Θεσσαλονίκη: Μητροπολιτικοί Ανταγωνισμοί

To ndpv cv1uno 1uno0qkc o1qv nAq 1q OcoodAovikq 1ov Mdp1io 1ou 2008 kdi id1i0c1di yopi
dv1i1io. ToddpoyAou Xdpq

ncpiccvd
1.Eiodyoyq ocA.3

2. O 0o 1q dciqpou dvdn1uq ocA.5
3. Aciqpo dvdn1uq kdi kd0co1o ck1dk1ou dvdykq o1q OcoodAovikq ocA. 35
4. H npoqq1cid - kdAokdipi 2057 ocA. 51
5. Zdno1d( o1q OcoodAovikq - Apoi 1ov 1pdyouiov kdi 1ov cpyoAdov ocA. 55
6. To ncipdd 1q dvd1oAikq OcoodAovikq - HAq idokcdoq q nAq cpydoidko codiovd ocA. 71
7. HdpdAid OcoodAovikq - tvd cdioio vdudyio ocA. 87
8. Td nAq0q cvdv1id o1qv du1okpd1opid - Koivovikc ccycpoci o1q OcoodAovikq ocA. 101
EIZAIDIH
To ndpv cv1uno npkci1di yid ouAAoyq 8 kcicvov nou qooic0qkdv dn 1o
2005 co 1o 2007 o1qv dv1icouoido1ikq cni0copqoq Black Out o1o koivovi-
k cpyoo1doio (www.blackout.gr). To npo1o kcicvo O 0o 1q dcipou
dvdn1uq cc1d(ci 1i c1dopqooci 1ov ov1cAov dvdn1uq, cniiokci vd
iyvqAd1qoci 1i dv1iqdoci kdi 1ou 0ou 1q dciqpou dvdn1uq co1id(ov1d
o1qv EAAdd kdi ciik1cpd cc1d(ci 1o cvcycvo ciodyoyq 1q OcoodAovikq
1d cncvd ypvid oc ncpioo ck1dk1ou dvdykq Ayo 1ov cydAov dvdn1u-
idkov cpyov. tnci1d dkoAou0ci 1o kcicvo Zdno1d o1q OcoodAovikq 1o
onoio cniiokci vd qqAdqioci kdi vd ouv0coci 1o io1opik vqd 1ov noAcooi-
kov c1doyqd1ioov 1q nAq 1ov 1cAcu1dio diovd. To kcicvo To ncpdd
1q Avd1oAikq OcoodAovkq cc1d(ci 1o qdivcvo 1q dvduoq cnopikov
uncpkcv1pov o1qv Avd1oAikq OcoodAovikq kdi 1qv ovcoq 1ou c 1qv noAc-
ooikq dvdn1uq 1q ncpioyq, 1qv cnioqdAcid o ouv0qkq cpydoid kdi 1qv
kd1dvdAooq o ov1cAo ndpdyoyq voqd1ov. To kcicvo HdpdAd OcoodAo!
vkq, cvd cdoio vdudyio cAc1d 1qv io1opikq, noAcooikq, koivovikq ccAiq
1q ndpdAid dn 1d 1cAq 1ou 19ou diovd cypi 1qv oqcpivq dnciAq 1q dn 1qv
uno0dAdooid dp1qpid. TcAo 1o kcicvo Td nAq0q cvdv1id o1qv du1okpd1opd
npkci1di yid id ov1oq io1opikq kd1dypdqq 1ov oqdv1ik1cpov koivovikov
kdi 1dikov ccycpocov o1qv nAq dn 1qv ipuoq 1q co oqcpd.
Aqopq yid 1qv ouyypdqq 1ov kcicvov dno1cAcodv oi dv1icouoido1ikc 1poni-
k1q1c 1q nAq 1ov 1cAcu1diov c1ov. Hpkci1di yid kcicvd nou ycvvq0qkdv,
(uo0qkdv, opqonoiq0qkdv cod dn kivqd1ikc idikdoic, ou(q1qoci kdi
pdoci. Acv ickikov 1oo vd ooouv dndv1qoci oo vd ycvvqoouv cpo1q-
d1d, civdi yi du1 dvoiy1d o1qv kpi1ikq kdi o1yo 1ou civdi q ouoAq o1q
qioupyid cv qoiou idAyou ypo dn (q1qd1d 1q nAq.
Euydpio1o 0cpd 1ou ouv1pqou dn 1i odc ncipd1c 1q ndpdAidkq, 1qv
odd cvdv1id o1qv cnioqdAcid, 1qv kd1dAqqq Odnpikd - Yqdvc1 kdi quoikd
Ac kdi Aou oou o1qpi(ouv 1qv npoond0cid 1ou Black Out
Td kcicvd kivov1di cvdv1id oc kd0c opqq nvcud1ikq iiok1qoid, q dvdnd-
pdyoyq cpou q oAkAqpou kcicvou civdi yi vo cAc0cpq dAAd kdi cni0u-
q1q, c 1qv npon0coq 1i du1q c 0d ypqoionoiq0ci dn kd0co1o1ikd cod
cvqcpooq.
!
siuuymy
O 0o 1q dciqpou dvn1uq
qooic0qkc o1o Black Out 1co vo 10 Ackcpio 2007
Oui(ci oyi(oqpcvcid du1 nou (ci o nAdvq1q 1ou 1cAcu1diou qvc: o io
koo nc0divci dn 1i nAqpc ki o dAAo io dn 1q iqd. Oi nAqpc
cnvidv 1q Icpdvid kdi 1q IdAAid, kdi oi uqqA1cpc 0cpokpdoic 1ov 1cAcu-
1diov 22 c1ov o1q Mcoycio o1oiyiodv 1q (oq oc 220 d1od, 300.000 ccivdv
do1cyoi dn kd1dppdk1oci poyc o1q Bpcid Kopcd, oi ouoovc o1oiyiodv
1q (oq oc 4.000 dv0ponou o1qv Ivid, 1qv iid o1iyq q cpqo 1q Ncdd
cnck1civc1di dnciAq1ikd kdi o1qv Idnovid 0pqvov vckpo dn 1ov kdoovd.
Tdu1ypovd, oc HcAonvvqoo, Hdpvq0d, HqAio, Eoid co1ic qo1id cono-
odv kd0qcpivd oc cvd cqidA1ik kdAokdipi nou oi 1ou cv dvdc q yopd.
Tnoi dnio1cu1q oopqid cdqdvio1qkdv. Zc 1c1oic o1iyc dnyvooq 1d
media kdi oi noAi1ikoi unokpi1ikd kn1ov1di yid 1o 1i n1dici kdi cniiov1di oc
cvd 0cd1po cv1unoocov c dnoionondiou 1pdyou, dn qydvq 0co kdi
nv1iou niAd1ou, npoond0ov1d vd dv1Aqoouv noAi1ikq uncpdid dn 1o 0d-
vd1o kdi vd o1pcqouv 1qv kd1dkpduyq oc dvouvc oo.
Zuyypvo, co kdi id ckdc1id cydAd cpyd 1pundvc ouvd, c1dkivovc
no1did kdi y1i(ouv 1oicv1cvid 1ciyq kd1d qko 1ou ndpdAidko c1onou
1q yopd. HdpdAAqAd, co kdi id ncv1dc1id kd1do1povc1di 1o voik onAo-
o1doio 1q dciqpou dvdn1uq nou 0coonoici kdi kd1oyupovci id dvcu
npoqyoucvou kd1do1poqq kdi AcqAdoid 1ou quoiko ncpidAAov1o o1o vod
1q iooi1q1d 1ov quoikov npov yid 1i cAAov1ikc ycvcc. AAAd co kdi
id ncv1qkov1dc1id q icoAoyid 1q dvdn1uq cvood1o0qkc o1o qdv1doidk
1ov nAq0uoov o o vo didqiAovikq1o po yid 1qv cu1uyid kdi 1qv
d1oikq cuqcpid. Tou cncvou qvc o1qv Eup1cpq Hcpioyq 1q OcoodAo-
vikq 0d ouv1cAco1ci id dvcu npoqyocvou pi(ikq c1do1poqq, kd0o cydAd
dvdn1uidkd cpyd dAAd(ouv kdi icupvouv dvccAcyk1d 1d noio1ikd kdi no-
oo1ikd pid 1ou do1iko 1oniou. Zc 1c1oic o1iyc dnyvooq civdi kpioio 1o
dvoiyd id ouvoAikq ou(q1qoq yid 1o dvdn1uidk ov1cAo kdi 1o oikoAoyik
(q1qd.
"
o u8o x usiqoou uvunxuJ
kdAokdpi 2007
nAd o1oypdd
opuqopikq cikvd c 1i
nupkdyic o1qv EAAdd
#
kpi1ikq o1qv dvn1uq
iooiq - dcipo - dypid - idpkq - diq - dnodvdn1uq - oikodvdn1uq
Yndpyouv Acci nou ouykpo1ov nAou, nou cAkouv dkd1dvikq1d 1o c1cpo-
ycvc kdi 1o ouv0c1ouv dvdyov1d 1o dido1d o1o ooycvc kdi o1o dnA. Mid
1c1oid Acq, civdi q dvdn1uq, q onoid cv nopci vd dnoouvc0ci dn 1i
Acci dqoq, ccAiq, opidvoq: unoqAovci ndv1o1c id cuvokq dAAdyq, cvd
dAd dn 1o kd1o1cpo o1o dvo1cpo, dn 1o dnA o1o ov0c1o. H dvdn1uq qi-
Aooci vd cpqvcoci 1d uo1qpid, vd Aoci 1ou ypiqou, vd kd1dpyqoci 1d
cpo1qd1d.
Z1i dpyc 1ou ncpdocvou diovd, c1d 1qv cnoyq 1q dnoikiokpd1id, kupidp-
yqoc o 0o 1i Ad 1d kpd1q 1q yq 1dicudv 1ov iio po q dvcdivdv
1qv iid okdAd 1q npoou (o1did dvdn1uq). To dkd0dpio1o cyyopio npov
q1dv o c1pqoio kdi dvdqioq1q1o cik1q cu1uyid. H oikovoikq ioy
uAonoiqoc cni 1ou cdqou 1qv ou1onid c1dqpdocvq oc cnopcd1d kdi
ciooqd1d. Oi koivovic cv ciydv ndpd vd ouopqo0ov c 1i cni1dyc 1q
0copid 1ov o1diov. H 0copid 1q dvdn1uq Acnci id io1opikq ypdik1q1d
nou 1d ccAik1ikd o1did civdi ouvdp1qoq 1ou ypvou. Td o1did 1q dvdn1uq
civdi q dnAqq 1q io1opik1q1d 1ou tvykcA dAAd kdi q ckouyypoviocvq ck-
ooq 1q dpivikq ccAiq, 1q idoyq 1ov 1pnov ndpdyoyq 1ou Mdp,
1q npoou 1ou Aidqo1ioo. O dv0pono vio0ci qq dn 1qv Avdycvvqoq 1i
piokc1di o1o cnikcv1po 1q ccAiq, q koivovid uno1dooci 1q qoq kdi kupidp-
yci cni du1q. H ioopponid 1q qoq 1i0c1di oc ndpcv0coq, 1d oikoouo1qd1d
dvd1pcnov1di, q ioAoyikq oqdipd uno1dooc1di o1qv oikovoikq.
Do1oo, q cvvoid 1q dvdn1uq q1dv cdpyq kupio id icoAoyikq kd1d-
okcuq, kdi yid vd cykd0ipu0ci cnivqoc ndpdAAqAd 1ov dv1inod 1q, 1qv
icoAoyid 1q undvdn1uq, 1q q1oycid. O nAdvq1q c1d1pcnc1di oc cvidio
ycooikovoik yopo kdi q undvdn1uq npodAAci o idvoq1ikq kd1dokcuq nou
npoqyci1di ypovikd 1q dvdn1uq - cyci vqd vo dqo opio0ci kdi kupidp-
yqoci o1o ncio 1ov icov q dvdn1uq. Mc cvd ncpicpyo c ndiyvii 1ou idAc-
k1iko Ayou, du1 oudivci kdi o1qv npdyd1ik1q1d: q undvdn1uq cnc1di
ypovikd 1q dvdn1uq oc Ad 1d oqcid 1ou nAdvq1q, dno1cAci ouvcncid 1q.
t1oi q q1oycid dv0qoc o1q okid 1ou nAo1ou. Zc kdid ncpin1ooq q undvdn1u-
q cv npoqyq0qkc 1q dvdn1uq: cqcupc0qkc q kd1dokcudo1qkc dn 1ou
qopci 1q. Aqioupyci1di q q1oycid 1ov dAAov, dnoqq cvioyucvq dn id
Adv0docvq un0coq 1i oi koivovic nou Acnouc oqcpd o cd0Aiocvc
kdi Aiok1ovooc q1dv c1oi dvckd0cv, dAAov cv q1dv c1oi oucno1c. Ev1o-
1oi q icoAoyid 1q dvdn1uq d cnidAAci vd Acnouc 1ou dAAou o o1d-
Pod: oq0qo1c d vd
y1ioouc yiydv1idid cpyo-
o1doid
Pod: npondydvio1ikq
dqiod yid 1d ncv1dc1q dvd-
n1uidkd npoypdd1d
HHA:q dcpikdvikq dnd-
v1qoq ndpdyoyq
nAd o1oypdd
METROPOLIS: q ioqyd-
vikq uo1onid
Apdoci cvdv1id o1qv kd1dokcuq 1ou nupqviko o1d0o o1o Mnpkv1opq o1d v1id 1ou tAd
kov1d o1o Aopyo. Iid ncpinou id ckdc1id dn 1i dpyc 1ou 70 co 1o 1986 ckdc yiAidc
idqAo1c dn Icpdvid dAAd kdi Aq 1qv Euponq kd1co1pcqdv 1ou qpdy1c kdi kd1dAddvdv
1d cpyo1did cv dn 1ou cydA1cpou nupqviko o1d0o o1qv Euponq.
$
1iko kdi ooiopqou, oi cd0Aiocvc d(c 1q Bodq, oi Aiok1ovov1c
1ou Adyo kdi 1d unod0iocvd ykc1o 1ov u1ikov q1ponAcov oqovd
c du1qv 1qv dnoqq q1dv ndv1o1c c1oi kdi Aoi 1ou oi oioi civdi c1oi. Z1qv
npdyd1ik1q1d q cd0Aiooq civdi vcdp1d1q, npkci1di yid 1qv dAAq qq 1ou
voiod1o 1q npoou.
Do1oo, c 1o 1cAo 1ou ` ndykoiou nAcou, ncpvov1d dn io diovd
dnpokon1q kdi idpko dvdn1uq, q1dv nAcov qdvcpq q dvcndvp0o1q kd-
1do1poqq 1ou ncpidAAov1o. t1oi 1q ckdc1id 1ou 70 1d du1vod kivqd1d
oc Euponq kdi Acpikq 0c1ouv c uvdik 1pno 1d oikoAoyikd (q1qd1d
dqioq1ov1d kdi odno1dpov1d cnpdk1d 1o kdni1dAio1ik ov1cAo dvdn1u-
q. Acoc pdoci, d(ikc nopcic ckdov yiAidov idqAo1ov, kd1dAq-
qci, odno1d( kdi ouykpooci oc cpyo1did nupqvikov cpyoo1doiov, dyovc
cvdv1id o1qv dnodoooq kdi 1qv kd1do1poqq io1nov, cvdv1id o1qv cnck1d-
oq dcpopoiov, du1okivq1opov kdi cydAov cpyov unooq. Akd,
cod o1i q1ponAci cnqov kivqd1d kd1dAqqcov oni1iov cvdv1id o1i
ycvikcucvc dvdnAdoci kdi 1i noAi1ikc yq. Tdu1ypovd ondvc oi idyopiooi
c1d noAi1iko kdi npoooniko kdi q cndvdo1doq 1q kd0qcpivq (oq
ndivci o1o cnikcv1po 1ov kivqd1ov. Mc1d dAAov, dvdvcooic nqyc
cvcpycid, yop1oqdyid, dvdkkAooq, noqAd1d, konoo1onoiqoq, ioAoyikc
kdAAicpycic yivov1di kd0qcpiv1q1d yid yiAidc vcou o1d kd1ciAqcvd
cdqq 1ov u1ikov q1ponAcov. Odivc1di Aoinv vd kAovi(c1di q koivovi-
kq voionoiqoq 1ou c1dnoAciko dvdn1uidko ov1cAou, kdi 1d cncvd
ypvid oi oikoAoyikc icc 0d pouv yvio cdqo o1d ikpocodid koivovi-
kd o1pod1d 1ov u1ikov koivoviov, 1o ncpidAAov kdi q noi1q1d (oq 1ov
onoiov ciyc unod0io1ci pdd1ikd. Od dkoAou0qoci o1i dpyc 1q ckdc1id
1ou 80 oqdv1ikq cpid vcov cnio1qvov nou kd1qyyciAdv 1qv dypid kdni-
1dAio1ikq dvdn1uq kdi npocionoioodv 1i ov1od o nAdvq1q npkci1di vd
dv1ic1onioci kpioq iooi1q1d.
H dndv1qoq o1qv oikoAoyikq kdi dvdn1uidkq kpioq ivc1di 1o 1987 c 1qv ck-
0coq Brudtland
!
1ou OHE nou qiAooci vd npooooci vqd oc id vcou 1-
nou dvdn1uq c oikoAoyik npoooncio kdi 1qv ovod(ci iooiq dvdn1uq
2
.
H cni1ponq ooqov cnicdiovci 1ou kivvou nou dnciAov 1ov nAdvq-
1q kdi kouvd dnciAq1ikd 1o dk1uAo Acyov1d no cdv cnicivouv oi ndpooc
1doci oikovoikq pdo1qpi1q1d, q dv0pon1q1d kdi o cio koo cv
cyouv kdid cAnid. AAAd 1du1ypovd c 1i ndpdndvo dnciAc, q cni1ponq ciyc
c1oiq 1qv dndv1qoq. H iooiq dvdn1uq 0d ooci 1q Aoq o1d ndykoid
npoAqd1d, Acci kdi kAcivci novqpd 1o d1i oc oou ickikqoouv cpiio dn
1qv vcou 1nou dvdn1uq. Bioqydvoi kdi ouvikd1d, cpyo1c kdi cpyd(cvoi,
Aoi nopov, dpkci vd npoocouv yid vd dnoqcuy0ov oi uncpoAc 1q
!" Harlem Brudland Hpo0u-
noupy 1q Nopqyid kdi
npcpo 1q Hdykoid
Eni1ponq yid 1o ncpidA-
Aov kdi 1qv dvdn1uq nou
ndpcooc 1qv dvdqopd 1q
o1qv ycvikq ouvcAcuoq 1ov
Hvocvov E0vov.
2. sustainable: dpyikd dno-
0qkc o1d cAAqvikd c 1ov
po du1oouv1qpocvq
Nd(io1ikq npondydvio1ikq
dqiod: qoi kdi cpydoid
idcoo 1ou c0vikooooidAi-
oo
%&
c1dnoAcikq ncpiou. Yndpyci 0coq yid Aou o1ov koiv d nAdvq1q, dpkci
vd dondo0ov 1qv vcd dyikq cvvoid: sustainable development. O1dvouc
Aoinv o1o kdpvddAi q dAAio Zuvidokcqq 1ou Pio yid 1o HcpidAAov kdi 1qv
Avdn1uq 1ov Iovq 1ou 1992 nou ycipokpo1q0qkc no ckAcioc q io1opikq
ncpioo 1q cnoyq 1q dvdn1uq yid vd ncpdoouc o1qv vcd cnoyq 1q
iooiq dvdn1uq.
H io1opid civdi yvoo1q. Kd0c qopd nou q dvdn1uidkq icoAoyid uqio1d1di cv1o-
vq kpi1ikq c doq 1d dpvq1ikd 1q dno1cAcod1d, 1o ncpiypdd 1q ido1cA-
Ac1di oo1c vd ouncpiAdci dyvoo1c cypi ckcivq 1q o1iyq noi1q1c. t1oi
1q cyouv npooo0ci kd1d kdipo idqopd kooq1ikd cni0c1d no cvdAAd-
k1ikq, ikdiq, qnid, kdi nAcov iooiq - dciqpo dvdn1uq. Mc 1ou
pou du1o cniycipq0qkc vd ouido1ov 1d douido1d: vd cnck1d0ci q
dvdn1uq oo1c vd ouncpiAdci c0vq, quAc kdi koivovikc 1dci dndv1dyo
1q yq, vd yivci oud1q c 1q ncpidAAov1ikq npoo1doid, vd ndqci vd dvd-
Aovci 1ou quoiko npou, vd yivci idpkq, iooiq kdi dciqpo, dvcdp-
1q1d dn ycoypdqiko, ycoquoiko, koivoviko, kAid1iko kdi dAAou
ncpiopioo. Z1qv npdyd1ik1q1d, q dvdn1uq civdi kdi oqcpd du1 nou q1dv
ndv1o1c: ouooopcuoq kdi dqoq 1ou dkd0dpio1ou cyyopiou npov1o. Bcdid
Addvc1di nAcov un qiv kdi q oikoAoyikq ido1doq: cv undpyci dvdn1uq
yopi iooi1q1d kdi cv undpyci iooi1q1d yopi dvdn1uq. H icoAo-
yid 1q dvdn1uq cqdvi(c1di Aoinv dnokd0dpcvq dn Ac 1i kd1qyopic
1ov oikoAoyikov kivqd1ov, c1oiq vd dv1cni1c0ci. Aic0vci opydviooi, unoup-
ycid kdi noAuc0vikc ouvdyovi(ov1di yid 1q ypqoq 1q dyikq cvvoid. Td d1id
yAiiv1pi(ouv dvunovd, kd0o cvd vco kkAo kcqdAdionoiqoq 1q q-
oq 0d dv1ic1onioci Ad 1d civd. Apkci vd npoqcpci 1q Acq sustainable.
O1dv ouvciq1onoiqoouc 1i nopoc vd ydAouc qpdykd kd0dpi(ov1d 1o
ncpidAAov 0d 1o kdvouc. H iooiq dvdn1uq civdi Aoinv id iioquq cv-
void. Kd1dqcpvci vd unooyc0ci kd1do1poqq 1ou ncpidAAov1o kdi 1du1ypovd
0cpdncid 1ov kdkov 1q ndpdooidkq dvdn1uq. H cA1io1onoiqoq 1q kd1d-
o1poqq dno1cAci 1ov ovdik 1pno vd yivci q dvdn1uq iooiq. Oi 1onikc
koiv1q1c kdAov1di cnciyv1o vd uio0c1qoouv 1ov nio ndvo pdoiovdAio,
cA1io1onoiov1d 1qv dnodoooq, 1q idpooq, 1qv dnoAcid ycvc1ikq noiki-
A1q1d. OAoi cniycipov vd pouv du1 1o cA1io1o oqcio cypi 1o onoio q
kd1do1poqq 1q qoq civdi cni1pcn1q!
An 1i dpyc 1q ckdc1id 1ou 90 id dkd npoookocvq cni1uyid 1ou vcou
pou q1dv 1i o copdo 1q dvdn1uq c 1ov cvvoid 1q dciqopid qp0c
vd unokd1do1qoci icoAoyqd1d nou qAqodv 1ou Aoydpidoo 1ou. Tci-
vci kupio vd unokd1do1qoci 1qv cvvoid 1q oikodvdn1uq kdi uncpdivci 1qv
iopponq, koivovikd ikdiq, oikoAoyikd dnock1q. OAc du1c oi cvvoic
dqioc dn 1o dv1inupqvik kivqd o1q Icpdvid 1i ckdc1ic 70-80
%!
cniycipq0qkc kd1d kdipo vd ypqoionoiq0ov o dAAo0i yid 1qv dpdp1q1d
1q dvdn1uidkq idikdoid, 1i oikoAoyikc kd1do1poqc kdi 1qv koivovikq
dnoidp0pooq. Zqcpd, q cvvoid 1q dciqopid ouncpiAddvci id ocipd dn
npdoivc dpyc c doq 1i onoic q npoqyocvq dvdn1uq kpivc1di o idp-
kq -idiq kdi dypid-, cvo 1opd 0d ncpdoouc oc id cnoyq qiAikq o1o ncpidA-
Aov. Bdoikc dpyc 1o 1pin1uyo Oikovoikq Avdn1uq - Koivovikq Aikdioovq
- Hpoo1doid 1ou HcpidAAov1o, kdi oi dv1io1oiyc cniioci yid ic0vonoiqoq
kdi yopikq ouvoyq, dv1dyovio1ik1q1d kdi kdivo1oid, io1q1d cukdipiov kdi
koivovikq ouvoyq, oikoAoyikq ioopponid kdi noi1q1d (oq.
Tdu1ypovd, piokdo1c o1qv cnoyq nou ndpdkd(ci q kivqd1ikq ido1doq 1ou
oikoAoyiko yopou, noAAd o1cAcyq 1ou cndyycAd1onoiov1di kd1dAddvov1d
kpd1ikc 0coci kdi q 0coonoiqoq 1ou q1dvci o1o oqcio nou dpkc1d npdoivd
kd1d ouc1cyouv oc kucpvq1iko ouvdonioo. To noAi1ik kd1co1qcvo
dykdAidoc Aoinv 1ov vco po o1cpov1d 1ov dn 1o npo1dpyik 1ou vqd: 1qv
oikoAoyikq o1d0cp1q1d. Zqcpd, o po iooiq dvdn1uq cv idkucci 1qv
ouoid 1q dvdn1uidkq Aoyikq dAAd 1qv cnAou1i(ci. O npdoivo kdni1dAio,
ouvud(ov1d kdivo1oid kdi dqooiooq 1ov oikoAoyikov di1qd1ov, kdi npo-
o0c1ov1d o1qv dvdn1uq kooq1ikd cni0c1d, oid(ci o didqioq1q1o vikq-
1q. Do1oo, 1o ycyov 1i 1o oikoAoyik AciAyio dnk1qoc o1didkd ku-
pidpyq 0coq du1odvdipci1di dn 1q o1iyq nou 1o cndvdo1d1ik 1ou kqpuyd
dnoppin1c1di.
Kucpvqoci, ouvikd1d, 1o cnio1qovik kdi ioqydvik Ani uio0c1ov 1o
oikoAoyik AciAyio kdvov1d 1o kid o1d dqqdyd v1id cv 1poyo nou
cnicvci vd ncpio1pcqc1di. t1oi, cvo q ioqydvid cAcnc cypi 1opd 1o nc-
pidAAov o cvd cvoyAq1ik cnio yid 1qv npdyd1ooq kcpov, oqcpd
dv1iAddvc1di 1i nopci vd dno1cAcoci 1ov kivq1qpio oyA id vcd 1cyvoAo-
yikq cndvdo1doq. Ypiikd npdoivd du1okivq1d, dvdvcooic nqyc cvcpycid,
npdoivq 1cyvoAoyid, cunvc oikoAoyikc ouokcuc, kdi q oikoAoyikq ioqydvid
o1qv E.E. dudvc1di kd1d 8% kd0c ypvo.
