk H w,fvzD ek ;f jzifh
vSrf;ar;NyD; uRefawmfwkdYtoHudk Mum;&awmhrS tdyf&modkY pdwfcsvufcs 0ifEkdifawmhonf/
nu rkd;csKyfrS a&mufonfhtwGufaMumifh wpfaMumif; c&D;yef;vmonfhtwGufaMumifh
wpfaMumif; uRefawmfwkdYrSm xdkaeYnu ESpfopful;tBudKnjzpfaMumif;ukd owdyifr&vkdufMu
acs/ armarmESifhtdyfaysmfoGm;Muavonf/
oD[&wempmay
129
130
jroef;wifh
131
132
jroef;wifh
(23)
c&D ; &S n f c sD w uf y G J
onfc&D;udk uRefawmfwkdYu c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJ[k trnfay;vkdufMuonf/
c&D;u enf;onfhc&D;BuD; r[kwfay/ ay 5000 rS 7000 txd jrifhonfhawmifwef;BuD;
ay:wGif rkdif 200 ausmfavmufoGm;&rnfhc&D;BuD;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkYdc&D;onf vm;&Id;rS rl
q,ftxd rkdif 110? rlq,frS erfhcrf;odkY topfazmufxm;onfhr[mAsL[mvrf;rBuD;twkdif;
rkid f 100 eD;yg;c&D;jzpf\/ rlvwke;f u uRefawmfwcYdk &D;onf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeY vm;&I;d NyD;vQif
&efuek o
f jYkd yef&ef jzpfavonf/ od&Yk mwGif q&m0efBuD;uarmZcifvidI o
f nf uRefawmfwu
Ydk kd rlq,f
ESifherfhcrf;odkY ydkYcsifaeonf/ tqifoihfoGm;onfrSm uRefawmfwkdYoGm;&eftwGuf txl;tpDt
pOfvkyfp&mrvkdbJ rlq,fESifherfhcrf;odkY txl;uktzGJYESifhvkdufoGm;&kHom &Sdavonf/
uRefawmfww
Ydk iG f xk&d ufrsm; &efuek rf mS vkypf &mtvkyaf wG usef&pfcMhJ uonf/ od&Yk mwGif
xkdc&D;udk uRefawmfwkdY oGm;csifaeMuygonf/ ,ckoGm;zdkY tcGihfta&;ay:vmonfhtcgwGif xkd
tcGifhta&;udk vufrvTwfcsifMuyg/ xkdYjyif uRefawmf\tusifhrSm c&D;xGufrdNyDqkdvQif vGwf
vGwfuRwfuRwfoGm;vkdufcsifonf/ xkdYaMumifh uRefawmfwkdYonf &efukefwGif usefcJhonfhtvkyf
rsm;udk ukd,fhbmomukd,f a&TUqkdif;xm;MuNyD; rlq,fESifherfhcrf;odkY xGufvmcJhMuonf/
uRefawmfwkdYc&D;wGif orm;awmfBuD;rsm;ESifhq&m0efBuD;rsm;? trsKd;orD;q&m0efrsm;?
olemjyKq&mrrsm;? aq;&kH0efxrf;rsm;? tjcm;Xmersm;rS 0efxrf;rsm;? {nfhonfrsm;pojzifh
oD[&wempmay
133
134
jroef;wifh
135
oD[&wempmay
136
jroef;wifh
(24)
rlq,fvm;? rlp,fvm;
&Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f uRefawmfwYdk awG&Y onft
h cuftcJrmS vlemrnf? NrdKUemrnfrsm;jzpfav
onf/ vlemrnfum; wpfOD;csif;udpjzpf rSm;oGm;vQif oufqkdif&m um,uH&Sifukd awmif;yef
vku
d &f jHk zifh udpN yD;Ekid af omfvnf; NrdKUtrnfrsm;um; rSm;oGm;vQif jyif&cufavonf/ uRefawmf
wkdYonf ]uGrf;vkH}[kvnf;ac:Mu\/ tcsKdUuvnf; ]uGefvkH}[kvnf;ac:Mu\/ &Srf;oHudk jref
rmem;jzifh Mum;NyD; jrefrmtmawGYovkd ac:vkdufjcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifonf/ odkYr[kwfvQifvnf;
&Sr;f oHukd t*Fvyd ef m;ESiMhf um;NyD; t*Fvyd v
f adk ygif;cJo
h nfukd jrefrmtoHxu
G jf zifh zwfjcif;vnf;
jzpfEkdifygonf/ ,ckvnf; vmjyefNyD/ ]rlp,f}/
jrefrmtrsm;pku ]rlq,f}[kac:Muonf/ t*Fvdyfu Muse [kpmvkH;aygif;onf/ NrdKUt
0ifwiG f a&;xm;onfw
h &m;0ifqidk ;f bkww
f iG rf l ]rlp,f}[ka&;xm;onfukd awG&Y avonf/ tcsKdU
aomajrykHrsm;wGif ]rlq,f}[ka&;onfhajrykHu a&;NyD; ]rlp,f}[ka&;onfhajrykHu a&;Muonf/
uGwfckdifwGif txl;uktzGJY\udp0dpwkdYNyD;onfESifhuRefawmfwkdYum;wef;BuD;onf rlp,f
odYk xGuv
f mcJah vonf/ uGwcf idk Ef iS rhf pl ,frmS 62 rkid af 0;NyD; emrnfausmf jrefrmhvrf;rBuD;(w&kwf
-jrefrmvrf;rBuD;)\tpdwftydkif; jzpfavonf/ qkdif&mwkdYonf vrf;udk wwfEkdifoavmuf
aumif;rGepf mG xde;f odr;f xm;onfw
h idk f &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f rkwo
f ek &f moD\tzsuftqD;udk
vkduf rNydKifEkdifao;acs/ rlp,fvGifjyif[kac:onfha'owpf0dkufwGif ysrf;rQrkd;a&csdefvufr
onf 80 ausmf&Sdaeojzifh vrf;awG rMumcPysufwwfonf/ awmifrsm;pGmay:rS pD;qif;vm
onfhra&rwGufEkdifaom awmifusacsmif;awGuvnf; renf;/ awmifusacsmif;a& wkdufpm;
ojzifh vrf;awGaygufNyJukefonf/ wHwm;awG a&wkdufpm;jcif; cHMu&onf/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;
wGif &TUHAGufBuD;awG yifv,fqD;aewwfonf/
uRefawmfwo
Ydk mG ;cJo
h nf'h ZD ifbmvukeEf iS Zhf efe0g&Dvqef;rSm &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f wGif
c&D;oGm; taumif;qkH;aomvrsm;jzpfavonf/ aeYwGifqkdvQif ysrf;rQtylcsdef 80 avmuf
&Sdojzifh wpfaeYvkH; um;rpD;Ekdif/ aqmif;wGif;rSmum; taEG;xnftvkHtavmufygvQif c&D;
oGm; tvGefaumif;avonf/
uRefawmfwkdYum;wef;BuD;onf rlp,fvGifjyifudk jzwfazmufxm;onfhvrf;rBuD;twkdif;
wa&GUa&GUvmcJMh uonf/ um;rsm;ojzifh vlrsm;onft
h wGuf aysmfp&maumif;onfreS af omfvnf;
c&D;rwGifvSyg/ wpfpD;ESifhwpfpD; apmifharmif;Mu&ojzifh c&D;zifhygonf/ zifhonfqkdaomfvnf;
vlrsm;onft
h wGuf zifrh eS ;f rodMu/ rlp,fviG jf yifqadk omfvnf; armfawmfum;vrf;ab;wpfzuf
oD[&wempmay
137
wpfcsuf zmvkt
H enf;i,ftwGi;f wGio
f m vGijf yifjzpfNyD; ab;wpfzufwpfcsufwiG f awmifwef;
jymBuD;awG umqD;vsuf&Sday\/
138
jroef;wifh
139
140
jroef;wifh
(25)
yef c rf ; wH w m;ES i f h e ,f j cm;rS w f w k d i f
uarmZcifvidI \
f xl;jcm;aomtusifw
h pfcrk mS reufpmukd tdy&f mxJwiG f pm;jcif;jzpfav
onf/ tdyf&mu Ekd;onfESifhrsufESmopfjcif;? yvkwfusif;jcif;rjyKbJ reufaumfzDESifhrkefYwkdYukd
pm;wwfonfukd awG&Y \/ tdy&f mxJwiG f reufpmpm;aomtavhrmS t*Fvyd w
f \
Ydk "avhjzpfav
onf/ jrefrmwkrYd mS eHeufpmudk tdy&f mxJwiG f pm;avhr&SMd uacs/ tdy&f mxJwiG f eHeufpmpm;onfh
jrefrmqkd uRefawmfawGYzl;oavmufqkdvQif uarmZcifvIdifESifhtkd;a0OD;ndKjrwkdYESpfOD;ukdom
awGYzl;ao;onf/ tkd;a0OD;ndKjronf ]b0wuodkvf}wGif uRefawmfESifhtwefMumaecJhzl;&m
uRefawmfwEYdk iS ahf ecJo
h nfw
h pfavQmufv;Hk xkt
d wkid ;f yif awG&Y avonf/ OD;ndKjronf nqkv
d Qif
awmfawmfESifhrtdyf/ reuf 3 em&D? 4 em&Dxkd;rS tdyfwwfNyD; reuf 10 em&Dausmfausmfavmuf
