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MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
Content Page
Introduction 3
9.1 Sulphuric acid
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 4
9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 5
9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 9
9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 12
9.2 Ammonia and its salt
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 13
9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 16
9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 17
9.3 Alloys
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals 18
9.3.2 Meaning and purpose of making alloys 20
9.4 Synthetic polymers
9.4.1 The meaning and types of polymers 21
9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers 23
9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers 23
9.4.4 Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused 23
by synthetic polymers
9.5 Glass and ceramics 24
9.6 Composite material 28
Conclusion 30
References 31
INTRODUCTION
All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These
objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to
humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these
chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves.
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Chapter 9 of Form 4 syllabus introduces the students with manufactured
substances in industry. This is important for the students to appreciate the knowledge of
chemistry that is still new for themselves. Personally, I think that this chapter is an
interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. It
also gives me new knowledges of the uses of chemical substances that I usually found in
the laboratories.
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4. Sulphuric acid is a non-volatile diprotic acid.
5. It is a highly corrosive, dense and oily liquid.
6. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid.
Soluble in
water
Non-volatile Diprotic
acid acid
Properties of
Highly sulphuric acid Dense
corrosive
Oily Viscous
liquid colourless
liquid
1) To manufacture fertilizers
There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:
H2SO4
+2NH3 → (NH4) 2SO4
c) Potassium sulphate
H2SO4
+2NH3 → (NH4) 2SO4
2) To manufacture detergents
Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is then
neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon
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Synthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an example of a synthetic
fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.
The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The neutralization of
sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.
7) To manufacture pesticides
a. As a strong acid
b. As a drying or dehydrating agent
c. As an oxidizing agent
d. As a sulphonating agent
e. As a catalyst
Remove Manufacture
metal oxides pesticides As an
from metal electrolyte in
surfaces lead-acid
before accumulators 6
Uses of sulphuric acid
Manufacture
Manufacture
paint
fertilizers
pigments
Manufacture Manufacture
detergents synthetic
fibres
Metal cleaning
Synthetic
2%
fibres Dyes
9% 2%
As an As an acid
electrolyte 2%
10%
Fertilisers
32%
Detergents
12%
Paint pigment
Other
15%
chemicals 7
16%
Figure 9.4 Uses of sulphuric acid in industry
+ O2 →
S
SO2
b) Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide in dry air.
2 SO2 + O2 →
2 SO3
6. Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid
H2SO4+ SO3 →
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b) Oleum is reacted with water to form concentrated H2SO4.
H2S2O7+ H2O → 2
H2SO4
7. In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to
produce sulphur trioxide. This is:
a) To remove water vapour
b) To remove contaminants
8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric
acid. This is because:
a) sulphur trioxide has low solubility in water
b) sulphur trioxide reacts violently and mists are formed instead of a liquid
burned in air
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a) the presence of a vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst.
Oleum, H2S2O7
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2. Sulphuric acid is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the
presence of water. It also produces sulphurous acid.
3. Sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid are constituents of acid rain.
4. Acid rain can cause many effects such as:
i. Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structure
ii. Destroys trees and plants
iii. Decrease the pH of th soil and make it become acidic
iv. Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill
aquatic living things.
5. Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:
i. Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases
ii. Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium
carbonated before it is released
9. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.
Properties of ammonia
Pungent
Colorless
smell
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4. Nitrogen is absorbed by plants to produce protein in the form of nitrates, NO3−,
which are soluble in water.
5. The effectiveness of ammonium fertilizers is determined by the percentage of
nitrogen by mass in them. The fertilizer with a higher percentage of nitrogen is
more effective.
6. The percentage of nitrogen by mass can be calculated using this formula:
Mass of nitrogen
X 100%
Molar mass of fertilizers
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3. Nitrogen gas used in Haber process is obtained from the frictional distillation of
liquid air.
4. Hydrogen gas used in Haber process can be obtained by two methods:
a) The reaction between steam and heated coke (carbon)
C + H2O → CO +
H2
9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals
1. Pure metals have the following physical properties
a) Good conductor of electricity
b) Malleable
c) Ductile
d) High melting and boiling point
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e) High density
2. Pure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pyre
metals make them ductile and malleable.
a) A pure metal contains atoms of the same size arranged in a regular and
organized closed-packed structure.
b) Pure metals are soft because the orderly arrangement of atoms enables
the layers of atoms to slide over each other easily when an external force
is applied on them. This makes the matels ductile and metals can be
drawn to form long wires.
c) There are imperfections in the natural arrangements of metal atoms.
