Iran & North Korea Nuclear Timeline

Dear Policymaker,

Since the announcement that the P5+1 (United States, Russia, China, United Kingdom, France, and Germany) had reached an agreement with Iran over its nuclear activities, numerous comparisons have been made between the approach to Iran and the failed Six-Party Talks on North Korea. These parallels are not unfounded. Further, Secretary of State Kerry has previously acknowledged that actions relating to one of these rogues would affect the behavior of the other.

The Secretary underscored in February of this year, the need for a "swift, clear, strong and credible response" to Pyongyang's third nuclear test and the authoritarian regime's "continued aunting of its obligations or risk emboldening Iran. He added: "Just as it's impermissible for North Korea to pursue this kind of reckless effort, so we have said it's impermissible with respect to Iran. What our response is with respect to this will have an impact on all other nonproliferation efforts. However, the inverse is also true.

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To assist you in your oversight responsibilities and in developing a response to Iran that avoids repeating the mistakes that led to a nuclear North Korea and a weakened global nonproliferation structure, the independent analysts at Poblete Analysis Group have developed the following timeline. It summarizes and juxtaposes, for quick reference, developments regarding Iran and North Koreas nuclear paths. We hope you nd this tool useful. Updates to follow as events warrant.
This product is for informational purposes only. It was not petitioned or funded by any third parties.

2014 Poblete Analysis Group LLC McLean, Virginia

www.pobleteanalysisgroup.com

North Korea 2013

Technical - Nuclear

Iran

November 18: An Iranian opposition group claimed that Iran has developed a secret new nuclear site inside an 1,800-foot tunnel complex beneath mountains six miles from the town of Mobarekeh, within the Haft-e Tir military industrial complex. November 15: South Korean Vice Defense Minister Baek Seung-joo says that the southern tunnel at the Punggye-ri site can be used for another test at any time, but there are no imminent signs for such action. Also estimates that North Korea will have 6 kg of weapons-grade plutonium by end of 2014. November 13: Former national security council member Victor Cha warns of a potential 4th North Korean nuclear test late in 2013 to force negotiations, based on previous behavior. November 13: Ali Akbar Salehi, the head of Irans Atomic Energy Organization, said he hopes that the construction of a second Russian-built power plant can begin after March.

November 3: Kyodo News reports that Iranian and North Korean ofcials agreed in August to continue cooperation November 3: Kyodo News reports that Iranian and North Korean ofcials agreed in August to continue cooperation in nuclear and missile development. in nuclear and missile development. October 24: A SAIS report shows satellite imagry of two new tunnel entrances and continued excavation at the Punggye-ri nuclear site indicating future tests are planned. September 23: A report by Joshua Pollack, a Washington-based nuclear proliferation expert, along with Massachusetts Institute of Technology centrifuge expert Scott Kemp, states that North Koreans are now scientists capable of building advanced components for uranium based nuclear bombs on their own, cutting need to import centrifuge technology. September 13: Russian President Vladimir Putin met with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani and reportedly planned to offer to supply missile systems and build a second nuclear power reactor for Iran. September 12: Reuters reports that satellite imagery shows steam rising from Yongban reactor, suggesting that it is now operational following North Korea's promise to restart reactor in April 2013. August 28: The IAEA reported that Iran has begun installing more than 1,000 advanced, IR-2m uranium enrichment centrifuges, but has not put any uranium into the centrifuges. The report added that Iran appears to be restraining the growth of its stockpile of medium-enriched uranium by continuing to convert some of it into reactor fuel. August 17: Irans outgoing nuclear chief said Iran has installed 18,000 uranium-enrichment centrifuges. August 16: Irans outgoing Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi was appointed to head the regimes Atomic Energy Organization. August 5: The Wall Street Journal reports that Iran has made signicant advances on the construction of a heavy water reactor in Arak and could begin producing weapons-grade plutonium by next summer, according to U.S. and European ofcials. July 17: Siegfried Hecker of Los Alamos National Laboratory warns of Iran and North Korea sharing nuclear-weapon test data, saying it could accelerate development of nuclear weapons in both countries. June 17: ForeignPolicy.com published a condential report by a UN Security Council sanctions committee which states that Iran continues to evade UN sanctions on its nuclear program by changing its supply routes, erecting new front companies, and shopping the world for lower grade parts that are not explicitly prohibited by the Council, but are still capable of contributing to the assembly of a nuclear power reactor. May 3: The State Department stated that Iran and North Korea were trying to obtain high-tech materials linked to their nuclear programs, in violation of U.N. sanctions. May 3: The State Department stated that Iran and North Korea were trying to obtain high-tech materials linked to their nuclear programs, in violation of U.N. sanctions. April 15: Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visited Niger, the worlds fourth-ranked producer of uranium, amid reports that Iran is close to exhausting its domestic raw uranium reserves. April 9: Irans president announces an expansion of the countrys uranium production and claims other atomic energy advances, striking a pugnacious tone in the aftermath of diplomatic talks that ended in an impasse with the big powers on April 6 in Kazakhstan. April 2: North Korea vows to reopen the Yongban nuclear reactor in deance of UN resolutions, according to KCNA. March 14: President Obama tells an Israeli television station that his administration believes it would take Iran over a year or so to develop a nuclear weapon. March 1: Reuters reported that Swiss commodities rm Glencore supplied thousands of tons of aluminum via barter to the Iranian Aluminum Company, which provided aluminum to Irans nuclear program. February 26: Satellite images revealed the rst publicly available evidence that Iran is developing a second path to a nuclear weapons capability by operating a plant in Arak that could produce plutonium. The images also showed that numerous anti-aircraft missile and artillery sites are defending the plantmore such sites than are deployed by any other known nuclear sites in Iran. February 23: Irans Atomic Energy Organization reports it has found signicant new deposits of raw uranium (for total raw uranium reserves of around 4,400 tons) and identied sites for 16 more nuclear power stations. February 13: The Institute for Science and International Security revealed evidence that Iran recently sought to acquire from China tens of thousands of highly specialized magnets used in centrifuge machines, indicating that Iran may be planning to signicantly expand its nuclear program and reduce the timeline for the regime to obtain a nuclear weapons capability. It was unclear whether Iran had succeeded in purchasing the magnets. February 12: North Korea conducts its third underground nuclear test. Explosion yield was approximately several kilotons, according to the ofce of the DNI. It registered a 5.1 on the Richter scale, higher than both previous tests, according to the U.S. Geologic Survey. January 24: North Korea's National Defense Commission announces it will continue testing nuclear and longrange rocket technologies in deance of UN Security Council resolutions. October 24: Iran may need only a month to produce enough weapons-grade uranium for a nuclear bomb, according to a report by the Institute for Science and International Security.

