Ilmu Alam dan Ilmu Sosial: Beberapa Perbedaan

Dibandingkan dengan ilmu-ilmu alam yang kemajuannya sangat pesat, ilmu-ilmu sosial agak tertinggal di belakang. Hal ini disebabkan oleh subyek ilmu-ilmu sosial yang adalah manusia sebagai makhluk multidimensional. Obyek Penelaahan yang Kompleks Gejala sosial lebih kompleks dibandingkan dengan gejala alami yang hanya bersifat fisik. Kendati juga memiliki karakteristik fisik, gejala sosial memerlukan penjelasan yang lebih dalam. Hal yang bersifat azasi sering tak tersentuh oleh pengamatan terhadap gejala fisik karena sifatnya yang umum. Penelaahan ilmu alam meliputi beberapa variabel dalam jumlah yang relatif kecil dan dapat diukur secara tepat, sedangkan variabel ilmu sosial sangat banyak dan rumit. Kesukaran dalam Pengamatan Pengamatan langsung gejala sosial lebih sulit dibandingkan dengan gejala ilmu-ilmu alam. Ahli ilmu sosial tidak mungkin menangkap gejala masa lalu secara indrawi kecuali melalui dokumentasi yang baik, sedangkan seorang ahli ilmu kimia atau fisika, misalnya, bisa mengulangi percobaan yang sama setiap waktu dan mengamatinya secara langsung. Hakikat ilmu-ilmu sosial tidak memungkinkan pengamatan secara langsung dan berulang. Mungkin saja seorang ahli ilmu sosial mengamati gejala sosial secara langsung, tetapi ia akan menemui kesulitan untuk melakukannya secara keseluruhan karena gejala sosial lebih variatif dibandingkan gejala fisik. Perlakuan yang sama terhadap setiap individu penelitian dalam ilmu sosial bisa menghasilkan suatu tabulasi, tetapi peluang kebenaran pada perlakuan yang sama itu pun tidak sebesar peluang kesamaan dalam ilmu-ilmu alam. Obyek Penelaahan yang Tak Terulang Gejala fisik pada umumnya bersifat seragam dan dapat diamati secara langsung. Gejala sosial bersifat unik dan sukar terulang kembali. Abstraksi secara tepat dapat dilakukan terhadap gejala fisik lewat perumusan kuantitatif dan hukum yang berlaku secara umum. Tetapi kebanyakan masalah sosial bersifat spesifik dalam konteks historis tertentu. Hubungan antara Ahli dan Obyek Penelaahan Ahli ilmu sosial mempelajari manusia, makhluk hidup yang penuh tujuan dalam tingkah lakunya, sedangkan gejala fisik kealaman seperti unsur kimia bukanlah suatu individu melainkan barang mati. Karena itu subyek penelaahan ilmu sosial dapat berubah secara tetap sesuai dengan tindakan manusia yang didasari keinginan dan pilihan masing-masing. Ahli ilmu alam menyelidiki proses alami dan