rS tdyf&mu xwwfonf/ tdyf&mu Ekd;onfESifhOD;ndKjronf rsufESmropf? yvkwfrusif;bJ
vufzuf&nfESifhrkefYudk wpfcgwnf; wef;pm;wwfavonf/ ,ck q&m0efBuD; uarmZcifvIdif
rSmvnf; xkdtwkdif;yif jzpfavonf/ tdyf&mu Ekd;onfESifhuarmZcifvIdifonf olYwynfhrsm;
jzpfonfhbaqGukd ac:wwfonf/ odkYr[kwfvQifvnf; olYpma&;rjzpfonfh ucsifruav;eef
qkdif;udk ac:wwfonf/ uRefawmfwkdY oGm;cJhonfhc&D;wpfavQmufwGif uarmZcifvIdifonf tdyf
&mu Ek;d onfEiS ]hf ]baqGa& aumfz}D }[k vSr;f atmfwwfonf/ ]]eefqidk ;f a& rkerYf &ao;bl;vm;}}
[katmfoHudk uRefawmfwkdY Mum;&NrJ jzpfonf/
pifppf uarmZcifvidI Ef iS t
hf ;dk a0OD;ndKjrwko
Yd nf reufpmudk tdy&f mxJrmS pm;Muaomfvnf;
t*Fvdyfqefolrsm; r[kwfMuyg/ uarmZcifvIdifonf tvGef&Srf;qefonfh&Srf;jzpfNyD; tkd;a0OD;
ndKjrrSm tvGeftnmom;qefonfhtnmom;jzpfygonf/ rsufESmropfbJ reufaumfzDudk
oD[&wempmay
141
142
jroef;wifh
143
144
jroef;wifh
145
146
jroef;wifh
oD[&wempmay
147
(26)
tkd. . . ajrmufydkif;vrf;
148
jroef;wifh
149
150
jroef;wifh
ewfxyd [
f ak c:onfah wmiftjrifq
h ;Hk ae&mwGif um;qko
H nfEiS u
hf RefawmfwYdk um;wef;BuD;
onf qufxGucf ahJ vonf/ a&a0awmifaMumay:wGif twefMumarmif;aeNyD;aemuf awmif
awGukd auGyY wfum wjznf;jznf; qif;vmcJo
h nfwiG f wpfae&mta&muf uRefawmfwaYdk &SUwGif
ESif;jrLawG rIdif; qkdif;aeaom a&TvDjrpf0Srf;udk vSrf;jrifvkduf&onf/
a&TvDjrpf0Srf; odkYr[kwf erfhcrf;vGifjyifBuD;udk jrifvkduf&ykHrSm awmifudk csKd;vkdufNyD; csuf
csif;vSrf;vSrf;jrifvkduf&jcif;jzpfonfhtwGuf uwDyguefYvefYumBuD; qGJzGifhvkdufNyD; aemufcH
&Icif;um;BuD;wpfckudk jrifvkduf&ykHESifhwlaeonf/
a&TvDjrpf0Srf;onf erfhcrf;vGifjyifwpf0kdufwGif 7 rkdifcefYus,fonf[k tqkd&Sdav&m csKdifh
0Sr;f xJtqif;wGif tay:rSp;D jrif&aomvGijf yifBuD;\crf;em;wifw
h ,fy?Hk vSyyku
H pdk mzG&YJ onf
rSm rvG,fyg/
wpfzufwiG f w&kwjf ynfbufrS awmifwef;rsm;u rIid ;f ndKaY eonf/ rIid ;f yk?H jymyk?H ndKUyku
H
aq;om;xlxyl spfyspf/ wpfcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif trIid ;f ? tndK? tjymonf a&moGm;um r&rf;buf
odYk vkomG ;onf/ wpfcsKdUae&mwGif awmifc;dk awG? ESi;f jrLawGu cyfyg;yg; vTr;f xm;onf/ awmif
ajc&if;bufodkYa&mufonfhtcgwGif tjymonf ydk&ifhvm\/ xkdawmtkyfrsm;? cifwef;rsm;?
&Gmrsm;aMumifh tjyma&mifonf odyo
f nf;ap;yspfaejcif;jzpfay\/ awmifajc&if;rS tjyma&mif
qkH;aomtcgwGif pdrf;aeaom v,fuGif;rsm;? pkdufcif;rsm;udk jrif&onf/ awmifxdyfrSae
jrifvkduf&aom v,fuGif;jyifrsm;onf aumfaZmpdrf;BuD;wpfcsyfESifhwlaeonf/ wpfcsKdUae&m
rsm;wGif yd;k csnfprd ;f jzifh yef;xk;d xm;onfEh ,
S f rSeu
f u
l u
G yf aHk wG? &Sn&f n
S af rsmarsm ykaH wG ay:ae
NyD; tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif tpdrf;a&mifxJrS ajrom;eD&J&JawG ay:aeonf/ xkdv,fuGif;awGudk
vGev
f Qif wNidrNhf idrphf ;D aeaoma&TvjD rpfukd jrif&\/ vGijf yifBuD;xJwiG f a&Tvo
D nf zJBudK;uav;
wpfacsmif;udk ypfcsxm;onfhES,f auGYaumuf&pfacGaeonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf awmifcg;yef;wGif um;awG&yfNyD; a&TvDjrpf0Srf; odkYr[kwf erfharmjrpf
0Srf; odkYr[kwf erfhcrf;vGifjyifudk arQmfMunfhrdMuonf/
aMomf. . . a&TvDygwum;/
oD[&wempmay
151
(27)
a&T v D & k y f y k H v T m
152
jroef;wifh
(28)
awmif y 0gyef ; ES i f h j rif ; [D o H
erfharmvGifjyifac: a&TvDcsKdifh0Srf;onf wlwlykef;&mrS bGm;ceJ ay:vmovkd awmifBuD
awGMum;xJrSm bGm;ceJ ay:vmcJhonf[k wpfae&mwGif uRefawmf ajymcJhygonf/ onfrSm
pum;Oyrm wifpm;ajymjcif;r[kwfyg/ awmifawGay:rSm avQmufoGm;&if; taemufbuf
odkY qif;vmcJh awmifapmif;ay:&Sd rmefatmifqkdonfhyavmif&Gmuav;wpf&Gmta&mufwGif
awmifajc&if;rS a&TvDcsKdifh0Srf;udk wpf0ef;wpfvsm;BuD;jrifvkduf&ojzifh xkdokdYajym&jcif; jzpfyg
onf/
oD[&wempmay
153
154
jroef;wifh
uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf awmifapmif;wGi&f o
dS nfh rmefatmif&mG ESiahf emufu a&TvcD sKdi0hf rS ;f vGif
jyifBuD;udk aemufausmcHNyD; "mwfykH&kdufMuonf/ ygvmolrsm;tm;vkH;onf wpfpkwpfa0;&kduf
Mu\/ tpkvkduf tpkvkdufvnf; &kdufMu\/ xkdYaMumifh awmifapmif;wGif uRefawmfwkdY twef
Mum c&D;zifhoGm;cJhMuavonf/ rmefatmif&Gmwpf0dkufrS vSrf;jrif&aom a&TvD\&Icif;rSm om
,mvSonfhtwGuf xkdae&mudk &Icif;om[k trnfay;xm;Muavonf/
uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf &Icif;omrS wjznf;jznf; qif;cJMh u\/ tqif;jzpf um;rsm;udk jznf;
jznf;qif;Mu&onf/ &Icif;omu qif;vmcJhonfhtcgwGif armfawmfum;onf awmawGMum;
xJodkY jyefa&mufoGm;ojzifh a&TvDcsKdifh0Srf;vGifjyifBuD;udk rjrif&awmh/ tcsKdUae&muav;rsm;
udkom wpfydkif;wpfp jrif&awmhonf/ cyfapmapmu &Icif;omrSm &yfMunfhcJhMuwkef;u erfhcrf;
NrdKUudk jrif&ao;onf/ od&Yk mwGif ,ckawmifawGMum;rSm a&mufonft
h cgwGif erfch rf;NrdKUukv
d nf;
aumif;aumif;rjrif&awmhacs/ odkY&mwGif awmifajcokdY qif;vmcJhonfESifhtrQ awmonf w
jznf;jznf; yg;vmcJhavNyD/ awmtkyfawGMum;xJrS ,mcif;uav;rsm;udk uGufwduGufusm;
pjrifvm&onf/ wcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif opfom;jcHpnf;&kd;uav;awG caemf ceJY umxm;onfh
,muGuu
f av;rsm;? pdu
k cf if;uav;rsm;udk jrif&pjyKojzifh vlaetdraf jcESiehf ;D vmNyDjzpfaMumif;
udk odomEkdifay\/
uRefawmfwkdY ,mOfwef;BuD;onf wtdtdjzifh atmufodkY qif;vmcJhavonf/ auGYwpf
auGYudk csKd;vkdufNyD; atmufokYd qif;vkdufonfESifh erfhcrf;NrdKUxJodkY csufcsif;a&mufoGm;av\/
erfah rmvGijf yifukd awmifawGaemufwiG f &kww
f &ufjrifvu
dk &f ouJo
h Ykd erfch rf;NrdKUudv
k nf; awmif