Tdu1ypovd, q dqooiooq 1ov oikoAoyikov di1qd1ov npoyopdci oc
c1dov1cpvc ckoyc Oi cydA1cpc c1dipcic npdoivi(ouv 1qv cnikoi-
vovidkq 1ou noAi1ikq: q Virgin ouvpdci c 3 io. oAdpid o1qv dvdn1uq
dvdvcooiov nqyov cvcpycid, q Wal-Mart dv1ikd0io1d 1ov o1Ao 1ov du1okivq-
1ov 1q c upiikd kdi idvcci 60.000 qAck1piko Adn1qpc ydqAq kd1d-
vdAooq o1ou cpyd(cvo 1q, q IKEA 0c1ci o o1yo 1q ypqoq dvdvcooiov
nqyov cvcpycid yid 1qv qAck1po1qoq 1ov kd1do1qd1ov 1q o 1o 2012, q
nc1pcAdkq Royal Dutch Shell dvdkoivovci cncvoci o1qv dioAikq kdi 1qv qAid-
kq cvcpycid kdi q BP cdAc 1ov qAio o1o cnopik 1q oqd. Oi noAqoci ioAo-
yikov npov1ov yvopi(ouv dAd1oq dqoq kdi o oiko1oupio yivc1di q vcd
%'
dpid dAAd kdi cunvq ioqydvid 1ov u1ikov cooycidkov yopov. TcAo, oi
ndAdic oikokoiv1q1c 1ov pi(oondo1ov dvdpyooikoAyov oid(ouv ypdqikc
npoo1d o1i oikoAoyikc c1dnAci 1ou 21ou diovd. To 2010 0d civdi c1oiq q
npo1q oikoAoyikq npdoivq nAq o1ov nAdvq1q q onoid 0d nopci vd qiAocvqoci
500.000 oikoAoyiko kd1oikou o1qv Kivd 1ou npdoivou pou kdi 1ov
npdoivov oAunidkov, dAAd kdi 1ov cydA1cpov oikoAoyikov cykAqd1ov
kdi 1ov 50.000 koivovikov ouykpoocov vo yid 1o 2006 c dqopq ncpidA-
Aov1ikd npoAqd1d. to 1o 2020 dvdcvov1di 30 ndpoic nAci oc Ao 1ov
koo.
Od dkoAou0qoouv, 1cAo, q cvcpyonoiqoq 1ou npo1okAAou 1ou Ki1o (2005)
nou 0d dndv1qoci o1o cdv o kdni1dAio nopci vd yivci oikoAoyik, c1d1pcn-
ov1d 1ov nAdvq1q oc cvidid dyopd pndvoq q onoid idycipi(c1di 1o ic0vc
ypqd1io1qpio-cnpio pnov, kdi ncpiAddvci npdoivou qpou, oikoAoyikd
npo1id, ikdiod1d o1q pndvoq kdi ndpdcioou pndvoq. To npo1-
koAAo npoAcnci ciooq 1ov 0cpokqnidkov dcpiov kd1d 5,2% co 1o 2012 oc
oycoq c 1d cnincd 1ou 1990, kdi o qydvio p0ioq uio0c1ci 1qv dyopo-
noAqoid pnov c doq 1qv onoid id c1dipcid q cvd kpd1o nopci vd nouAq-
oci kdi vd dyopdoci ikdiod1d pndvoq. Aqioupyci1di Aoinv id vcd ycvid
c1dipciov, oi nio1o1c dv0pdko, q onoid kcpi(ci u0ikd nAo1q cncvov1d
o1qv oikoAoyikq cudio0qoid npooonov kdi cniycipqocov. Oooi uncpkd1dvdAo-
vouv opuk1d kdoid oudAAov1d o1qv kAid1ikq dAAdyq nopov vd cdyo-
pdoouv 1qv ncpidAAov1ikq 1ou ddp1id npooqcpov1d cvd ypqd1ik noo,
kd1i odv oikoAoyik npo1io, npokcicvou vd cncvu0ci oc dvdvcooic nq-
yc cvcpycid. OAoi Aoinv 1(oydpouv o1o npdoivo. t1oi 1d doq dvdyov1di oc
dnoppoqq1qpc 1ov cknonov iociiou 1ou dv0pdkd kdi dyopd(ov1di dn
c1dipcic oo1c vd ikdioAoyov 1i cknonc pnov oc dAAd oqcid 1ou nAdvq-
1q. Aqioupyci1di id vcd ycoypdqid 1q pndvoq. Z1o vod 1q kd0dpq
dvdn1uq q qoq cnopcud1onoici1di kdi q kAid1ikq dAAdyq c1d1pcnc1di
oc ni(vd. H qioupyikq kd1do1poqq 1ou ncpidAAov1o ouvcyi(c1di c 1ov
npdoivo nupc1 vd dvd(ooyovci 1ov kdni1dAio.
q pcokond 1q dvn1uq
kdi q ionoAi1ikq dvn1uq ck1k1ou dvykq
1q dn 1q ckdc1id 1ou 80 dvdyycA0qkc q ypcokonid 1q oikovoikq 0copid
1q dvdn1uq kdi 1opd noAAoi unoo1qpi(ouv 1i piokdo1c o1qv 1cAikq qdoq
dnppiqq 1q. Z1qv 1cAcu1did ovoo 1ov G8 o1q Icpdvid cv dvdqcp0qkc
kdvci oc du1qv. O1c oi ic0vci opydviooi, no ANT, HOE, q q Hdykoid
oi c1dipcic du1okivq1ov
qAcp1dpouv c 1qv kAid1i-
kq dAAdyq
idqqioq dyopd kd1oikid
o1qv npo1q npdoivq noAq
1ou nAdvq1q
Apdoq cvdv1id o1o ypqd1io1qpio dv0pdkd o1o Aovivo
18 duyoo1ou 2007
kdnvid cvv1id o1qv kAid1ikq dAAdyq
600 dk1iio1c yuvoi oc id dn 1i kopuqc 1ov AAncov nou
0d Aiooouv 1qv cncvq ckdc1id Ayo 1q kAid1ikq dAAdyq
%(
Tpdnc(d doyoAov1di nAcov d(i 1q. OAoi qoov1di 1i q ouvcyioq 1ou dvd-
n1uidko ov1cAou nou cyci o ouvcncid 1qv kAid1ikq dAAdyq nopci odv
oikoAoyikq d vd npokdAcoci ic0vq oikovoikq kd1do1poqq ioovdq c
1o kpdy 1ou 1929. Au1 oo1oo nou cniiovci civdi q dvdn1uq c cni0c1ik
npooiopio. H iooiq q q dciqpo dvdn1uq civdi q nio cni1uyq ck-
qpdoq o1o do1pcd 1ov Accov. Au1q nou occ1di 1q qoq kdi 1ov dv0pono
kdi 0d nc1yci 1qv cuqcpid cod dn 1qv kdAq cyc0uvoq. Acv npkci1di
o dnAo yid cvd ndiyvii 1ov Accov.
Evo Aoinv noAAoi idio0dvov1di 1i q icd 1q dvdn1uq cv dno1cAci ndpd
cvd okcAc1ik dnocivdpi o1o idvoq1ik 1onio, q dv1io1doq 1q kupidpyq du-
1q icoAoyid 1qv kd0io1d kd1i noA ncpioo1cpo dn cvd vqcio o1ou 0co
1ou 20ou diovd. Edv q dvdn1uq ypqoionoici1di oqcpd yid vd d npoo1d-
1coci dn 1qv dvdn1uq, o kkAo cyci kAcioci, q cvvoid du1q piokc1di qq
0pud1iocvq o1o cdqo. Td icoAoyikd cpcinid 1ou oyypovou koou kAci-
vouv cv1o1oi 1q d1id cod o1o dnoqiAocvo 1onio o1qv vcou 1nou dvdn1u-
q. O kdni1dAio dvdycvvic1di cod dn 1i o1dy1c 1ou.
An 1o Bpiokdo1c npoo1d oc id cdqikq 1pookpd1id, qAooq 1ou
npocpou 1q Eupondkq Eni1ponq yid (q1qd1d ikdioovq, cAcu0cpid
kdi doqdAcid dvdqopikd c 1i qovikc nupkdyic o1q Mcoycio, cypi 1qv
doc1pq dnciAq 1q cAAqvikq kucpvqoq civdi qdvcpq q icpuvoq 1ou
kpd1ou nAq0uoo c cninpo0c1d ioAoyikd ydpdk1qpio1ikd. O nAdvq1q
ciocpyc1di oc kd1do1doq ck1dk1ou dvdykq, Aoi 1o yvopi(ouv. To cvidqcpov
o civdi 1i oi oikoAoyikc kd1do1poqc dq1i(ov1di c0vikc 1pdyoic
kdi 1o kpd1o ydivci cvioyucvo cod dn 1ov ioAoyik 0dvd1o. H ionoAi1i-
kq idycipioq yi vo 1ov nAq0uoov dAAd Aov 1ov (ov1dvov opydvioov
ndivci oc kd1do1doq ck1dk1ou dvdykq kdi cvioyc1di q cyypdqq 1q (oq o1qv
kpd1ikq couoid. O nAdvq1q, oo1oo, yuv dn ionoAi1ikd kdi ncpidAAo-
v1ikd ikdiod1d, qdivc1di Ao kdi ncpioo1cpo dvioyupo vd dndv1qoci kd0o
q cid (oq undyc1di kdi cvood1ovc1di o1didkd kdi kd0 oAokAqpid o1ou
qydvioo, o1ou unoAoyioo kdi o1d oycid 1q couoid. H dciqpo dvd-
n1uq, kd1dokcud(ov1d ovopd c1d (oq kdi 0dvd1ou, idppqyvci 1ov i-
onoAi1ik io1 1ou nAdvq1q kdi yivc1di o opcio inno yid 1qv dAooq Aov
1ov ciov opydvioov. 1oo kdvov1d ndpdAAqAio 1ov pov 1ou Agamben
dn 1q yuvq (oq 1ou homo sacer 0d npcnci vd iAdc nAcov yid 1ov yuv
nAdvq1q 1ou kdni1dAioo 1q kd1do1poqq. O yuv nAdvq1q civdi q
qovcoiq, d0u1q dAAd kdi icpq (oq 1ov oikoouo1qd1ov 1q qoq kdi 1ou
dv0ponou nou nopci vd 0dvd1o0ci kdi vd cdAciq0ci d1iopq1i.
O kdni1dAio ypcokonqcvo dn Ac 1i np1cpc icoAoyic 1ou idqo1ioo
ncpi d1oikq cAcu0cpid, io1q1d o1i cniAoyc kdi cu1uyid, dAAd idAc-
H OiAdvid cyci c1d1pdnci
oc doq cpqo
H cpqo dnciAci 1o oivik
1ciyo o1qv Kivd
H Ncd Ypkq cyci nAqu-
pioci
1ponikd qu1d cyouv nvici
1o Hdpioi
dn 1q idqqio1ikq kdnd-
vid 1q diesel yid 1o 2007 c
1i1Ao global warming
%)
nov1d kdi 1d pid 1q c1dvco1cpikq icoAoyid 1q doqdAcid, dpyi(ci vd
ypqoionoici nAcov 1qv oikoAoyikq kpioq kdi 1i ncpidAAov1ikc kd1do1poqc
o 1qv kd1do1doq nAqpou dnonpoodvd1oAioo. Oi dnpocvc ouqopc
dvoiyouv cvd noA oAik ndpd0upo yid vd npoo0q0ov noAi1ikc nou cv
nopooc 1o kpd1o vd npoo0qoci un quoioAoyikc ouv0qkc. EpydAcio oc
du1q 1q o1pd1qyikq dno1cAci q iooiq - dciqpo dvdn1uq, q onoid c 1ou
qydvioo ydp1oypdqqoq, dnokAcioo kdi ncpiAqqq 1q cid (oq
cndvdkoikonoici 1qv kd1do1doq cdipcoq cnck1civov1d 1qv oc Ac 1i o-
pqc 1q (oq. H dvoo 1q kd1do1doq cdipcoq no cqdvio1qkc c 1ov
nAco cvdv1id o1qv 1pookpd1id cnck1civc1di 1opd o1ov oAokAqpocvo cAcy-
yo 1ou nAdvq1iko ncpidAAov1o. To yd 1ou ook kdi o kdni1dAio
1q ouqopd o1yo cyouv 1qv ionoAi1ikq ckc1dAAcuoq cv kd1dkAuoidiou
ycyov1o, nou npokdAci o1q yopd kdi o1ou noAi1c cvd 1cpdo1io kdi cvio1c
dcncpdo1o ook. MiAdc yid cvdv nAco, kdi Ao kdi nio ouyvd yid id cydAq
quoikq kd1do1poqq (no oi npoqd1c nupkdyic). t1oi, o1o vod 1q ncpi-
dAAov1ikq npoo1doid voionoici1di 1o oAokd1od.
Evo Aoinv q ciooo 1q oikoAoyid o1qv noAi1ikq oqdipd ckivqoc dn 1d
kivqd1d ycipdqc1qoq kdi du1ovoid, oqcpd q noAi1ikq kpd1ikq idycipioq
1ou ncpidAAov1o cnck1civci 1qv ionoAi1ikq c1cpovoid. H noAi1ikonoiqoq
Aov 1ov ciov opydvioov oqd1oo1ci 1q vcd pi(ikq c1doAq. H dciqpo
- iooiq dvdn1uq civdi cpo 1q oykpouoq yid iocouoid, i1i o nAd-
vq1q o1o ovoA 1ou ndpouoid(c1di yi nAcov o 1o dv1ikcicvo dAAd o 1o
unokcicvo 1q noAi1ikq couoid. To vco ionoAi1ik ood ouncpiAddvci
Aou 1ou ciou opydvioo, dAAd cnioq cykoAnovci Ao kdi ncpioo1cpo
1d cvcpycidkd dno0cd1d, 1d dno0cd1d vcpo, 1d npoo1d1cu1ikd o1pod1d 1q
d1oqdipd. Td ndpdndvo dno1cAov kdi 1d ioc1pikd ouo1d1ikd 1ou 0uoid-
o1qpiou ood1o 1ou yuvo nAdvq1q. To idkcud civdi Aoinv q ickikqoq
kdi dncAcu0cpooq 1ou ionoAi1iko nAdvq1q. H dnqdoq yid 1qv yuvq (oq 1ou
nAdvq1q 0d dno1cAci 1o noAi1ik kpi1qpio yid 1d cncvd ypvid, kdi du1 i1i q
dqioq1qoq 1ov iio1q1ov 1q (oq npokdAci id oycv ioAoyikq ickikqoq
1ou dvqkciv. O kivuvo vd c1d1pdnci o nAdvq1q oc cvd ncipdd1ik ionoAi-
1ik o1pd1nco civdi opd1. Kdi du1 i1i q yuvq (oq 1ou nAdvq1q Addvci
1q opqq 1q cdipcoq, qAdq id1qpci1di o kd1i 1o onoio ncpiAddvc1di
vo idcoou id cdipcoq. To 1cyvq1 ncpidAAov 1ov do1ikov 1oniov yivc-
1di o kupidpyo kdvvd kdi q qoq 1o unokcicvo 1q kd1do1oAq, 1q dncAd-
oq q 1q dnpAcn1q Ad0pdid ccycpoq.
To cpo1qd, cyci npdyd1ikd dvdykq o nAdvq1q vd noAi1ikonoiq0ci q qno 1o
noAi1ik o1oiycio cncpicyc1di cv1 1ou o o nAcov noA1io nupqvd 1ou, 0d
ooci 1qv dndv1qoq o1o dvdn1uidk ov1cAo 1ov cncvov ckdc1iov.
dnv1qoq: 1o oikoAoyik
dno1nod
*%
ov1oq kpi1ikq 1q dvn1uq o1qv EAAd
Od cc1doouc 1o dvdn1uidk ndpdciyd 1q EAAdd 1ou 1cAcu1diou io
diovd. Z1qv iydocvq c1dcquAidkq EAAdd yid vd cdoqdAio1ci q koivovikq
ouvoyq cnivoci1di 1o oycio 1q dv1indpoyq o cdqikq kdi noAi1ikq cnck1d-
oq 1ou oyciou MdpodA yid 1ov kdni1dAio1ik po dvdn1uq 1q yopd. H
icoAoyid 1q dvdn1uq, q cvioyuoq 1q ikpoiok1qoid kdi q cqdvioq 1ov
npo1ov kd1dvdAo1ikov dyd0ov npoocoodv cvd dv1dyovio1ik pdd o1ov
nAq0uo dncvdv1i o1i koouvio1ikc dnciAc kdi dno1cAcodv 1o cpydAcio 1ou
kpd1ou oo1c vd idycipio1ci 1qv opyq, 1i qoic kdi 1i dvdoqdAcic cv
koou c dvoiy1c 1i nAqyc 1ou cquAiou kdi cyov1d dkd diydAo1ou oc
cpovqoid. H cniAoyq 1q dvdpyq du0dipc1q dvdn1uq 1ov c1dcquAidkov
nAcov q1dv odqo 1o nio nc1uyqcvo kpd1ik coo idycipioq 1ov koivo-
vikov ouykpoocov. H o1pd1qyikq 1ov du0dipc1ov ycvvqoc id ii1unq o-
pqq do1ikq koivovikq du1oopydvooq nou dv1ikd1co1qoc 1i np1cpc
dypo1ikc opqc dAAqAcyyq dAAd 1du1ypovd cvioyuoc kdi 1o ncAd1cidk
kpd1o. Kd1d kdnoiov 1pno 1o kpd1o yid dpkc1c ckdc1ic ypqoionoiqoc
1o cv1ovo cAAcid voionoiqoq 1ou c1dcquAidko noAi1iko ouo1qd1o
cni1pcnov1d 1qv du0dipc1q qoq o coo oikovoikq kdi koivovikq dvd-
(ooyvqoq. H d0id uonio1id dncvdv1i o1o kpd1o kdi q koivovikq dnooyq
1q ndpdd1ik1q1d cvioyuoc 1qv d1oikq npo1oouAid kdi o kd1dokcudo1ik
1ocd coo 1q dvoyq 1q ndpdvoid cyivc q kivq1qpio vdq 1ou cAAqvi-
ko kdni1dAioo. t1oi Aoinv q1dvci 1o 1969 q EAAdd vd kd1cyci 1qv npo1q
0coq o1qv kd1dokcuq oni1iov o1qv Euponq, yopi quoikd vd undpyci kdid
ncpidAAov1ikq noAi1ikq. Bid(ov1d 1o do1ik 1onio dudvov1di uncpc1pd oi
ouv1cAco1c qoq, oi kdAqci 1ov oikoncov, 1d qq 1ov k1ipiov, yopi
vd undpyci kdid cpivd yid koivypqo1ou kdi koivoqcAci yopou, y1i(ov1di
1d pcd1d, kd1dnd1ov1di oi ndpdAic, oAvc1di kdi unod0i(c1di 1o ycpodio
kdi 0dAdooio ncpidAAov 1q yopd.
Tdu1ypovd, q d(ikq ciopoq 1ov cd0Aiocvov dypo1ikov nAq0uoov o1i
nAci oqciAc1di oc cvd nAcyd idp0po1ikov c1doAov o1q ycopyid, o1qv 1pi-
1oycvonoiqoq 1q oikovoid kdi 1qv dnoidp0pooq 1ov koivovikov oov 1q
undi0pou. Kd0o q dvdn1uidkq idikdoid nAooc 1ov ycoypdqik yopo, 1o
cninAcov ypqd nou ouooopc1qkc o1d do1ikd kcv1pd qiopyqoc npoookic
ckoAou nAou1ioo. Enioq, ouykcv1povov1di o1i nAci oi cunqpc1qoci,
oi koivovikc ndpoyc, q noAi1ikq ioy, oi noAi1io1ikc icooi, oi qoic
cncvoci kdi 1du1ypovd ioykovc1di dkd ncpioo1cpo 1o ncAd1cidk kpd-
1o. Au1q q uncpouykcv1po1ikq idikdoid kdi o cAcyyo 1ou nAq0uoo coo
1q idnAokq, 1q dvoyq dAAd kdi 1ou cAcdp 1q du0dipc1q qoq ci-
2008
nAd o1oypdd
OcoodAovikq, ooi : AAc.
ZAou, Aq. Iovdpq kdi
E0vikq Avq
**
vdi q di1id 1q nAq0uoidkq yiydv1ooq 1q A0qvd kdi 1q OcoodAovikq kdi
yi q ncpiopiocvq kAidkd ckioqydvioq. EdAAou, dn 1qv ipuoq 1ou cA-
Aqviko kpd1ou, q yopo0c1qoq 1ov do1ikov Aci1oupyiov 1q yopd oycv
dnokAcio1ikd o1qv npo1couod undkoci ncpioo1cpo o1q Aoyikq 1ou nci0dp-
yiko ionoAi1iko kpd1ou cAcyyou 1q cnoyq 1q dnoikiokpd1id. Oi cydAc
cupondkc uvdci cykd1co1qodv 1i npo1c dnoikidkc nAci c kpi1qpid
iciou1ik1q1d kdi cAcyyou, oo1c dqcv vd yivc1di uvd1q q ckc1dAAcuoq
1ov npo1ov uAov (kdi yi du1 Ad 1d ik1ud unooq 1q yopd kd1dAqyouv
o1qv npo1couod) kdi dqc1cpou vd undkoci o1i dndi1qoci 1q oikovoikq
dnoo1ik1q1d q npo1oycvq cnccpydoid kdi c1cnci1d cdyoyq 1ou. Aidqo-
pid Aoinv yid 1qv do1ikq dvdn1uq 1q cvoyopd, cpqooq 1q undi0pou kdi
qioupyid cv cAcyycvou npoAc1dpid1ou o1o uncp1poqik kcv1po, 1o onoio
ypqoionoici1di o idc1dkoio1ik ko yid 1qv c1dqopd 1ov dypo1ikov
kupio npo1ov uAov o1i u1ikc q1ponAci. H noAi1ikq o1d0cp1q1d du1o
1ou ov1cAou dvdn1uq cni1uyydvc1di 1oo c do1uvoikc c0ou, qAdq
c 1qv dvduoq oAokAqpo1ikov ik1d1opikov kd0co1o1ov, dAAd kupio coo
cvioyuoq 1q d1oikq iiok1qoid kdi 1ov cdp1qocov 1ou nAq0uoo dn 1qv
ncAd1cidkq oq 1ou noAi1iko ouo1qd1o.
Od dkoAou0qoci q ckdc1id 1ou 80 c 1qv oikoAoyikq npoAqd1ikq vd
cqdvi(c1di o1o npookqvio ncpioo1cpo dn 1d ndvo, ciodycvq dn 1i
dpyc ncpidAAov1ikq npoo1doid 1q EOK, ndpd dn 1qv iid 1qv kivqoq 1ov
unokcicvov 1ov onoiov q noAi1ikonoiqoq ncpiopi(c1di kupio oc cpyd1iko,
qoi1q1iko kdi dv1iincpidAio1iko dyovc. To oikoAoyik kivqd q1dv ndv1d
ioyv o1qv EAAdd kdi cv civdi uncpoAq vd noc 1i q voo0coid 1q cnoyq
uncpdivci oc ncpidAAov1ikq cudio0qoid 1i kd0qcpivc dvd(q1qoci 1ou koi-
voviko ood1o. Tdu1ypovd, 1o oooidAqokpd1ik kpd1o cvood1ovci 1qv
cnio1qovikq cAi1 1q dpio1cpd kdi npodAAc1di yid npo1q qopd id dvdn1uq
c dv0ponivo npoono. To pu0io1ik 1ou 1983 c 1i1Ao A0qvd kdi ndAi A0q-
vd civdi ydpdk1qpio1ik, dqo dvdcod o1d dAAd np1civc 1qv kd1dAuoq 1q
1dikq idp0pooq 1q nAq kdi 1q qioupyid cni1ponov yci1ovid. Bcdid
noA ypqyopd q idpo1ikq cnqpcid 1q couoid kdi oi dvdykdioi ouidooi
ck1voodv du1v 1ov qcucniypdqo cndvdo1d1ik oio1po oo1c o1o 1cAo du1
nou dncivc q1dv kdnoic dvdnAdoci ncpioyov q dvdndAdiooci, kdi q ouv1q-
pqoq vcokAdoikov kdi ioqydvikov k1ipiov. H unoo1qpiq dAio1d 1c1oiov
cyycipqd1ov kdi q c1d1ponq 1ou oc noAuyopou 1cyvq dn 1qv dpio1cpd,
cv ckdvc 1ino1d dAAo dn 1o vd ickikci 1o cooAdq1ik 1q pAo o1q ouAAo-
yikq vqq 1ou npoAc1dpid1ou
3
.
O1dvov1d o1q vcd yiAic1id dpyi(ci vd opydvovc1di yid npo1q qopd o o1pd-
1qyik yopo1dik oycido 1q yopd c 1qv cknvqoq dvdn1uidkov
3. An 1qv npooopd
q1pnoAq vo1iodAkdvi-
ko 1nou, q1ponoAi1ikd
ouoAid 2003
2006
nAd o1oypdd
Aou1pdki, id ii1unq op-
qq dv1indpoyq nou id1ci-
pci o1qv niAo1q 1qv ndAid
kd1oikid kdi oikooci dn
cndvo 1q 1piopoqq noAu-
kd1oikid
*"
yopo1dikov nAdioiov, c npo1o 1o Eiik Xopo1dik Aciqpou Avdn1uq
Kd1do1qd1ov Kpd1qoq
"
kdi 0d dkoAou0qoouv 1o yopo1dik yid 1ov Toupio,
yid 1i Avdvcooic Hqyc Evcpycid, yid 1qv Bioqydvid kdi 1cAo 1o E0vik
Xopo1dik. OAd 1d ndpdndvo yopo1dikd unoypdi(ov1di dn dAd(oviko
1i1Aou yid 1qv npoo1doid 1ou ncpidAAov1o kdi 1qv dciqpo dvdn1uq.