menyusun hukum yang bersifat umum mengenai proses alam. Apa pun yang ia lakukan tidak bermaksud untuk mengubah alam atau harus setuju atau tidak setuju terhadap proses alam. Sedangkan ahli ilmu sosial tak bisa melepaskan diri dari jalinan unsur-unsur kejadian sosial. Kesimpulan umum dapat memengaruhi kegiatan sosial (ingat lagi hasil penelitian tentang lemak babi dalam beberapa produk makanan/ minuman!). Penemuan di bidang ilmu alam baru akan kehilangan artinya setelah digantikan oleh penemuan baru yang lebih baik, sedangkan penemuan di bidang sosial akan sangat mudah kehilangan artinya jika pengetahuan tersebut ternyata menyebabkan manusia mengubah kondisi sosialnya. Ahli ilmu sosial tidak bersikap sebagai penonton yang menyaksikan suatu proses kejadian sosial karena ia merupakan bagian integral dari obyek kehidupan yang ditelaahnya. Karena itu lebih sukar bagi seorang peneliti ilmu sosial untuk bersikap obyektif dalam masalah ilmu sosial daripada seorang peneliti ilmu alam dalam masalah kealaman. Keterlibatan secara emosional terhadap nilai-nilai tertentu juga cenderung memberikan penilaian baik/ buruk yang bersifat individual/ subyektif. Ahli ilmu alam mempelajari fakta yang terdapat pada alam, sedangkan ahli ilmu sosial mempelajari fakta yang terdapat dalam masyarakat kondisional. Ideal seorang ahli ilmu sosial tentang kondisi masyarakat yang diharapkannya dapat mempersulit perkembangan penelitiannya. Ahli ilmu sosial harus mengatasi berbagai rintangan jika berharap untuk membuat kemajuan yang berarti dalam menerangkan, meramalkan dan mengontrol perilaku manusia. Ini hanya dapat dilakukan bila ia gigih dan sabar. Kemajuan pesat yang dicapai ahli-ahli ilmu alam menyebabkan para ahli ilmu sosial mendapatkan tantangan berat untuk memecahkan masalah kemanusiaan. (Deobold B. Van Dalen

FILSAFAT PAKET 4
oleh Sandra Luntungan pada 26 Agustus 2011 jam 19:11 1. karena proses memperoleh pengetahuan ilmu alam melalui eksperimen. ilmu alam sering disebut juga ilmu pasti. contohnya : matematika disebut ilmu alam karena setiap eksperimennya menimbulkan bahwa 2+2=4, dan kebenaran itu PASTI.. sedangkan data ilmu sosial proses memperoleh pengetahuannya melalui analisis,dan analisa setiap orang itu berbeda... 2. belum 3. penyebab pertama : karena mereka takut melihat alat di kedokteran . penyebab kedua : mereka malu memperlihatkan gigi mereka yang kotor dan kurang terawat. ketiga : mungkinn krena trauma pernah ketemu dengan dokter gigi yang kurang bersahabat4. ada yang senang pergi kedokter gigi karena mereka ingin gigi mereka makin cantik, seperti memasang mutiara pada gigi, dan juga memasang behel.

peraturan : 1. harus menjaga tatakrama[ harus sopan dan menjaga tingkah laku dalam pergaulan, 2. wajib berpakaian rapi dan sopan. 3. wajib menjaga kebersihan baik itu ruang pratikum, ruang kuliah dan sekitar lingkungan 4. bagi mahasiswa dan dokter tidak boleh berkuku panjang 5. wajib mengikuti segala kegiatan di kedokteran gigi seperti :kuliah pakar, observasi, disk panel, tutorial, praktikum, roleplay, dan skill lab. Anatomi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari struktur dan organisasi tubuh manusia Fisiologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari fungsi berbagai organ dan sistem organ serta interaksinya dalam tubuh manusia Biokimia adalah ilmu yang mempelajari proses-proses kimia yang terjadi dalam tubuh manusia Histologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari struktur mikroskopik dan fungsi jaringan pembentuk dan penyusun organ dan sistem organ dalam tubuh manusia Farmakologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari obat-obatan, interaksi dan efeknya terhadap tubuh manusia Patologi anatomi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari kelainan struktur mikroskopik dan makroskopik berbagai organ dan jaringan yang disebabkan penyakit atau proses lainnya Patologi klinik adalah ilmu yang mempelajari kelainan yang terjadi pada berbagai fungsi organ atau sistem organ Parasitologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari penyakit-penyakit yang disebabkan parasit Mikrobiologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari penyakit-penyakit yang disebabkan mikroba 1. ^ a b c Dental Cavities, MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, page accessed August 14, 2006. 2. ^ a b c d e Epidemiology of Dental Disease, hosted on the University of Illinois at Chicago website. Page accessed January 9, 2007. 3. ^ a b c d e f g h Suddick, Richard P. and Norman O. Harris. "Historical Perspectives of Oral Biology: A Series". Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 1(2), pages 135-151, 1990.

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[sunting] Referensi
Sumber tercetak

Sumber dalam-jaring

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