awGMum;xJwGif rxifbJESifhcsufcsif;awGYvkduf&jcif; jzpfyg\/ erfhcrf;onf awmifajc&if;wGif
uyf wnfxm;onfhNrdKU jzpfonfhtwGuf NrdKUxJodkY csufcsif;a&mufoGm;jcif; jzpfay\/
erfhcrf; odkYr[kwf erf;crf;/
uRefawmfwkdYurl vG,fvG,fjzifh erf;crf;[k ac:vkdufMu\/ &Srf;wkdYurl ]]erfhcrf;}}[kXmef
usus ac:Muavonf/ erfhcrf;udk olwkdYtoHxGuf&m ]erfh}wGif yg;pyfydwfNyD; toHjzwfvkduf
um ]crf;}wGif toHudk jyefzGifhvkdufNyD; vTwfqkdvkdufavonf/ uAsmwpfyk'frS e&DuJhodkY rsm;pGm
okwdom,mjzpfonfhtoHaywnf;/
erfhcrf;rSm erfh=a&? crf;=a&T[k t"dyg,f&\/ wpfenf;ajym&vQif ]a&T&nf}[k teuf
xGuaf vonf/ onfem;wpf0u
kd w
f iG f erf=h a&qko
d nfah 0g[m&ukd a&Smifr&/ acsmif;awG ajrmif;
awG aygonfhae&m jzpfav&m xkda'owpf0kdufrS NrdKUtrnf? &Gmtrnf? acsmif;trnfrsm;onf
]erfh}qkdonfhpum;vkH;ESifha&Smif rvGwfEkdif/
oD[&wempmay
(29)
wpfzufu ormusrf;pm? wpfzufu cGJpdwf"m;
erfhcrf;odkY yxrqkH;a&mufvmonfhc&pf,mef omoemjyKyk*KdvfrSm tkdif;&pfvlrsKd;q&m
0efa'gufwm[m;yg;jzpfavonf/ a'gufwm[m;yg;um; bk&ifhtkdif;&pfwyfrawmf e,fapmifh
wyfwiG f trIxrf;cJo
h nf/ aemifwiG f uae'gjynf&dS bk&ift
h aemufajrmufjrif;pD;ykvyd w
f yfzw
YJG iG f
trIxrf;cJhonf/ xkdYaemuf q&m0efjzpfum omoemjyKwpfa,muftjzpf erfhcrf;odkYa&mufvm
cJhjcif; jzpfavonf/
oD[&wempmay
155
156
jroef;wifh
157
cJhjcif; jzpfavonf/
158
jroef;wifh
159
160
jroef;wifh
161
(30)
erfhcrf; pmqkdawm a[majymyGJ
erfch rf;NrdKUrS vlBuD;rsm;onf uRefawmfwu
Ydk kd jynfoaYl q;&kBH uD;(a'gufwmqD;*a&Uaqmuf
cJhonfhaq;&kHBuD;)wGif ae&mcsay;\/ trsKd;orD;q&m0efrsm;ESifholemjyKq&mrrsm;udk trsKd;
orD; olemjyKaqmifBuD;wpfckwGif ae&mcsay;xm;NyD; uRefawmfwkdYudk a'gufwmqD;*a&UaecJh
onfhtdrfwGif ae&mcsay;avonf/
a'gufwmqD;*a&Uonf xkdtdrfudkvnf; a&TvDjrpfxJrS opfausmufwkH;rsm;jzifh aqmufcJh
jcif; jzpfavonf/ tdrrf mS ESpx
f yftrd f jzpfaomfvnf; tjyifuaeMunfv
h Qif wpfxyftrd rf Qom
xif&\/ tjyifuaeMunfhvQif ausmufwkH;BuD;awGudk pDxm;onfhtdrfjzpfonfhtwGuf cyf
Murf;Murf;toGiu
f kd aqmifaeonft
h xJwiG f aumif;pGm jyifqifrrG ;f rHxm;avonf/ a'gufwm
qD;*a&U\tdro
f nf ta0;uaeMunfv
h Qif c&pfrwfEw
I q
f ufuwfjym;xJrS tdru
f av;wpfv;Hk
ESifhwlaeonf/ tdrfuav;u cspfp&m? awmifukef;udk NzdKcsxm;NyD; awmifapmif;wGif ausmuf
wkH;BuD;awGukd pDxm;onf/ tdrfab;wGif ,luvpfyifawG? xif;&SL;yifawGu tpDt&Dayguf
vsuf/ wkduftdrfuav;a&SUwGif awmyef;&kdif;awGu azG;azG;vIyfatmif yGifhaeMuonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf ypnf;rsm;udk wnf;cdk&dyfomwGif csxm;cJhum NrdKUxJodkY xGufvmcJhMu
onf/ NrdKUxJrSm uRefawmfwkdYtwGuf npm pm;yGJjyifqifxm;aomaMumifh jzpf\/ npm pm;&if;
NrdKUu vlBuD;vli,frsm;ESifhrdwfqufMuavonf/
erfhcrf;rSm &ufuef;axmifrsm;? ukefonfrsm;ESifhawmif,mv,fvkyfolrsm; trsm;qkH;&Sd
onfNh rdKUjzpfavonf/ [if;rsm;rSm &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f vm;&I;d wGif pm;cJ&h aomajrmufyikd ;f
&Sr;f [if;ppfppfrsm; jzpfay\/ [if;trsKd;trnfukd uRefawmf aumif;aumif; rrSwrf ad wmhacs/
]a[mhaygh}ac: [if;oD;[if;&GufESifhtom;>yrf;[if;ukdom uRefawmfrSwfrdawmhonf/ tkd;yl
oD[&wempmay
162
jroef;wifh
163
164
jroef;wifh
erfch rf;aq;&kBH uD;ESiNhf rdKUrrSm 3 rkid ?f 4 rkid cf efaY 0;aomfvnf; ,ckawmh NrdKUESiq
hf ufaeav
NyD/ aq;&ku
H NrdKUxdyu
f uke;f jrifah y:wGif wnf&NdS yD; NrdKUv,fvrf;rBuD;u aq;&ku
H ek ;f ukd OD;wku
d f
vsuf &Sdavonf/ xkdvrf;rBuD; w&kwf-jrefrmvrf;rBuD;\Aef;armfbuf tpdwftydkif;jzpfNyD;
erfch rf;NrdKU\NrdKUv,fvrf;rBuD;vnf; jzpf\/ t"du&vrf;rBuD;jzpfonft
h wGuf vrf;u us,f
onf/ acsmvnf; acsmonf/ vrf;ab;wpfzufwpfcsufwGif aps;qkdifawG? uem;awGjzifh t
vGeo
f ef&Y iS ;f NyD; tvGev
f yS onfNh rdKUjzpfavonf/ uRefawmfwYdk a&mufco
hJ nf&h rS ;f jynfe,fajrmuf
ydkif;rS NrdKUrsm;wGif toefY&Sif;qkH;? tvSqkH;NrdKU[kyif qkdEkdifav\/
NrdKUuom vSonfr[kwf/ vlawGuvnf; vSMuonf/ a,musfm;rdef;r r[l rsm;aom
tm;jzifh t&yftarmif;aumif;NyD; tom;ta&pkjd ynfMuonf/ rsufEmS rsm;rSm cs,f&aD &miforf;
vsuf&Sdavonf/
aq;uktzGrYJ mS ,aeYreufyikd ;f ESin
hf aeykid ;f wGif aq;ukp&mawG &Sad eao;aomfvnf; uRef
awmfwrYdk mS a[majymyGw
J m0ef NyD;qk;H NyDjzpfojzifh tm;aeavonf/ q&m0efBuD; uarmZcifvidI f
onf oludk,fwkdifu aq;ukoa&;udpwGif tvkyf&Iyfaeaomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdYudk q,fvefY
&GmodkY ydkY&ef pDpOfxm;onf/
q,fvefrY mS rlp,fEiS ehf rfch rf;vrf;a[mif;ay:rS &Gmwpf&mG jzpfNyD; apmrGev
f \
S Zmwd&mG jzpf
onf[k tqkd&Sdaom&Gmjzpfay\/
uarmZcifvIdifonf uRefawmfwkdYtm; vrf;jytjzpf eef;crf;vl? eef;pdefyGifhESifhwGrf;,Of
qkdonfholemjyKq&mruav; 3 a,mufudk xnhfay;vkdufavonf/ olwkdY 3 a,mufpvkH; q,f
vefY&Gmolrsm; jzpfMuavonf/
olwkdY 3 a,mufteuf 2-a,mufrSm vm;&Id;aq;&kHBuD;wGif om;zGm;q&mroifwef;vm
wufaeMuolrsm; jzpfavonf/ wkdif;aq;&kHtkyfBuD;uarmZcifvIdifonf om;zGm;q&mroif
wef;udk tywfpOfzGifhay;vsuf&Sdavonf/ odkY&mwGif p&dwfr&Sdojzifh oifwef;olrsm;rSm udk,fh
p&dwfjzifh udk,fwufMu&avonf/ uarmZcifvIdifonf om;zGm;oifwef;qif;rsm;udk aus;&Gm
rsm;wGif cefYay;vsuf&Sdaomfvnf; bwf*swfr&Sdojzifh oifwef;qif;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd cefYray;
Ekid af o;acs/
ol&Y mG odYk jyefvu
dk &f rnfqo
dk jzifh eef;crf;vlEiS ehf ef;pdeyf iG q
hf o
dk nfu
h av;rESpaf ,mufonf
0rf;omaeMuonf/ wGrf;,Ofqkdonfh olwkdYoli,fcsif;ruav;wpfa,mufudkvnf; ac:vmcJh
Mu\/
oD[&wempmay
165
166
jroef;wifh
olwo
Ydk ;Hk a,mufukd *spfum;a&SUcef;rSm wifvu
dk Nf yD; aemufu pmaya[majymyGt
J zG0YJ if uRefawmf