Technical - Missile
November 26: Technicians from the Shahid Hemmat Industrial Group (SHIG) have traveled several times to Pyongyang in 2013 to work on a new, 80-ton rocket booster being developed by North Korea, according to a report in the Washington Free Beacon by Bill Gertz. The booster is intended for a new long-range missile that could be tted with a nuclear warhead. November 6: PACOM Commander Admiral Samuel Locklear says that North Korea's KN-08 missile, a road-mobile ICBM, is a serious threat to hit the U.S. with a nuclear warhead. November 5: South Korea's Defense Intelligence Agency said in a brieng in front of the National Assembly intelligence committee that North Korea has conducted 5 missile engine tests at the Dongchang-ri site in 2013. November 4: Jeffrey Lewis and John Schilling of SAIS and the 38 North blog say that North Korea's "fake" KN-08 ICBM is improving, indicating greater capabilities, which includes putting Los Angeles, Denver and Seattle in range. October 28: The SAIS 38 North blog shows satellite imagry suggesting that the missile launch site at Sohae is being upgraded in preparation for future tests. October 25: An Iranian-American dual citizen, Reza Olangian of Los Gatos, California, was charged with conspiracy to acquire Russian-built long-range surface-to-air missiles for the Iranian regime, as well as violations of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act. October 21: The heads of the Russian and Iranian air forces met in Iran to discuss increasing military cooperation, with talks focusing on "electronic listening systems, radar and missiles, including discussion of delivery of Russianbuilt S-300 ballistic missiles to Iran. September 27: The Iranian Revolutionary Guards announced the mass production of the Shahed-129 drone, which the Guards said has a range of 1,000 miles and a 24-hour non-stop ight capability, can carry eight bombs or missiles, and can hit both xed and moving targets. September 13: Russian President Vladimir Putin met with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani and reportedly planned to offer to supply missile systems and build a second nuclear power reactor for Iran. August 18: Former Iranian defense minister Ahmad Vahidi said that Iran is sixth in the world and rst in the Middle East in missile production, stating Iran had attained that level by attaining domestic technology for building solid fuel missiles, as well as designing and manufacturing surface-to-surface long-range missiles. August 8: Janes reports that Iran has developed a second rocket-launching facility that will likely be used to test ballistic missiles. June 9: Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said Iran had established a space-monitoring center. The West worries that space-monitoringrelated technology could be used to develop long-range missiles. Iranian Defense Minister Ahmad Vahidi said that the regime would share the data that the center acquired with other countries. May 18-20: North Korea res 6 guided short range rockets into Sea of Japan over three days. April 16: Irans deputy defense minister stated that the regime had test-red a new land-to-sea ballistic missile in the Gulf. March 2: The New York Times reported that an Iranian dhow seized off the coast of Yemen was carrying 10 Chinese heat-seeking antiaircraft missiles, likely assembled at a factory of the state-owned China National Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation, which the U.S. has sanctioned for transferring missile technology to Iran and Pakistan. The vessel reportedly also carried 10 SA-7 shoulder-red antiaircraft missiles, nearly 17,000 blocks of Iranian-made C-4 plastic explosives, 48 Russian PN-14K night vision goggles, and 10 LH80A laser range nders made by the state-run Iran Electronics Industries, also sanctioned by the U.S. November 26: Technicians from the Shahid Hemmat Industrial Group (SHIG) have traveled several times to Pyongyang in 2013 to work on a new, 80-ton rocket booster being developed by North Korea, according to a report in the Washington Free Beacon by Bill Gertz. The booster is intended for a new long-range missile that could be tted with a nuclear warhead. November 18: Iran unveiled a missile-equipped drone with a range of 1,200 miles.

United Nations
November 20: UN General Assembly's 3rd Committee passes draft resolution expressing "very serious concern at the persistence of continuing reports of systematic, widespread and grave violations of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights" in North Korea. November 11: Iran signed an agreement with the IAEA to grant the agency managed access to a uranium mine and a heavy-water plant within three months. An annex to the agreement noted six steps Iran would take by February 11, including providing information about planned new research reactors and sites for future nuclear power plants and clarifying earlier statements about additional uranium enrichment facilities that it has said it intends to construct. June 3: IAEA Director-General Yukiya Amano told the IAEA Board of Governors that Irans efforts to pave and asphalt over the Parchin site, where Iranian scientists may have conducted nuclear weaponsrelated experiments, likely will impede any future IAEA investigations into such experiments. May 22: An IAEA report claimed satellite photos reveal that Iran has begun paving and asphalt over a former military site, Parchin, where the regimes scientists may have conducted experiments related to nuclear weapons. April 8: IAEA Director-General Yukiya Amano stated that the agency cannot rule out that Iran is actively seeking nuclear weapons technology, citing credible information that Iran continued nuclear weaponsrelated research since 2003. March 4: IAEA Director-General Yukiya Amano told the agencys governing board that Iran must nally address concerns that it has sought to design an atomic bomb, calling for swift IAEA access to an Iranian military base where relevant explosives tests allegedly were undertaken. February 22: The IAEA reported that Iran is advancing in its construction of a nuclear plant at Arak that could produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. The report claimed that Iran has almost completed installation of cooling and moderator circuit piping in the plant. February 14: IAEA inspectors returned from talks in Tehran without a deal for reviving an investigation into suspected nuclear weapons developmentrelated activity by the regime and without a date for further talks. January 22: UN Security Council unanimously adopts Resolution 2087 condemning the December 12, 2012 missile launch.

Diplomatic
November 24: The AP reported that the U.S. and Iran engaged in secret, high-level negotiations for the past year that paved the way for the November 23 interim agreement. The negotiations were kept secret until two months ago even from close U.S. allies like Israel and from the rest of the P5+1. President Obama personally authorized the talks, which took place in Oman. November 20: Yonhap News reports that China is pushing for an early restart of 6-party talks. November 23: The P5+1 reach an interim, 6-month agreement on Irans nuclear program, subject to further negotiations on implementation. Iran agreed to temporarily stop enriching uranium above the 5-percent level. Much of its stockpile of 20-percent enriched uranium will be diluted or converted so that it cannot be readily used for weapons purposes. Iran agreed not to install any new uranium enrichment centrifuges, start up any not presently operating, or build new enrichment facilities. However, the agreement does not require Iran to suspend uranium enrichment entirely, as multiple UN Security Council resolutions mandate. Iranian President Hassan Rouhani trumpeted the agreement as a recognition of Irans self-proclaimed right to enrich uranium. In return for the initial agreement, the United States agreed to provide $6 billion to $7 billion in sanctions relief for Iran, including roughly $4.2 billion in oil revenue that has been frozen in foreign banks. November 13: Russian President Vladimir Putin pushes for an early resumption of the 6-party talks. November 5: Yonhap News reports that North Korea has staged thousands of cyber attacks against South Korea in recent years, causing $846 million in nancial losses. November 5: South Korea's National Intelligence Service (NIS) said in a report to the National Assembly that North Korea is using Russian technology to develop electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapons. November 5: Bill Gertz of the Washington Free Beacon reports that the Obama Administration remains adamantly opposed to restarting 6-party talks. November 4: South Korean President Park Geun-hye says that North Korea should not be allowed to capitalize on nuclear disarmament talks to earn more time to move its atomic weapons program foward. November 4: KCNA says that China's top nuclear negotiator Wu Dawei is visiting Pyongyang a week following meetings with U.S. ofcials in Washington. October 16: Nuclear negotiations in Geneva between Iran and the P5+1 ended without a breakthrough but on a promising note. White House press secretary Jay Carney said Iran demonstrated a "level of seriousness and substance that we have not seen before." The EUs Catherine Ashton called the negotiations the most "substantive" and "detailed" to date between the West and Iran. September 26: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and the rest of the P5+1 foreign ministers met with Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif in the highest-level formal talks between the U.S. and Iran in almost 35 years. September 5: Iranian President Hassan Rouhani announced that Irans foreign ministry, headed by Mohammad Javad Zarif, would take over responsibility for nuclear negotiations from the regimes national security council. July 16: North Korean cargo ship detained in Panama after "undeclared military cargo" was discovered as ship attempted to pass through Panama Canal. June 19: North Korea and China call for resuption of 6-party talks. June 6: North Korea proposes negotiations to reopen Kaesong Industrial Complex. South Korea immediately accepts offer. May 1: American Kenneth Bae sentenced to 15 years hard labor for "committing hostile acts" against North Korea. April 18: North Korea's National Defense Commission outlines conditions for restarting negotiations over nuclear program on KCNA. April 8: North Korea withdrawls all of its workers from the Kaesong Complex. April 6: The P5+1 and Iran failed to end a deadlock in nuclear negotiations during a new round of talks in Almaty, Kazakhstan. No new talks were scheduled. A senior U.S. ofcial stated that Iran is willing to take very limited steps on its nuclear program while expecting very signicant results in return. April 5: North Korea warns western embassies and recommends them to evacuate after stating it cannot protect diplomatic staff after April 10 April 3: North Korea blocks South Korean workers from entering the Kaesong Industrial Complex. February 27: The P5+1 and Iran ended two days of talks in Almaty, Kazakhstan with an agreement to meet further in March and April regarding a proposal that would limit Irans stockpile of medium-enriched uranium in exchange for some sanctions relief. The P5+1 reportedly dropped their demand that Iran shut down its nuclear enrichment plant at Fordow, instead seeking that Iran suspend enrichment work there and take steps to make it difcult to quickly resume making nuclear fuel. In another concession to Tehran, the P5+1 also reportedly agreed that Iran could keep a small amount of 20 percentenriched uranium. November 13: In a joint statement, President Obama and French President Francois Hollande urged Iran to accept a deal offered by the P5+1 regarding the regimes nuclear program.

