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BIOCHEMISTRY of TISSUE 2008

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SKELETAL MUSCLE CONSTITUTES THE MAJOR RESERVE OF PROTEIN IN THE BODY

During intracellular breakdown of actin and myosin, 3-methylhistidine is released and excreted into the urine. The urinary output of the methylated amino acid provides a reliable index of the rate of myofibrillar protein breakdown in the musculature of human subjects.

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Cytoskeleton: components
The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is traversed by threedimensional scaffolding structures consisting of filaments (long protein fibers),which together form the cytoskeleton. These filaments are divided into three groups, based on their diameters: microfilaments (68 nm),intermediate filaments (ca. 10 nm), and microtubules (ca. 25 nm). All of these filaments are polymers assembled from protein components.

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The Extracellular Matrix

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PROTEOGLYCANS & GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS

Proteoglycans are proteins that contain covalently linked glycosaminoglycans. A number of them have been characterized and given names such as syndecan,betaglycan, serglycin, perlecan, aggrecan, versican,decorin, biglycan, and fibromodulin.

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There are at least seven glycosaminoglycans(GAGs): hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfates I and II, heparin, heparan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate. A GAG is an unbranched polysaccharide made up of repeating disaccharides, one component of which is always an amino sugar (hence the name GAG), either D-glucosamine or Dgalactosamine. The other component of the repeating disaccharide (except in the case of keratan sulfate) is a uronic acid, either L-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) or its 5-epimer, L-iduronic acid (IdUA). With the exception of hyaluronic acid, all the GAGs contain sulfate groups, either as Oesters or as N-sulfate (in heparin and heparan sulfate).

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Bone remodeling

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Cartilage
Cartilage is an avascular tissue and obtains most of its nutrients from synovial fluid. It exhibits slow but continuous turnover. Various proteases (eg, collagenases and stromalysin) synthesized by chondrocytes can degrade collagen and the other proteins found in cartilage. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) appear to stimulate the production of such proteases, whereas transforming growth factor (TGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) generally exert an anabolic influence on cartilage.

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Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide(glycan) chains covalently attached to their polypeptide backbones.

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