wkdYav;a,muf? owif;axmufudkbkdeDESifharmifyifeD(aus;vuf)wkdY vkdufcJhMuonf/
um;vrf;rSm a&TvDjrpfurf;twkdif; azmufvkyfxm;jcif; jzpf&m wNidrfhNidrfhpD;aeaom a&T
vDjrpfukd vrf;wpfavQmufv;Hk awGv
Y mcJ&h onf/ uRefawmfwYdk a&mufonft
h csderf mS aqmif;wGi;f
jzpfonfhtwGuf a&TvDjrpfxJwGif a&aumif;aumif;r&Sd/ jrpfjyifBuD;wpfckvkH; ,mcif;awG? *sKH
cif;awGjzifh pdrf;pdkvsuf&SdNyD; a&pD;aMumif;rSm zJBudK;av;wpfacsmif;vkd cyfao;ao;rQom jrif
&onf/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif ajcvsifjzwful;oGm; &onf[k od&avonf/
vrf;wpfavQmufrS &Gmrsm;rSm arm&Sr;f &Gmrsm;jzpfNyD; oyf&yfoef&Y iS ;f Muonf/ a,musfm;
rdef;r uav;tm;vkH; &kyf&nfacsmarmMuonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhuav;rsm;rSm yg;tkdYawG
eDeD&Jvsuf&Sdavonf/ rdef;rysKdrsm;rSm uif;bwfzdeyftjzL? xbD? qG,fwmvuf&Snfudk 0wf
xm;MuNyD; yckH;wGif rmzvmudk wpfywfywfNyD; ausmay:wGif 0Jcswifxm;Muum acgif;wGif
vufudkify0gpnf;xm;Muonf/ vrf;wGif uRefawmfwkdY awGYcJhaom trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vkH;
avmufrSm xdkdtwkdif; 0wfpm;qif,ifxm;Muonf/ xkdteD;wpf0dkufu &Gmuav;rsm;rSm t
rsm;tm;jzifh v,form;&Gmuav;rsm; jzpfavonf/ wpf&GmESifhwpf&Gm eD;uyfvsuf&SdNyD; a,m
usfm;rde;f rtm;vk;H bdik pf u,fukd tok;H jyKMuonf/ xkv
d rf;wpfavQmuf&dS &Gmrsm;rS xl;jcm;csuf
rSm oefY&Sif;jcif;yif jzpf\/ trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;rsm;udk Munfh&onfrSm awmaus;vufrS vl
rsm;ESifhrwl/ NrdKUi,fav;wpfNrdKUrS trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;rsm;uJhodkY acwfrDoefY&Sif;Muonfudk
awGY&avonf/
wcsKdUu aps;qkdifxGufvsuf? wcsKdUu rkefnif;pdkufvsuf? wcsKdUu MuHckwfvsuf? tcsKdU
u 0ufpmauR;vsuf? tm;vk;H tvkyEf iS v
hf ufjywfonfr&S/d uav;tarrsm;u aeylqmxJwiG f
uav;xdef;&if; qG,fwmxdk;aeMuonf/ olwdkYtm;vkH;udk Munfh&onfrSm tm;,m;NyD; ysif;&d
zifhEGJY[efrsKd; rawGY&/ tvkyfESifhvuf rjywfatmif vkyfaeMuonfudk awGY&onf/ odkY&mwGif
tvkyEf iS v
hf ufrjywfatmif vkyaf eonf[k qk&d aomfvnf; a&;BuD;okwyf sm vkyaf eykrH sKd;r[kw/f
at;at;rSefrSef vkyfaeMujcif; jzpfonf/
uRefawmfonf at;csrf;aomolwkdYb0? vSyaomolwkdYa'o&Icif;ESifhacsmarmaomol
wd&Yk yk &f nfrsm;udk qufpyfawG;awm&if; vku
d yf gvmcJ&h m cPMumvQif apmrGev
f \
S Zmwdqadk om
q,fvefYodkY a&mufavonf/
q,fvefYrSm &GmBuD;jzpf\/ trsm;tm;jzifh awmifolv,form;rsm;? &ufuef;axmif
rsm; aexkdifMuonfh&GmBuD;wpf&Gm jzpfavonf/ 5 &ufaps;vnf; &Sd\/ uRefawmfwkdYonf eef;
oD[&wempmay
crf;vltrd u
f kd 0ifMu\/ eef;crf;vl\rdbrsm;rSm tvGe&f ;dk onf&h rS ;f awmifov
l ,form;BuD;rsm;
jzpfavonf/ olwt
Ydk rd x
f w
J iG f pku
d x
f m;onfEh iS ;f qDyifBuD;wpfyifwiG f vufzuf&nfyef;uefjym;
omomcefY&SdonfhESif;qDyGifhBuD;rsm; yGifhaeonfukdjrifcJh&avonf/
xkaYd emuf uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf aus;&GmvlBuD;wpfO;D \tdro
f Ykd vmcJMh u\/ aus;&GmvlBuD;[k
qkdaomfvnf; toufurl rBuD;vSao;/ trsm;qkH;&SdrS 30 ausmf 40 wGif;avmufom &SdOD;rnf
jzpfygonf/tvsifwkef;u rlvwef;ausmif;q&mjzpfNyD; ,cktcg aus;&GmaumifpDOu|jzpf
onf[k od&avonf/
olu apmrGefvSapwDudk vkdufjyavonf/ apmrGefvSapwDrSm olukd,fwkdifwnfcJhonfh
apwD r[kwfyg/ olYudk atmufarh&nfpl; wnfonfhapwDjzpfygonf/
apwDrSm &Gmtjyif cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif &Sdavonf/ apwDokdY toGm;wGif uRefawmfwkdY*spf
um;onf ajrjyefYrSae ukef;BuD;wpfckay:odkY wufvkdufavonf/ ukef;ay:odkYta&mufwGif
aumifpDOu|on fum;udk t&yfckdif;NyD; um;ay:rSqif;avonf/
]]tJ'g a&S;wke;f u usKH;eJNY rdKUwHwidk ;f ae&myJcifAs/ uRefawmfwYdk arm&Sr;f awGuawmh a&S;
wkef;u rkdif;armNrdKUawmf[m q,fvefY&Gmae&myJvkdY ,lqMuw,f}}[k ajymavonf/
usKH;rSm wdrfaumum csKHEG,fwkdY ydwfzkH;vsuf&SdavNyD/ NrdKU&kd;um; NrdKU&kd;a[mif;rSef;odEkdif
aom taetxm;wGif &Sdao;\/ tawmfjrifhaom NrdKU&kd;jzpfNyD; tkwfusKd;tkwfyJhrsm;udk ,ck
wkid f awGEY idk af vonf/ wpfae&mwGif csKHE,
G yf w
d af ygif;awG zk;H aeonfjh rifjh rift
h &mwpfcu
k kd awGY
ojzifh aoaocsmcsmMunfh&m ol&Jckdvkdvkd jyom'fvkdvkd tkwftaqmufttkHwpfck jzpfonfukd
awGY&avonf/
ausmif;q&mwpfjzpfvJ aumifpOD u|rSm &Sr;f vlrsKd;wkt
Yd aMumif;udk tawmftwefajym
Ekid o
f w
l pfO;D jzpfavonf/ olu &Sr;f 7 rsKd;&Sad Mumif;? a&TvjD rpf0rS ;f wpf0u
dk w
f iG f aeMuonf&h rS ;f
rsm;udk ]wkid ;f arm} odrYk [kwf ]arm&Sr;f }[kac:aMumif;? odE?D ausmufr?J oDayg? anmifa&Twpf0u
kd f
wGif aeMuonfh&Srf;rsm;udk ]wkdif;vkH&Srf;} odkYr[kwf ]uarmZ&Srf;}[kac:aMumif;? csif;wGif;t
aemufbufwGifaeonfh&Srf;rsm;udk ]cED;&Srf;}[kac:aMumif;? wkdufBuD;ESifhjzL;wpf0dkufwGifae
onf&h rS ;f rsm;udk ]ajrjyef&Y rS ;f }[kac:aMumif;? usKdi;f wkb
H ufwiG af eonf&h rS ;f rsm;udk ]*k&H rS ;f }[kac:
aMumif;? Aef;armf? rk;d ni;f ? rk;d aumif;wpf0u
dk w
f iG af eonf&h rS ;f rsm;udk ]&Sr;f eD} odrYk [kwf ]wkid ;f vQH
&Srf;}[kac:aMumif;? ]y,f&Srf;}[lvnf; &Sdao;aMumif;jzifhajymjyvkdufavonf/
oD[&wempmay
167
168
jroef;wifh
169
apmrGev
f aS pwDukd zl;ajrmf NrdKU&k;d rsm;? wHwidk ;f rsm;udk MunfNh yD;aemuf uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf
q,fvefYaps;udk avQmufMunfhavonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fu 5 &ufaps;rsm;xkH;pH rkefnif;csOfESifh
w&kwyf pn;f wkv
Yd rT ;f aom aps;uav;jzpfyg\/ aps;rSm rsm;pGm pnfum;jcif; r&Sad cs/ uRefawmf
wkdYwawG vufzuf&nfaomufcsifojzifh vufzuf&nfqkdifudk vkduf&Sm&m wpfqkdifrQ rawGY&/