North Korea 2012

Technical - Nuclear
December 12: North Korea successfully launches a Unha-3 rocket from the Sohae missile site and puts a "working satellite" in orbit.

Iran

November 16: An IAEA report states that Iran has completed work on the underground Fordo plantfor making enriched uranium, and is on the verge of being to triple its output of 20-percent enriched uranium. The same report stated that Iran has unloaded fuel from the Bushehr reactor's core to its spent fuel pond. November 11: IAEA Chief Yukiya Amano says that possible efforts to remove traces of weapons research at the Parchin site are "ongoing." Iran denies the allegations. November 1: Iran conrms that it has nished installing centrifuges at its underground Fordo site. October 25: Intelligience ofcials say that Iran has almost completed the nuclear enrichment plant located in the underground Fordo site. October 8: A report issued by the Institute for Science and International Security estimates that Iran could build an atomic bomb in as little time as ten months. September 26: The latest UN information indicates that Iran hopes to bring its Arak reactor on line in the third quarter of 2013. September 20: Iran's atomic energy chief Fereydoun Abbasi-Davani states that Iran has provided false information inrder to protect its nuclear program. September 17: Iran's atomic energy chief Fereydoun Abbasi-Davani tells the IAEA that power lines to Iran's Fordow plant were blown up on August 17. September 11: Diplomats say the IAEA has new intelligience that Iran has continued its work determining the destructive power of a nuclear warhead. September 1: The Bushehr nuclear reactor reaches full capacity, according to Iran's deputy nuclear chief. August 31: An IAEA report indicates that North Korea has made signicant progress in the construction fo a light water atomic reactor. August 30: Iran's top nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh returns to work after having been side-lined for several years. August 30: An IAEA report stated that Iran has doubled the number of centrifuges at the Fordo site from 1,000 to 2,000 in the period from May to August. August 7: Intelligience obtained by Israel and other Western countries indicates that Iran has made greater progress on developing its nuclear weapons program than previously thought. July 30: Reports from Israeli newspapers indicate that Iran has signicantly increased the pace of enrichment of uranium. July 25 : Japanese news agency Kyodo news reports that Iran and North Korea have agreed to strengthen their collaboration on bilaterial "strategic projects," which could include nuclear and missile work. July 25 : Japanese news agency Kyodo news reports that Iran and North Korea have agreed to strengthen their collaboration on bilaterial "strategic projects," which could include nuclear and missile work. July 22: Iran sends a new batch of uranium to fuel a medical research reactor in Tehran. June 20: ISIS publishes new satellite imagery which it said showed further activity to clean up nuclear work at the Parchin site. June 20: Experts testifying before the House Armed Services Committee state that Iran has increased its rate of nuclear enrichment despite cyber sabotage from the Stuxnet virus. June 19: Iran's chief nuclear negotiator tells reporters that "We insisted on the fact that the enrichment of uranium for peaceful purposes to all levels is the right of the Islamic Republic." June 12: Reports from Iranian news indicate that Iran has begun designing a nuclear submarine. June 9: North Korea says it is not planning a nuclear test "at present." May 31: North Korea's revised constitution declares that it is a "nuclear state." May 27: Iran's nuclear chief announces that Iran will not stop production of higher grade uranium. May 26: ISIS releases a report stating that Iran has produced enough low-enriched uranium for ve nuclear weapons, were the uranium to be further rened. May 25: IAEA inspectors nd uranium enriched to 27% at an underground nuclear facility in Iran. May 17: A website run by Johns Hopkins University and a former State Department Ofcial claims that satellite images show that North Korea has resumed construction work on an experimental light water reactor. May 14: An image is released of an Iranian facility with an explosives chamber needed for nuclear weapons related testing. March 7: The Associated Press reports that satellite imagery of an Iranian military facility showed trucks at the site, indicating a possible attempt to clean radioactive traces from the site, according to analysis by nuclear experts accredited to the IAEA. Iran later denied that such attempts were taking place. March 5: Analysis of satellite imagery taken in February shows progress in the construction of the light water reactor at Yongbyon. February 15: Iran announces that it has activated a new generation of centrifuges at its Natanz site that will speed up its uranium enrichment process.

Technical - Missile
December 31: Iranian forces red a purported new generation of surface-to-air missiles during a naval exercise. November 13: Analysis of satellite imagery by 38 North, a U.S. academic website, shows additional development of November 13: Iran says it has successfully tested a new air defense system modeled after the U.S. Hawk system. long-rage missiles by North Korea. September 24: Iran tests medium surface to air missiles and anti-ship missiles, while also unveiling a new drone. September 21: Iran shows off an air defense system during a military parade commemorating the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war. August 21: Iran claims to have upgraded the missile tested on August 4 with a quicker launch capability and longer life. The same day, Iran announces it will be building an air defense site. August 4: Iran claims to have tested an upgraded version of a short range ballistic missile. July 11: A report to Congress by the Pentagon indicates that: Iran has boosted the lethality and effectiveness of existing systems by improving accuracy and developing new submunition payloads." July 2: Iran successfully tests a medium range missile capable of hitting Israel. April 13: North Korea conducts a test of a long range rocket, attempting to launch the rocket into orbit. The test fails, and the rocket breaks apart before leaving the Earth's atmosphere. Japanese media reports that a 12 member Iranian delegation of engineers from engineers from Iran's Shahid Hemat Industrial Group (SHIG), which is involved in missile and satellite development, secretly visited North Korea to witness the launch. April 10: Satellite imagery shows an increase in the the amount of material adjacent to the site of North Korea's 2006 and 2009 nuclear tests, leading some to believe North Korea could be preparing another nuclear test. March 16: North Korea announces it will launch a long range rocket in mid-April to put a satellite into orbit. January 1: Iran tests a medium-range missile during war games. On the same day, Iran also tests its rst domestically produced nuclear fuel rod.

United Nations
September 11: The IAEA approves by a vote of 31-1-3 a resolution criticizing Iran and expressing "serious concern that Iran continues to defy" UN Security Council resolutions to suspend uranium enrichment and notes activities at the Parchin base that the IAEA says will "signicantly hamper" inspectors. September 5: The IAEA shows diplomats images of suspected nuclear clean up at an Iranian military site. August 29: The IAEA approves the creation of a special "task force" to better monitor Iran's nuclear program. August 24: Diplomats tell the Associated Press that Iran has shrouded a building the IAEA believes was used for work on atomic weapons. The next day, the IAEA, which had been pushing for access to the site at Parchin, stated that Iran had "sanitized" the site to the point where there would be little point in inspecting it. August 24: Talks take place in Vienna between Iran and the IAEA to discuss "outstanding issues" related to Iran's nuclear program. The discussions are later described as having "failed," with no plans for another meeting announced at their conclusion. May: The UNs World Intellectual Property Organization is discovered to have shipped sensitive technology to Iran and North Korea in possible violation of UN Security Council sanctions. May: The UNs World Intellectual Property Organization is discovered to have shipped sensitive technology to Iran and North Korea in possible violation of UN Security Council sanctions. May 22: The IAEA and Iran reach an agreement during talks in Tehran allowing the IAEA access to the Parchin military complex. April 16: The Security Council condemns North Korea's 4/13 rocket launch. March 5: IAEA head Yukiya Amano says that Iran has tripled its monthly production of higher grade enriched uranium, and that the IAEA has "serious concerns" about possible military dimensions to Iran's military activities. February 24: According to an IAEA report, Iran has rapidly ramped up production of higher grade enriched uranium, while failing to account for a quantity of missing uranium metal, which would be large enough for experiments in arming a nuclear missile. February 22: IAEA ofcials visit Iran and are denied access to key military sites. No agreement is reached between IAEA ofcials and Iranian ofcials on a document facilitating the clarication of unresolved issues in connection with Irans nuclear program, according to a statement by the IAEA. January 9: The IAEA conrms reports that Iran has begun uranium enrichment to a ssile purity of 20 percent at an underground bunker.

