BUREAUCRACY

MEANING OF BUREAUCRACY:- The word bureaucracy has been derived from two French words Bureau which means desk or office, and cracy which means power. So literally bureaucracy means power of the officials. Generally bureaucracy is understood in two senses viz, positive and negative. 1. POSITIVE SENSE. In this sense it is used to describe any personnel system where employees are classified in a system of organization composed of

hierarchy of sections, divisions, bureaus, departments and so on. 2. NEGATIVE SENSE:- In its negative sense it is used to describe as a system which stands outside the sphere of effective public control. DEFINITION:1. According to Peter Bureaucracy is that system of organization which is designed to accomplish a large scale of administrative tasks, systematically cocoordinating the work of many individuals. 2. According to Laski It is a system of government the control of which is so completely in the hands of officials that their power jeopardize the liberty of an ordinary individual citizen In the light of above definitions we may conclude that bureaucracy is a class of expert professional civil servants who are appointed on the basis of merit and administer through rules and regulations.

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FUNCTIONS OF BUREAUCRACY:- In a governmental organization bureaucracy performs the following functions. 1. Policy Formulation:- Bureaucracy performs very important role in policy formulation. As political executives are not always expert and talented therefore they have to rely on bureaucrats. For example government cant ignore advises given by foreign office in formulation of foreign policy. 2. Drafting of bills:-Drafting of bills is very complicated task. Bills are mostly drafted by bureaucrats, because they know well intricacies which they face during the implementation of these laws. Basically legislation is a task of parliamentarians but they are fully assisted by bureaucrats. 3. Delegated legislation:-Delegated legislation is very important duty of

bureaucrats. Most of the bills are passed by legislature just in outlines and details are to be fulfilled by the bureaucracy of concerned department. 4. Implementation of laws and policies:- Laws are passed by legislature and policies are formulated by executive but both are implemented by bureaucracy. 5. Collection of revenue:-Every government needs revenue to run the administration and to provide services to the citizens. For this purpose revenue is collected by bureaucracy in form of taxes and tariffs. 6. Preparation of budget:-Budget is an estimate of income and expenditure. Preparation of estimates is a technical task which can only be performed by trained bureaucracy. Therefore it is one of the important duties of the bureaucracy to prepare the annual budget.

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7. Auditing:-Audit means to check the record of income and expenditure. Audit is very necessary to check the misappropriation and embezzlement. This function is performed by bureaucrats of audit and accounts department.1 8. Keeping of Accounts: - Accounting means keeping of record of income and expenditure. This is one of the important duties of the bureaucracies is to maintain accounts so that misappropriation and embezzlement may be prevented and public money may be saved. 9. General Administration: - Running of the general administration of the country is also very important task of the bureaucrats. For this purpose bureaucracy tries to create harmony among all the administrative departments in the country.

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ADHOCRACY
Adhocracy is derived from ad hoc, which means for a specific, temporary purpose. The term describes a highly participative-oriented business. Adhocracy is an organizational structure characterized by temporary teams of workers who move from one project to another. Bureaucracy is not necessarily always bad an adhocracy is not necessarily good. A Bureaucracy is more effective in a stable environment, whereas adhocracy is more suitable for business in an dynamic environment

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