&Srf;t&ufqkdifuav;awGom awGY&avonf/ &Srf;bmomjzifh &kdufESdyfxm;onfhykHjyifpmtkyf
uav;rsm;? 0wKpmtkyfuav;rsm;ukd awGY&avonf/
uRefawmfonf trSwfw&ypnf;tvkdYiSm &Srf;bmomjzifh ykHESdyfxm;onfhcGefqefavmESifh
eef;OD;ysifwkdYtaMumif;a&;xm;onfh0wKpmtkyfuav;wpftkyf 0,fcJhonf/
(32)
vG r f ; a&T v D
aeYv,fyidk ;f wGif uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf erfch rf;rS 4 rkid u
f mG onfah &TvBD udK;wHwm;udk oGm;Munfh
Muavonf/ uRefawmfwkdYpD;onfh *spfum;jzLuav;udkyif pD;cJhMuonf/ a'gufwmuarmZ
cifvidI o
f nf q,fvefo
Y Ykd toGm;wGif eef;crf;vlEiS ehf ef;pdeyf iG q
hf o
dk nfq
h &mrav;ESpaf ,mufxnfh
ay;vkdufNyD; a&TvDBudK;wHwm;okdYoGm;onfhtcgwGif vm;&Id;rSygvmonfholY&kH;trIxrf;ESpfOD;jzpf
aom eefqidk ;f ESiv
hf aD uGusif;qko
d nft
h rsKd;orD;uav;ESpOf ;D udk xnfah y;vku
d af vonf/ cgwkid ;f
c&D;rsm;wGif a'gufwmuarmZcifvidI f xnfah y;vku
d o
f nfv
h rf;jyrsm;onf uRefawmfwt
Ydk wGuf
olYenf;ESifhol tokH;0ifMuouJhodkY ,ckc&D;wGif vkdufygvmMuonfhvDauGusif;ESifheefqkdif;wkdY
onfvnf; uRefawmfwkYdtwGuf rsm;pGm tultnD&ygonf/ olwkdYonf uRefawmfwkdYodvkdaom
a'oE&a0g[m&rsm;udk &Sif;jyMu\/ vDauGusif;rSm &Srf;w&kwfjzpfonfhtwGuf &Srf;ESifhywf
oufvQif olYudkar;&\/ eefqkdif;u ucsifbmomESifha0g[m&rsm;ukd uRefawmfwkdYtm; &Sif;jy
avonf/
erfhcrf;rSm a&TvDBudK;wHwm;udk xGufaomvrf;rSm w&kwf-jrefrmvrf;rBuD;\tpdwft
ydkif;jzpfavonf/ w&kwf-jrefrmvrf;rBuD;onf rkdif;,krSwpfvrf; w&kwfjynfodkY0ifoGm;NyD;
aemufwpfvrf;rSm rlp,f? erfch rf;? Aef;armfwu
Ydk jkd zwf tdE,
d odo
Yk mG ;onfv
h 'D v
dk rf;rBuD;ESio
hf mG ;
qufavonf/ uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf erfch rf;NrdKUv,faumifukd jzwfoef;xm;onfv
h rf;rBuD;twkid ;f
taemufbufodkY xGufcJhMuonf/ vrf;wGif ucsif&Gm? &Srf;&Gmuav;rsm;udk awGYcJhMu&onf/
onfbufydkif;u &Gmuav;rsm;rSm rlp,fESifherfhcrf;Mum;u &Gmuav;rsm;avmuf oefY&Sif;jcif;
r&Sdawmh/ vrf;uvnf; zkefxlum tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif awmfawmfysufpD;aeavNyD/ ab;wGif
oD[&wempmay
jzifhvnf; azmfjyxm;avonf/
170
jroef;wifh
0ef;&Haeonfah wmifwef;rsm;udo
k m rjrif&vQif &Sr;f uke;f jyifjrifah y:wGif c&D;oGm;aeonf[yk if
rxif&/
av;rkdifavmuf oGm;rdvQif emrnfausmf a&TvDBudK;wHwm;odkY a&mufavonf/ ppft
wGif;u ysufpD;oGm;NyD; ppfNyD;rS jyefvnfaqmufvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k od&avonf/
a&TvDonf &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGif b,fae&mu MunfhMunfh vSNrJvSaeonf/
a&TvDonf rlp,fem;u MunfhvQifvnf; vSonf/ q,fvefYem;u MunfhvQifvnf; vS
onf/ erfch rf;teD;rS Munfv
h Qifvnf; vSonf/ ,ckBudK;wHwm;teD;u Munfv
h Qifvnf; vSonf
omjzpfygonf/ b,fae&mu MunfhMunfh a&TvDonf wNidrfhNidrfh pD;qif;vkdYom aeygonf/ a&T
vD\tvSonf &Srf;wkdYtvSESifhwlNyD; a&TvDwNidrfhNidrfhpD;qif;ykHonf &Srf;trsKd;om;wkdY\&kd;om;
aom? Nidr;f csrf;a&;? jrwfE;dk aom? jzLpifaomoabmudk uk,
d pf m;jyKxif[yfjyaeonf[yk if uRef
awmfqkdcsifawmhonf/
BudK;wHwm;jzwfoef;&mw0dkufwGif a&TvD\urf;ajrmifonf ao;oGm;NyD; ab;wpfzuf
wpfcsufwGif awmifBuD;awG rkd;aeonfhwkdif jrpf0Srf;onf aomifxGef;um wcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif
a&TvjD rpfonf ausmufw;Hk BuD;awGMum;rS Nidro
f ufpmG pD;qif;vsuf&adS vonf/ a&Tv\
D urf;pyf
aomifjyifESifhab;wpfzufwpfcsuf awmifcg;yef;rsm;ay:wGif awmify0gyef;awG azG;azG;vIyf
atmif yGifhaeMuavonf/
uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf a&Tvw
D w
H m;ay:wGiv
f nf;aumif;? a&Tvw
D w
H m;atmufu aomifjyif
xJwGifvnf;aumif; qif; trSwfw& "mwfykH&kdufMu\/ uRefawmfonf "mwfykHtvGef&kdufcJ
oljzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGif &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f c&D;wGirf l awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &ku
d jf zpfcyhJ gonf/
a&mufcJaygufcJvSonfht&yfjzpfojzifh trSwfw&oabm jzpfygonf/
xkdYaemuf uRefawmfwkdYonf a&TvDwHwm;udk jzwfMuavonf/ wpfzufxdyfodkY a&muf
aomtcgwGif 0g;wJuav;rsm;jzifh uif;apmifhaeaom&Jabmfuav;rsm;ukd awGY&\/ olwkdY
uif;wJa&SU befumteD;rS 0g;pm;yGJuav;ESifh0g;wef;vsm;uav;ay:wGif &JabmfokH;av;
a,muf [efaumuav;awGcs xrif;pm;aeavonf/
olwkdYu uRefawmfwkdY vmrnfudk BudKwifodESifhNyD;jzpfonfhtwGuf uRefawmfwkdYudk jrifh
onfhtcgwGif xrif;pm;ac:avonf/
oD[&wempmay
171
172
jroef;wifh
oD[&wempmay
173
(33)
ae&pfawmh erfhcrf;
174
jroef;wifh
uGwcf idk u
f vG,q
f rfqpf awmifwef;BuD;awGukd ausmfvQif odEcD sKdi0hf rS ;f ukd vSr;f jrif&av
NyD/ ,ck&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif; c&D;wGif odEDcsKdifh0Srf;ukd 6 Budrfwkdifwkdif uRefawmf jrifcJhzl;NyD;
jzpfonfhwkdif odEDcsKdifh0Srf;\tvSonfvnf; b,fawmhrS r&kd;Ekdifyg/ Munfhwkdif; vSaeygonf/
odEDwGif &SdaomrdwfaqGrsm;udk EIwfqufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdYonf odEDa&ylprf; odkYr
[kwf erfhtGefa&ylprf;odkY vmcJhMuonf/ a&ylcsKd; xrif;pm;&if; aemufum;rsm;udk apmifh&ef
jzpfavonf/
erfhtGefa&ylprf;odkY a&mufvQif uRefawmfwkdYonf xkH;pHtwkdif; eef;vkHcrf;wkdYqkdifrSm em;
Muavonf/ uRefawmfwkdYonf xkdvrf;udk &Spfacgufxufrenf; oGm;NyD;jzpf&m olwkdYqkdifonf
uRefawmfwEYdk iS &hf if;ES;D aeavNyD/
xkH;pHtwkdif; a&ylcsKd;&ef jyifqifaeMupOf eef;vkHcrf;onf uRefawmfwkdYbufodkYvSnfhNyD;
]]q&mwku
Yd dk {nfo
h nfwpfa,mufeYJ rdwq
f ufay;&OD;r,f}}[kqu
kd m tdrx
f o
J v
Ykd rS ;f &Sr;f
bmomjzifh wpfpw
Hk pf&m ajymvku
d af vonf/ ra&S;raESmif;yif uk,
d v
f ;Hk jynfjh ynfh tom;jzLjzL?