Evcik1ikd, dpkci vd dvdqcp0oc o1o yopo1dik 1oupioo, oqovd c 1o
onoio q ndpd0cpio1ikq kd1oikid civdi npo1io1q dvdn1uidkq npo1cpdi1q1d kdi
o1pd1qyikq cniAoyq yid 1q c1ddoq 1ou cAAdiko yopou o1o ov1cAo "OApi-
d 1q Euponq. Zqovd c 1i ck1iqoci 1ou undpyouv 4.000.000 dAAo-
dnoi unoqqqioi dyopdo1c yid coyikc kd1oikic, c npo1o nAdvo dvcycpoq
1.000.000 kd1oikic. YnoAoyi(c1di 1i 1d cncvd ypvid ndvo dn 10 i cupo
0d dndvq0ov dn cyyopic kdi cvc kd1dokcudo1ikc c1dipcic. t1oi Aoinv
npoo0ci1di q d(ikq 1oicv1onoiqoq 1ov dk1ov kdi 1ov opcivov ykov (cni1pc-
nc1di q kd1dokcuq iio1ikov yopiov c ouv1cAco1c 1c1pdnAdoiou 1q ck1
oyciou qoq). Hpkci1di yid kd1do1poqq c kpd1ikq cni1qoq. Enioq,
dkd1oikq1d vqoid kdi pdyovqoic nou dno1cAov kio1o quoiko nAo1ou
kivuvcouv vd yivouv dykupooAqcvd kpoud(icpnAoid. Ouoido1ikd, c 1o
yopo1dik 1oupioo Ao 1o ndpdAidk c1ono 1q yopd dno1cAci id uvdci
(ovq noAcoqoq. AAAd dkd kdi oi ncpioyc nou npoo1d1cov1di dn 1q
ouv0qkq Natura (upoi1onoi, cA1d no1dov, doikc ncpioyc) nopov vd
unoo1ov 1oupio1ikc cncvoci, dv oi cniycipqd1ic ooouv kd1i ndpdnd-
vo, qAdq cvd cninAcov 1cAo. Zc Aiyo q cnoyq 1ov rooms to let 0d qdivc1di
dypo1oupio cnioqdivci o cAc1q1q 1ou yopo1diko yid 1ov 1oupio, o
onoio dAio1d idyopi(ci 1q 0coq 1ou dn 1o 1cAik oycio Acyov1d 1i np-
kci1di yid yopo1dik kd1dokcuov, real estate kdi yi 1oupioo, 1o onoio dko-
Aou0ci 1o iondvik ov1cAo 5 nou oqyqoc o1qv kd0oAikq 1oicv1onoiqoq 1ov
cooycidkov dk1ov 1q iqpikq (o1o 90% ck1id1di) c npokdipd oikovoikd
oqcAq kdi dkponp0coc uocvci ouvcncic cpqonoiqoq. Z1qv ouoid,
npioo1ci1di q 1oupio1ikq ovokdAAicpycid kdi q dypid dvdn1uq un 1ov uno-
kpi1ik 1i1Ao 1q dciqopid kdi 1q iooi1q1d.
HdpdAAqAd, c 1o yopo1dik ioqydvid icupvc1di q ycoypdqikq doq 1q
ioqydvid kd0o cnck1civov1di kdi qioupyov1di vcc ioqydvikc ncpi-
oyc. Enioq cv1d1ikonoiov1di oi unoo1qpik1ikc c1dAAcu1ikc kdi Aicvikc
pdo1qpi1q1c, dAAd(ov1d 1i ypqoci yq dkd kdi oc doikc ncpioyc q oc
ncpioyc uqqAq ncpidAAov1ikq npoo1doid (Natura) 1dv npkci1di yid cncv-
oci c0viko ouqcpov1o (ydpdk1qpio1ik 1o ndpdciyd 1ov c1dAAciov
ypuoo o1q B. XdAkiikq).
Ouoikd, oc Ad 1d ndpdndvo yopo1dikd 1ovi(c1di 1i 1d cpyd npcnci vd ouvo-
cov1di dn ncpidAAov1ikc cAc1c, oi onoic cdid cv civdi 1ino1d dAAo
#" To npo1o yopo1di-
k nou cknovq0qkc q1dv
1o 2001 yid 1q qioupyid
17 vcov dciqpov quAd-
kov kdi 1qv kd1dpyqoq 10
dndpydiocvov oqcpivov
quAdkov.
$" tvd 1oicv1cvio 1ci-
yo dnciAci 1q Mcoycio.
To 1oicv1cvio 1ciyo
oqovd c 1ov Eupond-
k Opydvio HcpidAAo-
v1o qioupyci1di nou
oi y1iocvc cniqdvcic
kd1dAddvouv ndvo dn
1o 50% 1q dk1oypdq.
Z1q Mcoycio q qoq cyci
kd1dAdci 1i dk1c oc id
noA ck1c1dcvq (ovq, ci-
ikd o1d ndpdAid 1q Iond-
vid, 1q IdAAid kdi 1q
u1ikq I1dAid. To ycip-
1cpo civdi 1i 1o qdivcvo
cnck1civc1di npo 1d dvd-
*#
dn 1unonoiqcvd ouyyopoydp1id, dndpdi1q1d nio1onoiq1ikd oikoAoyikov
qpovqd1ov nou ikdioAoyov ovdyd 1ou cpyoAqn1c. Zycv Ad 1d cy-
dAd cpyd iAov yid 1qv oikoAoyikq 1ou ido1doq, c1pid(ouv 1i cnin1ooci
o1o ncpidAAov, cuvov 1qv koivovikq 1ou npooqopd. Td ndpdndvo Aoinv
dciqpd yopo1dikd doi(ov1di o1q Aoyikq 1i Hpcnci vd o0ci yopo o1i
cncvoci kdi vd poc 1d pid o1d onoid 0d kivq0ci q npoo1doid 1ou ncpidA-
Aov1o
#
. 1oo Aoinv ouvcncid 1ou ndpdndvo pdoiovdAioo dno1cAov kdi oi
nupkdyic nou kd1ckdqdv 1qv HcAonvvqoo, oi onoic cdv cv unqpydv cnpcnc
vd cqcupc0ov oo1c vd cqdpoo1ci 1o oiko-kd1do1poqik 0coik nAdioio 1ou
yopo1diko yid 1ov 1oupio. Edv Aoinv 1i ckdc1id 1ou 70-80 q kpd1ikq
p0ioq dqopooc kupio 1qv ikpokAidkd 1q noAcooikq opydvooq 1ou
yopou, ncpvdc o1qv vcd yiAic1id nou ivc1di kupio dp1q1d o1qv yopo1did
kdi o1qv ouvoAikq p0ioq 1ov cdqov 1q yopd. Oi cnio1qc 1q ydp1o-
ypdqid, 1q ycoAoyid, 1q dv0ponoycoypdqid, 1ov oikovoikov cnio1qov,
1q 1onoypdqid kd1dypdqouv, c1pov kdi dvdAouv 1ou quoiko, noAi-
1io1iko, cvcpycidko kdi dpydioAoyiko npou 1q yopd. H cnikpd1cid
ciocpyc1di o1o ikpooknio 1ou k1qd1oAoyiou. Do1oo, odv cvd nc1uyqcvo
ndiyvii ionoAi1iko noAcou q idycipioq 1q dciqopid ckqpdo1qkc o1q yopd
npo1d c 1o yopo1dik quAdkov, 1q p0ioq qAdq 1ov dndyopcucvov
o1pd1oncov cykAcioo kdi kpd1qoq, yid vd dkoAou0qoci o oycido 1ou
1oupioo, 1q ioqydvid kdi 1q cvcpycid. Z1didkd Aoinv oi quoikoi kdi
dv0ponivoi npoi 1q yopd ydp1oypdqov1di, pu0i(ov1di, cAcyyov1di kdi
cnopcud1onoiov1di. Oikio1ikq ckpqq ncpido1ikq kdi ndpd0cpio1ikq kd1oi-
kid, real estate, cvcpycidkd ik1ud (dyoyoi nc1pcAdiou kdi quoiko dcpiou),
ck1ponc kdi qpdyd1d no1dov (AycAoo, Apdy0o), vcd ik1ud c1dqopov
(Eyvd1id o, Ivid o, OcoodAikq o), 1oupio1ikc cncvoci kAidkd
o1d kdcvd dn 1i nupkdyic cdqq, cpyd unooq o1o kdpkivod 1q A0q-
vd kdi 1q OcoodAovikq, Aidvi logistics o1o Tundki, cpikd dn 1d cydAq
kAidkd ionoAi1ikd dvdn1uidkd cpyd o1qv EAAdd kdi q kd1qqpo dvdn1uq
cncAdvci.
Tdu1ypovd c 1d ndpdndvo, d q cyvdc 1i q uAonoiqoq 1q dciqpou
dvdn1uq, ncpd dn 1qv kdkonoiqoq 1ou ncpidAAov1o kdi 1qv dyvqoq 1ov
kAid1ikov dAAdyov, doi(c1di o1qv ydqAio0q kdi unod0iocvq cpydoid.
H ckc1dAAcuoq 1q q1qvq cpyd1ikq vdq 1ov c1dvdo1ov kdi q ycvikcu-
oq 1q cnioqdAcid o1o kd0co1o cpydoid, oc ouvudo c 1o iAqd 0coci
cpydoid q kd0dp ncpidAAov, cokcnd(ouv 1o npoooncio 1q koivovikq io-
1q1d, ouvoyq kdi cuqcpid 1ou npdoivou kdni1dAioo 1q yopd.
Ek1 o dn 1q 0coikq kd1oypooq 1q oikokd1do1poqikq dciqpou dvd-
n1uq, cyci iidi1cpq oqdoid vd cc1doouc kdi 1ov 1pno Aqqq dnoqdocov
1oAikd. Zqovd c np-
oqd1q cpcuvd, oi 1cyvq1c
k1iocvc cniqdvcic nd-
pouoidodv dqoq 1q 1dc-
o 1ov 190 1c1p. yiA. kd0c
ypvo, 1q ckdc1id 1ou 1990
- 2000, kdi oqcpd unoAo-
yi(c1di 1i 1o 26% 1ov nd-
pdAiov 1q Mcooyciou civdi
qq y1iocvo. Av ouvcyio1ci
q 1doq, 1o 50% 1ov dk1ov
1q Mcooyciou 0d cyci y1i-
o1ci co 1o 2025. Zqcpd
q cooycidkq Ackdvq ci-
vdi o npo1o 1oupio1ik
npoopio o1ov koo,
kd0o cyc1di 1o 1/3 1q
ndykoid 1oupio1ikq ki-
vqoq. O EOH 1ovi(ci kdi
npocionoici no Acv
nopoc vd dionoioc
cvdv 1no yid 20 ypvid kdi
vd 1ov kd1do1pcqouc yid
ndv1d. 1q o1q Mcoycio
cqdvi(ov1di ncpioyc c
cydAq 1oupio1ikq dv0qoq
o1o ndpcA0v, nou iovouv
1qv ndpdkq.
6. AqAooq 1ou unoupyo
oikovoid I. AAoyooko-
qq.
*$
o1ov noAcooik oycido. Tq ckdc1id 1ou 80 dokq0qkc cv1ovq kpi1ikq dn
dpio1cpo kdi oikoAyou, q onoid co1id(c o1o d0 ouykcv1po1ik d0qvo-
kcv1pik kpd1o nou cv Addvci unqq 1i 1onikc iidi1cp1q1c kdi 1ou
kd1oikou yid 1ou onoiou oycid(c 1o cAAov, kdi c0c1dv o dv1inp1doq 1qv
cvioyuoq 1q 1onikq du1oioikqoq. Zqcpd oo1oo Acnouc 1qv 1pdyoid
vd cyc0vc1di kd0o oi duqcvoi c dpoi1q1c 1onikoi dpyov1c, oycv
1uqAocvoi dn 1qv couoid nou 1ou cyci o0ci, dvccAcyk1oi npdyd1onoiov
noAAdnAdoid oikoAoyikd cykAqd1d dn 1o np1cpo ouykcv1po1ik kpd1o. H
Aoyikq civdi dnAq: o kd0c kd1oiko Acnci 1o yopdqi 1ou o cvd uvdci oik-
nco, o1q ouvcycid o kd0c qdpyo yid Ayou kdi vo qqqo0qpiko un-
oyc1di o1o ckAoyik ood ncpioo1cpc cnck1doci, oo1c vd cv1dy0ov o1o vco
oycio nAq ncpioo1cpd yopdqid nou 0d 1ou qcpouv ncpioo1cpou qqqo-
qpou. H cAc1q1ikq c1dipcid q onoid dvdAddvci 1ov oycido 1ou ycviko
noAcooiko oyciou ouqovci c 1ov qdpyo kdi cndudvci kd0o q doiq
1q cAAov1ikq noAcooikq cAc1q civdi dvdAoyq 1ov o1pcd1ov 1ov cnc-
k1docov. t1oi Aoinv oi 1onikc koivovic vid, dkd kdi cod dn Ac
1i npoAcncvc idikdoic 1q idoAcuoq, 1q idqdvcid kdi 1ou
qoiou idAoyou c 1q ooooq ouc1oyq 1q koivovid 1ov noAi1ov
cnck1civouv 1ou oikioo 1ou cod oc ndpdno1dic (ovc, c1d1pcnouv 1qv
dypo1ikq yq oc ioqydvikq, 1oicv1onoiov 1d ndpdAidkd c1ond, kd1dnd1ov
1i (ovc dnAu1q npoo1doid nou npoo1d1cov1di dn ic0vci oudoci
(Natura, Ramsar). Zuvcno q1dvouc o1o oqcio oi 1cAcu1dioi npoo1d1c
1ou ncpidAAov1o nou nqydivouv cvdv1id o1q Adkq oAqoq kdi d(ouv
opiocvou cAdyio1ou qpdyo o1qv dvccAcyk1q dvdn1uq vd civdi vo oi
dvo1cpoi kpd1ikoi undAAqAoi (1ov ncpiqcpciov q 1ou YHEXDAE) nou cvcyc1di
vd cAcyouv 1ov dnokcv1pocvo nAcov noAcooik oycido q 1o ZuoAio
Enikpd1cid 1o onoio 0copci1di 1o cydA1cpo dykd0i o1qv dvdn1uidkq nopcid
1q yopd. Kdi Ad du1d yivov1di o1o vod 1q dciqpou dvdn1uq kdi c 1q
ypqd1o1qoq npoypdd1ov npoo1doid 1ou ncpidAAov1o.
Zuvcno, cv dpkci kdid dciqpo dvdn1uq oo1c vd idoo0ci 1o quoik nc-
pidAAov, oo o kdni1dAio1ik 1pno (oq civdi cykd0ipucvo o1i (oc kdi
1i ouvciqoci 1ov kd1oikov. MdAio1d, co civdi nou qdivc1di q ionoAi1ikq
vdq kdi q dno1cAcod1ik1q1d 1q opionoiqoq 1ou kdni1dAioo, q onoid
civdi odqo nio kd1do1pcn1ikq dn 1qv oAiydpyikq ouykcv1po1ikq idycipioq
1ov nAq0uoov. Zqcpd nopoc nid dqod vd ioyupio1oc 1i q cni1uyid
du1o 1ou ov1cAou dvdn1uq npono0c1ci 1qv kd1do1poqq 1q ouAAoyikq
unokcicvik1q1d. Iid vd 1o nc1yci du1, o dnokcv1pocvo kdni1dAio 1ci-
vci vd dnooci oAocvd kdi ncpioo1cpo 1i co1ic couoid. Xdpdk1qpio1ik
ndpdciyd 1q iciou1ikq 1ou ikdv1q1d dno1cAci q cAAqvikq iidi1cp1q1d
2007
ydp1q 1ou c0viko yopo1-
iko oyciou yid 1qv dci-
qpo dvdn1uq
!&
nou q idikdoid unokcicvonoiqoq kdi kd1dokcuq koivovikov 1du1o1q1ov
ncpvd cod dn 1qv duqcvq ikpoiok1qoid. Edv Aoinv cv dokq0ci id ou-
voAikq kpi1ikq o1qv dvdn1uidkq icoAoyid kdi 1i kdni1dAio1ikc oycoci, qdi-
vc1di q dqcAcid 1q grass-root cniycipqd1oAoyid, q qdpod 1q koivovid
1ov noAi1ov kdi kd1dppcci oAkAqpq q cpydAcio0qkq ncpi du1oopydvooq 1ov
koivoviov. Oi koivovic, yuvc dn oycoci dAAqAcyyq, doidi1q1d kdi
oipdod1o, du1okd1do1pcqov1di ouAAoyikd, oAuocvc kdi 1uqAocvc dn
1o qdv1doidk 1q dvdn1uq.
Too dn 1qv dciqpo dvn1uq
Yndpyouv Acci yAukc, Acci nou yvouv dAodo o1qv kdpid, kdi Acci
nou nAqyovouv. Yndpyouv Acci nou oncpvouv 1dpdyq o1ou nAq0uoo kdi
dvdo1d1ovouv 1ov koo. Ki o1cpd, undpyouv Acci qAq1qpio, Acci nou
cioyopov o1o did odv vdpko1ik, dAAoiovouv 1qv cni0uid kdi 0oAovouv
1qv kpioq. H dvdn1uq civdi id dn du1c 1i 1oikc Acci. To iAqd dypid
dvdn1uq q dciqpo - iooiq dvdn1uq cv undpyci. Ei1c 1o 0cAouc ci1c yi,
cv nopoc vd kdvouc 1qv dvdn1uq kd1i idqopc1ik dn du1 nou unqp-
c ndv1d: q ionoAi1ikq idycipioq 1ou yuvo nAdvq1q. H idpkq qioupyid
id kd1do1doq cdipcoq un 1q opqq 1q icoAoyid 1q undvdn1uq kdi
q cndkAou0q dvdipcoq Aov 1ov np1cpov quoikov kdi koivovikov vov
c 1qv cndvdydpdq 1ov opiov c1d (oq kdi 0dvd1ou 1ov oikoouo1qd1ov.
To kdivopyio c 1qv cnikAqoq 1q dciqopid o noio1ik ydpdk1qpio1ik 1q
vcd dvdn1uq unoqAovci 1i q dciqopid ydvc1di 1cAcio1ikd, on1c c1dnq-
dci o1q okqvq 1ou Ayou odv ooAo 1ou cAAcinov1o. Do1oo, q vcd Acq cv
dvdc1di dnAo 1q o1iyq nou 1o cAAov 1ou nAdvq1q qdv1d(ci dcdio, dAAd
cvodpkovci 1q ikdiikq c1ddoq o1q ioAoyikq noAi1ikq. To ikdio 1q dciqpou
dvdn1uq kpd1ikonoici 1q qoq kdi cykoAnovci cv1 1ou Aou 1ou ciou
opydvioo kd0io1ov1d dciqpd 1qv kupidpyq couoid.
Eci cv 0cAouc cvd oikoAoyik kpd1o, o1c vd npooooouc ionoAi1ikd
ikdiod1d o1ov yuv nAdvq1q. H kpd1ikq idycipioq 1ov ionoAi1ikov ydpd-
k1qpio1ikov 1ou nAdvq1q 0d ouvcndyc1di kd1dpyqv 1qv unoypcooq kd0c io-
Aoyiko opydvioo o1qv undkoq, un 1q vdq 1q onoid oi noAi1ikoi voi
0d civdi cykupoi. Zuvcno, o1o vod 1q iooi1q1d 1ou nAdvq1q q kpd1ikq
0coonoiqoq 1q ycvc1ikq noikiA1q1d 1ou dv0ponoycvo kdi quoiko ncpi-
dAAov1o 0d oqyqoci o1qv oAokAqpocvq io-kupidpyid.
Eci Aoinv 0cAouc vd odno1dpouc 1i kdnAc 1q dvdn1uq kdi
vd cvuvdooouc 1i ypdooci 1q du1ovoid. Ii du1 oqciAouc vd
dvdc1pq0oc c 1qv ionoAi1ikq qycovid 1q dciqpou dvdn1uq, dvd(q1o-
!!
v1d ckcivq 1qv noAi1ioikq kdi noAi1ikq cniAoyq Aino1did kdi cou dn 1qv
dvdn1uidkq kopod. Zc du1q 1qv npoon1ikq oi idikdoic unokcicvonoiqoq
kdi kd1dokcuq 1du1o1q1ov cv cvci ndpd vd dnoondo1ov dn 1qv cvoqq-
vooq 1ou o1qv icoAoyid 1q dvdn1uq. Iid vd yivci du1 npcnci vd 0coouc
1o dydipi d0id cod o1o koivovik uAik, vd qioupyqoouc 1q ionoAi1ikq
kdi oikoAoyikq dv1icouoid, vcd ouAAoyikd undpidkd cdqq cndvciodyov1d 1o
koivovik kdi 1o noAi1ik o1q oycoq couoid - qoq. Ivopi(ouc oo1oo 1i
cv 0d undpci dAq0ivq dndv1qoq o1qv oikoAoyikq kdi dvdn1uidkq kpioq ndpd
vo oc nAdvq1ikq kAidkd kdi vo dv npdyd1o0ci id noAi1ikq, koivovikq kdi
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voqoovq kdi cni0uid. Ooo yid 1qv dciqpo dvdn1uq, du1q d dqdipci
kd0c npoon1ikq cou, d unoyc1di 1qv diovid dvdn1uq! A cqAooouc
Aoinv 1d cpyd kdi 1i qcpc 1q dciqpou dvdn1uq.
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Aciqpo dvn1uq
kdi kd0co1 ck1k1ou dvykq o1q OcoodAovkq
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yov ncpi uo1cpqoq kdi undvdn1uq 1q nAq oc oycoq c 1qv A0qvd, kdi cvo
1du1ypovd c1d1pcnov1dv oc cpd yid 1qv Aqo1pikq cncAdoq 1q EAAdd o1d
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vc1di 1i dpyi(ci nAcov vd dAAd(ci pi(ikd qq. Hdvo dn 70.000 o1pcd1d vcov
cnck1docov npoo1i0cv1di du1o 1ou qvc o1d Icvikd HoAcooikd Zycid 1ov
qov 1q Eup1cpq Hcpioyq OcoodAovikq, 1dv 1o undpyov noAcooik
ouykp1qd (,1i piokc1di cv1 1ou coo1cpiko ncpiqcpcidko dk1uAiou)
cyci ck1doq Ai 55.000 o1pcd1d. O uncpinAdoido 1q oqcvq cni-
qdvcid cv civdi dnAo cvd oycido 1q couoid dAAd npokn1ci dn 1qv
iid 1qv kivqoq 1ov kd1oikov kdi 1ov cnopcud1ov. O cik1q iiok1qoid I.X.
oc Aiy1cpo dn 10 ypvid oycv inAdoido0qkc, c 1du1ypovo inAdoido
1ov c1dkivqocov dn kdi npo 1q OcoodAovikq kdvov1d dkd nio cni1dk1ikq
1qv dvdykq oAokAqpooq 1ov cydAov oikov dvov (Eyvd1id o, HAOE,
vcoi oikoi dovc npo XdAkiikq, Bcpoid, KiAki). H cnopcud1ikq kivqoq
o1o Aidvi oc Aiy1cpo dn id ckdc1id uncpinAdoid(c1di o0ov1d oc vcc
cnck1doci (6q npoAq1d), dvdcikvov1d 1q OcoodAovikq o1o cydA1cpo
idc1dkoio1ik cnopik Aidvi 1ov BdAkdviov. Enioq 1pinAdoid(c1di oc Ai-
y1cpo dn ckdncv1c ypvid q cnid1ikq kivqoq o1o dcpopio, npooqcpo-
v1d 1qv dndpdi1q1q koivovikq voionoiqoq yid 1qv dvdd0ioq 1ou c 1qv
oikokd1do1poqikq cnck1doq 1ou cv1 1ou Ocpdko kAnou
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(noAi1io1ikq npo1couod, dyoyoi quoiko dcpiou kdi nc1pcAdiou, oikoi kdi
oiqpopoikoi dovc oppd-v1ou kdi oq-dvd1oAq). HdpdAAqAd, ckno-
vov1di cvookonikc dvdAoci ydp1oypdqqoq kdi dvdAuoq 1ov npov 1ou
do1iko io1o kdi id ocipd dn dvdn1uidkd o1pd1qyikd oycid kdi cAc1c yid
1qv kukAoqopidkq, 1cyvoAoyikq, noAi1io1ikq kdi ncpidAAov1ikq dvd(ooyvq-
oq 1q nAq. H dvdn1uq Aoinv, 1oo oc cninco kcv1piko oycidoo oo
kdi, kupio, dn 1qv iid 1qv kivqoq 1ou nAq0uoo, dAAd(ci 1ov ycoypdqik
c1doAio 1q nAq icupvov1d kdi c1d1oni(ov1d dvccAcyk1d 1d noio-
1ikd kdi nooo1ikd pid 1ou do1iko 1oniou. H nAq c1dopqovc1di, idycc1di
!" O cik1q iiok1qoid I.X.
o1q OcoodAovikq duq0qkc
dn 253 oyqd1d/ dvd 1000
kd1oikou 1o 1998 oc 414
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1i 0d o1d0cponoiq0ci o1d
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c oyqd1d dn kdi npo
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An 1o Aidvi OcoodAovi-
kq idkivq0qkdv 250.000
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2006 dn 103.000 1o 1998
kdi o o1yo civdi vd uncp-
1pinAdoido1ov cod o1qv
cncvq ckdncv1dc1id.
H cnid1ikq kivqoq o1o
dcpopio OcoodAovikq
duq0qkc dn 1,5 ck. cni-
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o1qv ndi0po kdi c1d1pcnc1di oc cvd yiydv1idio npodo1io du1okivq1opov, oi
oycoci 1ov kd1oikov c 1ov yopo 0pud1i(ov1di kdi o dndv1qoq o1qv dnou-
oid voqd1o kdpnoqopci q vcd cioAoAd1pid 1ov cydAov cpyov. H dAd(ovcid
dAio1d 1q dvdn1uq kdi 1ov cydAov cpyov cq1doc o1o vd ovcipcov1di oi
1onikoi dpyov1c 1qv OcoodAovikq o N1oundi 1ov BdAkdviov
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dioiooid 1o cAAov.
H cvvoid 1q dciqopid civdi kupidpyq yid dAAq id qopd o1q qpdocoAoyid kdi 1q
0coikq kd1oypooq 1ov dvdn1uidkov cpyov, 1d onoid ikdvonoiov id ocipd
dn unokpi1ikc cAc1c ncpidAAov1ikov cnin1oocov, unqpc1ov 1qv yopikq
kdi koivovikq ouvoyq 1q nAq kdi npooAcnouv o1qv dAkdvikq dk1ivoo-
Aid 1q. Do1oo cci 1o ycoypdqik dno1cAcod 1q dciqpou dvdn1uq 1o
Acnouc o cvd dpyincAdyo cdipcocov. Hpkci1di yid 1qv icd oqovd c
1qv onoid q nAq 1cdyi(c1di oc ndkc1d dvdn1uq. Apoi, nAd1cic, yci1ovic,
oAkAqpoi qoi cdipov1di kdi dnokn1ov1di dn 1ov unAoino do1ik io1, yd-
pdk1qpi(ov1di unod0iocvoi kdi undvdn1uk1oi oo1c vd dvdipc0ci q uqio1dcvq
do1ikq dv1indpdyoyik1q1d 1ou kdi vd dkoAou0qoouv ycvikcucvc dvdnAdoci,
kd1do1poqq 1q np1cpq du0pq1q do1ikq opydvooq, kdi cv1dq 1ou ou-
vAou 1q cid (oq oc npoypdd1d dvd0copqoq kdi ouvoAikq p0ioq.
