ﻰﺋYﺬﻳY cﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ Õﺮﻫﺎﻇ ½ﺪﺷ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻣ Á «ﺰﺒﺳ Õﻮﻫﺎﻴﻫ» ﻰﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ¹YM ﺎﺑﻪﺘﺧYﺪﻧY ÃY ﻪﺑ ½ﺎﻧYﻮﺟًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ Á ¹{ﺮﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺢﻄﺳ { ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻪﻛ «cﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧY» Çﺪﻳﺪﭘ Y ﻰﻠﻛ Õﺪﻨﺑﻊﻤﺟ ﻚﻳ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ { ﺖﺳY ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ،{ﻮﺑءYM ﻪﺑ Õﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺔــﻌﺟYﺮﻣ «ﺎــﺴﺑ» ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻧY{ﻰﻣ .ﻢﻴﻫ{ ﻪﺋYY ½Yﺮــﻜﻤﺟ {ﻞﻴﻤﺤﺗ ﺖﻜﻠﻤﻣ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺮﺑ Ãﺪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺖــﺳ{ ﻢــﺴﻴﺷﺎﻓ ﻦﻳY ﻪﻜﻴﻧﺎﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻰﻣﻮﻤﻋﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻦﻳY .{ﺎﺘﻓY ﺪﻫYﻮﺧ ÃY ﻪﺑ ﻮﻧ Y ﻰﻧﺎﻣ Á ﻊﻄﻘﻣ ﺮﻫ { ،Ãﺪﺷ،57 ﻦﻤﻬﺑ 22 Õﺎﺗ{ﻮﻛ ﺎﺑÁY Á ،{Yﺪﻧ ﻰﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺎﻜﻓY Á ¹{ﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ Õﺎﻛ ½YﻮﻨﻋÇﺎﭘ©Á { Y ﻰﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺎﻜﻓY Á ¹{ﺮــﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒــﺴﻧ ﻰﺘﻣﺮﺣﻰﺑ Á ﻰﺋﺎﻨﺘﻋYﻰﺑ ﻦﻳY{ﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ «ﻰﻣﻼــﺳY Õﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﻰــﺳﺎﺳY ½ﻮﻧﺎﻗ» ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﻛ ÕYÃﺮﺨــﺴﻣﺖﺳY ﻰﺑﺎﺗﺎﺑ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻠﺋﻻ{ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣY .ﺪﻧYÃﺪﻧﺎﺠﻨﮔ ًﺎﺤﻳﺮﺻ ،ﺪــﺷ Ã{Y{ ﺖﻠﻣY {ﻮﺧ ¹ﺎﮔ ﺮﻫ { ½ﺎﻨﻳY ،ﻰــﻠﺧY{ cﺎﻣYﺰﻟY ﺎﺗ ﻦﺘﮕﻨــﺷYÁ Á ½ﺪﻨﻟ Õﺎــﻫﺎﻴﻧ Ycﻼﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻬﻴﺟﻮﺗ .ﺪﻨﻨﻴﺑﻰﻣ ÕﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳY Õﺎﻫ©ﻮﺑ { ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ «ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻴﻧ»¡Á{» ﻦﻳY ﻪﺘﺒﻟY !ﺪﻧﺎﻳﺎﻤﻧﻰﻣ ¹{ﺮــﻣ Ç{YY Y ﻪﺘــﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ Y ½Yﺮﻜﻤﺟﺎﺗ {ﺮﻛ ﻢﻴﻫYﻮﺧ ﻰﻌــﺳ ﻪﻛ Õ{ﺎﻌﺑY ،{Y{ ﻰﺒﻟﺎﺟ Á ﻰﺋﺎــﺷﺎﻤﺗ {ﺎﻌﺑY «گﺰــﺑ.ﻢﻴﻓﺎﻜﺸﺑ Y ﺎﻫ½M Õ{Áﺪﺣ{ [ﺮﻏ ÕYﻪﻧﺎــﺳ ¹ﺎﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻞــﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ µﻮﺒﻗ ﺪــﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﺖــﺴﺨﻧ.ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻰﻗﺎﻔﺗY ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻰﻣﻼــﺳY ﻢــﺴﻴﺷﺎﻓ ½ﺪﻧﺎﻳﺎﻤﻧ «ﻰﻣ{ﺮﻣ» ﺖﻬﺟ

2009

cÁY

ﺦﻳﺎﺗ ﺪـﻨ

ﺧﻮﭘ