rsufESm0dkif;0dkif;? rsufvkH;rsufckH;aumif;aumif;ESifh touf 35 ESpfcefY&Sd trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf
xGufvmavonf/
tjcm;ol r[kwf/ tJaEG; jzpfavonf/
uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf ode;f azjrif\
h ]ta&SUajrmufwidk ;f wpfciG }f udk zwfNyD; tJaEG;udk odaeMu
aomfvnf; tJaEG;udk wpfcgrQ rjrifzl;ao;yg/ ,ck yxrqkH;tBudrf jrifzl;jcif;jzpfavonf/
ode;f azjrifh a&;cJo
h nft
h wkid ;f tJaEG;onf vSyonfrh ed ;f uav;wpfO;D jzpfygonf/ tJaEG;rQom
ruyg/ olwkdYusefnDtpfrrsm;onfvnf; wpfrsKd;pD vSMuonfom jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYu odef;azjrifhpmudk zwf tJaEG;udk odaeMuouJhodkY tJaEG;uvnf; eef;
vkHcrf;wkdY jyefajymojzifh uRefawmfwkdY\taMumif;udk odaeykH&ygonf/
eef;vkHcrf;wkdY? rcrf;,kHwkdYu uRefawmfwkYdwawG pm;aomuf&eftwGuf jyifqifaeMupOf
tJaEG;onf uRefawmfwpYdk m;yGo
J v
Ydk mxkid Nf yD; pum;ajymaeavonf/ olaY rmif ti,fq;Hk uav;
pHxGef;\r*FvmaqmifodkYvmjcif;jzpfonf[k od&av\/
]]q&mwkdY uRefrtaMumif;udkawmh odyfra&;MuygeJYaemf/ uRefra,musfm;u rBudKuf
bl;&Sifh/ [dkwpfcgwkef;u q&mBuD;OD;odef;azjrifhuvJ uRefrtaMumif;udk a&;oGm;vkdufwm pkH
oD[&wempmay
(34)
ae&pfawmh uarmZ
aemufwpfaeYrSm Zefe0g&Dv 8 &ufaeYjzpfavonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf um;ESpfpif;jzifh vm;&Id;rS xGufcJhMuavonf/ rxGufcifwGif uarmZ
cifvidI t
f rSL;jyKaomq&m0efBuD;rsm;? orm;awmfBuD;rsm;? q&m0efrrsm;u uRefawmfww
Ydk nf;
ckd&modkY wpkwa0; a&mufvmMuum vIdufvSJpGm EIwfqufMuonf/
oD[&wempmay
175
176
jroef;wifh
177
178
jroef;wifh
179
oD[&wempmay
180
jroef;wifh
tydik ;f (c)
xif;&SL;eHYoif;aom tpdrf;a&mifaEG&ufrsm;
oD[&wempmay
(1)
yltkdufaom waygif;v &ufwpf&uf jzpfonf/
yk&pfajzpif? awm0ef;usifvnf;
rif;vGif a&SU&SL? wl&&lwnfh
yOLoif;wGJ? aygufvJuif;ikH
&pfqkHvnf,Suf? aus;iSufyif,H
pkHpkHpHvsuf? a&TvQHawmvkH;
tkdifxkH;jrpfcGif? Munfpifjrjr
waygif; uonf. . . /
rD;&xm;onf awmifwufukd t&Sed ,
f &l if; w*sKH;*sKH;ckwaf eonf/ uRefawmfah b;rS armif
omEkd;onf rif;aZ,s,Erdwf\&wkwpfyk'fudk toHxGuf zwfaeonf/ olYtoHu rD;&xm;
ckwfoHESifha&maxG;aeonf/ Mum;& wpfcsuf/ rMum;& wpfcsuf/
olYuAsmzwfoHudk uRefawmftukeftpif rMum;&onfhwkdif? uRefawmfonf rif;aZ,s
,Erdwf\&wkudk aumif;pGm t&omcHEkdifygonf/ i,fi,fu xkd&wkudk uRefawmf BudKufvGef;
ojzifh tvGefusufcJhzl;onf/ &wkwpfykd'fvkH; uRefawmfaumif;aumif; rrSwfrdawmhaomfvnf;
ta&;rBuD;yg/ olY&wkukd uRefawmftjynfht0 t&omcHEdkifygonf/ rif;aZ,s,Erdwfpmyef;
csDjc,fcJhonfhMoumoavmuukd e*kdyuwdtwkdif; uRefawmfjrifae&aomaMumifhygwnf;/
[kwfonf/ yk&pfzl;wkdY ajyp? jrL0ef;wkdY ckdp? aygufvJwkdY ikHp? vufyHwkdY zl;p? aus;wrm
wkdY tkp? OMowkdY wGefp? anmif&GufawG a<up? &GufEkawG a0p/
awmtvkH;onf r*Fvmtaygif;ESifhjynfhpkHaeonf/ Munfhav&mwGif rif;vGifjrjrrIdif;
vsuf? aygufyGifhwkdY &Jyawmif;xvsuf anmif&GufwkdY ndK0ga&Tvsuf/ aMomf. . . ompG waygif;/
vIdif;wufblwmudk ausmfuwnf;u tnmaEG&uf\ta&mifudk wjznf;jznf; jy,fpjyK
NyD/ jra&mifEiS ahf &Ta&mifa&monfah EGujkd rif&pjyKNyD/ awmeHaY wmifeYH arT;pjyKvm\/
oD[&wempmay
181
182
jroef;wifh
183
184
jroef;wifh
oD[&wempmay
185
ajrjyefu
Y aEGwiG f &Gu0f gwGif zk;H aeaomfvnf; uavmrS aEG&ufrsm;um; tpdr;f a&mifviG f
qJ/ ,luvpfwyf&eHYESifhxif;&SL;eHYu oif;xkHvsuf/
uRefawmfwkdY\c&D;tqkH;rSm uavmjzpfonf/ uavmwGif pwnf;csNyD; teD;ywf0ef;
usifodkY avQmufvnf&ef jzpfonf/ rvnfjzpfvQifvnf; uavm\xif;&SL;eHYoif;oif;xJwGif
pmzwfEdkifonf/ pma&;Ekdifonf/ NrdKUay:wGif xl;xl;axGaxG oGm;p&mr&Sd/ ,mOftoGm;tvm
&Iyaf xG;jcif; r&S/d reufvif;vQif xif;&SL;awmawGxJ vrf;avQmuf/ wpfaeukef xdik
f pmzwf?
pma&;/ naewkdifvQif NrdKUywfvrf;twkdif; vrf;avQmuf/
rdwaf qGwpfa,mufu olaY etdrw
f iG af e&ef pma&;ay;vku
d o
f jzifh uRefawmfwt
dYk zkYd rsm;
pGm tcefYoifhaeonf/ uRefawmfwkdYonf wpfcgu ynma&;0efBuD;jzpfcJhonfhrdwDvmOD;b&if
tdrfodkY yxr0ifMuonf/ rdwDvmOD;b&if\om;wpfa,mufrSm uRefawmfESifhausmif;aezuf
jzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif olu
Y kd rawG&Y / &efuek o
f Ykd a&mufaeonf[k od&\/ olu
Y kd rawG&Y aomfvnf;
udpr&Sdyg/ rnfolYtdrfwGifrS wnf;ckdjcif; rjyKvkdonfhtwGuf &efukefrS rxGufrDuwnf;u u
avmwGif bef*vkd iSm;&ef vSrf; pDpOfcJhMuonf/ aemufqkH;wGif rdwfaqGwpfa,muf\bef*
vkdudk &onf/ olYbef*vkdwGif rnfolrQr&Sd/ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf wnf;ckdEdkifonf[kqkdojzifh uRef
awmfwkdYtzdkY rsm;pGm tqifajyoGm;onf/ olYbef*vkdukd tyfxm;onfhrdwDvmOD;b&if\ZeD;
vufodkY pmwpfapmif a&;ay;vkdufonf/
rdwDvmOD;b&if\ZeD;u touf 70 ausmfcefY/ odkYwkdifatmif usef;rmzswfvwfqJ/
qHyifrsm;wGirf l aiGa&miforf;pjyKNyD/ uRefawmfwYdk a&mufonft
h csdew
f iG f rdwv
D mOD;b&if\ZeD;
onf jcHxJwGif tvkyfvkyfaeonf/
]]vmMu. . . vmMu pma&;q&mawG? r[kwfvm;/ pma&;q&mawG vmr,fqkdwm &efukef
u pm&w,f}}
&efuek u
f ay;vku
d o
f nfrh w
d q
f ufpmudk ray;cif OD;b&if\ZeD;u ajymonf/ OD;b&if\
ZeD;aomhwGJudk ukdif uRefawmfwkdYudk ac:oGm;onf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf txkyftydk;rsm; qGJum rsufapmif;xkd;&Sd bef*vkdwpfckqDodkY vmcJhMu
onf/ bef*vkdu uavmNrdKUudk ywfxm;onfhqmMuLvm&kwfac: NrdKUywfvrf;ay:rSm &Sdonf/
tdycf ef;ESpcf ef;? xrif;pm;cef;? rD;vif;zkBd uD;&So
d nf/ {nfch ef;wkjYd zifh Oa&myqefqef aqmufxm;
oD[&wempmay
(3)
186
jroef;wifh
187
188
jroef;wifh
oD[&wempmay
]]oifykef;ausmufa&mif awmifwef;awGu
cspfol&JUqHjrEG,f
aejcnfu a&TqHxkd;}}
armifomEkd;u t*Fvdyfvkd uAsmav;wpfyk'fudk vufwef;&Gwfonf/
onfawmh uRefawmfuvnf; tm;usrcH uAsmav;wpfyk'fukd vufwef;&Gwfonf/
]]ykdif;yifawG&JU&eHYu cspfol&JUukd,foif;eHY
ykdif;&Gufcsif; xdyGwfoHu cspfol&JUwD;wkd;oH}}
uRefawmfEiS ahf rmifomEk;d onf acwfay:taemufwidk ;f uAsmtaMumif;udk vrf;avQmuf