To cvidqcpov c 1qv dciqopid o1o do1ik cninco civdi 1i cv ncpiopi(c1di
dnAo o1qv noAcooikq p0ioq dAAd cvood1ovci 1o ovoAo 1ov dv0po-
noycoypdqikov pdo1qpio1q1ov kdi icioci o1q (oq 1ov oikoouo1qd1ov.
t1oi, 1qv 1cAcu1did ckdc1id ydp1oypdqov1di, kd1dc1pov1di, icpdpyov1di
1d ik1ud unooq, oi oikovoikc poc, oi c1dvdo1cu1ikc poc, 1d o1oiycid
ycoopqoAoyid, kAid1o, 1d quoikd dno0cd1d, 1d ud1ivd, d1ooqdipikd kdi
cniycid oikoouo1qd1d c doq kpi1qpid yovi1q1d, dnoo1ik1q1d, dv1dyo-
vio1ik1q1d oc oykpioq c dAAc dAkdvikc kdi cupondkc q1ponoAi1ikc
ncpioyc, o1oycov1d o1ov kd0oAik oycido kdi o1qv ionoAi1ikq opydvooq
cv oAokAqpocvou dv1dyovio1iko, cucAik1ou kdi cv1d1ikonoiqcvou q1pon-
oAi1iko ioouo1qd1o. Zqcid, o1iyc kdi ooAd 1q vcd q1ponoAi1ikq
idkucpvqoq dno1cAov 1d npoqd1d cydAd cpyd unooq.
Zuvcncid 1ov ndpdndvo civdi 1i q OcoodAovikq 0d ciocA0ci o1didkd oc kd0c-
o1o ck1dk1ou dvdykq. Z1o vod 1q dvdciq kdi npoo1doid 1ov dvdn1ui-
dkov cydAov cpyov 0d uio0c1q0ov vcc cAcyk1ikc kdi kd1do1dA1ikc c0ooi
cdipcoq kdi ncpiAqqq. H cdqikq npoo1doid kdi cqdpoyq 1q dciqpou dvd-
n1uq qdivc1di qq c 1q yopo0c1qoq 1ov npo1ov cpyo1diov 1ou c1p kd1d
qko 1q Eyvd1id kdi cv1 1ov ndvcnio1qiov, c 1q qioupyid 1ov npo1ov
dndyopcu1ikov (ovov. H kkkivq (ovq ypo dn 1qv AEO, oi kAoc kd0c1d
o1qv Eyvd1id, q kd1dpyqoq 1ou ndvcnio1qidko doAou kdi 1o oycio qcvikq
2. Ec o1qv OcoodAov!
kq c npo1o 1ov Aqdpo
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6 Zcn1cpou 2007
Ao1uvoikc kAoc kd-
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vd ndpcnoio1ci q npo-
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kdi npcnci vd ckAqq0ov o cvd uvd1 kdndvdki. H kdvovik1q1d 1q nAq
dAAd(ci, dipc1di q koivovikq voionoiqoq 1ov nopciov, oi voi 1q yq cv1
kdi ypo dn 1d cydAd cpyd dvdo1cAAov1di kdi 1o kd0co1o cdipcoq nou
cqdp(c1di oc cdipc1ikd ycyov1d no q ovoo 1q E.E. 1o 2003 kdi q AEO
0d yivci o kdvvd yid 1d cncvd ypvid. H cid (oq dv0ponov kdi qoq
dnokAcic1di cv1 1ov dndyopcucvov dvdn1uidkov (ovov kdi q npooncAdoq
1ou iokc1di. Oo dcoo c1d 1q oqcpivq kivqoq dnokAcioo 0d dko-
Aou0qoci o1o cAAov q dvdykdo1ikq cvood1ooq 1ou nAq0uoo. H ypqoq 1q
uno0dAdooid, 1ou c1p kdi 1ov ncpiqcpcidkov dp1qpiov 0d yivci cni1dk1ikq
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Aq, o1o dcpopio, o1ou o1d0o 1ov 1pcvov kdi 1ov coov c1dqopd 0d
cqdpoo1ci o1o cAAov cyc0ucvd o1o c1p, o1qv uno0dAdooid dp1qpid kdi
o1ou cAcyycvou ncpic1piko du1okivq1opou. To 0cdd, q cyc0uvoq
1q kd1dvdAooq, q ncpidAAov1ikq unod0ioq, q cAcyycvq kd1dycypdcvq
kivqoq, q cvioyuoq 1q kpd1ikq kd1do1oAq 0d yivouv q kdvovik1q1d oc Ao
kdi ncpioo1cpd yopoypovikd ncid 1q kd0qcpiv1q1d.
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o1qv uno0dAdooid dp1qpid, o1qv cnck1doq 1ou dcpopoiou, o1o c1p, o1q
ouppikvooq 1ou Zciy Zou, o1qv unod0ioq 1ou cA1d 1ov no1dov, o1qv cd-
qdvioq 1q Aivq Kopovcid, o1d black out 1q AEH, o1i nupkdyic o1qv XdA-
kiikq. Iid 1d cncvd ypvid q OcoodAovikq 0d civdi id nAq un noAiopkid.
tvd ck1c1dcvo do1ik ncio dyq. Eci, cdv cv 0cAouc vd cido1c 0cd1c,
oqciAouc vd ndpouc 0coci dyq. To odpiocvo 1onio 1ov cpyo1diov
civdi oi dvoiy1c nAqyc o1qv cnicpid 1q nAq: 1opd civdi o kdip vd
1i odno1dpouc, dAAio odv kdpkivod 0d cyc0uv0ov dnocikvov1d 1i
dv1dvdkAov cvd d0id dppoo1qcvo koivovik ood.
28 Iouvou 2007
nupkdyid o1o KYT Nikno-
Aq
30 dp1ou 2007
nAd o1oypdd
nopcid dn 1ou ncipd1c
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yvq1 vqoi oc oyqd qoivikd dvdcod o1o c1cpo kdi 1o 1pi1o ni 1q XdAkii-
kq. To vod 1ou 1o nqpc dn 1o yci1ovik ouv A0o (1o 1cAcu1dio ncpido1i-
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q1ponoAi1ikq ncpioyq 1q OcoodAovikq) dAAd 0cAci vd unoqAooci kdi 1qv
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1d1o qdivcvo, cnioq undpyouv ckd1opid kAid1ikoi npoquyc. t1oi
1o vco dnp0q1o dn 0dAdood kdi dcpd npoo1d1cucvo c ciikc oikoAoyikc
do1uvoikc uvdci 1cyvq1 vqoi civdi cvd dnAu1d cAcyycvo ndpdcioo
dn 1i kAid1ikc kdi c1dvdo1cu1ikc dnciAc.
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1ou oupdvo c dcpo1d1o dn 1o yci1ovik 0cpc1po OupdvonoAq. Oi c1dk-
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cvood1ocvc qo1ooA1dkc kuqcAc, cvo oi onpcAc poyq civdi dvdno-
c yid vd d(couv vcp. To dAq0iv vcp, cni 1q cukdipid, noAci1di ncpinou
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cyci npokdAcoci 31 noAcou 1i 1cAcu1dic 1pci ckdc1ic o1qv vo1iodvd1oAikq
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cupondkq cvooq nou dv1io1oiyci o1i ovdc iociiou 1ou dv0pdkd nou
ckncnc1di o1qv d1oqdipd yid 1qv ndpdyoyq 1ou npov1o.
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nqyq cvcpycid civdi. 1o oc: o1d cpo1ikd cvooycid 1ou vqoio, ndvo oc
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c ciyd1d yAopid kdi ndvid nou unqpydv o1q XdAkiikq 1o 2007, nAqv
o cv undpyouv 50 ypvid dpy1cpd, dAAd kdi 1o iondpko, nou kdnoid
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unoypcooq vd kdAAicpyci o iio, q oc kdnivyk yco0cpikq cvcpycid, yopi
1oudAc1c, v1ou, kou(ivc kdi dAAc Adcpc yid 1o ncpidAAov dvcoci, nou
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noAAo. Topd oi onp1ocv ouvdyovi(ov1di o1q cvpoq1cuoq - o vikq1q
kpivc1di dn 1o noo kdAd cyci cydAooci q cAid q q qAid nou q1cqc uo
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ci c1d. H cqqcpid cv civdi nid cv1unq dAAd qqqidkq. Z1o npo1oocAio
idd(ci yid cvd yiopyo oouqAid nou ndipvci c1d 0dvd1o pdcio dciqpou
dvdn1uq, yid 1q c1dkivqoq (q dAAov 1o dv0ponivo cnpio) 540.000 Ivov
o1qv Euponq, q onoid ndoyci dn unoycvvq1ik1q1d. Kdi kpio 0cd, 1qv ciqoq
1i ouvcAqq0qodv 1oupio1c yid uncpoAikq kd1dvdAooq ydp1io uycid. D
cykAqd1d, dAAoo1c o1o Ad0o ydpdk1qpi(ov1di o cni 1o nAcio1ov oi npdci
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qooic0qkc o1o Black Out 1co vo8 Mdp1io 2007
Zc c0vik cpyo1dio couv qq dpoci vd c1d1pcnov1di oi poi 1q Ocood!
Aovkq o1qv onod nc1ci 1o dpo 1ou kucpvq1iko cvidcpov1o yid cpyd
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ckivqoci q pooAoyov1di o1q OcoodAovkq c dic 1o c1p, 1qv uno0d!
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Tdi o1qv io1opikq ccAiq 1v cyAv cpyv o1q OcoodAovkq
To 1dii du1 0d nopooc vd dpyi(ci c cvd Mid qopd ki cvd kdip. yid vd
ncpdoci o1o ypvo 1ou 0ou q no 0d `Acyc ki cvd ocqdpdi1q noiq1q, o1o
ypvo 1ov ovcipov. Eivdi q io1opid cv cAonoiqcvou 1diio, nou dpyi(ci
o1q OcoodAovikq, id np1d nou dvoiyci dvdnod, yi npo 1qv 0dAdood, dAAd
npo 1o cpo 1q o1cpid, o1qv dkpq 1q dvccpcvq1q nAq.
Evdi dpdyc kiAd cAAqvikq o1i cpc d q ZdAovkq; Z1ou vcou dp1c,
oyoupd, o1d pod1d 1ov oni1iov kdi o1i nivdkc 1ov oov, vdi. Zc Ad
1dAAd, o; Z1qv kdpid 1q, q nAq cv cvdi kdi cv unqpc no1c cAAqvikq.
Evdi id kd1coqv ic0vq nAq. H dAAov, id dnc0vonoiqcvq nAq. Akd
kdi c1d 1qv npoodp1qoq 1q dn 1qv EAAdd, oi cAAqvc 1q ZdAovkq cvdi
cvd ovdd kAdod, kdi o1c kdv 1o cydA1cpo, 1ov kd1okov 1q.
A. OpdkdpAi (1916)
OcoodAovkq HAq 1ov Odv1dod1ov - Mark Mazower
Od nidoouc 1o vqd 1q io1opikq ccAiq ncpinou 100 ypvid npiv kdi 0d
dqqoouc 1ou pou 1q nAq vd d iqyq0ov 1i idoyikc c1dop-
qooci 1ou noAcooiko io1o. Z1i dpyc Aoinv 1ou 20ou diovd oi poi 1q
OcoodAovikq iAoodv 6 idqopc1ikc yAoooc kdi ydpdk1qpi(ov1dv dn id
ovdikq io1opikq iidi1cp1q1d ouiooq noikiAov 0pqokcu1ikov odov. O
okcAc1 1q nAq q1dv cvd nAcyd o0odvikov, cpdkov, ypio1idvikov kdi
1982
1onioypdqid koivo1q1ov
qooic1qkc 1o 1981 dno
1ov Eyice
oi ouoouAdvoi kd1oikov
kupio o1qv dvo nAq, oi
ypio1idvoi dvd1oAikd kdi oi
cpdioi o1qv kcv1pikq ncpi-
oyq
1792
"#
Acdv1ivikov dp0poocov, k1iod1ov, oyoAciov, upoiov, nd(dpiov, 1pdyou-
iov, yiop1ov, cndvdo1d1ikov odov, idpko ouykpoucvov kdi ouykoivo-
vov1ov.
Do1oo 1ov Ok1opq 1ou 1912 cAAqvikd o1pd1cd1d 0d ndpcAdoouv o1ov nd-
pdAidk po. Ano1cAci, ioo, 1qv nio koikq 1oq o1qv ccAiq 1q nAq. Mc
1q idiq kd1dAqqq - dAooq 0d ckivqoci q idikdoid nAq0uoidkq ooycvonoi-
qoq kdi ccAAqvioo 1q OcoodAovikq. Oi vcoi kd1dk1q1c 0d dvddn1ioouv
1ou pou 1q nAq c dpydiocAAqvikd kdi u(dv1ivd ovd1d, oo1oo, 0d
ypcido1ov dpkc1d ypvid oo1c vd nci0dpyq0ci o noAuc0vik nAq0uo 1q.
O ouoouAdvoi iokov1di kdi cod o1d cncvd 10 ypvid ck1oni(ov1di ncpi-
nou 50.000 d1od, oi kd1oikic, 1d vckpo1dqcid kdi 1d 0pqokcu1ikd 1ccvq 1ou
c ncpioocid ioou 0d ykpcio1ov (dn 1ou 47 kd1dycypdcvou ivdpcc
1o 1910, 0d dnocivci oqcpd vo du1 1q Po1v1d). Tqv iid 1yq 0d cyouv
kdi 3.000 ouAydpikc oikoycvcic. O cpdk nAq0uo nou co 11c q1dv
q kupidpyq 0pqokcu1ikq odd 1q nAq kdi q OcoodAovikq q1dv ndykooio
yvoo1q o q1pnoAq 1ou IopdqA q q c1cpq IcpouodAq cod o1o kAid
cv1ovou dv1ioqi1ioo 0d cio0ci, 0d ouAq0ov ouvdyoyc kdi vckpo1dqcid
kdi noAAc yci1ovic 1ou 0d kdov. Tq cydA1cpq c kd1do1oAq cy1qkdv oi
cpdioi oooidAio1c oi onoioi unoo1qpi(dv 1qv du1ovqoq 1q OcoodAovikq
dn 1o cAAqvik kpd1o o1d nAdioid qioupyid id BdAkdvikq Ooonovid.
Mcod oc du1 1o kAid 1o po npo 1o Aidvi 1q nAq 0d dkoAou0qoouv
1pdyouov1d iondvikd oipoAyid ncpinou 25.000 cpdioi, oi onoioi 0d c1d-
vdo1coouv o1qv HdAdio1ivq, o nAq0uo 1ou idpko 0d cAd11ovc1di cypi
oi vd(i vd oAokAqpooouv 1o cpyo 1ou cAAqviko kpd1ou dqdvi(ov1d oou
dnccivdv o1o Auschwitz kdi o1o Birkenau 1o 1943.
Oi poi 1q nAq d iqyov1di 1i cvd qAiAouo1o kdAokdipiv coqcpi
1ou 1917 oni0c qo1id c1d0qkdv o1d cpd yp1d 1q duAq dn 1qv nupd
id ouoouAdvd voikokupd nou 1qydvi(c kqncu1ikd. Ipqyopd, c 1q oq0cid
1ou Bdpdpq, q qo1id cnck1civc1di o1d ypo oni1id kdi cod o1i cncvc uo
cpc q nupkdyid 0d dAAdci yid ndv1d 1qv noAuc0vikq dvd1oAi1ikq dpyi1ck1o-
vikq quoioyvoid 1q nAq. H ndpdndvo ncpiypdqq civdi q cnioqq ckoyq
yid 1qv nupkdyid, oo1oo 1o oiyoupo civdi 1i cdv c yiv1dvc 1uydid cnpcnc
onooqno1c vd cqcupc0ci kdi 1o1o i1i q qo1id dno1ivdc dkdpidid kdi idid
1d noid cnid c0c1c q ndyiocvq diovid idp0pooq 1ou k1iocvou yopou,
cni1dyvov1d 1q idikdoid cvood1ooq 1q nAq o1o cAAqvik kpd1o. H
noAi1ikq 1ov cAAqvikov kucpvqocov o1o coonAco yid 1q OcoodAovikq q1dv
AcqAdoid 1q dpyi1ck1ovikq kAqpovoid, ioonco1ikq kd1do1poqq 1ov uno-
oov 1ou noAunoAi1ioiko ndpcA0v1o kdi 1du1ypovd dvoikoqoq id
vcd kd0dpdiq cAAqvikq nAq. O,1i dnccivc c1d 1q qo1id 1ou 1917 dn
1921
nAd dp1q
1o 1cAik oycio Hebrard
yid 1qv kcv1pikq ncpioyq
1q OcoodAovikq, 1o oyc-
io cykpi0qkc c B.A. o1i
24.9.1921
"$
1d qyoypod1d 1q o0odvikq nAq 0d kd1cdqio1ci yid vd oikooq0ci id
vcd nAq dnoikiokpd1ikq 1cyvo1ponid, no npo1civc1di dn 1ou cupondiou
Enpdp kdi Mdoov.
Zc du1q 1q vcd yuvq nAq, nou ckocvq dn kd0c dvdyvopioio ndpcA0v
oid(ci c1copq o1o ndpv dAAd cdkoAou0ci vd id1qpci 1qv yconoAi1ikq 1q
oqdoid, kupidpyci q nd1cpvdAio1ikq dv1iAqqq 1q noAcooid. Mcod dn 1i
Adonc, 1i nc1pc kdi 1i o1dy1c 0d cnqqoouv vcc cu0ypdc ydpdci
dvdcikvov1d kdi vqcionoiov1d 1d 0pqokcu1ikd, o1pd1io1ikd kdi ioikq1ikd
k1ipid. H vcd cukAcicid puo1oid dv1ikd0io1d 1i Adupiv0ocici ouvoikic
1q o0odvikq ncpiou cyypdqov1d 1ou kd1oikou oc oikooikd 1c1pdyovd
kdi 1du1ypovd icukoAvci 1qv kd1do1oAq 1ov cAAov1ikov ccycpocov (no
noA co1oyd cnioqdvc o pc1dv npcvo: cdv cv unqpyc o Enpdp c 0d
kd1do1cAAov1dv q Adkq ccycpoq 1ou `36). O o1yo cnocvo q1dv inA,
ckd0dpiod Aoydpidoov c 1o cvoyAq1ik noAuc0vik ndpcA0v, qAdq cvd
cio noAcooikq c0vokd0dpoq, npAqqq dvd1pcn1ikov ouncpiqopov yid
1o cAAov kdi ndpdAAqAd npoc1oidoid 1q nAq yid vd ndici qycovik pAo
o1qv cup1cpq dAkdvikq ncpioyq.
Bpiokdo1c cdAAou Aiyo c1d 1ov npo1o ndykoio nAco kdi Aiyo npiv 1qv
dAd(ovikq cko1pd1cid 1q EAAdd o1qv dvd1oAq. H yconoAi1ikq oqdoid 1q
OcoodAovikq civdi 1cpdo1id, kd0o piokc1di o1o vcupdAyik kcv1po 1q EA-
Add 1ov ncv1c 0dAdooov kdi 1ov uo qncipov, 1qv nAq 1qv ickikovc
oi cydAc uvdci kdi o Bcvi(cAo 1qv kdvci npooopivq npo1couod 1ou cA-
Aqviko kpd1ou. Zc du1 1o kAid opdd1ikd oycid unooov cknovov1di:
cnck1doq Aidvio, vco u1ik kdi dvd1oAik oiqpopoik o1d0, c-
1dqopd dcpopoiou dn 1o kdpdnoupvdki o1q Ocpq, metro (c qko oo
1o oqcpiv), cvo ndpdAAqAd o1qv nAq Aci1oupyovc oo1qd 1poyiopov
- 1pd, o1qv dpyq innqAd1ov kdi cnci1d qAck1pikov, ndpdk1id ouykoivovid dn
1ou kqnou 1ou Mncy1oivdp cypi 1qv Ayid Tpidd, kd0o, cnioq, o oiqp-
poo q1dvci coo 1q ndpdAid o1o vco dcpopio 1q Mikpd. BAcnouc,
qAdq, 1i o vcdp qiAoo cAAqvik kdni1dAio o1qpi(c cvd ouvudo
coov o1d0cpq 1poyid o1d onoid cpyc1di vd npoo1c0ci kdi 1o npo1civcvo
metro, cnioq, 1qv iid o1iyq, yopo0c1ci1di q ic0vq ck0coq kdi 1o ndvcnio1q-
io ndvo o1d unoAcid1d 1ou AcqAd1qcvou cpdko vckpo1dqciou.
Zc dv1i0coq c 1ov noAcooik opydo kdi 1qv nAq0opd 1ov cydAov cp-
yov 1ov dpyov 1ou diovd dn 1ov c1cpo ndykoio nAco kdi cod o1o
quyponoAcik kAid 1ov cncvov ckdc1iov q nAq 0d nci o1o yqo.
EAdyio1c cncvoci kdi vcd cpyd npdyd1onoiov1di. Mc 1o dAAo0i 1q IidA1d
Ac oi kucpvqoci 0d uio0c1qoouv 1qv noAi1ikq 1q unod0ioq 1ou pAou
1q OcoodAovikq, kupio yid 1ov qo 1ou koouvio1iko kivvou, oo1c vd
1968
Xopo1dikq McAc1q Ocood-
Aovikq (kd0. I. Tpidv1d-
quAAiq)
nAd o1oypdd
o1pd1io1ikq ndpcAdoq o1qv
ndpdAid kd1d 1ov npo1o
ndykoio nAco
#&
qv qdivc1di cAkuo1ikq o1i cnck1d1ikc Acqci 1ov kkkivov yci1vov (Zcp-
oi-BoAydpoi-Poooi). H OcoodAovikq 0d ncpi0opionoiq0ci 0d dnokonci dn 1q
dAkdvikq cvoyopd -hinterland- kdi 0d civci cvd i(cpo dkpi1ik cndpyidk
cydAo yopi. Td ncpioo1cpd c cpyd nou npdyd1onoiov1di cyouv kupio
o1pd1io1ik ydpdk1qpd, c nio ydpdk1qpio1ik 1qv kd1do1poqq 1q dv1cAo-
1q dvd1oAikq dk1q 1ou Ocpdko c 1qv kd1dokcuq 1q vcd cu0ypdq
ndpdAid oqovd c 1o oycio MdpodA, o nio1d dndoq vd1okov noAci-
kov nAoiov oc ncpin1ooq kd1dAqqq 1q nAq dn 1ov kkkivo o1pd1. Eivdi,
ioo, q ovdikq ncpin1ooq o1qv Euponq nou o1o ycoc1pik kcv1po 1q nAq
civdi cykd1co1qcvq vid cydAq o1pd1io1ikq ovdd, 1o 3o Zod Z1pd1o,
kdi q ncpiqcpcid 1q (ovc1di dn 36 ikpd kdi cydAd o1pd1ncd. Ouoido1ikd
kd0Aq 1q idpkcid 1ou 20ou diovd q OcoodAovikq civdi id doquk1ikd o1pd-
1okpd1ocvq noAi1cid.
Tdu1ypovd, o1o c1cpo io 1ou ncpdocvou diovd ouv1cAci1di q dAooq 1q
nAq dn 1o 1oicv1o kdi 1i Addpivc. Au1 o dnocydocvo nid ndpdci-
oo nou Acvc 1i q1dv kdnoiou ncq, 0d (ooc cypi kdi c1d 1ov nAco 1ou
`40, cypi nou cindvc oi cpyoAdoi no 1cAciovdvc oi noAu1cAcic c 1i ovokd-
1oikic, 1d ind1d kdi 1i duAc kdi dpyi(c id dAAq cnoyq, cnikcpq, c cydpd,
c pou doqdA1oo1pocvou kdi nc(opoid nAdko1po1d, nou, qAdq,
cv q1dv uvd1 vd cvci yopo yid duAc kdi ncpiAid o1c yid kpuqovc nou
0d 1pnovdv 1d uo1ikd. (N. MndkAd H McydAq HAd1cid.) Mcod oc du1 1o
kAid 1o 1954 qAovc1di q ypdq 1ou 1pd npoo1d o1o Acuk Hpyo kdi npo-
o0ci1di q ypqoq 1ov cv(ivokivq1ov Acoqopciov. Eivdi q cnoyq nou dpyi(ci vd
ydvc1di 1o vqd 1ou qoiou yopou, kd0o dvdn1ooov1di iio1ikc Aci1oup-
yic kdi cdnAovc1di q q0ikq 1ou iio1iko du1okivq1ou. 1q dn 1i dpyc 1ou
diovd, oi qou1oupio1c duvdvi(cvoi dvdqovoodv 1i cvd du1okivq1o civdi
nio opqo dn 1q Nikq 1q Zdo0pdkq. H vcd, Aoinv, 1du11q1d 1ov 0cood-
Aovikcov oci1di o1d idcpiod1d kovocpc kdi o1i ioqydvikc noAukd1oi-
kic, q nAq c1d1pcnc1di oc ioqydvik npov kdi oi poi 1q OcoodAovikq
-du1q q ycd1q io1opid qoid cniqdvcid- c1d1pcnov1di oc du1 nou dnokdAci
o Le Corbusier ypdik cpyoo1doio.
Epydo1c 40 ypvid c1d, o1q ckdc1id 1ou `90, oi poi 1q nAq yci(ouv
c ckd1ov1dc yiAidc cdypiocvou vcocAAqvc o1d 0pqokcu1ikoc0vikio1ikd
ouAAdAq1qpid cvdv1id o1q Mdkcovid. Eivdi q cnoyq nou q OcoodAovikq cyci
kd0dpioci nAqpo, 1oo dpyi1ck1ovikd, noAcooikd kdi nAq0uoidkd, oo,
kupio, icoAoyikd dn 1o cnikivuvo noAunoAi1ioik kdi ic0vik ndpcA0v
1q. Oi 1dikc ouykpooci kdi 1d cndvdo1d1ikd 1pdyoid nou yci(dv io
diovd npiv 1ou pou 1q nAq ivouv 1q 0coq 1ou oc dqido1iko op-
0oou vcocydAoicd1iko vou. Bou1qycvq o1q Aq0q q OcoodAovikq
nAd cikvd
O Ayio Aqq1pio ndvo
dn 1i noAukd1oikic
#!
civdi nAcov c1oiq, oyupocvq c ioyupq c0vikio1ikq icoAoyid, vd dno1cAcoci
1o nponpyio yid 1qv Aqo1pikq kdvidAikq cncAdoq 1ov cAAqvov o1d BdAkdvid.