ﻪﺸﻳ ﻪﻛ «ﮓﻨﻠﭘÁﺎﮔﺮﺘﺷ» ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻦﻳY ،ﻢﻳYﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﺎﻫﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ«{ﺮﺳﮓﻨﺟ» ½YÁ{ { [ﺮﻏ Á ©ﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻚﻳژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳY Õﺎﻫﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ {[ﺮﻏ ﻪﻛ {ÁM ½Áﺮﻴﺑ ﺮﻫ{ {ﺎﻣ ﻢﻜﺷ Y ﺮﺳ ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻦﻳY ﻪﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ،{Y{ÕﺎﻫÕYﺰﮕﺘﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ { «ﺎﻤﻧ½ﺎﻤﻠــﺴﻣ» ﺎﺑÁY ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻴﻧ{ﻮﺧ Y {ﻮﻤﻨﻳY { ½ﺎــﺧﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ .{ﻮــﺑ Ãﺪــﺷ {ﻮﺧ ÕYﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣÕﺎﺟ ،ﺪﻧYÃ{Y{ kﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ ÕﺰﻴﮕﻧYﺖﻔﮕﺷ ﺎﻴﺴﺑ Á ½YÁYﺮﻓ ﻰﻜﺸﺧﻦﺧﺎﻧcﻻﺎﻳY ½M O { Á [ﺮﻏ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺴﻴﻧ ﻮﮕﺘﻔﮔ Á ﺚﺤﺑ1975 µﺎﺳ { ¹ﺎﻨﺘﻳÁ ﮓﻨﺟ { ﻪﻧﺎﺤﻀﺘﻔﻣ ﺖﺴﻜﺷ Y ﺲﭘ ،ﺪﺤﺘﻣ{ﺎﻌﺑY ½Yﺮﺤﺑ ﻦﻳY .ﺪــﺷ ÁﺮﺑÁ ﻰﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﺎﻴــﺴﺑ ﻚﻳژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳY ½Yﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ ﻪﻬﺒــﺷ ﻦﻳY ءﺎﻘﻟY ½ﺎﺷﻦﻳﺮﺗﻢﻬﻣ ﺪﻳﺎــﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺷY{ ﻰﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣﻆﻔﺣ» Y ½M ﻪﻛ ÕYﻪﺳÁﺮﭘ { «ﻰﺋﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM ﻢﺴﻴﻟYﺮﺒﻴﻟ» ÕﺎﻫﺎﻛÁﺎــﺳﺪﻧYﻮﺗﻰﻤﻧ ﻢﻴﻧYﻮﺧﻰﻣ «ﻦﺘﮕﻨــﺷYÁ Õ{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY Á ﻰﺘﻴﻨﻣY ÕﺎــﻫÃ{Áﺪﺤﻣ.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷY{ ﻰﻓﺎﻛ ﻰﺋMﺎﻛ ¹Á{ ﮓﻨﺟ ½ﺎﻳﺎﭘ Y ﺲﭘ ½ﺎﻬﺟ ﺔﭽﺨﻳﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ½ﺎﮔﺪﻨﻧYﻮﺧ Y ﻪﺘﺳﺪﻧM ﻰــﺷﺎﭘÁﺮﻓ Y ﺲﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧYﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ{ ﺖﺣYﺮﺻ ﻪــﺑ ﺪﻧY{ ﻰﻓﺎﻛ ﻰﺋﺎﻨــﺷM Ã{½Yﺮﺤﺑ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ Y ÕYﻪﻔﻄﻧ ﻞــﻤﻋ { {ﻮﺧ ﻪﻛ «ﻢــﺴﻳﺎﻧ»ﻰــﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ Á{ { ½ﺎﻬﺟ ،ﺖﻓﻰﻣ ﺎﻤــﺷ ﻪﺑ Õﺰﻛﺮﻣ ÕﺎﭘÁY {ﻪﺑ «Õ{YM» ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ Y «ﻰﻟﻮﺼﺤﻣ» [ﺮﻏ .{ﻮﺑ Ãﺪﺷ «ﻪﺻﻼﺧ»Ç{ÁMﺮﻓ «ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ» ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ©ﺮﺷ Á ،{ﺮﻛﻰﻣ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ Yﺎﺑﺎﺑ [ﺮﻏ ﻪﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻧY{ﻰﻣ ﻰــﻟÁ .{Y{ﻰﻣ ﷲYﻖﻠﺧ {ﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ Y Õﺮــﮕﻳ{ﻰﻃﺎﺒﺗY Õﺮﺸﺑﺪﺿ Á ﻮﻛ ﻢﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ﻪﻧ Á ﺖﺷY{ Õ{ﺎﻳ ﺎﻛ Õ{YM ©ﺮــﺷ Á [ﺮﻏ Õﺪﻨﻤﻫﺮﻬﺑ ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ ،{ﻮﺟÁ ﻦﻳY ﺎﺑ .ﻢــﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﺎﺑ¹Á{ ﮓﻨﺟ Y ﺲﭘ ﺪﻧÁ ،ﻰﻣﺎﻈﻧًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ Á ﻚﻳﮋﺗYﺮﺘــﺳY cYﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ Yﻰﻋﻮﻧ ؛ﺪــﺷﻰﻤﻧ ﻰﻧYﺪﻧ ﻚﻳژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳY Õﺎﻫﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ Ç{Áﺪﺤﻣ {ًﺎﻓﺮﺻﻰﺋﺎﻴﻓYﺮﻐﺟ ÕﺎﻫÃ{Áﺪﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ÃﺎﮔÁ{Y Á{ ¥ﺮﻃ Y ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻧYÁﺎﻛ {ﻮﺧﺮﺑ.ﺖﻓﺮﮔﻰﻣ cﻮﺻ ½ﺎﺷcﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﺤﺗ{ﻮﺑ Áﺎﺑ ﻦــﻳY ﺮﺑ [ﺮﻏ ،«ﺎﻫÕÁﺎﻛ» ﻦــﻳY ½{ﺮﻛ ﻪــﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﺪــﻧÁ {Á «ﻢــﺴﻴﻧﺪﻣ» ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ÕYﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ÕﺎﻫﻪــﺳÁﺮﭘ ﻞﻴﻤﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪــﻛ ﻰﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ Õﺎﻫﻪﻳﻻ ﺮــﺑ ﺮﻣY ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻧYﻮﺗﻰﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ Á ÕÁﺮﻣY ﻰــﮔﺪﻧcﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ { ﻰــﺳﺎﻴﺳ Á ﻰﻟﺎﻣ ،Õ{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY Õﺎﻫﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ Y.ﺪﻨﻛ ﻞﻴﻤﺤﺗ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ Á Õﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،Õﺎﭘﺮﻳ{ Õﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻦﺘﮕﻨﺷYÁ ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ Á ﻰﺑﺮﻏ ÕﺎﭘÁY YÁ¹YﺪﻧY cﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗY ﺔﻧﻮﻤﻧ ½ﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ÕﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗÕ{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY {ﺎﺤﺗY ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ½ﺎﻣ Áﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ﺎﺑ ﻦﭘYژÕ{ﺎﻳ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ½ﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳY { ﻪﺘﺒﻟY .{ﻮﺷ ﻰــﺷﺎﭘÁﺮﻓ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻰﻟﺎﻣ Ácﺎﺟ{ ،ﻰﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ÕﺎــﻫcÁﺎﻔﺗ ؛{Yﺬﮔﻰﻣ ﻰــﺳﺮﺑ ½Yﺪﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ Õﺎﭘﻰﮕﻤﻫ ... Á ﻒــﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣYﻮﺟ { ﻰﻤﻠﻋ Á ﻰــﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﺪــﺷ Y cÁﺎﻔﺘﻣﻪﻧﺎﻛ{ﻮﻛ «Áﺎﺑ» ﻦﻳY ﺮﺑ ¹ﺎﻨﺘﻳÁ ﺖــﺴﻜﺷ ﻰﻟÁ .{{ﺮﮔ ﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣﻚﻳ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺷY{ ﻦﺘﮕﻨﺷYÁ ﻚﻳﮋﺗYﺮﺘــﺳY Õﺎﻫﺎﻴﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ .ﺖﺷYﺬﮔ ½ﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻊﻣYﻮﺟ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ Çﻮﻴﺷ { ﻰﺨﻳﺎﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗcﻻﺎﻳY ﻪﺑ «ﺦﻳﺎﺗ» ،1975 µﺎﺳ { ½ﻮﮕﻳﺎﺳ ﻮﻘﺳ Y ﺲﭘ ،ﻞﻤﻋ {ﻰﺗﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟY ،ﺶﻴﭘ ﺎﻫ½ﺮﻗ ﻪﻛ {Y{ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺗ Y Õﺪﻨﺧﻮﭘ ½ﺎﻤﻫ ﺪﺤﺘﻣ.ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ Ã{ﺮﻛ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ{ ﻰﻣ Õﺎﻫﻮﺗﺎﻨﺳ Á ½YﻮﺗYﺮﭙﻣY ،ﺮﺗﺎﻜﺷM Á ﺮﺗÕÁﺪﺑÕﺎﻫµﺎﺳ { ،ﺖﻓﻰﻣ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ½ﺪﻤﺘﻣ ½ﺎﻬﺟ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ÕﺎﮔÁ ﻪﻛ ¹¹YﻮﻗY .{ﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺷYﺬﮔ ﻰﺒﻴﺠﻋ ﺔﺼﻤﺨﻣ ﻪﺑ Õﺎﭘ ÕﻮﺗYﺮﭙﻣY ﺖﻳ{ﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﺧM Á ،½ﺎﺷ½ﺪﻧﺎﺸﻛﻰﻣ ﻰﮔ{ﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﻰﻣ ﻪﻛ ½ﺎﻧM ،ﺎﭘÁY ©ﺮﺷ Á µﺎﻤﺷﺮﮕﻳ{ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺎﻤﮔﻰﻣ ﺖﺴﭘ Õﺎﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ½ﺎﻴﻋY ﺔﻧﺎﺧ Á ½{ﺎﻌﻣ Á Yﺰﻣ {ﻊﻗYÁ { .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻜﺷﻰﻤﻧ ﺖﺳ{ Á ﺮﺳ ¹ ÕﺪﻧÁﺮﻬﺷ ¹ﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﻴﺼﺤﺗ ÕYﺮﺑﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ Ç{ﺮﺘﺴﮔ ÃﻮﺒﻧY ﻦﻳY Y «ﻰﺋYﺮﻳﺬﭘ» ﻪﺑ {ﺎﻗ {ﻮﺧ ﺎﺘﺧﺎــﺳ { ¹،«Ãﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ½ﺎﮔ{ﺮﺑ» Y ½ÁﺰﻓYÁ Á ﺎﻤــﺷﻰﺑ ÃÁﺮﮔ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳY ﻪﺑ .{ﻮــﺒﻧﻪﺑ Õﺎﭘ ¹ ﻪﺑ «ﺖﻣﺪﺧ» ÕYﺮﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ «½ﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ¹» ½ﺎﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ { ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺒﻧ {ﺎﻗ Õﺎﺟ {ﺎﺼﺘﻗY ﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ { ،ﺪﻨﺘــﺷYﺬﮔﻰﻣ {ﻮﺟÁ ﺔﺻﺮﻋÃﺎﮕﺘــﺳ{ Y ﺖﺒﺤﻣ ﻰﺋYﺪﮔ Õﺎﺠﺑ ﺎﺒﺟﻻﺎﺑ ½ﺎﻨﻳY ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ «¹»«¥ﺪﻫ» ﻚﻳ ﻂﻘﻓ ،Ã{ﺮﻛ ﻊــﻤﺠﺗ ﺮﻬــﺷ ÕﺎﻫÃYÁ{ ½Áﺮﻴﺑ ÕﻮﺗYﺮﭙﻣY.ÕﻮﺗYﺮﭙﻣY ﻦﻳY ½ﺪﻧﺎﺷﺎﭘÁﺮﻓ :ﺪﻨﺘﺷY{ÕﻮﺗYﺮﭙﻣY ﻰﺷﺎﭘÁﺮﻓ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻠﺋﻻ{ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ { ½ﺎﺧﻮﻣ ﺐﻠﻏYÕY{Ã{ﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ Çﻮﻴﺷ { «ﺖﺴﺴﮔ» ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻣ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻣ ﻪﺋYY ½ﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ¹ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ Y ﺖــﺴﺴﮔ ﻦﻳY ½ﻮﭼ Á ﺪﻨﭼ ﻰــﺳﺮﺑ ـ ﺪﻧYÃ{ﺮﻛ ﻮﻈﻨﻣ YﻦﻳY [ﺎﺗﺎﺑ ﻪــﻛ ﻰﻧﺎﺧﻮﻣ ﺎﻤــﺷ ﻰﻟÁ ـ ﻢﻴﻨﻛﻰﻣ µﻮــﻛﻮﻣ Õﺮــﮕﻳ{ﻪﻧYÁﺎﻛ ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ Á ﻚــﻳژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳY {ﺎﻌﺑY { Y Õ{ﺎــﺼﺘﻗY «ﻰــﺷﺎﭘÁﺮﻓ»ﻦﻳY ﺎﺑ .