&if; aqG;aEG;jzpfMuonf/
]acwfay:uAsm}[k uRefawmfwu
Ydk ac:aeMuonf]h armf'efy,
dk ufx&D}\oufwrf;onf
bmrQrMumao;/ tvGefqkH;&SdrQ tESpf 50avmufom&SdOD;rnf/ rwf0g'DwkdYurl acwfay:uAsm
onf t*FvefwGif pufrIawmfvSefa&;NyD;onhfaemufrS ay:aygufvmonfh"e&Sifvlwef;pm;\
uAsmopfjzpfonf[k qkMd uonf/ c&pwzkd maumvf'0f v
J \
f ]twkta,mifEiS t
hf ppftrSe}f usrf;
wGif olu t*FvdyfpufrIvufrIawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif;wGif ay:aygufvmonfhuAsmrsm;tm;
vk;H ukd acwfay:uAsm[k owfrw
S af y;onf/ olo
Y wfrw
S cf sufrmS pufraI wmfveS af &;rwkid rf w
D ek ;f
u ay:aygufcJhonfhpdwful;,Of0g'? *E0if0g'wdkYESifhjcm;em;atmif qkdjcif;jzpfykH&onf/ tuf
Z&maygif;? wDtufpftJva,mhponfhuAsmq&mwkdYurl ,ckuRefawmfwkdYu acwfay:uAsm[k
ac:aeMuonfharmf'efykd,ufx&Donf 20 &mpkxJusrS ay:aygufvmonfhypnf;[k,lqMu
onf/ olwkdYajymonfhacwfay:uAsmrSm uAsLya'otopfjzifh zGJYxm;onfhuAsmudk qkdvkdjcif;
jzpfonf/ wGif c&pwkdzmaumfvf0JvfESifhtufZ&maygif; polwkdYacwfay:uAsmudk teufzGifh
&mwGif uGv
J aJG eaMumif; awG&Y onf/ aumfv'f 0f v
J u
f taMumif;t&mudk OD;pm;ay; ajymonf/
aygif;u ed&nf;udk t"duajymonf/ tufZ&maygif;onf taemufwkdif;uAsmwGif edrdwfykH
0g'ukd yxrqkH; pwifokH;pGJolwpfOD; jzpf\/ aygif;u w&kwfpmay uRrf;usifonf/ wefrif;
qufuAsmrsm;udk zwf&if; w&kwfuAsmrsm;wGif edrdwfykHrsm;udk oGm;awGYonf/ okdYjzifh aygif;
onf taemufwkdif;uAsmrsm;xJwGif edrdwfykHrsm;udk pwifokH;pGJvmcJhonf/ ]edrdwfykHqkdonfrSm
todw&m;ESichf pH m;rIw&m; tpktaygif;udk w'*FrQom tcsdeu
f av;twGi;f wGi(f jrifom? xif
omatmif)wifjyaomt&m jzpfonf}[k tufZ&maygif;u teufzGifhcJhonf/
okdY&mwGif edrdwfykH0g'ukd taemufwkdif;rwf0g'DuAsmq&mrsm;? ynm&Sifrsm;u cyfapm
oD[&wempmay
189
190
jroef;wifh
(5)
uavmNrdKUywfvrf;onf emrnfausmfoavmuf vSonf/ uavmNrdKUu csKdi0hf rS ;f xJwiG f
&SdaeNyD; NrdKUywfvrf;rSm uavmNrdKUudk ywfywfvnf 0dkif;&Hxm;onfhawmifukef;awGay:rSm&Sdo
jzifh NrdKUukd pD; jrif&onf/ NrdKUywfvrf;onf awmifukef;awGay:rSm auGYaumufaeonf/ w
csKdUae&mrsm;wGif edrfhoGm;NyD; wcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif jrifhwufoGm;ojzifh vrf;avQmufvnf;
aumif;onf/
csKdifh0Srf;xJu tdrfrsm;rSm jrefrmtdrfrsm;jzpfNyD; NrdKUywfvrf;wpfavQmufu tdrfrsm;rSm
t*Fvyd yf pHk H aqmufxm;onft
h rd af wGcsnf;jzpf\/ uavmonf wpfcgu t*Fvyd w
f \
Ydk aEG&moD
pcef;NrdKU jzpfcahJ v&m taemufwidk ;f [ef? taemufwidk ;f ykpH o
H nf ajc&mvuf&mrysuf usefcahJ v
onf/
jcHBuD;awGu us,fonf/ jcHt0ifu uw&mvrf;wpfavQmufwGif xif;&SL;yifawG? ,l
uvpfyifawGu tpdrf;a&mifvGifaeMuonf/ tdrfawGuvnf; vSvSuav;awG/ NrdKUywfvrf;
tv,fwpfae&mta&mufwiG f vSycrf;em;onft
h rd Bf uD;wpfaqmifukd awG&Y onf/ eef;usya'
o&mZfwpfO;D \aEG&moDpt
H rd jf zpfaMumif; od&\/ aumif;pGmjyKpkxm;onfph rd ;f vJah omjrufcif;
wpfckay;wGif qHwkdukyf0JESifholi,frESifholi,fracsmacsmuav;wpfa,muf/ acgif;ay:wGif
bDtkdatpDav,mOfr,fawG aqmif;onfhzD'kd&mOD;xkyfudk rxdwxd wifxm;\/ jrufcif;ay:
wGif jrL;xl;ckefaygufum tarG;pkwfzGm;acG;uav;ESpfaumifESifhupm;aeonfudk awGY&onf/
olu arG;yGabmvkH;uav;udk ypfvkduf? acG;uav;ESpfaumifu ajy; ukdufcsDNyD; ocifrqD
jyefvmvkduf/
oD[&wempmay
191
192
jroef;wifh
193
194
jroef;wifh
qkH;jzwfjy|mef;ayonf/
ESpfem&Dausmfausmfavmuf avQmufrdonfhtcgwGif NrdKUywfvrf;tpGef;odkYa&mufvmcJh
Muonf/ NrdKUywfvrf;tqkH;wGif vrf;onf wjznf;jznf; edrfhqif;oGm;NyD; csKdifh0Srf;xJodkY a&muf
oGm;onf/ aMu;&wwfw\
Ydk pHtrd rf sm;r&SMd uawmh/ pdu
k cf if;rsm;? jcHrsm;ESiahf wmif,morm;rsm;
\tdrfukyfuav;rsm;udkom awGY&awmhonf/
uRefawmfwkdYonf awmifBuD;oGm;onfhaywpf&mvrf;rBuD;ukd jzwfausmfum uavm
aps;xJodkY avQmufMunfhMuonf/
uavmaps;rSm 5 &ufwpfaps; jzpfavonf/
aps;xJwGif &GmeD;csKyfpyfrSvnf;aumif;? awmif&kd;rsm;tay:rSvnf;aumif; qif;vm
onfhaps;0,folrsm;udk awGY&onf/ trsm;tm;jzifh &Srf;? "Ek? awmif&kd;? vt,fponfhvlrsKd;pk
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ uRefawmfwkdYum; xdkvlrsKd;pkrsm;udk cGJjcm; rodEkdifyg/ tm;vkH;teufa&mif
awG 0wfxm;MujyefonfhtcgwGif ydkyif trSwf&cufaeonf/
olwkdYbmompum;rsm;udkvnf; uRefawmfwkdY wpfvkH;rS em;rvnf/ pum;rsm;uvnf;
cyfqifqif? pum;oH 0JykHuvnf; cyfqifqif/
vGecf o
hJ nfh 4 ESpaf vmufwek ;f u jyifopfvrl sKd; bmomaA'ynm&Siv
f ifr,m;a&mufvm
NyD; olwkdYESifhtwl wpfvMumrQ aexkdifum olwkdYpum;udk avhvmoGm;onf[k od&onf/
]]uJ udkomEkd;? cifAsm;u bmomaA'orm;/ olwkdYtaMumif;udk? olwkdYpum;udk avhvm
NyD; ra&;oifhaybl;vm;}}
uRefawmfu ar;onf/ armifomEkd;u yckH;udk wGefYjyvkdufNyD;
]]avhvmoifhw,fqkdwm [kwfwmaygh/ 'gayr,fh tcsdefb,frSm&SdvkdYvJ/ uRefawmfhukd
b,folu xrif;auR;xm;rvJ? p&dwfpuawGu b,fu &rvJ? ckawmifrS q,fwef;pmar;yGJ
awGNyD;vkdY vmEkdifwm/ EkdYrkd&if wpfaeYvkH; ausmif;wufpmjyae&wmeJY zwfzwfudk armvkdY? bm
omaA'udk pdwfawmif r0ifpm;Ekdifbl;}}
armifomEkd;\tjzpfudk uRefawmf udk,fcsif;pmEkdifygonf/ ukd,f0goemyg&mudk vkyfEkdif
oD[&wempmay
195
(6)
waygif;vukefcgeD;onhfwkdif uavmwGif aeYv,fqkdvQif at;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfaeao;onf/
a&csKd;NyD;aemuf csrf;ojzifh uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf apmifjcKHNyD; auG;aeMu&onf/ uavmol uavm
om;rsm;url uavmonf ,cifESifhrwlawmh/ ykdylvmNyD[k ajymMu\/ xif;&SL;yifrsm;udk
Ekid if jH cm;odyYk &Ydk ef ckwv
f yJS pfonft
h wGuaf Mumifw
h pfaMumif;? vlO;D a&rsm;vmonht
f wGuaf Mumifh
wpfaMumif; ,cifuxuf tyluJ vmonf[k olwkdYu qkdMuonf/ olwkdYtajymt& EkdifiHjcm;
odkYydkY&ef uavmwpf0dkufwGif xif;&SL;yiftyifwpfaomif;avmuf vSJypfonf[kqkdygonf/ rnf
rQ rSef? rrSefudkrl rodyg/ uavmNrdKUywfvrf;ab; csKdifhxJwGif ckwfvSJNyD; ypfxm;onfhxif;&SL;