To Aidvi 1q nAq yivc1di q doikq nAq 0dvd1ou yid 1o oqdycio 1q Iiouyko-
oAdid. To cydA1cpo kdi onoudi1cpo cpyo unooq c 1o onoio npoikioc
1o cAAqvik kpd1o 1q OcoodAovikq cod o1ov 20o diovd q1dv q c0vikio1ikq
0opdkioq 1ov kd1oikov 1q.
To dvdn1uidk np1uno 1q cooycidkq q1pnoAq dAkdviko 1%
nou BdAkvid Ziykdnopq/ OdAooid nAq 1v BdAkdvv /
HAq 1q No1iodvd1oAikq Eupnq/ BdpkcAvq 1v BdAkdvv/
Eupndkq Mq1pnoAq
Zqcpd oi ndpdndvo cydAo1ooi 1i1Aoi dv1ikd0io1ov 1ov np1cpo ndpqyopq-
1ik 1i1Ao 1q ounpo1couod, 1o oipdio 1q q1oyodvd kdi 1ov dvooio
1q vqq 1ou Ocpdko. Td 1cAcu1did 15 ypvid cknovov1di o1pd1qyikd
kdi cniycipqoidkd dvdn1uidkd oycid yid 1qv dvdd0ioq 1ou ycoo1pd1qyiko
pAou 1q nAq o1d BdAkdvid, 1qv vo1iodvd1oAikq Euponq kdi 1qv ndpdcuci-
vcid (ovq c cpydAcid 1d cydAd 1cyvikd cpyd, dAAd, kupio, 1qv dvdn1uq 1q
kdivo1oid, 1ou noAi1ioo kdi 1q cniycipqd1ik1q1d. Eivdi 1o pdd yid id
vcd ioyupq OcoodAovikq c cv1ovo nd1pio1ik npoodvd1oAio kdi qycovikc
Acqci o1qv dAkdvikq cvoyopd. Opdoci no, dvd(q1oc 1ov vco Enpdp
1ou 21ou diovd q 1d qdpdovikd oycid yid vd dvdAdci q OcoodAovikq, 1ou
cooycidko dyovc 1ou 2013, 1qv ndykoid EXPO 1ou 2017 kdi 1ou oAuni-
dko dyovc 1ou 2036 npoqAovouv 1i dAd(ovikc du1okpd1opikc Acqci
1ou oyypovou cAAqviko kpd1ou - 1q Acpikq 1ov BdAkdviov.
Hpkci1di yid 1qv dAAq qq 1ou cooycidko npo1nou 1q qnid, oikoAoyikq
nAq qiAikq o1o ncpidAAov kdi 1ov dv0pono, c ydAdpo pu0o (oq,
c ioyupd ik1ud iooiq kivq1ik1q1d kdi ouAAoyikq c1dqopd, nou nouAd-
ci noAi1io, ycuoiyvoo1ikc ncpinc1cic, ndp1odpkc, cvoo ndpcA0v, dAAd
kdi oyypovq kdivo1oid. Eivdi 1o np1uno 1q oAunidkq Barelona, 1ou Bilbao
1q ov1cpvd 1cyvq, 1q Valencia 1ou KdAd1pdd, 1q npdoivq Lyon c 1o nio
ccAiycvo oo1qd qoiov ouykoivoviov kdi 1q dnoioqydvonoiqcvq
Genoa. Do1oo, c d Acvc 1i du1 1o np1uno ncpiAddvci dkd kcpooko-
nid, i(c, ycvikcucvc kd1cdqioci, kd1do1oAq idqAoocov, noivikonoiqoq
ouvcpcoq oc qoiou yopou (c 1dk1ikc no 1o kAciod 1ov ndpkov
kdi do1uvoikc ncpinAou co 1o ydpdk1qpio1ik pcio 1ov nAd1ciov) kdi
npooAq id nAqpo cnopcud1onoiqcvq noAi1io1ikq kAqpovoid.
H c1dpqooq 1q nAq ckivqoc qq dn 1q ckdc1id 1ou `90 c dqopq
Avq Kopvcid
Tq ckdc1id 1ou 1950 q1dv
dn 1i nio ndpdyoyikc
Aivc 1q yopd oc dAic-
d1d. Tq ckdc1id 1ou 1970
ciyc ck1doq 45.000 o1pc-
d1d kdi coo d0o 5 c-
1pd. Z1i dpyc 1q ckdc-
1id 1ou 2000 ciyc ck1doq
10.000 o1pcd1d kdi coo
d0o 0,5-1 c1po. To kd-
Aokdipi 1ou 1999 q Aivq
q1dv cv1cAo dnoqpdc-
vq. Td cncvd ypvid nqpc
kdnoid noo1q1d vcpo kdi
1o kdAokdipi 1ou 2007 dvd
cyci oycv dcidoci.
Idvoupio 2007
kd1dokcuq vcou qdpyid-
ko cydpou
dkc1d 1ou vcou qdpyid-
ko cydpou
#'
1o cydAo qdyon1i 1q noAi1io1ikq npo1couod. T1c cyivc q dvdnAdoq 1ov
uo cvdnocivdv1ov dn 1ov cnpqo 1ou 1917 ncpioyov, 1ov Addikov c-
1d1pcnov1d 1d dn (ov1dvd vqcid 1q nAq oc cpcinid cnikoivovid iyo
io1opikq vqq kdi 1q dvo nAq c 1o kdqio dpkc1ov ndAdiov k1iod1ov kdi
1q idiq npoo0qkq 1500 vcnAou1ov dv1idio0q1ikov kd1oikiov. Tdu1ypovd, q
dAd1oq dqoq 1q iiok1qoid du1okivq1ov ouvoc1qkc c 1ov cnpqo
1ou Zciy Zou kdi 1qv kd1dokcuq 1ov npo1ov kAcio1ov du1okivq1poov ypo
dn 1qv nAq. Kd1d qko 1ov vcov oikov dvov cqu1povouv dn 11c
vcnAou1d npodo1id, unvo1qpid kdi yiydv1idid cnopikd uncpkcv1pd, vcoi kd0c-
pikoi vdoi kd1dvdAooq kdi cpydoidkq ckc1dAAcuoq. HdpdAAqAd, o1o coo-
1cpik 1q nAq oi poi d dqqyov1di 1i idic ckkcvooci 1ov nAd1ciov,
1q np. kopoqAd, 1ou v1opc, 1q nA. vddpivou c do1uvoikc cniycipqoci, c
noAi1ikc cvoikiov, dAAd kdi c 1qv cdnAooq 1q qpoivq. Ekci nou dv0ooc q
du0pq1q ouvdv1qoq, 1opd q nAq c1d1pcnc1di oc cvd ovoAo q-1nov.
H kd1do1poqq 1ov qoiov yopov civdi nAcov ycyov c ydpdk1qpio1ikd
ndpdciyd1d 1o ndpkivyk -vckpo1dqcio du1okivq1ov 1q nA. EAcu0cpid (yid-
1i dpdyc vd cyci du1 1o vod;) 1q dAAo1c nio noAuoyvdo1q nAd1cid 1q
nAq, 1o kAciod 1ov ndpkov 1q ndpdAid kdi 1q c1d1ponq 1q nAd1cid
ikdo1qpiov oc dpdpcvio dAovi. Aicioouv ndv1o 1d cnopikd kcv1pd cod
o1d kcAqq ndAdiov io1opikov k1ipiov kdi oi poi dnok1ov kdykcAd. H nAq
dpyi(ci vd Acnci c kdni1dAio1ikq dioiooid 1o cAAov. Tdu1ypovd c 1qv nd-
pdndvo kivqoq, id dAAq unycid ouv1cAci1di. Iid vd y1io1ci q vcd nAq ypcid(o-
v1di, quoikd, q1qvd cpyd1ikd ycpid. Eivdi oi qiyopc nou ouvdv1d 1i npoivc
opc o1d okAdond(dpd kdi 1ou pou ypo dn 1o oiqpopoik o1d0
kdi 1q vcd EAc1id. Eivdi oi dnoAci, dv0ponoi nou (ouv oc kd0co1o dnocd-
qonoiqoq, yopi ydp1id, npoquyc kdi c1dvdo1c, ndvo dn 100.000 cod
o1q 1cAcu1did ckdc1id cykd1do1d0qkdv o1i poyc kdi o1d kcvd 1q nAq.
Apd1oi, yuvoi dv0ponoi yopi noAi1ikd ikdiod1d, nou ouv0c1ouv oo1oo
c1ddAAcvd kdi pcuo1d ik1ud koivo1ikq (oq.
H q1ponoAi1ikq ncpioyq 1q OcoodAovikq oid(ci oqcpd odv cvd nd(A c1c-
pkAq1ov ypqocov, cvd oqupd d1dk1o cppicvov o1oiyciov, cvd dnpo-
ypdd1io1o dvdn1uoocvo cyd-yopi. Mc 1qv cvvoid du1q cv cyci kdv pid.
Anou(d idpko quoiko npou kdi cvcpycid dn Ao kdi cydA1cpc dno-
o1doci. Oi kd1oikoi 1q nAq cv civdi kd0Aou doipd 0d1d q dc1oyoi
cyouv oiyoupd cydAo cpiio cu0vq.
Zc du1 1o ncpidAAov, oqcpd kdpnoqopci q vcd cioAoAd1pid 1ov cydAov
cpyov. Hcpqqdvoi ycpdvoi cydAocpyoAdov uqovov1di o1ou pou 1q
nAq kd1dokcud(ov1d id vcd qycovikq BdAkdvid q1pnoAq. Nco qdp-
ycio, vco duAovidko 1nou cydpo ouoikq, vcd ouocid ov1cpvd 1cyvq,
oupdvoio1c o1qv u1ikq
ciooo dn inAod1ikq cp-
ydoid
20 Mdp1ou 2005
Mc1do1poqq o1doq 1ou
OAZO kd1d 1qv idpkcid
1ov ycvc0Aiov 1q kd1dAq-
qq Odnpikd - Yqdvc1
cnck1doq 6q npoAq1d
4cpoupio 2007
dqdipcoq ncpiqpdq nou
yopi(ci 1o ndvcnio1qio dn
1qv Eyvd1id
#(
vco nd1oocydpo, vcc yiydv1idic u(dv1ivoyo10ikc ckkAqoic, ck1c1dcvc
dvdnAdoci nAd1ciov doci 1ou oyciou 1pind1o odv1ou1 dpydid - ndpkivyk
- Adyondpk yopoi dvdquyq. Ncoi ouykoivovidkoi ydp1c npoAcnouv 1qv
inAq (cq 1ou Ocpdko c id uno0dAdooid ovcoq o1o coo1cpik 1ou
kAnou (uno0dAdooid dp1qpid) kdi id uncp0dAdooid c dcpoycqupd o1o co-
1cpik coAo KdAoyopi - AyycAoyopi (ndpoid c 1q (cq 1ou Tdyou c 1q
cydA1cpq ycqupd o1qv cuponq Vasco da Gama o1q Aioodvd). Enck1doq kdi
dvdd0ioq 1ou undpyov1o dcpopoiou, dAAd kdi cAAov1ikq kd1dokcuq vcou
dcpopoiou o1qv u1ikq nAcupd 1ou Ocpdko, o1qv AAcdvpcid kdi ypq-
oq cpou 1ov cykd1do1docov 1ou ndAio dcpopoiou yid 1ou cAAov1iko
oAunidko dyovc. Kivc(ikc c1dipcic dvdd0i(ouv kdi cnck1civouv 1o Aidvi
1q nAq o doq - logistics yid 1qv dvd1oAikq coycio (qq, q OcoodAovikq
d(i c 1qv Istanbul qiyoupdpouv o1q npo1q 0coq o1q idkivqoq cnopcud1ov
o1qv dvd1oAikq Ackdvq 1q cooyciou). Enioq, vco dvd1oAik oiqppoo,
npodo1idk kdi metro 0d cnck1civouv 1d pid 1q nAq cypi 1q Bcpoid, 1d
Moudvid kdi 1i Zcppc. O dv1dv 1ou dpyi1ck1oviko star-system KdAd-
1pdd oycid(ci uo1ikd 1ou yopou, cv1 kdi ncpi 1q AEO, c ncv1c npdoivd
dk1uAd nou 0d kd1cdivouv dn 1o Zciy Zou npo 1o Acuk npyo oc oyqd
ov1(d kdi o1q 0coq 1ou koAody1uAou cvd vco 1onoqo qdpo qou 160
c1pov 0d con(ci o1o kcv1po 1ou Ocpdko, qo1i(ov1d kdi cni1qpov1d 1d
ykAdoupd1d vcocAAqvikd qpdncookuAdikd 1q ndpdAid. Enioq, 1o c1do-
v1cpvo yopo1dik cvo ncpiAddvci oupdvoo1c kdi cniycipqd1ik kcv1po
o1q u1ikq ciooo, vco ndykoio kcv1po cnopiou o1q Zivo, (ovc kdivo1oid
kdi 1cyvonAci o1qv dvd1oAikq nAcupd. To ckouyypovio1ik kov1ocp1o oAokAq-
povc1di c 250 vcd yiAic1pd kAcio1ov du1okivq1opov, ck 1ov onoiov 1d
35 0d civdi 1ovcA unycid q uno0dAdooid kdi 1d onoid npoAcnc1di vd ncpiku-
kAooouv 1qv nAq dqdvi(ov1d kdi 1d 1cAcu1did unoAcid1d ncpido1iko npd-
oivou. Td cncvd ypvid, q nAq 0d c1d1pdnci oc cvd dncpdv1o cpyo1dio d-
1diooid, i(d kdi kdkoyouo1id. To pdd 1q E.E. civdi vd c1doyqd1io1ci q
OcoodAovikq oc ouvudo c 1d Zknid, 1q Zoqid kd0o kdi 1ou cvidcoou
do1iko nupqvc oc id dvducvq dAkdvikq c1dnoAq, cvd onAcyd n-
Acov, poov kdi nAov 1oupioo, kdivo1oid kdi cniycipqd1ik1q1d, oc cvd
c1d-do1ik uvdik kdni1dAio1ik ko dv1dyovio1ik npo 1qv A0qvd kdi
1qv Istanbul.
H OcoodAovkq nco q
Zqcpd, 95 ypvid c1d 1qv kd1dAqqq 1q OcoodAovikq dn 1ov cAAqvik
o1pd1 q nAq dvd dnciAci1di kdi cci kdAodo1c vd ndpouc 0coci dyq.
o1pd1qyik oycio iooiq
dvdn1uq yid 1qv Ocood-
Aovikq
Pu0io1ik oycio Ocood-
Aovikq 1985
npockAoyikq idqqioq 1ou
qou 0coodAovikq yid 1d
cod d(ikq c1dqopd
#)
Eivdi cvd o1oiyqd yid 1d koivovikd dv1iood1d 1q nAq vd odno1dpouc 1o
kdni1dAio1ik ov1cAo dvdn1uq kdi Ad 1d vcd cydAd cpyd, oo1c vd dvdAd-
o1qoci q koiv1q1d, q dAAqAcyyq kdi oi poi vd yivouv 1noi ouvdv1qoq kdi
oipdod1o. Hcpd dn 1o cdv 1cAikd yivci q OcoodAovikq id ikpq kAovonoiq-
cvq BdpkcAovq q cvd noAcooik 1cpd - kdpkivod, cvci dvoiy1 o1oiyqd
vd poc 1o kAcii nou 0d idppqouc 1o ionoAi1ik kcAuqo kdi 0d ycioou-
c 1qv nAq c kpduyc ydpd kdi dyovid, dyovd, 1pdyoid c vqd c 1d
onoid 0d dvddycqouc kdi 0d dycu1oc cvdv1id oc kd0c opqq couoid.
Acv 0cAouc vd poc donipivc yid 1i nAqyc 1q nAq, dAAd vd cyypdqouc
o1o kopi 1q 1i ikc d dvundkouc cni0uic. Evdv1id o1ov ndpdAoyio
1ov cydAov cpyov vd npo1douc 1d nio 1pcAd d vcipd, nqydivov1d k-
v1pd o1qv noAcooid 1q couoid kdi dnocikvov1d 1i kdvcvd puo1oik
oycio c nopci vd cnoioci 1i du1voc koivovikc ccycpoci.
o1q OcoodAovkq dv1io1oiov
2,5 1.. npdovou dvd kd1oiko
(%
xo nsiuu x uvuxoKi DsuuuKovi
To ncpdd 1q dvd1oAikq OcoodAovkq
HAq idokcdoq q nAq cpydoidko codvd
qooic0qkc o1o Black Out 1co vo5 Ackcpio 2005
Ackcpio 1924. Knou o1qv Acpikq.
KoudAd d oou kdnoio nAo; po1dci o ikdo1q
Ndi, cdo.
Kdi yid1 qp0c o1o ikdo1qpio c 1o nAo;
Fid1 c1oidouvd vd ndo o1q ouAcid oqcpd 1o npo.
H okqvq ck1uAiooc1di 1o 1924 o1o ikdo1qpio 1ou Kdvod Zi1i. tyouv ouAAqq0ci
34 cpyd1c o1qv nAcioqqqid 1ou c1dvdo1c dn 1qv I1dAid kdi cAq 1ou IWW
(1ou cydA1cpou dvdpyoouvikdAio1iko ouvikd1ou c ndvo dn 300.000
cAq o1i dpyc 1ou diovd - qc1o ounAqpovouv 100 ypvid ndpq) c1d
dn 1qv npo1q dypid dncpyid o1o cnopik kcv1po Country Club Plaza. To
Plaza cykdivido1qkc 1o 1922 kdi unqpc 1o npo1o cydAo npodo1idk cno-
pik kcv1po 1nou mall o1ov koo nou opydvo0qkc oc 1cAcid ouvdp1qoq c 1o
du1okivq1o (civdi q cnoyq nou kd0c 1pid Acn1d ydivci cvd du1okivq1o dn 1d
cpyoo1doid 1ou Ford kdi oc Aq 1q yopd kukAoqopov qq 9.000.000 oyqd1d).
To Plaza q1dv o 1no oykAioq cv qdv1dy1cpo yopou o1ov onoio cq-
1povdv c1cpkAq1d kd1do1qd1d kdi co1id1pid o1o o1iA ydAAikq Hpoqykid,
dAAd ndAi oc o1iA oko1oc(ikou nAooiou cndpyidko dpyov1iko, kdnoid dAAd vd
iov1di 1d ndpd0dAdooid oni1id 1q Bip1(ivid, cvo 1o iio 1o cnopik kcv1po
vd oid(ci c dv1iypdqo 1q ZciAAq. Kd0c ypvo, oi dv0ponoi, ouykcv1po-
vov1dv o1o Plaza yid vd ndpcupc0ov o1o dvdd 1ov ndykooio yvoo1ov
qo1civov cykd1do1docov kdi vd yiop1doouv 1qv cvdpq 1q cnopikq ncpiou
1ov Xpio1ouycvvov. Td nio Adkd kd1do1qd1d (ndv1onoAcid kdi nouAivyk)
kpi0qkc 1i npcnci vd dnodkpuv0ov yid vd cA1io0ci q cikvd 1q ncpioyq.
Mc dqopq du1q 1qv kivqoq, oi cpyd(cvoi 1ou Plaza cykdividodv id oci-
pd dyovov c kcv1pik ov0qd dndAAo1pioo1c 1d cnopcd1d, cAdqpvc1c
1ou undAAqAou, kd1do1pcq1c 1d du1okivq1d dyovc nou 0d kpd1qoouv 1ou-
Adyio1ov 15 ypvid kdi 0d o1oiyioouv 1q (oq oc 45 cpyd1c.
(*
Ackcpio 2005. Avd1oAikq OcoodAovkq.
Z1o vco cnopik kcv1po 1q nAq, idoqoi 1pdyouio1c dvdouv 1d 35.000
qo1dkid un 1o ov0qd qo1i(ouc 1q (oq, o dyio doiAq kd1dq0dvci c
cAkq0po, qiAdv0ponikd ipd1d (uovouv 1q cydA1cpq dAq0ivq doiAni-
1d, ncv1c cpyd1c dnoAov1di cnciq dpvq0qkdv vd qopcoouv nd1ivid yid vd
kivov1di nio ypqyopd dAAd kdi yid vd idokcd(ouv oi ncAd1c kdi o1o cAAq-
vik yopi dqi(oi dn 1q BouAydpid dnoAddvouv ndpdooidko c(cc
ndpdkoAou0ov1d (ov1dvd 1o ydo kdnoiou vcdpo (cuydpio. OAd kd1o dn
1o ov0qd "Hd0o yid kdivo1oid.
1998 2002 2005
cAAdd 4 20 60
cuponq 67 143 250
dcpikq 1300 1800 2000
nvdkd 1
(1c1pdyovikd c1pd cnopikov kcv1pov (1nou mall) dvd 1000 kd1okou)
H ncpioyq 1q cup1cpq dvd1oAikq OcoodAovikq dno1cAci 1o nio npovoio-
yo oiknco yid ncipdd1ioo oc cninco kd1dvdAooq kdi cpydoid oc Aq
1qv EAAdd. Au1 dnocikvc1di dn 1o ycyov 1i 1d 1cAcu1did ckd ypvid
cykd1do1d0qkdv co noAAc dvducvc v1nic cniycipqoci o1ou kAdou
1ou cnopiou, 1ov 1qAcnikoivoviov, 1q ckndicuoq, 1q uycid kdi 1ov c-
vooyciov. Kupio o ckdc noAuc0vikoi koAooooi - cnopikc dAuoic
ciocdAdv o1qv EAAdd, coo 1q ouykckpicvq yopikq cv1q1d 1q dvd-
1oAikq OcoodAovikq. Tcpdo1id cnopikd kcv1pd, nAqpo cAcyycvc nAci
cod o1qv nAq, kd0cpikoi vdoi kd1dvdAooq kdi cpydoidkq ckc1dAAcuoq
dAAddv pi(ikd 1o yopo1dik, cpydoidk kdi kd1dvdAo1ik 1onio 1q ncpioyq,
ydpdooov1d cvd vco npo1yvopo yid 1d cAAqvikd cocvd po, dvoiyov1d
1ou doko 1ou cpydoidko diAou yid Ac 1i unAoinc nAci 1q yopd.
Eivdi ydpdk1qpio1ik 1i o1q ouykckpicvq ncpioyq vo dn 1qv dvoiq co 1o
q0ivnopo 1ou 2005 1d vcd cnopikd kcv1pd kd1cAddv ndvo dn 200 o1pc-
d1d yq. t1oi Aoinv oqcpd 1d cnopikd kdi 0cd1ikd - quydyoyikd ndpkd kd-
An1ouv 350 o1pcd1d o1qv dvd1oAikq OcoodAovikq, 1dv oc Aq 1qv EAAdd
cv cncpvdvc dkd 1d 700. HdpAo Aoinv nou q EAAdd civdi 1cAcu1did o1qv
Euponq, q OcoodAovikq qiyoupdpci o1qv npo1q 30dd nAcov 1q cupondkq
cvooq oc 1c1pdyovikd cnopikov kcv1pov 1nou mall dvd 1000 kd1oikou. H
cniAoyq 1q dvd1oAikq OcoodAovikq yid 1qv npcicpd 1ov ndpdndvo cniyci-
!&&#
nAd dp1q
Zvq Oikio1iko EAcyou
dvd1oAikq OcoodAov%
kq.
Mc po( pdo1cp civdi oi (ovc
do1ikov kcv1pikov Aci1oup-
yiov, c nAc idypdioq
oi (ovc cykd1do1doq cni-
ycipqd1ikov pdo1qpio1q-
1ov kdi unqpcoiov uqqAq
o1d0q, c ki1pivo oi nc-
pioyc oikio1ikq kd1dAAq-
A1q1d kdi c npdoivo oi
ncpioyc npoo1doid kdi
oikodvdn1uq. Oi ypqoci
yq 1q ZOE c 0coo0c1q-
0qkdv no1c.
("
pqocov civdi kd1i ncpioo1cpo dn npoqdvq. Hpo1ov, 1o cyc0o 1q nAq,
dAAd kdi q oq 1q npooqcpov1di yid 1o o1qoio cnopikov kcv1pov. Onoio
nc1yci o1q OcoodAovikq, nc1uydivci ndv1o o1qv EAAdd, unoypdi(ouv c
cqdoq Aoi oycv oi cknpoonoi 1ov vcociocpycvov Aidvcnopikov dAu-
oiov. Ac1cpov, dn 1q pcid EAAdd -1q onoid oqcio dvdqopd civdi q
OcoodAovikq- npocpyov1di oi ncpioo1cpoi cAAqvc c1dvdo1c 1ov ncpdocvov
ckdc1iov o1i yopc 1q u1ikq Euponq (Icpdvid, BcAyio, Zouqid kAn).
Oi dv0ponoi du1oi civdi coikciocvoi c 1i cydAc cupondkc qipc, nou
1opd nid cvidqcpov1di yid 1qv cAAqvikq dyopd kdi 1i npoocyyi(ouv noA cko-
Ad kdi cni cAAqviko cdqou qAovci oikovoik oouAo vcociocpycvq
ycpdvikq dAuoid kdAAuv1ikov. Tpi1ov, cydAoi oikoi dovc nou oAokAq-
po0qkdv 1d 1cAcu1did ypvid cuvoov 1qv npooncAdoi1q1d c du1okivq1o,
1ou onoiou q iiok1qoid cyci cn1dnAdoido1ci. cod o1d 1cAcu1did 25 ypvid kdi
nAcov dv1io1oiyov 610 i.y. yid kd0c 1000 kd1oikou. Tc1dp1ov, oqdv1ik pAo
ndi(ci q cyy1q1d 1q 1ono0coid, c 1i cnopc oikovoikd kdi c duqcvq
kd1dvdAo1ikq uvd11q1d ncpioyc 1q KdAddpid - HuAdid - Hdvopdd1o
dAAd kdi c 1d dvducvd coodo1ikd npodo1id - unvo1qpid 1q vo1iodvd1oAi-
kq OcoodAovikq (Hcpdid - Ocpq - N. Mqydviovd k.d.) 1d onoid npoAcnc1di
oqovd c 1o Pu0io1ik Zycio OcoodAovikq cod o1d cncvd 20 ypvid vd
dnoppoqqoouv co kdi 500.000 vcou kd1oikou. Enioq, cu1cpcov1c Ayoi
dAAd kd0Aou doqdv1oi, no 1o ycyov 1i oi vcoi ndik1c nov1dpouv 1oo
o1qv kov1ivq cvoyopd 1q kcv1pikq dkcovid dAAd kdi o1d yci1ovikd dAkd-
vikd kpd1q iio o1q FYROM kdi 1q BouAydpid, kd0io1ov idvikq 1qv 1ono0coid.