ﺖﺳY ﺎﻤﺷﺖﺸﮕﻧY ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ Ã{Y{ Yﺮﻗ ﻰــﺳﺮﺑ {ﻮﻣ ﻰــﺳﺎﻴﺳ Á¥ﺮﮕﺷ ﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻰﺴﻳ{ﺮﮔ{ ﻚﻳ ﺮﺑYﺮﺑ { ¹ ﻪﻛ {ﺮﻛ µﻮﺒﻗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ {ﻮﺟÁﻪﻛ «ﺎﻫﺮﺑﺮﺑ» Y ﻰﻤﻴﻈﻋ ÃﻮﺒﻧY ؛{ﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ Yﺮﻗ ﻰﺨﻳﺎﺗ ﺮﮕﻧ ﻦﻄﺑ {ﻮﻣMﺖﺳ{ «ﻰﻧﺎﮔ{ﺮﺑ» ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﺖــﺴﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ cﻮﺻ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ {½ﺎﮔ{ﺮﺑ» ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ Y Õﺎﭘ ½ÁﺰﻓYÁ ﻰﺗﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺪﺷﻰﻣ ¹ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ {ﻦﻳY .ﺪﻧﺪﺷﻰﻣ «Ãﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ½ﺎﻤﻛﺎﺣ» ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ Á ﻪﺘــﺷYﺬﮔ ½Áﺮﻴﺑ «Ãﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑﺮﺑ ﺮﻣY ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﻛ ،ﺪــﺸﻧ ½M ﻞﺣ ﻪﺑ {ﺎﻗ ¹ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ ﻰﻠﻜــﺸﻣ.ﺖﺷYﺬﮔ ½ﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ ÕﻮﺗYﺮﭙﻣY ﺦﻳﺎﺗ

ﻪﻛ {ﺮﻛ µﻮــﺒﻗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ گﻼــﺑÁ ﻦﻳY ﻰــﻠﺻY ﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪــﺑ ﺖــﺸﮔﺎﺑ {ﻦﻴﻤﻫ Çﺪﻨﻫﺪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ،ﺮﺗﻖﻴﻤﻋ ﺎﻴﺴﺑ Õﺪﻌﺑ { ¹ﺎﻨﺘﻳÁ { ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM ﺖــﺴﻜﺷﻰﻣﺎﻨﺘﻳÁ ÕﺎــﻫÃ{ﻮﺗ .ﺖــﺳY «Õﺎﺘﺧﺎــﺳ» Á ﻰﺘﻴﻌﻤﺟ «ﻰــﺴﻳ{ﺮﮔ{»{ﻮﺧ ﻮﺸﻛ { Õﺮﮕﻳ{ Y ﺲﭘ ﻰﻜﻳ Y ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺎــﺳﺖﺳ{ Õﺎﻫ{ﺎﻴﻨﺑﻚﻳژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳY ﺮﻜﻔﺗ { ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ﻪــﻜﻧM ½Áﺪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺘــﺷY{ﻰﻣﺮﺑ ½ﺎﻴﻣ Yµﻮﺒﻘﻣ» ÕﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟY ﺎﺑ Y ﺎﻫÃ{ﻮﺗ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ Y Ãﺪــﺷ ﻰﻔﻧ ÕﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟY ﺪﻧYﻮﺘﺑ {ﻮــﺧ{ ﻪﺘﺒﻟY .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻄﺑ { «ﺎﻫÃ{ﻮﺗ ½ﺎــﻤﻫÕﺎﻫ©ﻮﺑ Á ،{ﻮــﺑ ﻦــﺷÁًﻼﻣﺎﻛ «ﻰﺗﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ» ﺮﻈﻧ Y ﻪﻠﺌــﺴﻣ ½ﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳYÕﻮﺗﺎﺘﻜﻳ{ Á ﻢﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY» :ﺪﻧ{ﺎﺘﻓYﻰﻤﻧ ﺲﻔﻧ Y ¹{ ﻚﻳ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳÕ{YM ﺎﻫÃ{ﻮﺗ ؛ﺖﺧYﺪﻧY ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ½ﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ Á ﺖﻔﻳﺮﻓ Y ¹{ﺮﻣ Õﺮﮔﺎﻛ «.ﺪﻧﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘﻰﻣ ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ ÃﺎﮔÁ{Y ﻪﺑ Á ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻣ Yﺪﻓ YÕﺎﻫﻪﭼﺮﺘﻓ{ { Y cﺎــﻫﺮﺗ ﻦﻳY ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎــﻳY ½YY{ﺮﭘﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮــﮔY ﻰﻟÁﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧY{ﻰﻣ {ﻮﺧ ،ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ Ã{ﺮﻛ ﻖﺸﻣﺮﺳ ﺎﻴﻧ{ﻪﮕﻨﻳ ½ﺎﻧYﻮﺟ ÕYﺮﺑ ﻰﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧY{ﻢﻫﻮﺗ ﻦﻳY ،{ﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺒﻧ Y ﮓﻨﺟ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM .ﺖــﺳY ﻦﻳY ﺰﺟ ﻪﻴﻀﻗ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ { ﻰﺘﻨﺳ Õﺎﻫﺎﺘﺧﺎــﺳ ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ Ã{Y{ ﺖــﺳ{ Y ﺰﻴﻧ Y ﻰﺨﻳﺎﺗﻦﻳ{ﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻰﺴﻳ{ﺮﮔ{ ﺎﭼ{ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻂــﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻧYﻮﺗﻰﻣ Õﺎﭘﺮﻳ{ ﻰﺗﻮﺻ.ﺪﻨﻛ {ﺎﺠﻳY ﻦﺘﮕﻨﺷYÁ ÕYﺮﺑ ﺪﻳ{ﺮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ Á ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻣ }ﻮﻔﻧ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ،Ãﺪﺷﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ YﺮﻧM ﻰﻌﻗYÁ {ﺎﻌﺑY ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ ﻚﻳﮋﺗYﺮﺘﺳY ﺖﺴﻜﺷ ﻚﻳ ¹ﺎﻨﺘﻳÁ ﺖــﺴﻜﺷcﻻﺎﻳY { «ÕﻮﺗYﺮﭙﻣY» ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ ﻮﺠﺘــﺴﺟ ﻰﻟﺰﻟﺰﺗ { ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣY ﺲﭘًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ Á ¹Á{ ﮓﻨﺟ Y ﺲﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻴﻧ{ﻪﮕﻨﻳ .{ﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﻴﻤﺤﺗ ﺪﺤﺘﻣÕYﺮﺑ «ﻰﻟﺎﻣ Á Õ{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY ﺖﻳﺰﻛﺮﻣ» {ﺎﺠﻳY ﺮﺑ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ½ﺎﻬﺟ ﺎﻤﺟY،{ÁMﻰﻣ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ «¹ ÕﻮﺗYﺮﭙﻣY» ﺖﻨﺳ Y{gYﺮﻴﻣًﺎﻤــﺳ Y {ﻮﺧ ،½M cﺎﻤﺻﺎﺨﺗ ﺮﻌﻣ { ﺶــﻳﺎﻫﺮﻣ ¹ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺮﮔY ¹ﺎﻨﺘﻳÁ ﺖــﺴﻜﺷ Y ﺲﭘ.{Y{ ﺖﺳ{ Yًﻼﻤﻋ Y ÕﻮﺗYﺮﭙﻣY Á Õﺮﻜﻓ ½ﺎﻴﻨﺑ ،ﺖﻓﺮﮕﻧ Yﺮﻗ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ½Yﻮﺗﻰﻤﻧ Y ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ½ﺮﻗ { ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ Ç{ﺮﺘﺴﮔ Á ﺪﻨﻤﺗﺪﻗ ½ﺎﻬﺟ ﻰﻟÁ½YÁ{ ﺎﻏM { ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺘﻳY Çﺮﻳﺰﺟﻪﺒــﺷ ½Yﺎﻛ½ﻮﺘﻳ Á ½YY{Ã{ﺮﺑ ÕﻮﺗYﺮﭙﻣY ﺎﺑµﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ{ﺎﻴﻠﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧYcÁﺎﻔﺘﻣ ½ﺎﻬﺟ Á{ ﺎﻫﻦﻳY ،{ﺮﻛ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺖﻴﺤﻴﺴﻣﻞﻴﻘﺛ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ ¹ﺎﻨﺘﻳÁ { ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ﻚﻳژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳY ﺖﺴﻜﺷ .ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ÕﻮﻧﻪﻧYﺮﺑﺪﻣ ÕYﺰﮕﺘﺳﺎﻴﺳ Á ﺺﺨﺸﻣ Á ﻚﻳ }ﺎﺨﺗY ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻴﻧ ،ﻢﻀﻫﺮﻳ{ ÁﺖﻴﻨﻣY Áﺎﺸﻣ ،ﻰﻜــﺴﻨﻳژﺮﺑ ﺎﻫﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ ،ﻢﻴﺋﻮﮔﻰﻣ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ .{ﻮﺑﺎﺑ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ «ﺖﺴﻜﺷ» ﻦﻳY ،Ã{ﺮﻛ ÃﺎﺷYًﺎﻤﻴﻘﺘــﺴﻣ ﺮﺗﺎﻛ ﻰﻤﻴﺟ ﻰﻠﻣY ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ ﻦﻳY ﺖﺷﻮﻧﺮﺳ ﺖــﺳ{ Á .ﺪــﺷﻰﻣ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ «ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ» ﻚﻳ½ﺎﻐﻣY ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﻰﻜﻧﺎﻳ ÕYﺮﺑ ½ﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓY ﻦﻴﻣﺮــﺳ { Á ½YﺮﻳY ﻰﮕﻳﺎــﺴﻤﻫ {.{ÁM { Á ،¹ﺎﻨﺘﻳÁ ﮓــﻨﺟ { ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ﺖــﺴﻜﺷ ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ {ﻮﺟÁ ﻦﻳY ﺎﺑ{ Õﺮﻴﮔﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﺰﻛYﺮﻣ ﺮﮕﻳ{ Á ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM {ﻮﺧﺮﺑ ،ﺖــﺴﻜﺷ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺔﻨﻴﺋM { ﻪﻛ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ .{ﺮﻛ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻰﻠﻛ ﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻰﺟﺎﺧ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ sﻮﻄــﺳ{ ،{ﻮﺑ Ãﺪﺷ µﺰﻟﺰﺘﻣ cﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ {ﻮﺧ «ÕﺎﻫY» ﻰﻟﻮﻤــﺸﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻢﻫﻮﺗﻪﻧ Y «ﻢــﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY» ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﺑ Ãﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻛ {ﺎﺘﻓY ﺖﻓYﺮﺻ ﻦﻳY ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﻳY½ﺎﻬﺟ ﻰﺘﻌﻨﺻ Á ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ÕﺎــﻫÃ{Y{ ﺎﺑ ﻰﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ Á «ﻢــﺴﻴﻧﺪﻣ» ﻖﻳﺮﻃ Y{ ﻪﺘﺴﺑYÁ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ﺮﺘــﺴﮔ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ Y ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ﺔﺻﻼﺧ ﺎﻳ ،Áﺮــﺸﻴﭘﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﻰﻧﻻ{ﻮﻛ Á ﺐﺼﻌﺘﻣ ÕﺎﻫÃ{ﻮﺗ ½{ﺮﻛ ﻰﻫ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ Y ﻪﻛ ،ﻞﺤﻣ.ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺷ Á ﻞﻜﺷﻰﺑ ÕﺎﻫÃ{ﻮﺗ ﻦﻳY «½Yﺮﺒﻫ» ﺪﻧﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧY ﺶﻴﭘﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ .{ﻮﻤﻧ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ Y ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ Y ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ Á{ ﺪــﻧÁ ﻦﻳY { ﻪﺘﺒﻟYﺲﭘ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ .{ﻮﺑ ﺎﭘÁY { ﻢﺴﻴﺷﺎﻓ cﺎﻴﺑﺮﺠﺗ Y ÕﺮﻴﮔÃﺮﻬﺑ ﺖﺴﺨﻧﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ{ ﺖﺣYﺮﺻ ﻪــﺑ ،40 ﺎﺗ 1930 ﺔﻫ{ { {ﻮﺧ ﻰــﺋﺎﭘÁY ﺔــﺑﺮﺠﺗ YﺎﻫÃ{ﻮﺗ ﻦﻄﺑ { ﺖــﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ cﻼﻳﺎﻤﺗ Á ﻢــﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﺰﺗﻰﺘﻧM ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑﻪﻛ ﻰﻠﻤﻋ .ﺖــﺳY ﻰﻌﻤﺟ ÕﺎﻫÁﺎﺑ Á cﺎﺒﺼﻌﺗ ،ﺎﻫÕÁYﺪــﺸﻴﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻪــﻴﻜﺗﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ «ﻢﺴﻳﺎﻧ» [ﻮﭼﺎﭼ { Á ﺪﻳﺎﻳ ﺖﺳ{ ½M ﻪﺑ ½ﺎﻤﻟM { ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ!ﺪﻧﺎﺸﻛ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻚﻴﻧﺎﻣژ ﺖﻠﻣ «{Yﮋﻧ sﻼﺻY» ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺸﺣÁ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ Y ﺎﻛ ﺮﻣY،½ﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓY ،½YﺮﻳY ½ﻮﭼ ﻰﺋﺎﻫﻮــﺸﻛ { ﻢــﺴﻴﺷﺎﻓ ½{ﺮﻛ ﻰﻣﻮﺑ ÕYﺮﺑ ﻰﻟÁYﺮﺘﺧY ﻞﻤﻋ { ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﻰﻣYﺰﻟY ﺰﻴﻧ Õﺮﮕﻳ{ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ... Á Õ{ﻮﻌﺳ ½ﺎﺘﺴﺑﺮﻋﺖــﺴﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ «ﻪﻔــﺴﻠﻓ» sﻼﻄﺻY ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳY .{ﻮﺑ ﻰﻬﻴﺟﻮﺗ «ﺔﻔــﺴﻠﻓ» ﻰــﻋﻮﻧﻞﻣYﻮﻋ ½M ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ !{ﻮﺷ «ﻰﺋYﺮﮔ¹Yﻮﻋ» Á «ﻰﺋYﺮﮔÃ{ﻮﺗ» Çﺪﻨﻨﻛﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ{ﻮﺧ ﻰﻠﺧY{ Õﺎﻫﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ { Y ﻪﻔــﺴﻠﻓﻪﺒﺷ ﻦﻳY ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘــﺴﺑYÁﻰﺋYﺮﮔÃ{ﻮﺗ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﺔﻠﻴﺳÁ ﻰﻠﺧY{ «½ﺎﻳﺎﻤﻧﺮﻜﻔﻨﺷÁ» ﺎﺑ ﺎﺒﺗY {ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ{ﺮﺒﺸﻴﭘ ﺔﻨﻴﻣ { ÕYÃﺪﻧﺮﺑ cﺎﻛ ½M Y Á ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﺸﻧ½ﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ {ﺖﺳY ﺢﺿYÁ ﺮﭘ .ﺪﻧﺎﺴﺑ ½ﺎﻬﺟ ﺮﮕﻳ{ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ { ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ Õﺎﻫﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳﻂﻘﻓ ﻊﻗYÁ { «ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ» ﺎﻤﻗ ﻦﻳY ﺖﺧY{ﺮﭘ Á ﺖﺧﺎــﺳ Y ﻰﻠﺻY ¥ﺪﻫ ﻪﻛ ؛{ﻮﺑ Õﺮﻬــﺷ ﺎﺑÁY Á ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓﻰﺑ ÕﺎﻫÃÁﺮﮔ {ﺰﻧ cﺎﺒﺼﻌﺗ ½{ﺮﻛ ﻞﻌﺘــﺸﻣﺔﺟ{ ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ ½YﺮﻳY {ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺞﻳﺪﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ «Õﺮﻬﺷ ÕﮋﺗYﺮﺘﺳY» ﻰﻋﻮﻧ.ﺪﺷﻰﻣ Y{ﻮﺧﺮﺑ ÕYÃ{ﺎﻌﻟY©ﻮﻓ Y Á ﺖﻴﻤﻫY Y «ﻰﻨﻴﺸﻧﺮﻬﺷ» Õﻻﺎﺑ،ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﺑÁY ﺖﻣﺪﺧ { {ﻮﺑ Yﺮﻗ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻔــﺴﻠﻓﻪﺒﺷ ﻦﻳY {ﻮﺟÁ ﻦﻳY ﺎﺑ{ﺎﻴﻨﺑ Á ﻪــﺸﻳ Y ﺖــﺴﻧYﻮﺗﻰﻤﻧ ﺎﺑÁY ﻰﻋﻼﻃYﻰﺑ Á Õ{Yﻮــﺳﻢﻛ ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