yiftcsKdUudk jrif&onf/ 0,fol(*syef)u rBudKufojzifh usef&pfcJhonfhtyifrsm;[k NrdKUcHvlrsm;
u ajymMuonf/ vSJNyD; ty,fcH&onfhxif;&SL;yifrsm;udkMunfh ESajrmaeonf/
naeydkif;usawmh blwm&kHu ukdwifhaZmfwkdYqkdifodkYoGm; xrif;pm;NyD; uRefawmfwkdYESpf
a,muf vrf;avQmufMujyefonf/ nae 6 em&DavmufqkdvQifyif uavmNrdKUywfvrf;ay:wGif
toGm;tvmr&Sdawmh/
armifomEkd;u udktHhBuD;\NrdKifx oDcsif;udk tm;yg;w& [pfvmonf/ olYtoHonf
wdwfqdwfaeonfhawmifukef;ay:wGif yJhwifxyfaeonf/
nusawmh uavmNrdKUywfvrf;onf aeYrSmxuf ydkwdwfqdwfaeonf/ jcHBuD;awGu
tus,fBuD;awG/ wpfjcHukd av;ig;{uavmufawmh &Sv
d rd rhf nf/ xkaYd Mumifh wpfzufjcHu toHukd
aumif;aumif;rMum;&/ em;pGifh axmifrSomvQif a&'D,kdoHoJhoJhudk Mum;Ekdifonf/
oD[&wempmay
196
jroef;wifh
uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf pmMunfph m;yGw
J iG f xkid u
f m pmzwfMu\/ armifomEk;d u ol&Y wkawGEiS hf
ol tvky&f yI af eonf/ uRefawmfum; pwefavbef;a&Sm\uAsmbmomjyefrsm;ukd zwfaeav
onf/
taemufwidk ;f acwfay:uAsmudk orkid ;f aMumif;t& avhvmonft
h cgwGif ynm&Siaf wG
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf tqkdtrdefYawG uGJaeonfudk awGY&onf/ ,ck pwefavbef;a&Sm
uvnf;wpfrsKd;/
pwefavbef;a&SmrSm tar&duefuAsma0zefa&;orm;jzpfonf/ olu pufrIawmfvSef
a&;rS 'kwd,urmppftNyD;txd umvukd ykdYpfarm'ef(acwfay:aESmif;acwf)[kowfrSwfonf/
pwefavbef;a&Smonfvnf; tjcm;aomynm&Sirf sm;uJo
h Ykd acwfay:uAsmukd owfrw
S &f mwGif
uAsLya'oajymif;vJvmykHudk t"duxm; ajymonf/ olu acwfay:uAsmwGif ajymif;vJ
csufBuD; 3 csuf&SdaMumif;? ,if;rSm 0guszGJYykH ajymif;vJjcif;? tzGJYtEGJYajymif;vJjcif;ESifhuAsm
q&mrsm;u jyifyavmuBuD;taMumif;udk rzGJYMuawmhbJ rdrdwkdY\tm&kHrsm;? cHpm;csufrsm;ukd
zGv
YJ mMujcif;jzpfaMumif;? tcsuf 3 csufonf acwfay:uAsm\vuPmcsufrsm;jzpfaMumif;
jzifh a&;onf/ olYtqkdt& oauFw0g'? o&kyfrSefvGef0g'? edrdwfykH0g'ponfhacwfay:uAsm\
*kdPf;rsm;om jzpfMuonf/ tar&duefuAsma0zefa&;orm;a':e,fa[murl acwfay:uAsm
onf 1901 ckEpS f t*Fvyd ef ef;pH0w
d &kd ,
d bk&ifrBuD; uHawmfuek o
f nfah emufyikd ;f rMumrDwiG f tp
jyKcJhonf[kajymonf/
tcsdefumvukd owfrSwf&mwGif tqkdtrdefYawG rnfodkYuGJuGJ olwkdYtm;vkH;wGif wlnDcsuf
wpfck&Sdonf/ ,if;rSm tjcm;r[kwf/ orm;&kd;usvrf;a[mif;udk cGJxGufum ykHoPmefopfjzifh
ay:aygufvmonfu
h Asmrsm;udk acwfay:uAsm[k owfrw
S Mf ujcif;yif jzpfygonf/ taMumif;
t&mtaMumif;udk odyfrajymMu/
]]acwfay:uAsmqkdwm[m uAsmukd qkdvkdwm r[kwfbl;/ uRefawmfwkdYacwfrSm ouf&Sd
xif&Sm;&SdNyD; uAsmawGudk avmavmq,fa&;aewJhuAsmq&mudk qkdvkdwmvJ r[kwfbl;/ acwf
ay:uAsmq&mr[kwfwJhacwfNydKifuAsmq&mawG tajrmuftjrm;&SdMuw,f/ acwfay;uAsm
opfudk a&;w,f? olYuAsm[m ta[mif;eJYuGJjym;w,f/ tpOftvmeJYjcm;em;w,f/ uRefawmf
wkdY arQmfvifhxm;wmawGeJY uGJvGJw,f/ olYuAsm[m topfjzpfw,f/ acwfay:uAsmvkdYajymae
wJhae&mrSm uRefawmf[m 'Dt"dyg,feJYajymjcif;jzpfw,f/ a&S;a&mracwfwkef;uvnf; acwf
ay:uAsmq&mawG ay:aygufcJhw,f/ uJAmwfpfwkdY? uufwkvwfpfwkdYqkdwJhuAsmq&mawGaygh/
olwkdY[m orm;&kd;usr[kwfwJhtopfjzpfwJhuAsLya'oawG okH;Muw,f/ ykHpHopfawGudkokH;Mu
w,f/ wjcm;bmomu ykHoPmefopfawGudk ,lMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh olwkdYuAsmawG[m tm;
oD[&wempmay
(7)
uRefawmfwo
Ydk nf uavmwGif pcef;csum teD;wpf0u
kd u
f dk avQmufvnfMuonf/ atmif
yef;? yif;w,? ponf. . . /
uavmwGif pcef;csojzifh awmifBuD;odkYvnf; ESpf&ufwpfcg okH;&ufwpfcg oGm;vnfMu
onf/ uRefawmfwkdYa&mufwkef;u awmifBuD;wGif zGifhxm;onfhr*Fvmaps;&Sdao;onf/ r*Fvm
&yfuu
G t
f eD;wGif zGix
hf m;onft
h wGuf r*Fvmaps;[k ac:aMumif; od&\/ r*Fvmaps;wGif Ekid if H
jcm;rS 0ifonfhypnf;rsKd;pkH&Ekdifavonf/ odkY&mwGif &efukefxuf ykdrpkHyg/ aps;uvnf; &efukef
ESifhodyfruGmvSyg/
oD[&wempmay
197
198
jroef;wifh
199
200
jroef;wifh
201
202
jroef;wifh
203
olwt
Ydk csif;csif; &Sr;f vkd ajymaeMujcif; jzpfygonf/ um;ay:wGif ygvmonf&h rS ;f uav;
wpfa,mufu bmomjyefjyojzifh uRefawmfwkdY em;vnfjcif;jzpfonf/ olwkdYum;rsm;udk vGefcJh
onfhem&D0ufavmufu wkdufvkdufjcif; jzpfavonf/
uRefawmfwu
Ydk m;onf olwEYdk iS hf 10 rdepfavmuf pum;ajymNyD;aemuf a&SUodYk qufco
hJ nf/
uRefawmfwkdYuom pkd;&drfaeaomfvnf; olwkdYudk Munfh&onfrSm bmukdrQ pkd;&drf[ef rwl/
awGY&kd;awGYpOf udpwpf&yf[k ,lqxm;MuykH&onf/ olwkdY'&kdifbm\vkHjcKHa&;tpDtrHudkvnf;
pdwfcsMuykH&onf/ xkdYaMumifhyif ygorQ a&TaiG&wemudk '&kdifbmvufodkY ,kH,kHMunfMunfykHtyf
jcif; jzpfvdrfhrnf/
awmifBuD;ESifhvGKdifvifvrf;c&D;um; bmrQpdwf0ifpm;zG,fraumif;/ wpfavQmufvkH;
awmifawGuckd snf; awGaY e&onf/ awmawGuo
kd m awGaY e&onf/ reuf 8 em&Davmufuwnf;
u nae 3 em&Davmuftxd awmufavQmuf armfawmfum;pD;vm&onfrSm yifyef;&kHrQru
ysif;p&mvnf; aumif;vSonf/
(9)
vG,v
f ifrmS awmifawG 0dik ;f &Haeonfv
h iG jf yifxw
J iG f wnfxm;onfNh rdKUjzpf odyrf at;/
{NyDvxJrSm jzpf tkdufpyfpyfjzpfaeonf/ uavmavmufyif rat;csif/ NrdKUu wpfcgu NrdKU
BuD;jzpfonfhwkdif ,ckawmh ajcmufajcmufaoGYaoGY/ &kyf&Sif&kHwpf&kH&SdNyD; wpfaeYukd ESpfyGJjyonf/
nvrf;avQmufvkdvQif vrf;avQmufp&mqkd &kyf&Sif&kHteD;wpf0dkufavmufom &Sdavonf/ odkY
&mwGif NrdKUjyif uefawmfBuD;url om,monf/
uRefawmfwYdk vG,v
f ifa&mufaewke;f awmifBuD;rS 0ifvmonfu
h eG Af KG id ;f um;wef;BuD; 0if
vmonf/ uGefAGKdif;um;rSm c&D;MuKHvkdufolawG jynfhaeonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;c&D;
onfawG? trsKd;orD;c&D;onfrsm;wGifvnf; i,fi,f&G,f&G,fawG/ ESpfq,fESifhtpdwfavmuf
om&SdMuOD;rnf/ olwkdYonf vrf;udk trsm;qkH;oGm;olrsm; jzpfMuykH&onf/ xrif;qkdifrsm;rSm
olwkdYESifhtodtuRrf;awG jzpfaeMuonf/ olwkdYonf awmifBuD;rSukefrsm;udk usKdif;wkHokdYo,f
vmMuNyD; usKdif;wkHrSukefrsm;udk awmifBuD;odkYjyefo,fvmMurnfholrsm; jzpfMuonf/ um;
oD[&wempmay
204
jroef;wifh
205
206
jroef;wifh
207
oD[&wempmay