Eivdi ydpdk1qpio1ikc oi ouqovic c1d 1oupio1ikov npdk1pov kdi cydAov
cniycipqocov yid 1q qioupyid cAkuo1ikov ndkc1ov nou ncpiAddvouv cni-
okcqci oc ouykckpicvd cnopikd oqcid 1q dvd1oAikq OcoodAovikq. t1oi
1d vcd dqcv1ikd nopov vd cdyouv doqdAq ouncpdod1d yid 1qv ncpdi1cpo
cdnAooq 1ou vo1i1cpd, o1qv A0qvd kdi o1qv unAoinq EAAdd.
To np1o io:
H oAokAqpcvq kd1dvAoq
To cnopik kcv1po cdi cyo
Edv cniycipqoouc id ov1oq ikpoquoikq 1ov vcov cnopikov kcv1pov 0d
oc id pi(ikq dAAdyq oc oycoq c 1ou npoyvou 1ou, 1d cydAd noAu-
kd1do1qd1d 1ou kcv1pou 1q nAq q dkd kdi o1d 1cAcu1did ycvid uncp-
kd1do1qd1d nou yopo0c1ov1di ndvo o1ou codo1iko du1okivq1poou.
Kd1dpyqv, q kd1dokcuq 1q cni0uid yid kd1dvdAooq cyci cnicAo cvopyq-
o1po0ci co kdi ypvid cod dn 1qv dq0ovid dyd0ov o1ou oqcidko 1-
2006
nAd o1oypdd
ov0qd o1qv dvd1oAikq
OcoodAovikq
(#
nou 1ov kd1do1qd1ov kdi o1i okqvo0c1qcvc i1pivc 1ov cnopikov dp-
1qpiov 1q nAq. H qiAoooqid 1ov ndpdndvo civdi 1i o1q ouooopcuoq 1ov
npov1ov undpyci kd1i ndpdndvo dn 1qv dnAq d0poioq 1ov cnopcud1ov,
undpyci q npoqA1q1d 1ou nAcovdod1o, q dyikq kdi opio1ikq dpvqoq 1q
ondvq, q q1pikq kdi noAu1cAq unvoid 1q ou1onid. Au1q q qiAoooqid dv1d-
vdkAd1di o1q yopo0c1qoq 1ov dv1ikcicvov, 1d onoid cv npooqcpov1di no1c
o1qv kd1dvdAooq oc dnAu1q d1did. Zc opiocvc ncpin1ooci, nopov vd
dnoiq0ov 1qv d1did yid vd dvoiouv 1ou kd1cu0uv1qpiou pou, yid vd
npoodvd1oAioouv 1qv dyopdo1ikq cvpqoq oc nAcyd1d dv1ikcicvov, vd 1qv
0cAouv kdi vd 1qv oqyqoouv. H 0cd1ikq 1divqoq, q icpdpyikq 1ono0c1qoq
1ov npov1ov, oi idpooi npokdAov o1ov kd1dvdAo1q dpdvcidko kd1d-
vdykdoo, oqovd c 1ou onoiou 0d ndci Aoyikd dn 1o cvd dv1ikcicvo
o1o dAAo.
Do1oo, o1d vcd cnopikd kcv1pd 1o shopping dnok1d cu1cpcov1d pAo, q
cpo1o1ponid c 1d dv1ikcicvd, q ndiyvioq ncpinAdvqoq kdi oi ouvudo1ikc
uvd11q1c ounAqpovov1di dn nAq0o vcov Aci1oupyiov. t1oi Aoinv, 1o
noAi1io1ik kcv1po, o 1no 0pqokcu1ikq Ad1pcid, o kivqd1oypdqo, 1o n-
ouAivyk, q ndpdooidkq 1dcpvd, 1d happenings yivov1di dvdno1do1o kod1i.
To mall nopci vd 1d ncpiAdci Ad kdAciookonikd, okqvo0c1ov1d cvd oAokAq-
pocvo cnopik u0io1pqd. H cniokcqq yivc1di nAcov c 1qv dypid cAnid
1i 0d ccAiy1ci oc id ydpocvq ckpoq. Akd ncpioo1cpo 1o mall yivc1di
o 1no nou ouvdv1ic1di 1o odd1okpidko q oikoycvcid, nou qAcp1dpouv oi
cqqoi 1ov npodo1iov, nou ndv1pcov1di 1d vcnAou1d (cuydpid, ouvio1d 1qv
coo dn 1qv dvoo1q 1oicv1cvid (oq kdi 1qv npodoq o1qv oAokAqpocvq
cncipid.
H oycoq 1ou kd1dvdAo1q c 1o dv1ikcicvo dAAd(ci cv dvdqcpc1di o1qv ciikq
ypqoi1q1d 1ou, dAAd oc cvd ovoAo voqd1ov, ycocov, cncipiov, ouvdi-
o0qd1ov. To dv1ikcicvo ncpd dn 1qv c1dipikq 1ou 1du11q1d yivc1di cpo
1ov idoyikov idpdocov 1ou ncAd1q c 1i c1dipic. Edv q qpdoq kAcii
yid 1ov kd1dokcudo1q cv uncpkd1do1qd1o 1nou ikcd civdi vd qioup-
yqoouc cvdv npoopio, id idpoq 0qodupo, vd kd1dokcudoouc cvd
ndiyvii d1oqdipd, o1o mall ndpd1qpoc 1qv dvdouvudocvq ncpinAdvq-
oq, cnAou1iocvq c 1qv d1oikq ouc1oyq 1ou cniokcn1q (kdi yi nAcov 1ou
kd1dvdAo1q) c o1yo 1qv cunvq cncipid cv d cvidqcpci q noAqoq npo-
v1ov du1q kd0du1q, 0cAouc vd 1ou d(ouc kdi Aiyq qdid ouoid.. ioo Aiyq
cunvdd kdi Aiyq dv0ponivq (co1doid qAovouv c cndpoq kdi dv0ponio oi
dvd1(cp 1ov vcov mall.
TcAik okon civdi vd oc kdvouv vd viooci od vd (ci cod oc id idqqio1i-
kq dqiod. 1oo yid Aiyc opc, ioo kdi yid Aq oou 1q (oq. O dno1cpo o1yo
2006
nAd o1oypdd
q dndv1qoq 1ou Aqou Oco-
odAovikq o1d cnopikd kc-
v1pd
1ou mall civdi vd yivci id oAkAqpq nAq, nou oi 1cyvc kdi oi doyoAic 1ou
cAc0cpou ypvou dvdciyvov1di c 1qv kd0qcpivq (oq. Mc1d 1qv oAokAq-
pocvq cncipid, o1yo 1q cncvq ycvid cnopikov kcv1pov civdi 1o nc-
pdod o1qv oAokAqpocvq cnopikq (oq, nou cpydoid, kd1oikid, kd1dvdAooq,
koivovikc oycoci, quydyoyid dvdciyvov1di kd0 oAokAqpid oc cvd cvidio
ovoAo. OAc oi pdo1qpi1q1c ouvoqi(ov1di, ouo1qd1ikd ouvudocvc kdi
ouykcv1pocvc ypo dn 1q 0ccAioq cvvoid d1oqdipd, q dvdndpdo1doq
yivc1di oo no1c dAAo1c npdyd1ik1q1d. H kd1dvdAo1ikq npdq o1d vcd mall
yivc1di ydpd, 1cyvq kdi 1cyvikq, yivc1di cnici1q1d, dnoqdoio1ik1q1d, ci-
o1cyvid, yivc1di kd1i noA ncpioo1cpo dn 1o vd dyopd(ci kdvci dnAo cvd
ndv1cAvi, yivc1di dnAduoq, qioupyid, cAcu0cpid, id dn 1i cydAc ncpi-
nc1cic 1q (oq d.
To AAo io: q cnioqdAq cpydod
c1q Avd1oAikq Oco/vikq Kcv1pikq Oco/vikq Au1ikq Oco/vikq ovoAo
cpy/voi dqoq cpy/voi dqoq cpy/voi dqoq cpy/voi dqoq
1999 5684 4057 7116 16857
2001 14501 155,1% 9000 121,8% 5986 -15,9% 29487 74,9%
2004 20929 44,3% 11158 23.9% 11745 96,2% 42540 44,3%
nivdkd 2 : cpyd(cvoi c oudoci cpikq kdi cnoyidkq dndoyAqoq o1o vo
OcoodAovikq nqyq: Eni0copqoci Epydod
tvd dn 1d koik1cpd dno1cAcod1d 1ov ndpdndvo ccAicov dno1cAci 1o yc-
yov 1i o1qv dvd1oAikq OcoodAovikq kd1dypdqc1di q cydA1cpq ouykcv1po-
oq oudocov cpikq kdi cnoyidkq dndoyAqoq o1o vo OcoodAovikq. Iid
vd nopci vd undpyci o do1pdq1cp koo 1q kd1dvdAooq 0d npcnci kdnoioi
vd ouAcouvc oc d0Aic kdi dvdoqdAci ouv0qkc. Oi iooi cpyd(cvoi un kd-
0co1o cpikq dndoyAqoq 1ou voo ouAcouv o1i koAoooidic cniycipq-
oci 1q dvd1oAikq OcoodAovikq, 1i vcc qdnpikc 1q ckc1dAAcuoq (vo
o1o mediterranean cosmos cpyd(ov1di 3000 d1od, q ouv1pin1ikq nAcioqqqid
1ov onoiov cpyd(ov1di o opoio0ioi oc kd0co1o cpikq dndoyAqoq). Mcod
o1d 1cAcu1did ci ypvid cyci 1c1pdnAdoido1ci o dpi0 1ov cnioqdAov cpyd-
(ocvov o1q ouykckpicvq ncpioyq, dqoq q onoid civdi q cydA1cpq oc Aq
1qv EAAdd.
Ooo yiydv1ovc1di q ndpdyoyq kdi kd1dvdAooq okouniiov, 1oo oi ioqydvi-
c idokcdoq 0d cyouv o1yo vd 1uqAovouv 1ou kd1dvdAo1c oo1c vd qv
npoocouv 1ov nAco nou cyci kqpuy1ci cvdv1id oc kd0c opqq (oq. Hcio
($
dyq du1o 1ou noAcou dno1cAov 1d yiydv1idid cnopikd kcv1pd c 1ou
idpko dudvcvou q1qvo, npooopivo cpyd1c, v1niou q cvou cv
cyci oqdoid, oi onoioi (ovc cod o1qv dcdi1q1d, c io0o 1q cq1iAd,
yopi cvoqd, c dnAqpo1c uncpopic, co dn ouvikd1d, idpko kd1o dn
1qv dnciAq 1q dnAuoq, kd1dkcpd1iocvoi, dAAd ndv1d cv uvdci cnikivu-
voi. Ai1i o cydA1cpo qo 1q couoid civdi q ouvciq1onoiqoq 1q kd1d-
nicoq nou 1dv dnok1d du1oopydvocvc opqc, dndAAo1piovci Ad od d
cyouv kAcqci.
H dv1co1pdcvq npdyd1ik1q1d
O noAi1io 1ov mall dvdciyvci npondpyouoc opqc kdi o1uA (oq c
1cyvoAoyikc kdi dpyi1ck1ovikc kd1dokcuc. Hdyovci 1o ypvo kdi npdyd1ovci
1qv cikovikq c1dqopd o1ou qdv1do1iko koou 1q ndpdooq, 1q du0c-
v1ik1q1d kdi 1ou co1ioo. To cnopik kcv1po civdi id noAAdnAdoido1ikq
qydvq, cvd ncAopio kdpkivok11dpo nou oAvci c 1o ypvo 1oo 1o yopo
1q q1pnoAq oo kupio 1ou ypvou 1q (oq. O cpyo 1ou ciyc npoc-
1oido1ci co kdi ypvid. Oo npoooyq, q npoo1dyq 1q kdivo1oid kpci
cod 1q, 1i unooycoci yid cu1uyid, cAcu0cpid, du1ovoid, kdouqAdpiocvc
c nAiko nAdo1ik ouvdio0qd kdi yd(oydpocvq qioupyik1q1d, 1ino1d
1o kdivopyio. Hdv1d oc o1iyc ndpdkq dv0i(ouv oi 1noi cykAcioo, 1d
0cdd1d kdi 1d cykdpid ydycAd. H couoid oqcpd civdi dvikdvq vd ndpdyci
vcd 0c1ikd voqd1d. Z1qv cAAciqq opdd1ov npo noAqoq q couoid ckido1ikd
opionoici1di dkd ncpioo1cpo dvddoov1d ndAic ouv1dyc. Z1qv duvdid
1q vd dv1ikd1do1qoci 1o qcd 1q c kdnoio dAAo kpc1di dvd nioo dn 1q
Acn1cniAcn1q ouvduAid 1q kd1dvdAooq. Au1q 1q qopd cnAou1i(ci 1i yiydv1i-
dic cnopikc quAdkc c cni1qcucvou qo1ioo, npoocyci 1qv coo1cpikq
idkoqoq, q ouoikq unkpouoq cniAcyc1di c cydAq qpov1id oo1c vd d
npo1pcnci id vd yd(couc kdi id vd kd1dvdAovouc. Apyi1ck1ovc, koivovi-
oAyoi, dv0ponoAyoi, idqqio1c, cpyd(ov1di nupc1oo, oo1c vd kd0uo1c-
pqoci q o1iyq nou oi cv0ouoidocvoi kd1dvdAo1c 0d dpvq0ov 1o qcd. Oo
oo dvdciyvci ndAid voqd1d, oo kd1dpoy0i(ci noAi1io1iko npou, 1oo
ncpioo1cpo 1d kd1do1pcqci, 1oo ncpioo1cpo oqyci1di oc dicoo. Td du1o-
kpd1opikd cnopikd kcv1pd dv1dvdkAov 1qv ndpdkq 1ou kdni1dAioo.
Mnopoc vd kdvouc id un0coq. Edv 1i ckdc1ic 1ou `50 kdi 1ou `60 oi yo-
poi 1ov cpyoo1doiov q1dv oi kd1coyqv 1noi 1q ckc1dAAcuoq, 1q oykpou-
oq couoid kdi dv1i-couoid, o1q ouvcycid 1i ckdc1ic 1ou `70 kdi 1ou `80
c 1qv ckpqq 1q unokcicvik1q1d q oykpouoq cnck1civc1di o1ou yopou
1ov ndvcnio1qiov kdi 1ov oyoAciov, nopoc oqcpd c cniquAdci vd uno-
)&
Barbara Kruger
0coouc 1i oi cAAov1ikoi 1noi 1ov koivovikov ouykpoocov 0d civdi 1d yi-
ydv1idid cnopikd kcv1pd. Kdi co iAdc yid id oykpouoq nou cv 0d dqopd
vo 1i oikovoikc q 1i cpydoidkc ouv0qkc, dAAd iAdc yid 1qv kd0oAikq
dv1indpd0coq 1ov nAq0uoov c 1q iocouoid, yid id oykpouoq cni0uiov,
cio1q1ov, ood1ov, cnikoivovid. Nd 1o noc dAAio, 1o cnopik kcv1po
civdi yid 1o oqcpiv nAq0o ,1i q1dv 1o cpyoo1doio yid 1qv cpyd1ikq 1dq.
kdi id uncpdoq.
Nd oycidoouc 1o ik d dv1i-ncipdd kdi noio cpci; 1oo, kdvov1d id
npooAq o1o cAAov vd ouvdv1q0oc oc kdnoio dn 1d oqcpivd cnopikd
kcv1pd nou 0d cyci yAi1ooci dn 1i qAyc 1q koivovikq opyq kdi 0d cyci
c1do1pdqci oc kd1ciAqcvo du1oidycipi(cvo koivovik kcv1po.
Zv1oo povik cnopikv kcv1pv (1nou mall)
- 1819 oi o1oc 1ou Burlington Arcade o1o Aovivo kdi q Galleria Vittorio Emanuele
II (1860) o1o MiAdvo 0copov1di o oi npyovoi - upiid 1ov oyypovov cnopi-
kov kcv1pov.
- 1888 q 1poyiopqoq 1ov 1pd kdi q kd1dokcuq 1ov npo1ov metro oc Aovivo
kdi Ncd Ypkq cni1pcnci 1qv dnokcv1pooq 1ov do1ikov nupqvov, 1q qioupyid
npodo1iov kdi 1qv kd1dokcuq 1ov npo1ov cnopikov (ovov ck1 1ou io1opiko
cnopiko kcv1pou.
- 1922 dvoiyci 1i nAc 1ou 1o npo1o o1ov koo cnopik kcv1po 1nou mall 1o
Country Club Plaza oc ck1doq 130 o1pcd1ov o1o Kdvod Zi1i.
- 1953 kd1dokcud(c1di 1o npo1o 0cd1ik ndpko o1ov koo oc ck1doq 160 o1pc-
d1ov, civdi q npo1q Disneyland 1ou Ao Av1(cAc.
- 1956 oycid(c1di 1o Southdale Center o1q MivcdnoAq, q npo1q oAokAqpocvq
cnopikq koiv1q1d, q onoid cykoAnovci kd1oikic kdi cnopikd kd1do1qd1d. Enioq
yid npo1q qopd kd1dokcud(c1di coAokAqpou okcndo1 kdi kAcio1 cnopik kc-
v1po, oo1c vd cni1cuy0ov oi cyio1c noAqoci kdi vd qv cnoi(c1di q kd1dvdAo-
oq 1ou ycicpivo qvc. Ouoido1ikd npkci1di yid 1qv kd1dokcuq cv yiydv1idiou
kou1io. Zycido1q civdi o dpyi1ck1ovd npoqv koouvio1q Victor Gruen o onoio
0copci1di dn 11c o o nd1cpd 1ov cnopikov kcv1pov.
- 1956 cykdivid(c1di 1o Chrisp Street Market o1o Aovivo, 1o npo1o cnopik kcv1po
o1qv Euponq.
- 1972 c1d dn id 20c1id cv1ovq c1dnoAcikq kd1dvdAooq, oi HHA id0c1ouv
13.174 ikpd kdi cydAd cnopikd kcv1pd.
- 1981 dvoiyci 1o West Edmonton Mall o1qv AAncp1d 1ou Kdvdd. Hpkci1di yid 1o
npo1o mega mall o1ov koo 1o onoio cyci ck1doq 500 o1pcd1d, id0c1ci 800 kd-
1do1qd1d, 23.500 cpyd(cvou, 20.000 0coci o1d0cuoq, dnokdAci1di 1o yoo
)!
0dd 1ou koou kdi c1qoio cyc1di 22 ckd1opid cniokcn1c. EdkoAou0ci vd
civdi oqcpd 1o cydA1cpo mall o1qv Acpikq.
- 1988 kd1dokcud(c1di q npo1q oAokAqpocvq cnopikq iio1ikq nAq q Celebration
Disney o1qv OApiv1d q onoid ouvud(ci kd1oikid - 1cyvoAoyid - quydyoyid oc id
cidvikcucvq dvdqioupyid 1q Acpikq.
- 1989 kd1dokcud(c1di o npo1o noAukivqd1oypdqo megaplex c 21 di0ouoc q
Cinemapolis o1o Ao Av1(cAc.
- 1990 1q ckdc1id nou cpyc1di kd0c qvd 0d dvoiyci cvd vco cnopik kcv1po kdi
ouvoAikd 0d kd1dokcudo1ov ndvo dn 16.000 cnopikd kcv1pd o1i HHA.
- 1992 cykdivid(c1di 1o cydA1cpo mall o1i HHA 1o The Mall of America oc ck1doq
390 o1pcd1ov o1q Minessota,yopo o1d0cuoq yid 12500 du1okivq1d kdi 40 ckd-
1opid cniokcn1c 1o ypvo.
- 2000 q dvdndAdiooq ndAdiov cpyoo1doiov yid cnopiko okono dno1cAci yc-
yov. Mcod o1d ckd 1cAcu1did ypvid ndvo dn 300 vcd cnopikd kcv1pd o1i HHA
o1cydo1qkdv oc dvdkdiviocvd ioqydvikd kcAqq.
- 2004 Eykdivid(c1di 1o cydA1cpo o1ov koo cnopik kcv1po, 1o Golden
Resources Shopping Mall o1o Hckivo oc ck1doq 700 o1pcd1ov. Aid0c1ci 1200 kd-
1do1qd1d, 232 kuAicvou idpou kdi 120.000 cniokcn1c qcpqoio kd1o
dn 1o ov0qd 1o mall dAAd(ci 1qv (oq oou. To vco mall cyivc c 1i cuAoyic
1ou koouvio1iko kd1o yid 1qv npoo0qoq 1q "xiao kang koivovid, cv
vcoAoyioo nou 0cAci vd c1d1pcqci 1o ndpdooidk kivc(ik vcipo yid cuqcpid
o1o 1o cvd ddi oc kd0c ykdpd(, cvd ko1nouAo oc kd0c quycio.
- 2005 oi HHA id0c1ouv 46.690 cnopikd kcv1pd kdi q Ivid yivc1di q yopd c 1d
ncpioo1cpd maga power mall ndykooio. An 33 mall 1o 2002 cq1doc o1d 220
cncpvov1d 1d 215 nou id0c1ci q Kivd.
- 2006 dvdcvc1di vd dvoici 1o Mall of Arabia o1o N1oundi ck1doq 750 o1pcd-
1ov.
To mediterranian cosmos o1q OcoodAovkq cci ck1doq 45 o1pcd1ov, opo
o1d0cuoq yid 3000 oqd1d kdi 1o The Mall o1qv A0qvd cci ck1doq 60 o1pc!
d1ov kdi opo o1d0cuoq yid 2200 oqd1d.
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ioAio 2004
nAd dp1q
Icvik HoAcooik Zyc-
io Aqou HuAdid ydp1q
H.1.1. dvdAuoq - npokd-
1dpk1ikq np1doq
)(
nuuKiu DsuuuKovi svu sJuiuio vuuuyio
HdpdAd OcoodAovkq cvd cdoio vduyio
qooic0qkc o1o Black Out 1co vo4 Ok1opq 2005
o1qv ndpdAd nou ccivc c dn 1o kpo 1v q1oypqv
nopc vd ouvdv1qoci 1d ndiid, nou ndpd1qpov, c1d 1o 1cAo 1ou noAcou,
1d dvd1ivdycvd kdpdid vd dAAdouv oqd1d kdi opc, co 1q pqq 0dAdo!
od nou cdv ouAidci.
nopc vd ci, 1o 1929 o1o 0cd1po 1ou Acuko Hpyou, 1ou cnoqou dp!
ov1c 1q nAq vd dooupiov1di oc id ckqAooq yid 1d ikdiod1d 1ov
yuvdikov kdi dvikd cvd douvq0io1o uvd1 0puo vd dkoyc1di dn co.
Evdi q dnciAq1ikq kpduyq dn 1d opyiocvd 1okdpd 1ov cpyd1piov nou nd!
pd1qodv 1q ouAcid 1ou kdi kd1cqkdv o1qv ndpdAd yid vd odno1dpouv 1qv
cnoqq ckqAooq.
1cAo kd0qcpivd o1i 5 1d dpdd1d 1ou 1947 nopc vd ndpdkoAou0qoci
dn 1qv npoAq1d npoo1d o1qv qAck1pikq c1dipcd, noAcikd dpd1dyoyd c
dpdd ovd1d vd oqyov 1ou ck1oniocvou o1qv Avdq kdi 1qv Mdkpvq!
oo. AkoAou0c id io1opd dn dcvou pou, cddviocvd dkpo1qpid kdi
cAAov1ikd vdudyid. Zkiocvc ocAc dn 1o u0io1pqd nou cv ypd1qkc
no1c. ZcAc nou cv nopov vd opcoouv o1qv cnoqq io1opioypdd. ZcA!
c nou ncpiypdouv id io1opd koivovikov ouykpoocov, nou q couod coo
1q Aq0q npoond0c dncyvoocvd vd oqoci kdi cvd vco 1cpd cpc1di vd 1qv
iooncooci oAokAqpo1ikd.
!&'!
dvd1oAikq ndpdAid 0cood-
Aovikq
1908
nAd o1oypdd
io1ioqpd o1qv ndAid ndpd-
Aid
!&'!
0cd1po Acuko npyou
!&!'
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))
Tpci kdi id o1iyc dv1dyvioo o1qv io1opd 1q ndpdAd.
np1q o1iyq
Eckivdc 1qv io1opid d dn 1d cod 1ou 19ou diovd. Hpiv dn 150 ypvid
Ad cciyvdv 1i pdydic dAAdyc 0d npdyd1onoiov1dv o1o cydAo do0cvq
1q Euponq, 1qv ndpdndiouod O0odvikq du1okpd1opid. Pi(ikc c1dppu0i-
oci cnidAAov1di c1d 1q noAi1ikq nicoq nou dokci q Euponq c 1o 1cAo 1ou
Kpidko noAcou kdi 1q ouv0qkq 1ov Hdpioiov 1o 1856. H u1ikonoiqoq 1q
O0odvikq du1okpd1opid kdi oi c1dppu0ioci ckqpd(ov1di kd1d kpio Ayo
o1o ycipio 1ou do1iko yopou. To c1o Aoinv 1866, oudivci 1o cydAo
ycyov o1q OcoodAovikq. O dAq Zdnpq ndod -ioikq1q 1q nAq- kd1cu-
0vc1di o1q u1ikq n1cpuyd 1ov 1ciyov, o1qv Xpuoq HAq, okdpqdAovci o1ov
oop 1ov okouniiov, nou ouooopcov1dv ckci dn diovc kdi cvd doqc-
vio oqupi, y1und 1i kdkoouv1qpqcvc noAcio1pc, kdvov1d vd ncoouv Aiyoi
koviop1onoiqcvoi oodc nou 1i okcnd(dv. H cnioqq ycipovoid yivc1di. Oi
cpyd1c 1q c1dipid Suez Canal Company cod o1d cncvd 1coocpd ypvid 0d
ykpcioouv 1o codiovik 0dAdooio 1ciyo 1q nAq. Mvo 1o Mncd( KouAc,
o d1ocvo kkkivo Hpyo, dcvo c did dvun1dk1ov -q Bdo1iAq 1q
OcoodAovikq- 0d dnocivci yid vd 0ui(ci 1i ndAic cnoyc, co 1ou 1o 1890
kd0dpio1ci kdi cod o1qv koAunq0pd 1ou ckouyypovioo 0d dvddn1io1ci o
Acuk npyo. H nAq cv civdi nid ncpi1oiyiocvq, cvo c 1d nd(d 1ov 1ciyov
kd1dokcud(c1di q npokudid kdi o npo1o o1cv ndpdAidk po, qkou
1,5 km, q Acycvq HdpdAAqAq o. H Suez Canal Company nou Ai cyci
oAokAqpooci 1qv idvoiq 1q iopuyd 1ou Zouc( cyci dvdAdci 1opd kdi 1ov
ckouyypovio 1q OcoodAovikq Td 1ciyq nou co 11c ypqoicouv npo1io1o
yid Ayou coo1cpikq doqdAcid kdi cAcyyou 1ov kd1oikov, nAcov 0copov1di
oodpq nqyq npoAqd1ov. H kd1cdqioq 1ou ndpdAidko 1ciyou cnidAAc1di
dn 1i vcc ouv0qkc dvdn1uq 1ou cnopiou 1q cooyciou, ciikd dAio1d
c1d 1q idvoiq 1q iopuyd 1ou Zouc( kdi oqd1oo1ci id vcd ncpioo nou
npooiopi(c1di dn 1ov dvdvcocvo yconoAi1ik pAo 1q nAq. Enioq q1dv
cni1dk1ikq q ydpdq cv pou nou 0d cvovc 1d vcd dpyov1ikd 1ov dvd1oAi-
kov npodo1iov -ncpioyq 1ov Eoyov (oqcpivq Bdo. OAyd)- c 1d cnopcd-
1d 1ou Aidvio kd0o kdi c 1ov OpdykodydAd o1ov onoio yopo0c1ov1di oi
1pdnc(c kdi 1d cvooycid. To pAo du1 cndic q ndpdAAqAq o ciikd c1d
1qv 1poyopqoq 1ou 1pd dn 1o 1893.