Diplomatic
October 25: EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton agrees to discuss next steps for nuclear talks with Iran's chief nuclear negotiatior Saeed Jalili. September 18: Iran's chief nuclear negotiatior Saeed Jalili meets with EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton to discuss restarting negotiations over Iran's nuclear program. September 1: Iran and North Korea sign a scientic and technological cooperation agreement. September 1: Iran and North Korea sign a scientic and technological cooperation agreement. July 3: Low level talks take place between Iran and the P5+1 in Istanbul. The talks recessed the next day without progress. May 23-24: A second round of talks take place between the P5+1 and Iran. The talks again recess without agreement, with an additional round scheduled to take place in Moscow in June. April 17: After international condemnation following the failed missile launch, the Korean Central News Agency quoted the Foreign Ministry as saying that North Korea was able to take necessary retaliatory measures, free from (the Leap Day) agreement, implying that the Leap Day agreement was no longer valid. April 14: Talks between Iran and the United States, Germany, France, Britain, China, and Russia resume in Istanbul. Talks adjourned without agreement. April 12: Ahmadinejad says Iran will not surrender its nuclear rights. March 9: P5 + 1 issue a statement urging Iran to grant IAEA inspectors access to Parchin, which the IAEA had previously said possessed a containment chamber that may be used for nuclear weapons related testing. February 29: The State Department announces that North Korea has agreed to a moratorium on enrichment activities at Yongbyon and a return of international inspectors to verify compliance. February 25: North Korea threatens sacred war over annual U.S.-South Korean joint military exercises even while demanding that U.S. negotiators in Beijing insert a phrase regarding the U.S. having no hostile intent towards North Korea in the Leap Day agreement being negotiated. February 23: United States and North Korean ofcials meet in Beijing for talks on North Korea's nuclear program.

North Korea 2011

Technical - Nuclear

Iran

September 3: Bushehr plant begins supplying electricity to the national grid. August 22: Iran says it is transferring its centrifuges from Natanz to the underground facility at Fordo. June 8: Iran says it will triple production of higher grade uranium, and shift production to an underground bunker. April 9: Iran announces the production and testing of second and third generation centrifuges. April 8: Nuclear fuel is loaded into the reactor at Bushehr. February 10: Director of National Intelligience James Clapper testies before HPSCI that, based on the likely prospect that North Korea has been pursuing enrichment activities for an extended period of time, "there is clear prospect that DPRK has built other uranium enrichment related facilities in its territory, including likely R&D and centrifuge fabrication facilities, and other enrichment facilities."

Technical - Missile
April 15:! A mobile rocket-launcher, which could be of Chinese origin, appears in the military parade in Pyongyang commemorating the 100th anniversary of North Koreas founder.! This raises the question of whether Beijing has been violating UN-imposed sanctions on North Korea.

United Nations
November 18: IAEA censures Iran over evidence that Iran is attempting to develp an atom bomb, with no further sanctions. November 8: The IAEAs quarterly report provides evidence that Iran is engaged in the process of developing a nuclear weapon. The report shows that Iran has not suspended its enrichment activities (violating Security Council resolutions) and is engaged in activities relevant to the development of a nuclear device, such as warhead design and testing triggering devices. The IAEA passes a resolution criticizing Irans nuclear activity, but does not call for new sanctions or recommend penalties. September 2: The IAEA releases a report stating that it is increasingly concerned about the possible existence in Iran of undisclosed nuclear related activities, including those related to the development of a nuclear payload for a missile. August 23: Iran allows deputy director of the IAEA to view a facility for developing advanced uranium enrichment machines. May 24: An IAEA report states that Iran has not suspended its enrichment or heavy water related activities (contrary to resolutions of the Board of Governors and the Security Council). The report indicates Iran conducted work on nuclear triggering technology with potential military applications. May 14: A leaked report shows Iran and North Korea appeared to exchange ballistic missile technology, violating sanctions.

Diplomatic
December 17: Kim Jong Il dies. He is succeeded by his son Kim Jong Un. November 30: A spokesman for North Korea's Foreign Ministry tells state news "the construction of an experimental light-water reactor and the low-enriched uranium for the provision of raw materials are progressing apace". October 25: The United States and North Korea conclude talks on steps to resume six party talks without agreement. July 29: North Korea and the United States hold talks at the US Mission to the UN. March 15: North Korea tells Russia envoy it is willing to discuss its uranium enrichment program if six party talks resume. January 21: Iran does not make any concessions in the six power talks. No further talks are planned.

North Korea 2010

Technical - Nuclear

Iran

December 5: Iranian nuclear chief states that Iran will use domestically produced yellowcake for the rst time, which will reduce reliance on imports. November 20: Dr. Siegried Hecker reports that North Korean ofcials showed his delegation what they claimed was an operating gas centrifuge uranium enrichment plant at the Yongbyon nuclear site. Dr. Hecker estimates that the plant had 2,000 centrifuges (most likely P-2 centrifuges) in six cascades, with a capacity of 8,000 kg SWU/year. October 26: Iran begins loading fuel into the core of its nuclear reactor. The plant was formally opened in August but the work of actaully loading the reactor core had been delayed. October 20: Iran's nuclear chief says Iran has 30 kg of uranium enriched to 20%- almost twice the amount reported in June. October 19: Iran steps up uranium exploration. August 15: Iran plans to build a third nuclear enrichment plant that would not be vulnerable to air strikes. August 12: An Iranian ofcial says that the country is ready to launch its rst nuclear power plant located in Bushehr. August 9: ISIS reports that Iran has begun using its second cascade to produce 20% enriched uranium more efciently. April 19: Iran says it will work on a new enrichment plant. April 9: Iran announces new, faster centrifuges. February 11: Iran claims to have enriched uranium to 20%, conrming an IAEA report that it intended to do so. Until now, Iran has produced uranium enriched to 3.5% for power stations. Western powers fear Iran is heading towards enriching uranium to 90% to produce a nuclear weapon.

Technical - Missile
February 2: Ahmadinejad announces that Iran will send its enriched uranium abroad. The next day, Iran launches a Kavoshgar-3 rocket capable of carrying a satellite.

United Nations
December 3: US Ambassador to the IAEA Glyn Davies tells the IAEA Board of Governors that the US believes it is likely that other clandestine uranium enrichment facilities exist in North Korea other than Yongbyon. November 23: An IAEA report inducates that Iran told the IAEA that 28 cascades are enriching uranium. Iran tells inspectors it has produced 7,017 pounds of LEU since February 2007, enough for two atom bombs if enriched to 90% ssile purity. November 12: UN report staties that North Korea is supplying banned nuclear and ballistic equipment to Iran, Syria, and Burma (Myanmar) using 'surreptitious' means to avoid sanctions. November 8: The head of the IAEA says that Iran has still not given proof that its atomic program is peaceful. September 24: Ahmadinejad addresses the UN in Geneva. September 13: Iran bars two key IAEA nuclear inspectors. September 6: IAEA reports conclude that Iran has amassed 22 KGs of uranium enriched to 20%. August 1: Mohammad Khazai, Iran's envoy to the UN, says "If the Zionist regime commits the slightest aggression against the Iranian soil, we will set the entire war front and Tel Aviv on re" by Farhang-e Ashti, a government-run newspaper. June 9: The Security Council approves a fourth round of sanctions against Iran in Resolution 1929. June 1: IAEA reports Iran has enough enriched uranium for two nuclear bombs. May 31: IAEA Board of Governors Report (GOV/2010/28) indicates that there are over 8,000 centrifuges operating at Natanz, with production of 2,427KG of Low Enriched Uranium and 5.7KG of uranium enriched to 20% . February 18: An IAEA report suggests that Iran may be actively seeking nuclear weapons capability.