Empty space exist in the structures of pure metals. When hammered or
pressed, groups of metal atoms may slide into new positions in the
empty spaces. This makes metals malleable, able to be made into
different shapes or pressed into thin sheets.
3. The strong forces of attraction between metal atoms requires high energy to
overcome it. Hence, most metals have high melting points.
4. The close-packed arrangement of metal atoms results in the high density of
metals.
Malleable
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Ductile
Figure 9.8 Properties of metals
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atoms are replaced by the atoms of foreign elements, which size may be
bigger or smaller than the original metal atoms.
4. Hence, the layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding over each
other easily. This makes the alloy harder and stronger, less ductile and less
malleable than its pure metals.
5. The properties of a pure metal are thus improved by making them into
alloys. There are three aims of alloying a pure metal:
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2. Polymerisation is the chemical process by which the monomers are joined
together to form the big molecule known as the polymers.
3. There are two types of polymerization process:
a) Addition polymerization
b) Condensation polymerization
4. A polymer is a very big molecule (macromolecule). Hence, the relative
molecular mass of a polymer is large.
5. The properties of polymer are different from its monomers.
6. Polymers can be divided into two types:
b) Synthetic polymers
1. This type of polymer are man-made by chemical process in the
laboratories.
2. The raw material for synthetic polymers are obtained frompetroleum.
3. The types of synthetic polymers include:
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a) Plastics
b) Fibres
c) Elastomers
4. Examples of plastics are polythene(polyethylene),polyvinylchloride(PVC),
polypropene (polypropylene), polystyrene , Perspex and bakelite.
5. Polythene and PVC are produced by addition polymerization
6. Examples of synthetics fibres are nylon and terylene. They are produced
by condensation polymerization.
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e) Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured
f) Can be made to have special properties
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b) Inert to chemical reactions
c) Insulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity
d) Withstand compression but not stretching
e) Can be easily cleaned
f) Low cost of production
3. Differences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while ceramic is
opaque. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass.
4. Types of glass are
a) Fused glass
• It is consist mainly of silica or silicon dioxide
• It has high heat resistance
b) Soda lime glass
• It cannot withstand high temperatures
c) Borosilicate glass
• It can withstand high temperature
d) Lead glass
• High refractive index
5. Uses of improved glass for specific purpose
a) Photochromic glass
• It is sensitive to light intensity
b) Conducting glass
• It conducts electricity
6. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the main constituent of
aluminosilicate with small quantity of sand and feldspar.
7. Superconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.
Glass
1. Glass is made up from sand.
2. The major component of glass is SiO2.
3. There are four types of glass which are as follows:
• Fused glass
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• Soda-lime glass
• Borosilicate glass
• Lead crystal glass
Chemical
Name of glass Properties Examples of uses
composition
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Less resistant to
chemical reactions
Easy to be made into
different shapes
More resistant to
chemical reactions
Does not break easily
SiO2 (55%)
Low softening point Decorative items
PbO( 30%)
(600 °C) Crystal glass-
K2O (10%)
High density wares
Lead crystal Na2O ( 3%)
High refractive index Lens
glass Al2 O 3 ( 2%)
Reflects light rays Prisms
and appears spar Chandeliers
kling
Ceramics
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1. Ceramic is a manufactured substance made from clay that is dried and then
baked in a kiln at high temperature.
2. The main constituent of clay is aluminosilicate, (which consist of aluminium
oxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar.
3. Kaolinite is an example of high
4. Red clay contains iron (III) oxide which gives the red colour .
5. General uses ceramics are as follows of :
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Composite material Component Properties of Properties of
component composite
Concrete Hard but brittle, Stronger, higher
With low tensile tensile strength, not
strength so brittle, does not
Steel Hard with high
Reinforced concrete corrode easily, can
tensile strength but
withstand higher
expensive and can
applied forces and
corrode
loads, relatively
cheaper
Glass of low Transparent, does Reflect light rays
refractive index not reflect light and allow light rays
Fibre optics rays. to travel along the
Glass of high Heavy, strong but
fibre
refractive index brittle and non-
flexible
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Glass Heavy, strong but Light, strong, tough,
brittle and non- resilient and
Fibreglass flexible flexible, with high
Polyester plastic Light, flexible,
tensile strength and
elastic but weak and
not flammable
inflammable
Glass Transparent and not Sensitive to light:
sensitive to light darkness when light
Silver chloride, or Sensitive to light
Photochromic glass intensity is high,
silver bromide
becomes clear when
light intensity is low
CONCLUSION
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by
doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to
improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists
to make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new
problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new
use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and
lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may
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one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
REFERENCES
1. Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESS Chemistry SPM,
Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
2. Website http://www.answers.com
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