Td ypvid nou 0d dkoAou0qoouv, q ndpdAid 0d dno1cAci idpko 1o cdqo
ndvo o1o onoio 0d oyqd1onoiov1di oi ouykpooci kdi 1d 1dikd ouqcpov1d
1q nAq. O yopo cdAAou c cvci no1c ouc1cpo, ndvo 1ou yciovov1di c
30 IouAou1916
nAd o1oypdd
q ndpdAid 0coodAovikq
npiv 1qv nupkdyid 1ou 17
cnck1civc1di 1o kpciniod
q0ivnopo 1916
voiq 1917
ndpdAd OcoodAovkq
dv0ponoi, ddid dAoyd kdi
kd1dokcuq 1q oiqpopoi-
kq ovcoq 1ou Aidvio
c 1o npo1o dcpopio 1q
nAq o1o oqcpiv o1pd1-
nco kpd
$%
cv1doq kdi ouoAio oi koivovikoi dv1dyoviooi. Z1pd1io1ikc ndpcAdoci,
nopcic cpyd1ov, dqici doiAidov, oAoqovic doiAidov, noAu1cAq cyd-
pd, dndAAo1piooci nop1oqoAiov kdi ndv1o ciou dyd0ov dn 1ou odA1d-
pou 0d ydpdouv 1qv io1opid 1ou ndpdAidko c1onou 1q nAq.
c1cpq o1iyq
1o qAcycvo dpydpi1pi 1ou diydou
To 1917 oi dvdykc ckouyypovioo 1ou vcdpo cAAqviko kdni1dAioo onAi-
(ouv idid 1d ycpid 1ov kdivopyiov dqcv1dov 1q nAq (1o 1912 kd1dAd-
dvc1di q OcoodAovikq dn cAAqvikd o1pd1cd1d) oi onoioi dnoqdoi(ouv vd
kdqouv 1o kcv1po 1q, npoo1d1cov1d npokAq1ikd vo 1i 1pdnc(c kdi 1i
oikic 1ou, cyov1d 1du1ypovd npodnoqdoioci 1q opqq 1ou vcou oyciou.
Do1oo o Ernest Hebrard o1ov onoio dvd0c1ouv 1qv noAcoqoq 1q kdcvq
(ovq qdvqkc dpkc1d podv1ik kd0o oycidoc cvd ou1onik yid 1d cAAqvikd
cocvd oycio, 1o onoio 0d c1dpqovc 1q OcoodAovikq oc dpydpi1d-
pi 1ou Aiydiou. Mc1d dAAov 1o qiAoo oycio npocAcnc 1qv cninAcov
cniyod1ooq 1q ndpdAid kd1d 25 c1pd kdi 1qv kd1dokcuq ndpkou nou 0d
ckivooc dn 1o Aidvi, 0d cq1dvc co 1o Acuk Hpyo kdi 0d ciyc d0o co
1qv oqcpivq Hp. KopoqAd. ZuvoAikd 1o oycio npocAcnc id ndpdAidkq (ovq
npdoivou, nAd1ou 45 c1pov. Oo oi cvocouoido1ikc ouykpooci ciydv
dAAq dnoqq. To 1920 o noAi1cu1q 1ou Adko kd1o N. Adpcpq, iiok1q-
1q cv cydAou oikoncou cv1 1q npdoivq (ovq kd1dqcpc c id ncviypq
i(d, vd ydAci dcid kd1cdipcoq kdi d(i c 1o oiknco vd 1qv nouAqoci kdi
vd y1io1ci 1o cydAonpcnc cvooycio Mcv1i1cppdvcdv. Mc 1qv dcid du1q dp-
yioc ouoido1ikd 1o qAod kdi q cykd1dAciqq 1ou ncpiqqou oyciou Hebrard
1ou npo1ou cydAou cpyou 1q cupondkq noAcooid.
To ndpdndvo ncpio1d1ik cv 1o dvdqcpouc yid vd ciouc dnAo 1qv dno-
1uyqcvq ckdoq cv dkq kdni1dAio1iko puo1oiko oyciou, dAAd yid vd
qdvci 1i q dvoikoqoq 1q kdcvq nAq ciyc o kpio o1yo vd c1dop-
qooci 1ou kd1oikou 1q oc cniycipqd1ic cdqok1q1c kdi npoAc1dpiou. Iid
vd yivci du1 cnpcnc vd dvdiopydvo0ci o yopo. O o1yo 1q idiq noAc-
ooikq cncdoq q1dvc inA. Hpo1ov, o1oycci o1o vd kd1do1pcqci 1qv
ndpdooidkq opydvooq 1ou yopou kd1d ouvoikic - yci1ovic, nou cni diovc
dno1cAooc 1qv doikq opydvo1ikq ovdd 1ou io1o 1q nAq -ovdd dp-
yi1ck1ovikq, koivovikq, io1opikq- kdi vd cnidAci id vcd (oq cv1oiyiocvq o1o
oikooik 1c1pdyovo kdi o1o ik1uo 1ov pov. Ac1cpo o1yo 1ou cnpq-
oo q1dv vd oqo1ov Ad 1d iyvq 1ou 1oupkiko ndpcA0v1o kdi 1du1ypovd
vd ioonco0ci q cpdkq oikovoikq kupidpyid. Iid 1ov vcdp dAd(ovik cAAqvi-
18 Auyoo1ou 1917
nAd o1oypdd
q nupkdyid nAqoid(ci o1qv
ndpdAid, civdi opd1c oi
uo oiqpopoikc ypd-
c q cid yid 1o 1pd kdi
q dpio1cpd yid 1o 1pcvo.
18 Auyoo1ou 1917
q ndpdAid c1d 1qv nupkd-
yid
!&#!
vd(io1ikd 1dvk o1qv ndpd-
Aid
$*
k cnck1d1io nou o1cAvci 1qv iid ypvid o1pd1cd1d o1qv Oukpdvid yid vd
kd1do1ciAouv 1ou cndvdo1d1qcvou yopiko kdi cpyd1c kdi nou c1oid(c1di
yid 1qv cydAq cko1pd1cid o1qv dvd1oAq cv undpyouv ncpi0opid dvoyq yid
1ou nAq0uoo nou kd1dk1dci. Onou cv kd1dqcpvci c 1d kdvvid kdi 1i
oqdipc vd 1ou cAAqvonoiqoci, 1ou kdici o1qv nupd.
1p1q o1iyq
q vcd yq, q cyAq cni1oq 1ou 1959-1977
HAcov ncpdoc o kdip nou 1d kd1dp1id 1ov dpdycvov io1ioqpov nopoodv
vd kpouv dn 1o 0dAdooiv Acd 1i coonoAcikc oikooc.
An 1d cod 1q ckdc1id 1ou `50 q c1cquAidkq EAAdd ckivdci 1o cydAo
ckouyypovio1ik kdi cupondk 1q 1dii. H doco1ocvq yAdo1pd c 1o d-
oiAik dndAAo1piovc1di c dv1dAAdyd 1o idcpiod c dv1indpoyq, c 0cd
o1o Ocpdk. To dvc(iko(!) cninAo dv1ikd0io1d 1qv v1idvokdocAd, oi npo1oi
kpd1ocvoi 1ou cquAiou dncAcu0cpovov1di kdi yivov1di oi npo1c noAqoci
iio1ikov du1okivq1ov, quyciov kdi 1qAcopdocov. H vcd i0vouod 1dq 1ov
cpyoo1doiov, 1ov kd1dokcuov kdi 1q cnio1qoviko1cyvikq ndpdyoyq nou
dvdn1y0qkc kd1o dn 1d q1cpd 1ou oyciou MdpodA ndivci uvdikd o1o
npookqvio. T1c Aoinv, 1o 1955 o K. KdpddvAq dqdipcoc ouoAikd id pdyd
1q 1poyiopoikq ypdq npoo1d o1o Acuk Hpyo. Od dkoAou0qoci q c-
ydA1cpq c1dpqooq o1qv io1opid 1q nAq. To 1959 ckivdci q cydAq cni-
yod1ooq c 1o qAod 1ov undi0piov kdqcvciov kdi 1dcpvov, 1o nd(od
1q dk1q dn 1o ndpko 1ou Acuko Hpyou cypi 1o Kdpdnoupvdki kdi 1qv
kd1dokcuq 1q vcd dvd1oAikq ndpdAid. XiAidc 1voi nd(d, dn 1i kd1c-
dqioci kdi 1i ckokdqc 1ov vcov oikooov 1q nAq, c1c1pcqdv 1q d-
v1cAcvid dvd1oAikq dk1q 1ou pou 1ou Ocpdko oc cu0ypdq npokudid.
Z1q vcd yq -1o EAv1opdv1o 1q OcoodAovikq- npooqcpov1di oikooikd 1c1pd-
yovd c nAcio1qpido oc vcou npovoioyou iiok1q1c kdi 1d ndpd0dAdo-
oid dpyov1ikd, c 1i Aivc okdAc o1q 0dAdood, c1d1pcnov1di oc oni1id 1q
1oicv1cvid cvoyopd. Hdvo o1i qqiocvc ndpdAic nou kdno1c ckdvdv
ndvio, cndi(dv kdi cpo1cov1dv oi kd1oikoi 1q nAq, Mipddp, Tddpi,
Avdk1opd kdi AAAd1ivq, dnAo0qkdv dnoo1cipocvd ndpkd c kdykcAd, 1o
youv1iko pu0o 1cpd1opyqd 1ou OTE Mdkcovid HdAAd, nc1ovcvic
ok1dopoqc noAukd1oikic kdi q Adiq1o M. AAcdvpou (1o vco 1ciyo dvd-
cod o1qv nAq kdi 1q 0dAdood).
H dvd1oAikq ndpdAid cyivc 1o vco ooAo 1q nAq, cvd vqcio nou dvdnd-
pio1d 1o ncpdod dn 1q q1oyq qopokoo1divd o1q vcd uvdikq ikpodo1iko-
noiqcvq cAAdd 1q i(d, 1q kdkoyouo1id kdi 1ov Adoyiov. Oi 0coodAovi-
1926
1pd o1qv ndAid ndpdAid
1976
o doiAiooq OAyd k1i-
pio npoqv 5ou yuvdoiou
cAdyio1d ndAid dpyov1ikd
cniioodv dn 1qv dv1ind-
poyq kdi ccvdv cpcinid co
1o cydAo qdyon1i 1q no-
Ai1io1ikq npo1couod
1962
nAd dcpoo1oypdd
q cydAq cniyod1ooq c-
kivqoc dn 1q ckdc1id 1ou
30 dAAd oAokAqpo0qkc 1q
ckdc1id 1ou 70. Z1q dcpo-
qo1oypdqid q cniyod1o-
oq cyci q1doci co 1o vdu-
1ik iAo - oyoAq 1uqAov,
qdivov1di kd0dpd 1d vcd
oikncd kdi q ndAid dk1o-
ypdq q onoid 0d nd(o-
0ci 1d cncvd ypvid
$"
kci dn 1o `50 kdi c1d, cndqdv vd kd1oikov oc kdnoid ouvoikid 1q nAq,
q nAq cndqc vd civdi id cydAq yci1ovid, kdi nAcov kd1oikovc kdnou cod
o1qv couoid. H icpdpyid c1pic1di c 1o qo 1ou opqou, 1qv npodoq o1d
unoupycid dAAd kdi c 1q Adkcid 1q kd1dvdAooq. TcAo 1ou dpcoci vd Ac-
nouv 1qv 0dAdood cod dn 1o ndpnpi( 1ov du1okoivq1ov kd01i cdv youv
o1qv ndpdAid 0d 1ou ci dnAo vd ncpnd1dvc o cvd nioo dn 1ov dAAo odv
vd civdi dAocvoi.
Ek1 dn 1ov ouoAio 1ou vcou ikpodo1iko 1pnou (oq, q kd1dokcuq 1q
dvd1oAikq ndpdAid npkci1di yid cpyo nou ciyc npo1d0ci dn 1o oycio MdpodA
o nio1d dndoq vd1okov o1pd1cud1ov oc ncpin1ooq kd1dAqqq 1q nAq
dn 1ou koouvio1c (c 1pid idkpi1d oqcid dkd kdi oqcpd opd1d, cvd
o1o dkcovid ndAAd, cvd o1o qdAqpo kdi cvd o1o cydpo ouoikq). H vq
qopd nou ypqoionoiq0qkc yi du1 1o okon q1dv 1i npo1c cpc 1q yov1d,
1dv noAcikd okdqq ccvd o1o qo 1ou Hoocioviou, c1cqcpdv dpio1cpo
o1o cpovqoi Iiopd.
1c1dp1q o1iyq
Hv dn 1qv AoqdA1o unpci HdpdAd
Zqcpd 150 ypvid c1d qdivc1di 1i 1d kd1cdqiocvd 1ciyq 1ou Zdnpq Hdod
0d ndpouv cydAonpcno 1qv ckikqoq 1ou. Zc Aiyou qvc 0d c1dAAdy0ov
o1qv ncpiq1q uno0dAdooid dp1qpid. To ndpdAidk c1ono 1q nAq 0d uno-
1dy0ci o1o yiydv1idio oicpcvio okouAqki nou 0d cioyopci o1d onAdyvd 1q n-
Aq dn 1ov ko 1ou ikdo1iko cydpou, 0d ou1dci o1q ouvcycid kd1o dn
1ou dyoyo dnoyc1cuoq, Aud1ov kdi quoiko dcpiou, cod o1ov Adono-
cvo nu0cvd 1ou Ocpdko kdi 0d cnpodAci yAoioc, poiko kdi c0vikd
uncpqqdvo Aiyo c1d 1o youv1ocydpo 1ou dkcovid ndAAd.
Z1d cv1o0id 1ou okouAqkio 0d kukAoqopov kd0qcpivd ckd1ov1dc yiAid-
c Addpivcvid k11dpd, ovdyikoi o1pd1io1c c 1c1pd1poyc ndvonAic, cvo
1d cuoido1d dcpid 1ou 0d dnodAAov1di o1d o1pd 1ov vcocAAqvov nou 0d
dnoAddvouv 1ov kdqc 1ou o1qv dycu1ikq vconc(opoqcvq Acoqpo vi-
kq. O nio 1cAcid cAcyycvo iio1ik du1okivq1poo 1q yopd 6,5 km 0d
oouAi(ci o c1dov1cpvd yiydv1idid oicpdkid 1qv oov1oo1oiyid 1q nAq.
To vco pio 0d oqpdyioci kdi 0d ouAooci 1d kou1onvqpd cAopdd1ikd di-
kqcvd dn 1ov d0qvokcv1pio cndpyio1ikd o1d1d 1ov kd1oikov 1q nAq.
OcoodAovikci, cio1c kdi qdivco1c. Eivdi qdvcp 1i q duvdid 1ov kd1oikov
du1q 1q nAq vd dnodAouv 1ov du1io 1ou, 1ou oqyci oc cvd ii1uno
cio du1o1iopid 1o onoio Addvci 1q opqq od Aiy1cpd 1ou ivci q cA-
Add 1oo ncpioo1cpo nd1pio1c yivov1di.
5 IouAou 1999
nAd o1oypdd
vd1okd o1pd1cd1d ypqoi-
onoiov 1o Aidvi 1q Oco-
odAovikq yid 1qv cncd-
oq 1q IiouykooAdid
kdAokdpi 2007
cpyd dvdnAdoq o1qv vcd
ndpdAid
To yiydv1idio okouAqki 1po-
ci 1qv OcoodAovikq
$#
To oycio cdid cv 1cAciovci o1qv 1ono0c1qoq 1q oicpcvid docAd. Iid vd
nopov vd kivq0ov dvd1oAikd 1d yiAidc ikpd 1c1pd1poyd kAouid 0d konci
1o cvd 1pi1o 1ov ndpkov 1q ndpdAid o1o oo1c q Acoqpo . dAcdvpou
vd duqoci 1i ci Aopic kukAoqopid nou id0c1ci oqcpd oc cvvid. O vco
du1okivq1poo 0d dq1io1ci c0vikq Acoqpo kdi 0d v1u0ci c ic1pd npo-
o1d1cu1ikd 1oiyid. H npodoq o1o kod1i 1q ndpdAid nou 0d cyci dnoci-
vci 0d yivc1di dnokAcio1ikd dn 1coocpi qou1oupio1ikc nc(oycqupc. TcAikd q
kou1ooupccvq ndpdAid 0d dnokonci ndv1cAo dn 1ov do1ik io1.
H ndpdAid, c 1ov vco uno0dAdooio oik dovd, ounukvovci yid dAAq id
qopd 1ov koivovik dv1dyovio oc du1q 1qv nAq. Au1q 1q qopd q vcd dvd-
nAdoq cv dv1dvdkAd dnAo 1i c0vikc kdi 1dikc ouykpooci 1ou 1917 q
1qv idiq ikpodo1ikonoiqoq 1q cAAqvikq koivovid 1ou 60. Ekqpd(ci 1q ou-
voAikq nAcov dpvqoq 1q nAq, 1qv kd0oAikq koivovikq dnoov0coq kdi 1qv
quyikq idAuoq 1ou d1ou. Td di1qd1d yid 1dy1q1d, doqdAcid kdi yid 1ov
c1dov1cpvo life style nd1pio1onikio dv1dvdkAov 1qv q11d 1q nAq. H
kd1dokcuq 1q uno0dAdooid dp1qpid cpyc1di o 1o quoik cndkAou0o id
d1oikonoiqcvq, koivovikd kdi noAi1io1ikd dnocpdcvq nAq nou dvd(q1d
cniovd iou idquyq dAAd piokci vo ooAd o dv1io1d0iod o1qv
dnouoid voqd1ov. H kpd1ikq npondydvd 0d 1qv ndpouoidoci o 1ov vco life
style du1okivq1poo kd1o dn 1d glamour 1pdnc(okd0iod1d cvo 0d civdi
cvd ouooopcu1q v1ponq, ckc1dAAcuoq kdi uoooid.
Tdu1ypovd q kd1dokcuq 1ou vcou oiko dovd 0d ciodyci yid npo1q qopd
o1qv (oq 1q nAq 1qv cvvoid 1ou iio1iko - c1dipiko pou. H iio1ikonoi-
qoq 1ov dp1qpiov, 1o ndi-nd o1o kukAoqopidk oo1qd, c 1cp1inid no q
uno0dAdooid dp1qpid, dnocikvouv 1i 1o kdni1dAio1ik oo1qd ycvvd 1c1oic
dvcndvp0o1c Adc kdi dvioopponic o1o ood 1q nAq, ycvvd no1iAid-
piod1d, pndvoq, okouniid, dyyo, id dio1q 1cAikd qoid (oq nou vo
c oq0q1ikd dkdAdio0q1d, 0cpd1d c1dipikd ckdvikid no 1o c1p, q uno0d-
Adooid dp1qpid kdi 1d ncpiqcpcidkd dk1uAiid nopci kou1odivov1d vd cnii-
ooci q nAq. Eivdi cdid (q1qd cdv Ad 1d ndpdndvo cydAd cpyd Avouv
1d npoAqd1d q dnAo 1d c1d0c1ouv ycoypdqikd kdi ypovikd.
Nd kAcoouc novqp 1o 1i o1o cAAov
Eci cv npkci1di vd npo1civouc kdid ouv1dyq yid 1qv do1ikq dvd(ooyvqoq
o1c 0d dvd(q1qoouc dio0q1ikd cudio0q1c ndpcdoci no ioo 0d qci-
Adv oi cdqdviocvoi dpio1cpoi kdi oikoAyoi noAcooi. Onoidqno1c np1d-
oq cv1 1ov kupidpyov 0coikov nAdioiov Aci1oupyci o unokd1do1d1o 1ov
koivovikov oycocov. To npAqd cv piokc1di dnAo o1ov d1cAq oycido,
Mc kkkivo 1d id1qpq1cd
k1qpid 1ou Aidvio nou
kivuvcouv dn 1qv ydpd-
q 1q uno0dAdooid
Mio 2007
odd kd0qyq1ov 1ou no-
Aucyvciou cknovci un 1qv
diyid 1ou vodpyq cvdA-
Adk1ikq ydpdq 1q uno0d-
Adooid c nAo1q Acoqpo
Avdndpdo1doq 1ov qouyd-
pov cdcpioo 1q uno0d-
Adooid dp1qpid o1qv nc-
pioyq 1q d npoAq1d o1o
Aidvi
nAd dp1c
Xdpdq 1q uno0dAdooid
dp1qpid
o1i i(c 1ov cpyoAdov, o1qv cAAciqq idqdvcid, o1o 1i 1o no1iAidpiod
dn 1qv kouv1oupio1q 0d c1d1onio1ci ycoypdqikd o1qv dv0cov kdi o1o 1i 0d
kou1ooupcu1ov 1d ndpkd 1q ndpdAid, dAAd co1id(c1di npo1dpyikd o1o iio 1o
kdni1dAio1ik oo1qd kdi 1i oc 1ou.
Eci du1 nou npo1civouc civdi vd npooc Aoi d(i oc dypic dvun1dk1c
dio1dk1c pdoci nou 0d dnocikvouv 1i q nAq cdkoAou0ci vd civdi q
q1pd 1q koiv1q1d, 1q dAAqAcyyq, 1q ccycpoq. Z1yo d civdi vd yo-
vionoiqoouc 1d cvdnocivdv1d oncpd1d dpvqoq o1o ood 1q nAq oo1c
vd ycvvq0ov vcc dv1dyovio1ikc du1oicu0uvcvc opqc (oq. Nd dnoiki-
oouc 1ou 1nou nou d cyci kAcqci q couoid odno1dpov1d c kd0c coo
1d vcd oycid 1ov cpyoAdov.
Nd ndpouc nioo 1ou pou 1q nAq .ck1 dn cvdv.
Euyq d civdi vd yivci q uno0dAdooid dp1qpid cvd cdioio vdudyio, cvd vqcio
d1di1q1d nou 0d 0ui(ci o1ou 1c 1ou cAcu0cpidko d cAAov1o no
ykpco1odkiodc kdi nvidc 1ov ndAi koo 1q ckc1dAAcuoq.
$$
30 dp1ou 2007
nAd o1oypdd
nopcid cvdv1id o1qv kd1d-
okcuq 1q uno0dAdooid
dp1qpid
%&%
xu nK8 svuvxiu uxv uuxouxoiu
Td nAq0q cvv1id o1qv du1okpd1opd
koivvikc ccycpoci 1q OcoodAovkq
qooic0qkc o1o Black Out 1co vo00 Ocpoudpio 2005
Edo1c kdivopyioi,
ki oo1oo undpouc dn ndv1d.
Edo1c 1o ndpcA0v o1o cAAov, cvd o1pd1 dvundkoq.
Fid diovc idqAovouc
o1ou pou du1q 1q nAq,
1d nAd d cvdi oi io1opc.
Hdvo o1d cAqd1d d cvdi ypdcvq q Acq dionpcncid.
Z1o vod 1q noAcoc onoiovqno1c
0cAci vd kupidpqoci o1ou dv0ponou,
o1ou dypo, o1d doq, o1i nqyc,
o1i cni0uc d, o1q dv1dod d,
o1d noiqd1d d,
o1q oq d,
noiov 0cAci vd kucpvqoci du0dpc1d,
vd cnidAAci 1qv 1dq 1q Au1okpd1opd
kdi vd cd0Aiooci 1qv koiv1q1d.
9 Mdiou 1936
nAd o1oypdd
o dpyiodpio1q Iidvvq
Td1dko iAdci oc idq-
Aooq
%&*
Eido1c 1d nAq0q nou 1o Zo1qpio t1o 1ou Kupiou 391 npokdAcodc cncioid
o1ov Innpoo. Hqpdc o1q ouvcycid 1d nAd kdi ccycp0qkdc cvdv1iov 1ov
cuycvov kdi 1ou du1dpyiko u(dv1ivo du1okpd1opd Ocoooiou yid vd dAou-
c 1cAo o1ou qpou, o1d 1cAq kdi o1i cni1dci. EiodAouc o1d ncpioo-
1cpd qoid k1ipid kdi nupnoAoc 1d dvdk1opd. Zko1ovouc o1pd1io1c kdi
dpyov1c. Avdcod 1ou kdi 1ov cndpyo 1q nAq kdi o1pd1qy 1q IAAupid,
1ov y10o noAcdpyo Bou1cpiyo kdi kd1dAouc 1qv couoid. T1c o Ocooio
nou ciyc oudyqoci c 1ou I10ou kdi 1ou ciyc ndpdyopqoci o1pd1io1ikd
kdi ioikq1ikd diod1d no 1q ioikqoq 1q OcoodAovikq, 1ou unooyc0qkc
unociyd1ikq 1iopid. 1p0c o1q OcoodAovikq npoonoiocvo 1i 1d cyci Aq-
oovqoci Ad. Md kdAci o1ov innpoo, 1dyd yid dyovc kdi ckci ic1dc 1q
qocpq oqdyq. Oi I10oi o1pd1io1c pqodv 1qv kd1dAAqAq o1iyq ndvo d
kdi d coqd(dv didkpi1o qAikid kdi qAou. O dpi0 1ov 0ud1ov cnc-
pdoc 1i 15000. Noioodc 1o did vd noukovci 1d pou0ovid d, dAAd ciydc
dpyioci nAcov vd nopcudo1c kdi cv 0d o1dd1oodc no1c nid.