Diplomatic
December 6: Talks begin in Geneva between Iran's nuclear negotiator and the EU's Catherine Ashton. November 23:! North Korea shells a South Korean island in one of the ercest attacks since the Korean War, resulting in South Korean casualties. October 13: Ahmadinejad visits Lebanon and addresses a Hizballah rally. October 7: Bahrain's ambassador to the United States tells The Washington Times that she fears her country - home to the U.S. Navy's 5th Fleet - could become the rst casualty of a nuclear-armed Iran. September 26: Iranian ofcial denies that the Stuxnet virus has hit Iran's nuclear site or softwares. August 16: Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad signs a bill obliging the government to press ahead with uranium enrichment while limiting cooperation with the IAEA. The bill calls for continued enrichment of uranium up to 20%. LEU fuel typically enriched to levels of less than 5%. July 24: North Korea's National Defense Commission threatens to wage a "sacred war" against the United States and South Korea if the two nations go ahead with scheduled naval maneuvers in the Sea of Japan. July 1: Obama signs into law tough new unilateral sanctions against Iran. May 19: South Korea blames North Korea for attack on warship. May 12:! Israeli Foreign Minister Lieberman states, while during a visit to Tokyo, that a North Korean arms shipment seized at Bangkoks airport the past December were destined for Hezbollah. April: South Korea announces that a torpedo was likely to have been responsible for sinking a South Korean warship near the tense North Korean border last week, Pyongyang denies involvement in sinking of ship. January 19: Iran formally rejects the deal to send abroad the materials that could be used to make nuclear warms.

North Korea 2009

Technical - Nuclear

Iran

December 14: The Times of London reports that it has obtained notes describing a four-year plan by Iran to test a trigger for a nuclear bomb. November 29: Iran announces plans to build ten nuclear sites. September 25: President Obama announces that Iran is building an underground uranium enrichment facility whose size and conguration is inconsistent with a peaceful program. May 25: North Korea conducts second nuclear test, rst test since President Obama's inauguration. April 9: Ahmadinejad inaugurates Iran's rst nuclear fuel plan near Isfahan.

Technical - Missile
December 16: Iran test res an upgraded version of its most advanced Sejil-2 long-range missile. September 28: Iran successfully test res its most advanced medium-range Shahab-3 and Saijil missiles in the third phase of a two day exercise. Iran's Foreign Ministry denied there was any connection between the tests and a dispute with the United States and other nations over a newly disclosed underground uranium enrichment plant July 4: North Korea launches seven Scud type ballistic missiles off of its Eastern coast. May 20: Pentagon conrms Iranian missile test. Iran tests a medium range Saijil-2 two phase solid fuel ballistic missile with a range of 2,000-2,500 km. The missile was the longest range solid propellant missile Iran has launched yet, raising concerns that Tehran's missile program is becoming more sophisticated. April 5: DPRK launches Taepodong-2 three stage rocket in an attempt to put a satellite in orbit. Experts believe the launch was a failure, however the US says the launch may be a cover up for a ballistic missile program

United Nations
November 27: The IAEA's board censures Iran for developing the facility near Qom in secret and calls for Iran to stop the project. Iran refuses. October 30: Iran tells the IAEA that it will not agree to ship uranium stocks abroad unless it receives nuclear fuel for a reactor in Tehran. October 25: Inspectors from the IAEA arrive in Iran to visit the recently-disclosed uranium enrichment facility near Qom. October 21: The IAEA proposes a deal to reduce Iran's supply of enriched uranium. September 21: Iran informs IAEA that it is building a second uranium enrichment plant and the project is underway near the city of Qom. IAEA says that Iran deed the NPT agreement by failing to disclose construction of facility at an earlier phase. June 12:! The UN Security Council unanimously adopts Resolution 1874 imposing additional commercial and economic sanctions on North Korea after its second nuclear test.

Diplomatic
December 12: Thais seize plane with shipment of 35 tons of North Korean weapons, including anti aircraft missiles. The ight plan shows that its ultimate destination was Iran. November 19: President Obama warns Irana that there will be consequences if Iran fails to respond to the nuclear deal. October 1: During a meeting in Geneva, Iran approves in principle to send 75 percent of its low-enriched uranium to Russia and France where it would be converted into a special fuel for a reactor in Iran making medical materials. August 29: The UAE seizes a ship carrying North Korean-manufactured munitions, detonators, explosives and rocketpropelled grenades bound for Iran September 9: The U.S. Ambassador to the IAEA Glyn Davies says that Iran is now either very near or in possession of enough low-enriched uranium to make one nuclear weapon. August 4:! Former President Clinton travels to Pyongyang to win the release of the two U.S. journalists and meets with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il. March 31: Five U.S.-based NGOs distributing food assistance in North Korea are expelled from the country. March 19: Top-ranked Iranian defector tells the U.S.that Iran was nancing North Korean efforts to build Syria a nuclear reactor. March 17: North Korea apprehend two U.S. journalists lming a documentary on refugees on the Chinese side of the Sino-North Korean border, taking them into North Korea. March 1:!Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, states Iran has likely enriched enough uranium to make an atom bomb, and that our time to stop them is running out.

North Korea 2008

Technical - Nuclear
December:! North Korea reneges on the verication process on de-nuclearization verbally agreed to with U.S. negotiator Chris Hill in exchange for removal from the terrorism list and the U.S.-North Korean bilateral negotiating process collapses. June 27: North Korea blows up the cooling tower at its Yongbyon nuclear plant, in front of international media and U.S. ofcials, including the current U.S. Ambassador to South Korea in order to demonstrate its commitment to denuclearization. June 21: German newsmagazine Der Spiegel reports that the al-Kibar reactor in northern Syria, destroyed by an Israeli airstrike in September 2007, was a locus of nuclear cooperation between Iran, North Korea, and Syria. June: In what is seen as a key step in the denuclearization process, North Korea makes its long-awaited declaration of its nuclear assets. April 24: CIA ofcials brief Congress about evidence that Syria had received help from North Korea to buid a nuclear reactor, destroyed by an Israeli airstrike in September 07. The evidence shown to Congress is said to include photographs and video, taken by Israeli intelligence, of North Korean technicians assiting in construction of the site.

Iran

April 8: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad states that Iran has begun installing an additional 6,000 centrifuges at Natanz.

Technical - Missile
November 12: Iran res Saijil, a new generation of surface to surface missile using solid fuel, making it more accurate then its predecessors. August 17: Iran launches a Sar-2 rocket capable of carrying a satellite into space. This rocket-launch is troubling because the technology could be diverted to ballistic missiles. July 8: Iran tests at least 7 missiles including a Shahab-3 missile with a range of 2,000km. The Shahab-3 has a range long enough to hit Israel, South Eastern Europe, and US military bases in the Persian Gulf.

