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Failure Mode Identifier (FMI) Usage and Definitions
Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations
ATA: American Trucking AssociationCID: Component Identifier (CDL)[although this is really a circuit identifier]DOUT: Digital OUTput driver in the ECU.DTC: Diagnostic Trouble Code. This is the combination of the Fault Codeand the FMI.ECU: Electronic Control Unit. This has also been called ECM (ElectronicControl Module) in the past.EID: Event IDentifier. In Cat Data Link, some diagnostics are called events.Events are valid signals that are outside acceptable range (likeoverheating), position (coasting in neutral), or status. See Cat Data Link standards for more details.Fault Code: This is a term for use in this document to describe: CIDs for Cat DataLink, SPNs for SAE J1939, and SID or PID for ATA (SAE J1587).FMI: Failure Mode IdentifierOBDII: On-Board Diagnostics, level II. This is a legal requirement to supportadvanced on-board diagnostics for emissions monitoring and genericscan tool compatibility.PID: Parameter ID - identifies the data (size, scaling, units) communicated inthe messageSAE: Society of Automotive EngineersSID: Subsystem Identifier (ATA)SPN: Suspect Parameter Number (SAE J1939)WCI: Warning Category Indicator (used on Cat Data Link).
Standard Definition of an FMI
The Failure Mode Identifiers (FMI’s) are used with Fault Codes to provide more information onwhy a circuit or subsystem is faulting. The combined Fault Code/FMI is called a DiagnosticTrouble Code or DTC.
Failure Mode Identifier (FMI) Usage
Failure Mode Identifiers are used to indicate the detection method, not the estimated root cause.For instance, FMI 03 is for a diagnostic that trips due to voltage higher than expected. Thiscondition can be caused by an array of root causes. All the ECU can detect is that the voltage onthe pin is higher than the diagnostic trip point, and that is exactly the FMI we should use for thisfault. When applying FMI’s, always think in terms of “what is wrong with this signal” rather than“what do we think caused it”.
 
 
Nomenclature
The text descriptions for DTC should indicate the detection method and the circuit or subsystem itwas detected on, not the estimated root cause or component. For instance, FMI 03 is for adiagnostic that trips due to voltage higher than expected. The description for this FMI in servicetools and displays should read: [Fault Code] “voltage high” (for example “engine coolanttemperature voltage high”). This is all we really know. This condition can be caused by an arrayof root causes. All the ECU can detect is that the voltage on the pin is higher than the diagnostictrip point, and that is exactly what we should communicate to the technician.In order to maintain consistency with EID nomenclature, some test descriptions come in front of the fault code descriptions, and others after.
1.1.
 
FMI 00: Data Valid but above Normal Operating Range (most severe)
1.1.1.
 
Definition
The signal communicating information is within a defined acceptable and valid range, but thereal world condition is above what would be considered normal as determined by thepredefined most severe level limits for that particular measure of the real world condition.Broadcast of data values is continued as normal. Every electronic control system sets a highlimit for the “expected” operating range of the signal. The limit includes “over range”signals such as high converter temperatures. For example for a sensor, an FMI 00 would bestored if the sensed value was within the measuring capabilities of the sensor, but the sensedvalue is above the expected limit for the application. This is not to be used for “opencircuit!” This is to be used for things like overheating, overpressure, and so forth. (Region'e' of the signal range definition).
1.1.2.
 
Data Link Applicability
This FMI is generally not appropriate for CDL since CDL uses Event IDentifiers (EIDs) andWarning Category Indicators (WCIs) in place of this FMI. On SAE J1939, this is used toreport the most severe level (equivalent to WCI level 3).
1.2.
 
FMI 01: Data Valid But Below Normal Operating Range (most severe)
1.2.1.
 
Definition
The signal communicating information is within a defined acceptable and valid range, but thereal world condition is below what would be considered normal as determined by thepredefined least severe level limits for that particular measure of the real world condition.Broadcast of data values is continued as normal. Every electronic control system sets a lowlimit for the “expected” operating range of the signal. The limit includes “under range”signals such as a low engine oil pressure signal from a working sensor. For example for asensor, an FMI 01 would be stored if the sensed value was within the measuring capabilitiesof the sensor, but the sensed value is below the expected limit for the application. This is notto be used for short circuit! This is used for things like low oil pressure and the sort. (Region'd' of signal range definition).
 
1.2.2.
 
Data Link Applicability
This FMI is generally not appropriate for CDL since CDL uses Event IDentifiers (EIDs) andWarning Category Indicators (WCIs) in place of this FMI. On SAE J1939, this is used toreport the most severe level (equivalent to WCI level 3).
1.3.
 
FMI 02: Data Erratic, Intermittent or Incorrect
1.3.1.
 
Definition
Erratic or intermittent data includes all measurements that change at a rate that is notconsidered possible in the real world condition and must be caused by improper operation of the measuring device or its connection to the module. Signal data from a component ispresent, at least intermittently. The signal is either unstable or invalid as recognized by thecontrol doing diagnostics. Data can be correct sometimes and not at other times. This isdifferent from FMI 10. FMI 2 is used for situations where the rate of change is not physicallypossible. FMI 10 is used for situations where the rate of change is physically possible, butoutside the predefined limits of a properly functioning system. FMI 2 is also used for datathat is invalid, such as an invalid state of a parity switch.
1.3.2.
 
Data Link Applicability
This FMI code is acceptable for use on all data links.
1.4.
 
FMI 03: Voltage Above Normal
1.4.1.
 
Definition
The voltage identified is higher than expected from the component or system that the FaultCode identifies. FMI 03 relates to a signal circuit. In general, this FMI refers to the input butit can be used for any circuit that is using voltage on the ECU pin to detect faults. A voltagesignal, data or otherwise, is above the predefined limits that bound the range. (Region 'g' of the signal range definition).
1.4.2.
 
Data Link Applicability
This FMI code is acceptable for use on all data links.
1.5.
 
FMI 04: Voltage Below Normal
1.5.1.
 
Definition
Reference FMI 03 except voltage is lower than expected. In general, this FMI refers to theinput circuit but it can be used for any circuit that is using voltage on the ECU pin to detectfaults. A voltage signal, data or otherwise, is below the predefined limits that bound therange. (Region 'f' of the signal range definition).
1.5.2.
 
Data Link Applicability
This FMI code is acceptable for use on all data links.
1.6.
 
FMI 05: Current Below Normal
1.6.1.
 
Definition
The control detects that the current in the monitored circuit described by the Fault Code isless than expected and usually results from an open circuit. Generally, FMI 05 is related to acontrol output driver circuit. A current signal, data or otherwise, is below the predefinedlimits that bound the range. (Region 'f' of the signal range definition).
of 00

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