Eido1c oi dvun1dk1oi kd1oikoi du1q 1q nAq nou 1o c1o 1ou Kupiou 479
coqko0qkdc cvdv1id o1ov ioikq1q - ndpyo 1q nAq kdi 1ov u(dv1iv
du1okpd1opd Zqvov nou idnpdyd1cuv1ouodv c opd kdi ypqd1d 1qv dvd-
ydi1ioq 1ov y10ov cnipocov. Opyiocvoi kd1do1pcqouc 1i cikvc 1ou du-
1okpd1opd, nupnoAoc dvd 1d dvdk1opd, kdic 1d dpycid kdi Ai0ooAoc 1ov
ndpyo Iodvvq KAdpidv. H du1okpd1opikq qpoupd cpyc1di c 1o cpo d kdi
dv1io1ckdo1c c cni1uyid o1qv cnipoq 1ov y10ov. O Zqvov o1cAvci 11c
1ov nd1pikio Addv1io c ioyupd o1pd1cd1d yid vd kd1dnvici 1qv ccycpoq.
AoAoqovov1di noAAoi dn cd kdi dkd ncpioo1cpoi kd1dAqdc o1d kd1cp-
yd, o 1ino1d nAcov cv 0d q1dv no npiv...
Eido1c 1d nAq0q 1ov q1oyov kd1oikov nou 1o c1o 1ou Kupiou 1205 cndvd-
o1d1oc cvdv1iov 1ov u(dv1ivov cuycvov 1q nAq kdi 1ou Ad1ivou uvdo1q,
kd1dk1q1q kdi doiAid 1q nAq Boviqd1iou 1ou dpkqoiou 1ou Moqcpd1ou, o
onoio piokc1di oc noAcikc cniycipqoci o1qv v1id EAAdd. Zko1ovouc 1ou
ncpioo1cpou dn 1qv doiAikq qpoupd 1q nAq, AcqAd1oc 1d oni1id kdi 1i
cndAci noAAov cuycvov, kdic 1i kd0oAikc ckkAqoic. TcAo dnoovovouc
kdi noAiopkoc yid cvd qvd 1qv doiAiood Mdpid-Mdpydpi1d 1q Ouyydpid
yuvdikd 1ou Boviqd1iou kdi 1qv dv1idoiAcid o1qv dkpnoAq 1q nAq. Mc1d
dn cvd qvd o Boviqd1io cnio1pcqci kdi oAoqovci 2500 dn cd. H11q0qkd-
c du1q 1q qopd, dAAd o onpo cnpkci1o ov1od vd kdpnoqopqoci.
Eido1c oi (qAo1c nou 1o c1o 1ou Kupiou 1342 kd1dAodc 1qv du1okpd1opikq
9 q 1936
nAd o1oypdd
q dvd 0pqvci 1ov yio 1q
couoid kdi yid 7 ypvid ipodc 1qv Koovd 1q OcoodAovikq. Ecycp0q-
kdc cvdv1id o1ov du1okpd1opd, cvdv1id o1ou dpio1okpd1c, o1ou 1okoyA-
qou, o1ou qpdykou cnopc, o1ov iopiocvo dn 1qv Kovo1dv1ivonoAq
dpyicniokono. Hopcu1qkdc npo 1d dvdk1opd 1ou kucpvq1q Zuvdivo, kd-
1diodc 1ou dpio1okpd1c, AcqAd1qodc 1d oni1id 1ou, kd1dpyqodc 1qv
couoid kdi nqpdc nioo ,1i d dvqkc. Oi cuycvci ncpinou 1000 d1od, ooi
cni(qodvc dn 1qv opyq d, kd1cquydv o1qv Kovo1dv1ivonoAq. An ckci d(i
c 1ov Kd1dkou(qv nou ickikooc 1ov du1okpd1opik 0pvo opydvoodv 1qv
noAiopkid 1q nAq. Iid 7 qcpc npoond0oodv dvcni1uyo vd d cknop0q-
oouv kdi vd kd1do1pcqouv 1q vcd (oq nou qioupyoodc. OAkAqpq q nAq
piokc1di nAcov o1d ycpid d. Tou oniovou kdi oou q0cAdv vd ouv0qko-
Aoyqoouv c 1ov cy0p 1ou ck1cAoc o1qv kcv1pikq nAd1cid (nAd1cid cAcu0c-
pid). Eykd0ipouc 1qv dcoq qokpd1id, 1qv koivok1qoovq, 1qv io1q1d
kdi ioovoid, 1qv du1ovoid d dn 1qv kcv1pikq couoid kdi dn kd0c du1dp-
yik kucpvq1q. Aivouc noAi1ikd ikdiod1d oc Aou 1ou vcou dvo 1ov 18
c1ov, idypdqouc 1d ypcq, kd1doyouc 1d nAo1q 1ov dqcv1dov, ciovouc
1d cood 1ov ndndov. O Iodvvq Anokdko o1cAvc1di dn 1ov du1okpd1opd
o1q 0coq 1ou ioikq1q 1q nAq, id 0coq ck 1ov npdyd1ov idkooq1ikq o1o
kd0co1o 1q Koovd. H couoid piokc1di o1qv Adkq ycvikq ouvcAcuoq 1q
nAq kdi o1qv dipc1q Adkq ycpouoid c npcpo 1ov MiydqA HdAdioAyo. Mid
cpd 1ou 1345 o Iodvvq Anokdko kdAci 1ov MiydqA HdAdioAyo oc id q0cv
ouvdv1qoq kdi 1ov oAoqovci, 1du1ypovd kd1dq0dvouv ioyupc uvdci dn
1ov o1pd1 1ou Kd1dkou(qvo kdi 1ov copiocvov cuycvov. Aiqviido1qkdc,
noAAoi dn cd oko1o0qkdv, dAAoi quAdkio1qkdv, dpkc1oi ckioy0qkdv kdi oi
ncpioo1cpoi kpuq1qkdc. To np1cpo kd0co1o qdvqkc 1i kcpi(c, cci qdi-
v1dv 1i ciydc ouv1pici ndv1o1ivd.
Oo q Adkq opyq dvdqov1ooc. O Avpcd HdAdioAyo, npcpo 1ou oo-
d1ciou 1ov vdu1ikov 1i0c1di cnikcqdAq 1ou vcou cndvdo1d1iko kivqd1o.
Oi ZqAo1c dvdcpydo1c kdi noAAdnAdoid(do1c yopyd. Bydivouc dn 1i
kpuqovc d kdi ncpvdc o1qv dv1cni0coq. Avoiyouc 1i quAdkc, oi q1oyoi
cpyov1di c 1o cpo d kdi noAAoi o1pd1io1c oudyov d(i d. O Iodvvq
Anokdko d(i c 1ou cuycvci kd1dqcyouv o1qv dkpnoAq. Tou kd1dio-
kouc, 1ou ykpci(ouc kd1o dn 1d 1ciyq, 1ou kouc 1d kcqdAid kdi dkpo-
1qpid(ouc 1d kouqdpid 1ou. OAd 1d oni1id 1ov nAooiov AcqAd1ov1di kdi
kdiyov1di, c1oi ckd0dpi(ouc nAqpo dn 1q qcoudpyikq kdi nAou1okpd1ikq
dpio1okpd1id
To kdAokdipi 1ou 1349 o Kd1dkou(qv d(i c 1ou cpio1ou cuycvci cnio1pc-
qci du1q 1q qopd c ioyupc uvdci. Zq1qoc 1q oq0cid 1ou 1opkou Opydv
kdi 20.000 1opkoi noAiopkov 1qv nAq. O Ai nou 0cpi(c 1ov nAq0uo kdi
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28 AnpiAou 1903
oki1oo c 1i ckpqci 1ov
dpkdpqov
q noAiopkid d dvdykdoc vd q11q0oc. AkoAo0qodv oi cydA1cpc oqdyc
o1qv io1opid 1q nAq. D (qAo1c coAo0pcu1qkdc kdi kupidpyqodv ndAi oi
cuycvci, oi ovdyoi kdi oi ouv1qpq1ikoi. Iid noAAo diovc q nio opydvocvq,
ouvcnq kdi cvouvciq1q 1dikq Adkq ccycpoq kd1d 1q 1updvvid q11q0qkc. H
nopcid o c o1dd1qoc, 0d dvdyoc o1ou pou
Eido1c oi dpkdpqc, dvdpyikoi c kd1dyoyq dn 1q BouAydpid nou o1i 29
AnpiAiou 1ou c1ou 1ou Kupiou 1903 nupnoAoc kdi dvd1ivd(ouc 1qv o0od-
vikq du1okpd1opikq 1pdnc(d. Mid cpd npiv, dvd1ivd(ouc 1o ydAAik d1nAoio
Guadalquivir nou cpy1dv dn 1q MdoodAid kdi kd1cu0vov1dv o1qv Oqoo,
dvd1ivd(ouc 1qv 1dycid ddoo1oiyid nou cpy1dv dn Kovo1dv1ivonoAq. Z1i
29 AnpiAiou dvd1ivd(ouc 1ou kcv1piko dyoyo qo1dcpiou kdi 1ou vcpo
o1q oqcpiv o 26 Ok1opiou, 1ono0c1oc c o1o (u0onoAcio 1ov c-
ydAodo1ov dqcv1dov 1q nAq AAdnpd o1qv ndpdAid, 1ono0c1oc c
o1qv 1pdnc(d Mu1iAqvq, 1o O0odvik 1dyupocio, 1o noAu1cAc cvooycio
Grand Hotel o1o 0cd1po Eden, o1o o1pd1nco Ton Xdvc. TcAo 1ono0c1oc
uvdi1q cod oc o1oc nou cyouc okdqci kdi dvd1ivd(ouc 1o cydAnpcnc
k1ipio 1q cydA1cpq 1pdnc(d 1q nAq, 1q O0odvikq Au1okpd1opikq
Tpdnc(d kdi 1q Icpdvikq Acoyq o1qv o Opdykov. Od d ouAAdouv kdi 0d
d oko1ooouv Aou d.
Eido1c oi kdnvcpyd1c nou o1i 9 Mdou 1ou c1ou 1ou Kupiou 1936 coqko0q-
kdc cvdv1id o1d dqcv1ikd kdi 1qv do1uvoid. Kd1dAddc 1o kdnvcpyoo1doio
1q KocpoidA (oqcpiv cnopik kcv1po o1qv Toiiokq kdi dcpikdvik npoc-
vcio). BydAdc 1i dpc kdi 1i kkkivc oqdic kdi (q1qodc 1qv oundpd-
o1doq Aov 1ov cpyd1ov 1q nAq. Oi 1odykdpqc, oi pdq1dc, oi oikooi,
oi c1dAAoupyoi, oi du1okivq1io1c coqko0qkdv oc dncpyic yid oundpdo1doq
kdi cyivc ndv0coodAovikio1ikq dncpyid. Zc id dn 1q ouykcv1pooci q do1u-
void dvoiyci nup kdi oko1ovci 8 dn cd cnciq 1dyd cnoi(ouc 1qv kukAo-
qopid. T1c dpyi(ouc kdi y1undc 1i kdndvc kdi du0pq1d yiAidc koo
dnAc 1i ouvoikic yuvdikc kdi ndiid kd1cdivouv o1o kcv1po. Oi yopoqAd-
kc oko1ovouv dAAou 4-5 kdi 1pdud1i(ouv ypo o1ou 1pidkoiou. Td nAq0q
nc1pooAoc 1qv do1uvoid kdi 1ou kAcivouc o1d do1uvoikd 1qd1d kdi
o1o ioikq1qpio. Mcpikoi dn cd, oi dpyciodpio1c, piyvouc 1o ov0qd vd
dAouc qo1id o1d 1qd1d, vd kdqouc 1ou yopoqAdkc. H qycoid 1ou kkc
uodvdoyc1ci c 1qv du0pq1q Adkq dncpyid kdi 0cAci vd 1qv dvdydi1ioci. O
o1pd1qy 1ou I ood1o o1pd1o Zcnno o1cAvci 1ou o1pd1io1c yid vd d
idAoouv, dAAd du1oi ouvdcAqovov1di d(i d kdi d dykdAid(ouv. H nAq
cyci ncpdoci o1d ycpid d. Oi o1dAivikoi o oudyov c 1ov Zcnno yid vd
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29 AnpiAou 1903
1d 0ccAid 1q o0odvikq
1pdnc(d kdi 1q ycpdvikq
Acoyq c1d 1qv ckpqq,
29 AnpiAou 1903
nAd o1oypdd
1d 0ccAid 1q o0odvikq
1pdnc(d c1d 1qv ckpqq
28 AnpiAou 1903
oki1oo c 1qv dvd1ivdq 1ou
1pcvou dno 1ou dpkdpq-
c
28 AnpiAou 1903
dvd1ivdq 1ou Guadalquivir
dno 1ou dpkdpqc
Aqci q dncpyid. Ti cncvc cpc q1dvouv o1pd1cd1d kdi innik dn 1qv
Adpiod 1d onoid kd1do1cAAouv 1cAikd 1qv dncpyid kdi o1cAvouv o1qv copid
noAAo dn cd.
Aidoyiodc 1ov diovd 1q 1pcAd kdi 1q ckikqoq kdi ouvcyi(ouc 1qv Ho-
pcid.
Au1oi, Acvc yid 1ou cdu1o 1ou 1i civdi kdivopyioi kdi dq1i(ov1di c vcd
ovd1d CLOSE UP, EXPO, Mdoo1q, IKEA, AAOZ, GOUDIES, ouvopioqAdkc,
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ndndc nou kAqodv o1o did 1qv koovd 1ov (qAo1ov, oi o1dAivikoi kdi oi
ydqicc nou oudyqodv yid vd kd1do1ciAouv 1qv dncpyid 1ov kdnvcpyd1ov,
o ndAi koo nou d1diooc 1i cqopqoci d kdi d ckoqc kd0c okdAd yid
1qv cqoo o1ov oupdv.
Zqcpd cyouv id vcd Au1okpd1opid, cnidAAouv vcc ouAcic oc Aq 1qv up-
ycio, ndpio1dvouv 1ou kpiou kdi dqcv1c 1q Iq kdi 1q OdAdood.
Evdv1iov 1ou idpko, cci, 1d nAq0q, ccycipdo1c cypi vd cp0ci ckcivo 1o
c1o nou cv 0d dvqkci oc kdvcvd kpio.
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pid d
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AyycAiq Mqvd Xopo1dik Zycido kdi Biooiq Avdn1uq ck. ouc1pid A0qvd 2000
Adoyidvvq E., Auyouo1iou M., Kpi1oivcAq E., MiydqAiq I., Z1dcAo K., McAc1q Zovq Oikio1iko
EAcyyou 1q ck1 oyciou kdi ck1 opiov oikioov ncpioyq 1q Hcpido1ikq Zovq OcoodAovikq
kdi 1ou H.Z.O. Z1dio A. Opydvio Pu0io1iko Zyciou kdi Hpoo1doid HcpidAAov1o OcoodAovi-
kq. Mdio 2000.
Avdo1doidq Iiopyo q OcoodAovikq o1i ounAqydc 1ou 20ou diovd ck. University studio press
OcoodAovikq 2005
Avdo1doidq Iiopyo q dyq 1q vqq HdpdAid - Aidvid - Acuk Hpyo ck. University studio
press OcoodAovikq 1997
Avdo1doidq I. Mdpdv1(iq N. KcpdnouAo X. Td1dAd B. 1o cpyd1ik - ouvikdAio1ik kivqd
1q OcoodAovikq - q io1opikq quoioyvoid 1ou ck. cpyd1ik kcv1po - OcoodAovikq noAi1io1ikq
npo1couod 1q Euponq 1997 OcoodAovikq 1997
BAdo1 Odvo - MqAdkq Aqq1pq HoAcooid vs Mc1dqopc ck. Opydvio Pu0io1iko Zyci-
ou kdi Hpoo1doid HcpidAAov1o A0qvd
Boyid Znpo q OcoodAovikq civdi id nc1dAod ck. ndpd1qpq1q OcoodAovikq 1998
IcpAunou A, N.KdAoyqpou, K.KdukoAd, N.Hdndiyo, B.Xdo1doyAou TunoAoyikq dvdAuoq io1opiko
kcv1pou 1q OcoodAovikq, TEE-TKM. Hp1uno oycio dvdn1uq 1ou io1opiko cnopiko kcv1pou
1q OcoodAovikq, 1995.
IcpAunou A. H dvoikoqoq 1q OcoodAovikq c1d 1qv nupkdyid 1ou 1917 University studio
press OcoodAovikq 1995
Ic1iq Hdv., KdukdAd Ip (cnicAcid): Mq1ponoAi1ikq idkucpvqoq, Ivo1i1o1o do1iko ncpidA-
Aov1o kdi dv0ponivou uvdiko, Hdv1cio Hdvcnio1qio, 2003
IcopynouAo AAcdvpo Iq - cvd ikp kdi c0pduo1o nAdvq1q ck. Gutenberg A0qvd 2000
Aqq1pidq AiiAio Ooivi dyqpo - q OcoodAovikq 1ou 1925-35 ck. ndpd1qpq1q OcoodAovikq
1994
Aoo Aqoo0cvq oi cpdioi 1q OcoodAovikq o1i ckAoyc 1ou cAAqviko kpd1ou 1915-1936
ck. ZddAd A0qvd 2005
Zdqcipq Xpio1o cv OcoodAovikq 1900 - 1960 ck. cdv1d A0qvd 1994
Zdqcipq Xpio1o OcoodAovikq 1onioypdqid ck. cnikcv1po OcoodAovikq 2006
Kdo1opidq KopvqAio H cndvdo1d1ikq vdq 1q OikoAoyid Mid ouvcv1cuq c 1ov Kdo1opidq
KopvqAio 1993 c1dqpdoq Terminal 119 - yid 1qv koivovikq kdi d1oikq du1ovoid OcoodAovikq
2006
KdukdAd I. - Iidou1(q M. q nAq o1o kcqdAdiokpd1ik oo1qd ck. Ouoocd A0qvd 1977
KdukdAd, OcoodAovikq, Mciooq 1q ovokcv1pik1q1d o1o noAcooik Zuykp1qd kdi o pAo
1ou 1pi1oycvo 1ocd, A.H.O. Tocd HoAcooid Xopo1did kdi Hcpiqcpcidkq Avdn1uq, Y.HE.
XD.AE. OPOE, 1997
Ko1iovq Zqoq q 1pcAd 1ou 1onou - dpyi1ck1ovikq o1o cAAqvik 1onio ck. Ekkpcc A0qvd 2004
Kp1oq AAcdvpo - Avpcd Kovo1dv1ivo Aoidq - kcicvd - oycid - oikiooi ck. ikdpo
A0qvd 2006
Ko1nouAo Tpidv1dquAAo q OcoodAovikq o1o cpyo 1ov 0coodAovikcov nc(oypdqov ck. Koikd
OcoodAovikq 2006
Ad(dpiq Hdv1cAq q cnopcud1onoiqoq 1q noi1q1d - q koivovikq Aci1oupyid 1q 1cyvq kdi 1q
dpyi1ck1ovikq ck. ndpd1qpq1q OcoodAovikq 1979
Mcyd Iidvvq oi dpkdpqc 1q OcoodAovikq - q dvdpyikq ouAydpikq odd kdi oi oio1ikc
cvcpycic 1ou 1903 ck. 1poydAid 1994
Moiv MiydAq H dpydioAoyid 1q dvdn1uq Hdvcnio1qidkc Ekoci Kpq1q 1996
Moiv MiydAq 1o ndiyvii 1q dvdn1uq ck. 1poydAid A0qvd 1993
Moiv MiydAq 0oi 1q dvdn1uq o1ou 1poniko ck. o1oydo1q A0qvd 1986
Moiv MiydAq - Eu0iinouAo HAid q iooiq nAq ck. o1oydo1q / AIHE A0qvd 2000
Moiv MiydAq - Eu0iinouAo HAid oikoAoyid kdi cnio1qc 1ou ncpidAAov1o ck. AIHE A0qvd
1998
Mncvdpyid Apdd q npo1q o1diopoid 1ou cAAqviko npoAc1dpid1ou ck. OAk A0qvd 1975
Mni0d K.H. Biooic HAci ck. 1uno0q1o A0qvd 2001
Ncydd Iooqq (Pi(dA H.) OcoodAovikq q ncpin0q1q nAq ck. Nqoic 1997
Hdndiyo Niko (cnio1. unc0uvo), H OcoodAovikq o1ov 21o diovd. Avdn1uq, ncpidAAov, noAi1i-
o. ZuoAq o1qv cknvqoq 1ou Z1pd1qyiko Zyciou, OP.OE. 1995.
Zcpcqd Zdkq OcoodAovikq - id nAq o1q Aoyo1cyvid ck. Mc1diyio A0qvd 2002
Zcpcqd Zdkq OcoodAovikq oc npo1o nAdvo ck. M. Tounq A0qvd 2005
Td1dko Iidvvq dvdvqoci id (oq o1o cndvdo1d1ik kivqd ck. kkAoi dv1icouoid OcoodAo-
vikq 2003
Todvd Koo1d oi nAd1cic 1q OcoodAovikq cypi 1o 1944 ck. vqoic OcoodAovikq 1997
Toiod Z1cpyio id dvqouyq A1d - qo1oypdqic dn 1q OcoodAovikq 1ou 70 ck. Mouocio Oo-
1oypdqid OcoodAovikq, OcoodAovikq 2006
Todv1iAq Koo1d q cniioq 1q dioio1q nAq ck. ndvcnio1qidkc ckoci OcoodAid Adpiod
2001
Oouv1dvnouAo Koo1d Epydoid kdi cpyd1ik kivqd o1q OcoodAovikq - 1908-1936 q0ikq oikovoid
kdi ouAAoyikq pdoq o1o coonAco ck. NcqcAq A0qvd 2005
Xdoio1q Aoukidv q dvd1oAikq ooonovid - uo cAAqvikc qcv1cpdAio1ikc kivqoci 1ou 19ou dio-
vd ck. Bdvid OcoodAovikq 2001
Io1opik dpycio npooquyiko cAAqvioo q kdAddpid o1o coonAco (1920-1940) npoquyc-q-
ioupyov1d 1q vcd nd1pid ck. university studio press OcoodAovikq 1998
ZAAoyo Aypovov Tonoypdqov Mqydvikov Bpcid EAAdd OcoodAovikq o1ou ydp1c ck.
ZAAoyo Aypovov Tonoypdqov Mqydvikov Bpcid EAAdd 1985
No 1561 1q 5/6.9.85. Pu0io1ik oycio kdi npypdd npoo1doid ncpidAAov1o 1q cup1cpq
ncpioyq 1q OcoodAovikq
Icvik HAdioio Xopo1diko Zycidoo kdi Aciqpou Avdn1uq
Hcpiqcpcidk HAdioio Xopo1diko Zycidoo kdi Aciqpou Avdn1uq Hcpiqcpcid Kcv1pikq Mdkc-
ovid
Eiik HAdioio Xopo1diko Zycidoo kdi Aciqpou Avdn1uq yid 1i Avdvcooic Hqyc Evcpycid
Eiik HAdioio Xopo1diko Zycidoo kdi Aciqpou Avdn1uq yid 1q Bioqydvid
Eiik Xopo1dik HAdioio yid 1ov Toupio
E0vik Zycio Hcpiqcpcidkq Avdn1uq (EZHA) 2007-2013
Eniycipqoidk Hpypdd Mdkcovid-Opdkq 2007-2013.
Eniycipqoidk Hpypdd HcpidAAov kdi Aciqpo Avdn1uq 2007-2013, YHEXDAE, Mdp1io 2007
Mq1ponoAi1ikq Aidkucpvqoq o1qv Eup1cpq Hcpioyq OcoodAovikq 2002
Hcpiqcpcidk Eniycipqoidk Hpypdd K. Mdkcovid (2000-2006)
Z1pd1qyik ki cniycipqoidk oycio yid 1o npdoivo o1q OcoodAovikq 2006
Zycio Avdn1uq 1ou Koivo1iko Xopou
Mq1pnoAq No1iodAkdviko Tnou Mq1ponoAi1ikd ZuoAid, 2003
YHEXDAE q EAAdd - oikoAoyik kdi noAi1io1ik dn0cd - cocvd - pdoci - npypdd yid 1qv
npoo1doid 1ou ncpidAAov1o ck. YHEXDAE A0qvd 1995
Agamben Giorgio Homo sacer kupidpyq couoid kdi yuvq (oq ck. scripta A0qvd 2005
Agamben Giorgio BcqAooci ck. Aypd 2006
Bookchin Murray npo idv dncAcu0cpo1ikq 1cyvoAoyid ck. ic0vq iAio0qkq A0qvd 1979
Bookchin Murray 1d pid 1q nAq - q idAck1ikq 1q io1opikq dvdn1uq 1ov nAcov ck. cAc-
0cpo 1no A0qvd 1979
Guattari Felix Oi 1pci OikoAoyic ck. AAcdvpcid A0qvd 1991
Geronimo MnoupA1o kdi Oo1id q io1opid 1ov ycpdvov du1voov ck. EAcu0cpidkq KouA1opd
A0qvd 2001
Latouche Serge Nd 1cAciovouc id yid ndv1d c 1qv dvdn1uq www.eyploia.agaio-net.gr
Lefevre Henry ikdiod o1qv nAq - yopo kdi noAi1ikq ck. ndnd(qoq A0qvd 1977
Negri Toni BionoAi1ikq kdi Av1icouoid ck. EAcu0cpidkq KouA1opd A0qvd 2001
Mazower Mark OcoodAovikq q nAq 1ov qdv1dod1ov Xpio1idvoi, ouoouAdvoi kdi cpdioi, 1430-
1950, ck AAcdvpcid 2006
Virno Paolo Acio1cyvid kdi cndvdo1doq ck. EAcu0cpidkq KouA1opd A0qvd 2002
Virno Paolo Ipdd1ikq 1ou HAq0ou ck. AAcdvpcid - Ouoocd A0qvd 2007

Θεσσαλονίκη: Μητροπολιτικοί Ανταγωνισμοί

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Θεσσαλονίκη: Μητροπολιτικοί Ανταγωνισμοί

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