United Nations
December:! The U.S. suspends cooperation in food assistance distribution with the World Food Program (WFP), a UN agency, due to concerns about WFP monitoring inside North Korea. May 26: IAEA report states that Iran has not addressed it concerns. It also describes a Green Salt project under which Iran has tested relevant high explosives and missile re-entry vehicles. April 18: IAEA Director General Mohammed ElBaradei says that Iran is running about 3,000 centrifuges, considered a threshold number that could allow Iran to enrich enough uranium for a nuclear weapon. Iran agrees to address IAEA concerns. March 3: Resolution 1308, which has taken months to negotiate, passes the Security Council. It: (1) bans the sale of dual use technology to Iran; (2) permits, but does not obligate, inspections of Iranian cargo; (3) bans the travel of certain named individuals; (4) calls for a ban on transactions with two Iranian banks; (5) adds additional assets to be frozen. Though it does not have a substantial effect on trade with Iran, and its provisions are weaker than the US and UK had hoped for, the US agrees to it for the sake of international unity in confronting Iran. Iran responds with deance. February 22: An IAEA report declares that Iran is testing a new generation of centrifuges. Press photos of Ahmadinejads visit to Natanz on April 22 will come to verify this.

Diplomatic
October 11:! North Korea is removed from the list of nations designated by the Secretary of State as state sponsors of terrorism in keeping with a pledge for removal that President Bush made on June 26 of that same year. August: It is subsequently revealed that some time during the month of August North Korean leader Kim Jong-il suffered a debilitating stroke; concerns rst arise over the North Korean succession issue. June 14: Solana formally presents P5+1 offer to Iran, which mandates suspension of enrichment before the resumption of negotiations. Iran immediately rejects the offer. May 2: Meeting in London, P5+1 offer Iran refreshed incentives, proposing greater political and energy cooperation. May: Iran and Syria sign memorandum of cooperation on behalf of their "independence and territorial integrity." April 16: P5+1 meet in Shanghai. March-April: North-South relations deteriorate sharply. North Korea expels Southern managers from joint industrial base, test-res short-range missiles, and accuses President Lee Myung-bak of sending a warship into Northern waters. February: South Korea's new conservative President Lee Myung-bak says aid to North Korea is conditioned on nuclear disarmament and human rights progress. January: US says North Korea has failed to meet the end of 2007 deadline on declaring nuclear activities. China urges North Korea to honour its commitments.

North Korea 2007

Technical - Nuclear

Iran

December 17: Russia begins shipping nuclear fuel to Iran. By June 2008, Iran will have received at least seven shipments, enough to become operational. Russia has also trained about 700 Iranian nuclear engineers. December 4: US envoy to North Korea Christopher Hill visits the Yongbyon facility and says progress on disabling it is "going well". November 29: Iran states that it has produced a new midget submarine equipped with sonar-evading technology. It may have been purchased, either assembled or in kit form, from North Korea. November 6: US nuclear experts announce that they have made a "good start" disabling the reactor. November: Russia takes steps to fuel the reactor at Bushehr. October 11: A team of nuclear experts arrives in North Korea to supervise the dismantling of nuclear facilities. October 3: Chinese ofcials announce North Korea has agreed to disable its nuclear facilities at Yongbyon and disclose full details of its nuclear program by the end of the year. September 7: Israel destroys in an air strike a nuclear reactor in the Syrian desert, suspected of having been constructed with North Korean technical assistance. September 2: The US says Pyongyang has agreed to declare and disable all its nuclear facilities by the end of the year. April 14: North Korea misses the deadline to "shut down and seal" its Yongbyon nuclear reactor in exchange for energy aid, saying the banking problem must be xed rst. April 9: Ahmadinejad announces that Iran can produce nuclear fuel on an industrial scale. January 21: North Korean Foreign Ministry denies report in the Daily Telegraph that North Korea is helping Iran prepare to conduct an underground nuclear test.

United Nations
November 15: IAEA report states that Iran has made some declarations related to its past activities, but fewer regarding its current ones. September 28: P5+1 and EU agree to put forward another Security Council sanctions resolution if Iran does not abide by its August agreement with the IAEA. August: Iran agrees to IAEA demand that it clarify questions related to its existing nuclear program by the end of 2007, but this agreement does not make stipulations regarding future Iranian activities. July 14: North Korea tells the US it has shut down its nuclear reactor after receiving the rst shipments of heavy fuel oil. IAEA inspectors arrive for a monitoring visit to Yongbyon, later conrming that Yongbyon has been shut down. June 26: IAEA inspectors are allowed in North Korea for the rst time since 2002. March 13: While in Pyongyang for talks, Mohamed ElBaradei says North Korea is "fully committed" to giving up its nuclear program. March 8: P5+1 meet in London to plan a new UNSC resolution. February 21: IAEA reports that Iran has continued enriching uranium in violation of Res. 1737.

Diplomatic
December 10: Ali Larijani, former Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council, tells Tehran University students that our stance is different from that of North Korea; North Korea was seeking to build [nuclear] weapons, but we are not; we do not believe that it [a nuclear weapon] will be a highly signicant thing for the country, because it undermines the world's peace of mind. December 6: US President Bush sends a letter to Kim Jong-il urging him to comply with North Korea's promise to disclose full details of its nuclearprogram. President Bush, who had previously referred to Kim Jong-il as a tyrant uses Kims party title of Mr. Chairman in addressing him. November 30: Solana describes his meeting with new Iranian negotiator Sayed Jallili as disappointing. September 5: Meeting with the North Korean Foreign Minister in Tehran, Iranian Foreign Minister Mottaki welcomed efforts made by the other side to pave the way for a visit to Tehran by Korean Leader Kim Jong Il to further expand the two countries' mutual relations and cooperation. The minister further noted the abundant proper grounds for the two countries' economic and trade cooperation, and called for the two nations' joint activity in such grounds as auto-manufacturing, mining, and house construction industries as well as scientic and research projects and technical and engineering services. September 3: North Korea says Washington has agreed to remove North Korea's name from a list of countries that sponsor terrorism. August 8: Iranian First Vice President Parviz Davoudi, meeting with the North Korean Foreign Trade Minister, states that commerce, trade, industry, technological know-how, scientic activities, and implementation of joint projects are among suitable grounds for broadening mutual ties. He further states that the oppressed nations would someday get rid of tyrannical powers, he said, adding that the Iranian nation and its government by adopting logical stands and through resistance have brought the global arrogance to its knees. August 4: Iranian government spokesman Gholam-Hossein Elham says that in contrast to North Korean, Iran has adopted a legal and systematic approach on its peaceful nuclear activities, made its commitments based on the International Atomic Energy Agency's Safeguards and has moved on a completely legal track under the agency supervision. June 25: North Korea conrms it has received the funds. June 12: Russia offers to facilitate the fund transfer, transfer is carried out via the Federal Reserve bank in New York. May 11: Signing a memorandum of cooperation with the North Korean Vice Foreign Minister, Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki states "the Iranian government is interested in expansion of ties with North Korea in various political, economic and cultural elds," he said while pointing to determination of the two countries' senior ofcials to continue amicable relations and cooperation. The North Korean Foreign Minister declares that North Korea is aware of the importance of bolstering ties with Iran and will support Tehran at the international circles and Iran's right to access to nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and voiced his country's readiness to further boost cooperation with Iran in various economic elds. March 22: Six-party talks to discuss progress on the 13 February deal are delayed after North Korea says it is unable to access its funds in a Macau bank. March 15: The US ends an inquiry into the Macau-based Banco Delta Asia, the rst step for a block on North Korea's accounts to be lifted. March 5: Iranian daily Ayande-ye Now reports that a small number of Iranian policymakers believe that Iran should go directly to America and instead of talking with the Europeans, negotiate with America and like North Korea, resolve its problems. The group believe[s] that interacting with America provided the possibility of giving and receiving concessions while at the same time one could resumes one's activities following the negotiations and their outcome. February 15: Deputy Majles Speaker Mohammed Reza Bahonor tells reformist website Aftab that the Islamic Republic of Iran only seeks nuclear technology for peaceful purposes, while North Korea's motives have been military. February 13: North Korea agrees during talks to take the rst steps towards nuclear disarmament. February 12: EU Foreign Ministers agree to freeze assets of the Iranian individuals named in Res. 1737. February 8: Six-Party nuclear talks resume in Beijing. January 9: Japan's PM Shinzo Abe says Japan cannot tolerate a nuclear-armed North Korea and calls for closer international cooperation to prevent a nuclear North Korea. January 6: Ala'eddin Borujerdi, head of Majles National Security and Foreign Policy Commission, tells Islamic Republic News Agency that the US should engage with a nuclear Iran. Contrasting Iran to North Korea, he says that we have practically gained our rights and have nuclear fuel cycle in our possession; we extract uranium ourselves; we produce yellow cake and hexauoride uranium ourselves; we make centrifuges ourselves; we do the enrichment ourselves and the IAEA too has taken its samples and conrmed them; so, we are different from a country which has recently been pursuing nuclear technology; the West should understand this. I do not at all wish to compare Iran with North Korea because we are not at all after non-peaceful use of nuclear energy; I mean the way the UNSC deals with North Korea."

North Korea 2006

Technical - Nuclear
October 16: US intelligence ofcials announce that air samples gathered from the test site contain radioactive materials indicating that North Korea carried out an underground nuclear explosion of less than 1 kiloton. October 9: North Korea claims to have completed its rst test of a nuclear weapon safely and successfully. October 3: North Korea's foreign ministry announces that it plans to conduct a nuclear test to "bolster" its selfdefense in the face of US military hostility, the Foreign Ministry says.

Iran

April 11: Iran claims to have enriched urnaium to 3.5 percent purity. January: Iran resumes enrichment activities.

Technical - Missile
July 5: North Korea test-res at least six missiles, including a long-range Taepodong-2. Later that day, ignoring international condemnation of its previous launches, North Korea test-res a seventh missile.

United Nations
December 23: The Security Council unanimously agrees to Resolution 1737, which prohibits the sale of advanced technology to Iran by UN member states and calls for the freezing of Iranian assets. An exception is made for the Russian-built reactor at Bushehr, and no travel prohibitions are sought against named individuals. It also demands the suspension of uranium enrichment by February 21, 2007. October 14: The UN Security Council votes unanimously to impose weapons and nancial sanctions on North Korea over its nuclear test. Resolution 1718 demands that North Korea eliminate its nuclear weapons, weapons of mass destruction, and ballistic missiles, allowing nations to inspect cargo moving in and out of North Korea to check for non-conventional weapons. However, the resolution is not backed by the threat of force. The resolution calls for North Korea to return "without precondition" to Six-Party talks on its nuclear program. July 31: The Security Council votes in favor of Resolution 1696, which sets a deadline of August 31 for Iran to fulll IAEA demands. The resolution was in accordance with Article 40 of the UN charter, which stipulates compliance but does not entail economic sanctions or possible military actions. July 15: The UN Security Council unanimously votes in Resolution 1695 to sanction North Korea over the missile tests, demanding that UN members bar exports and imports of missile-related materials to North Korea and that North Korea end its ballistic missile program. March 29: The Security Council agrees to a council president statement setting a 30-day time limit for Iran to suspend enrichment. February 4: IAEA again votes to report Iran to the Security Council.

Diplomatic
December 22: Talks end without progress. December 18: Six-Party talks resume in Beijing. October 31: China announces that Six-Party talks will resume, following a meeting between envoys from the US, North Korea, and China. September 28: Solana-led P5+1 talks on behalf of a temporary suspension of enrichment fail in Berlin. August 6: Iran rejects the P5+1 offer, especially the demand for immediate suspension of uranium enrichment. Iran calls for more comprehensive negotiations, and a provision that the US will not seek regime change. October 21: Omani Foreign Minister Yusuf bin Alawi differentiates between the Iranian and North Korean nuclear programs, saying that Iran in its nuclear programs has made international commitments, while North Korea has not only left the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) but has also vowed to continue its military nuclear activities. September 27: North Korea blames US nancial sanctions in the Banco Delta Asia action for the deadlock in multilateral talks on its nuclear program. September 11: Senior US diplomat Christopher Hill says that a North Korean nuclear test would be a provocative act. July 7: South Korea suspends food aid in response to the missile tests. July 3: A White House spokesman dismisses as "deeply hypothetical" the threat by North Korea that it will launch a nuclear strike against the US in the event of an American attack. June 6: EU representative Javier Solana formally presents the P5+1 offer to Iran. The incentives are: (1) negotiations on EU-Iran trade agreements and Iranian accession into the WTO; (2) lifting of US sanctions to permit commercial aircraft and aircraft part sales; (3) sale of light-water nuclear reactor and nuclear fuel; (4) energy partnership between Iran and E.U; (5) support for Persian Gulf regional security forum; (6) possibility for Iran to resume uranium enrichment for civilian purposes if it eventually meets all IAEA requirements. The sanctions are: (1) denial of visas to Iranians involved in the nuclear program; (2) freezing of Iranian assets; (2) banning of technology, arms, and gasoline sales; (4) abandonment of support of Iranian accession to the WTO. June 1: P5+1 negotiating group formed from the ve permanent members of the Security Council plus Germany. May 31: As a result of opposition from Russia and China to punish Iran, and in order to build support for multilateral sanctions, the US government offers to join the EU-3 talks with Iran if it rst suspends uranium enrichment. April 12: A two-day meeting to persuade North Korea to return to talks on its nuclear program does not produce results. October 21: Omani Foreign Minister Yusuf bin Alawi differentiates between the Iranian and North Korean nuclear programs, saying that Iran in its nuclear programs has made international commitments, while North Korea has not only left the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) but has also vowed to continue its military nuclear activities.

North Korea 2005

Technical - Nuclear
December 20: North Korea says it intends to resume building nuclear reactors because the US pulled out of a key deal to build it two new reactors. May 11: North Korea anounces the completion of extraction of spent fuel rods from Yongbyon, as part of plans to "increase its nuclear arsenal". April 18: South Korea says North Korea has shut down its Yongbyon reactor, which could allow it to extract more fuel for nuclear weapons.

Iran

August 8: Iran breaks IAEA seals at Isfahan and begins uranium conversion, the stage before enrichment.

Technical - Missile
May 1: North Korea res a short-range missile into the Sea of Japan.

United Nations
2006-2008: IAEA says that it cannot verify that Irans program is purely peaceful. IAEA reports cite documents that show that the Iranian military is closely involved in the countrys nuclear program. September 24: IAEA determines that Iran is in non-compliance with the NPT and refers the issue to the Security Council, but without a time limit.

Diplomatic
November 11: Fifth round of Six-Party talks ends without progress. November: Russia proposes that Iran establish a facility in Russia to conduct its own uranium enrichment. Iran rejects this proposal, and puts advertisements in US newspapers claiming that its nuclear program is for electricity generation. September 20: North Korea says it will not scrap its nuclear program until it is given a civilian nuclear reactor, undermining the joint statement. September 19: In a joint statement, North Korea agrees to give up all its nuclear activities and rejoin the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, while the US says it has no intention of attacking North Korea. September 13: Talks resume, but a new North Korean request to be built a light water reactor prompts threats of a "standoff". August 7: The talks reach deadlock and a recess is called. August 6: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is elected president of Iran. The Paris Agreement breaks down shortly thereafter, when his regime rejects as insufcient the EU-3 offer to help Iran develop civilian nuclear energy and certain security guarantees in exchange for (1) suspension of uranium enrichment, (2) closure of the Arak heavy water reactor, (3) agreement to no-notice nuclear inspections, and (4) afrmation that the regime would not abandon the Non-Proliferation Treaty. July 25: Fourth round of Six-Party talks begins in Beijing. July 12: South Korea offers the North huge amounts of electricity as an incentive to end its nuclear weapons program. July 9: North Korea says it will rejoin nuclear talks. March 11: The Bush administration declares that it will support the EU-3 position by offering to drop its objection to Iranian accession to the WTO and reconsidering the ban on civilian aircraft part sales to Iran. February 28: Russia signs an agreement with Iran to take back spent nuclear material. February 10: North Korea says it is suspending its participation in the talks over its nuclear program because of the United States' intention to "antagonize, isolate and stie it at any cost". The statement repeats North Korea's claim to have built nuclear weapons for self-defense. January 14: North Korean state news announces North Korea is willing to restart talks on its nuclear program. January: EU-3 and Iran enter into talks on a trade and cooperation accord (TCA).

North Korea 2004

Technical - Nuclear
September 28: North Korea says it has turned plutonium from 8,000 spent fuel rods into nuclear weapons, which are needed for weapons "self-defense" against the "US nuclear threat". January 22: US nuclear scientist Siegfried Hecker tells Congress that the delegates visiting Yongbyon were shown what appeared to be weapons-grade plutonium, but did not see any evidence of a nuclear bomb.

Iran

September 28: North Korea says it has turned plutonium from 8,000 spent fuel rods into nuclear weapons, which are needed for weapons "self-defense" against the "US nuclear threat". September: ISIS releases satellite photographs of the military site at Parchin.

United Nations
May 23: The IAEA investigates allegations that North Korea secretly sent uranium to Libya. February 24: IAEA again reports that Iran had violated its Non-Proliferation Treaty obligations over an 18-year period.

Diplomatic
December 13: EU-3 and Iran enter into negotiations on a permanent nuclear pact. November 14: EU-3 and Iran reach the Paris Agreement, committing Iran to suspend uranium enrichment in exchange for renewed trade talks and other aid. July 2: Secretary of State Colin Powell meets North Korean Foreign Minister Paek Nam-sun, the highest-level talks between the two countries since the crisis erupted. June 23: Six-Party talks are held in Beijing. The US makes a new offer to allow North Korea fuel aid if it freezes and subsequently dismantles its nuclear programs. January 10: An unofcial US team visits Yongbyon.

North Korea 2003

Technical - Nuclear
October 16: North Korea says it will display its nuclear deterrent. October 2: North Korea announces it has reprocessed the spent fuel rods. July 9: South Korea's spy agency says North Korea has started reprocessing a "small number" of the 8,000 spent nuclear fuel rods at Yongbyon. June 9: North Korea says it will build a nuclear deterrent, "unless the US gives up its hostile policy". April 18: North Korea announces that it has started reprocessing its spent fuel rods, although the statement is later amended to say Pyongyang has been "successfully going forward to reprocess" the rods. February 5: North Korea announces reactivation of its nuclear facilities with operations proceeding "on a normal footing." January 31: US ofcials are quoted as saying that spy satellites have tracked movement at Yongbyon throughout January, prompting fears that North Korea is trying to reprocess plutonium for nuclear bombs.

Iran

Technical - Missile
October 13: Russia announces that plans to start the Bushehr reactor are delayed for technical reasons. March 10: North Korea res a second missile into the sea between South Korea and Japan. February 24: North Korea launches a missile into the sea between South Korea and Japan.

United Nations
November 26: The IAEA passes a resolution censuring Iran, but does not call for sanctions. November 10-11: Iran states it is suspending uranium enrichment. The IAEA reports Iran admitted to producing plutionium, but says there is no evidence Iran is trying to build a bomb. October 31: The IAEA says Iran has given a "comprehensive" declaration of its nuclear activities. July: IAEA begins new inspections in Iran. June 16: IAEA chief Mohammed ElBaradei says that "Iran failed to report certain materials and activities" and calls for "cooperative actions" by Iran. However, Iran is not said to be in breach of the Non-Proliferation treaty. April 9: The Security Council expresses concern about North Korea's nuclear program, but does not condemn Pyongyang for withdrawing from the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. February 12: The IAEA determines North Korea violated nuclear safeguards and refers the matter to the UN Security Council. February: The IAEA begins a series of inspections in Iran. Iran insists the sites at Natanz, Arak, and Bushehr are designed to produce fuel for future power plants. January 6: The IAEA passes calls for North Korea to admit UN inspectors and abandon its secret nuclear weapons program "within weeks", or face possible action by the Security Council.

Diplomatic
December 18: Iran signs the Additional Protocol, but the Majles does not ratify it. December 9: The U.S. rejects North Koreas offer to "freeze" its nuclear program in return for a list of concessions. October 30: North Korea agrees to resume talks on its nuclear program. October 21: In return for peaceful, civilian nuclear technology, Iran pledges (1) to fully disclose its past nuclear activities, (2) to sign and ratify the Additional Protocol to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and (3) to suspend uranium enrichment activities. September: Washington states that Iran is not complying with international non-proliferation agreements. August 27-29: Six-Party talks in Beijing on North Korea's nuclear program end without agreement. August 1: North Korea agrees to Six-Party talks on its nuclear program with South Korea, the US, Japan, China and Russia. June 2: A congressional delegation led by Curt Weldon says North Korean ofcials admitted they had nuclear weapons. May 12: North Korea says it is scrapping a 1992 agreement with the South to keep the peninsula free from nuclear weapons - Pyongyang's last remaining international agreement on non-proliferation. April 24: Talks between the U.S. and North Korea end a day early, as American ofcials say Pyongyang has told them that it has nuclear weapons. April 23: The US and North Korea hold talks in Beijing. April 12: North Korea signals it may be ready to end its insistence on direct talks with the US. January 10: North Korea announces it will withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

North Korea 2002

Technical - Nuclear
December 25: It is discovered that North Korea has begun shipping fuel rods to Yongbyon which could be used to produce plutonium. December 24: North Korea begins repairs at Yongbyon. December 22: North Korea begins removing monitoring devices from Yongbyon. December 12: North Korea threatens to reactivate nuclear facilities for energy generation after the US halts oil shipments. October 17: North Korean Leader Kim Jong-il says he will allow international weapons inspectors to check that nuclear facilities are not in use.

Iran

September: Russia prepares to build a reactor near Bushehr. August: The Peoples Mujahedin of Iran alleges that Iran is building a uranium enrichment facility at Natanz and a heavy water production plant at Arak. The Iranian government later conrms these allegations.

Technical - Missile
December 11: North Korean-made Scud missiles are found aboard a ship bound for Yemen, provoking American outrage.

United Nations
December 27: North Korea says it is expelling the two IAEA nuclear inspectors from the country. It also announces plans to reopen a reprocessing plant which could produce weapons grade plutonium within months. December 26: The IAEA expresses concern in light of UN conrmation that 1,000 fuel rods have been moved to the Yongbyon reactor. December 13: North Korea asks the UN's International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to remove surveillance equipment from its Yongbyon power plant.

Diplomatic
November 18: A statement by North Korea is understood by some to mean they acknowledge having nuclear weapons, while South Korea states a Korean phrase understood to mean the North does have nuclear weapons could have been mistaken for the phrase "entitled to have". October 20: North-South Korea talks in Pyongyang are undermined by the North's nuclear program "admission," and Secretary of State Colin Powell says further US aid to North Korea is now in doubt. North Korea both defends its "right" to weapons development and then offers to halt its nuclear programs in return for aid and the signing of a "non-aggression" pact with the US. It argues that the US has not kept to its side of the Agreed Framework, as the construction of the light water reactors is years behind schedule. October 16: The US announces that North Korea admitted in their talks to a secret nuclear arms program. October 3-5: On a visit to Pyongyang, Assistant Secretary of State James Kelly presses North Korea on suspicions that it is continuing to pursue a nuclear energy and missiles program, citing evidence of a secret uranium-enriching program carried out in deance of the 1994 Agreed Framework wherein North Korea agreed to forsake nuclear ambitions in return for the construction of two light water nuclear power reactors and oil shipments from the US.