Book: Role of Students of Pokhara in The Democratic Movement of 1990: by Ambika Timila

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d"No ? M @&% .
ISBN : 978-9937-2-0430-9
4
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5
k|fSsyg
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df Ps dxTjk"0f{

/fhg}lts 36gf xf] . pQm dxTjk"0f{ 36gfdf g]kfnsf ;a} r]tglzn /
af}l4s ju{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof] . To;df klg ljBfyL{ ju{n]
kf]v/f If]qdf pQm hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ s;/L ;fy lbP eGg] s'/fsf]
ljZn]if0f ug]{ hdsf]{ o; k':tsdf u/LPsf] 5 .
;Qfsf] lj/f]w ug'{ / csf]{ Joj:yfsf] ;+efjgf vf]Hg'
hgtfx?åf/f a]nf avt u/Lg] clt :jefljs k|s[of xf] . ;dfh
kl/j{tgsf nflu cfGbf]ngsf] OR5f hfx]/ ug'{ cfkm}df ck/fw xf]Og
lsgsL cfGbf]ngn] dxTjk"0f{ / ck]lIft kl/0ffd NofPsf 5g\ . ljZj
/fhgLltsf] cfb{z o;tf] ePtf klg tfgfzfxx? ;w}+ cfGbf]ng /
qmflGtnfO{ cfkm' / cfˆgf] k"vf{n] cfh]{sf] ;DklQ dfly u/LPsf] xdnfsf]
?kdf lnG5g\ . ctM cfGbf]ngnfO{ zlQm k}of]u u/L bafpg] k|oTg ub{5g\
. sltko cj:yfdf pgLx? ;kmn klg ePsf] kfOG5 eg] w]/}
cfGbf]ngx?df hgtfs} hLt ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] hgcfGbf]ng efu
! df klg ;Qfwf/Lx?n] zlQmsf] cTolws k|of]u u/]/ bafpg] cys
k|of; u/]sf] lyof] . t/ hgtfsf] zlQmsf] cuf8L k+rfot kIfw/x?sf]
s'g} hf]/ rn]g . cGttM g]kfndf k~rfotL Joj:yf vf/]h eO{ ax'blno
zf;g Aoj:yf / ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] pbo eof] . o;/L d'n'sdf
ax'blno k|hftGq / ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] :yfkgfsf] ;+3if{sf] nflu
ljBfyL{ ju{n] v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] cWoog ub}{ o; u|Gydf g]kfndf ePsf]
hgcfGbf]ng efu ! tyf kf]v/f If]qdf ePsf] cfGbf]ngsf] ljZn]if0f
u/]sf] 5 .
lq=lj= Oltxf; s]Gb|Lo ljefusf ;x–k|fWofks 8f= z+s/ yfkfsf]
;xof]u lagf of] k':ts n]Vg] ;Defjgf g} lyPg . cg';Gwfg / n]vgsf
qmddf k|f/lDes cj:yf b]lv g} pxfFn] k|f]T;fxg lbO{ dnfO{ n]vg dfu{df
6
nflu /xg h'g ?kn] ;xof]u ug'{ eof] To;sf] s'g} d'Nodf t'ngf x'g
;Sb}g . cfˆgf] sfo{ Jo:ttfsf aLr klg ;xof]u ul/ lbPsf]df jxfF k|lt
d Hofb} cfef/L 5' .
k':ts n]vgsf qmddf cfO k/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu
;do ;dodf ;Nnfx, ;'emfj tyf k|]/0ff lbg' x'g] lq=lj= Oltxf;
ljefusf cGo u'?x? k|lt klg cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .
k|:t't k':tssf] n]vgsf qmddf d}n] ljleGg n]vsx?sf n]v
/rgfx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u lnPsf] 5' h;sf] ;xof]u lagf o;sf]
kl/sNkgf ug{ sl7g x'g] lyof] . o;sf] ;fy} d]/f] o; cg';Gwfg sfo{df
z}lIfs ;fdu|L h'6fP/ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] lqlj s]Gb|Lo
k':tsfnodf sfo{/t lbbL ;ljtf s]=;L= -v8\sf_ k|lt klg d Hofb}
cfef/L 5' .
g]kfnL sf+u]|; sf:sLsf sf]iffWoIf tyf kqsf/ >L /fh]Gb|lglw
sf]O/fnf klg wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . jxfFsf] lghL ;+sngaf6 d}n] w]/}
pkof]uL tYox? Kf|fKt u/]+ . ;fy} g]=s=kf= Pdfn]sf s]Gb|Lo sldl6 ;b:o
;f]dgfy clwsf/L æKof;LÆ / g]=s=kf= Pdfn]sf sf:sL lhNnf sldl6sf
;rLj /ljGb| clwsf/Ln] klg d]/f] o; sfo{df dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u u/Llbg'
ePsf]df d pxfFx?k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . To;}u/L emns ;'a]bL
tyf nIdL sfsL{sf] ;xof]u klg cToGt dxTjk"0f{ ;flat eof] .
pxfFx?nfO{ d Åbo b]lvg} wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . To;}ul/ cg';Gwfgsf]
bf}/fg lalaw ;xof]u ug]{ /d]z >]i7 / ;'/]Gb| lah'S5]+ klg wGojfbsf
kfq x'g'x'G5 .
k':ts tof/ ug]{ qmddf d]/f dftflktf cfb/l0fo >L s]zanfn
ltldnf / lai0f's]z/L ltldnfsf] cflzaf{b ;b}a d]/f] ;fy /Xof] .
pxfFx?sf ;fy} ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] bfh'x? zflGtnfn, hLjg, a;Gt /
Cife ltldnf, efph'x? /ZdL, cDaf, OGb' tyf eujtL ltldnf Pjd\
lbbLx? s[i0ff, ld/f / bof k|lt ljz]if cfef/ AoQm ug{ rfxG5' .
7
To;}u/L] ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]

Pjd\ ;fdu|L ;+sng cflb sfo{sf] nflu ;do, ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg' x'g]
d]/f ldqx? ladnf clwsf/L, /fh]Gb| kf}8]n, /fdrGb| kf}8]n, nIdL tdfË,
uf]kL >]i7, ;'ldqf >]i7 / zzL cof{nnfO{ wGojfb lbG5' . o;sf ;fy}
se/ l8hfOgdf ;xof]u ug]{ ldqx? pQd cfrfo{, /fd/fhf kf}8]n /
chLt cfrfo{ klg wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 .
clDasf ltldnf
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8
ljifo;'rL
cWofo – Ps
kf]v/f pkTosfsf] z}lIfs /+ /fhg}lts lqmofsnfk !
cWofo – b'O{
hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] k[i7e"dL ##
cWofo – tLg
kf]v/f If]qdf hgcfGbf]ngsf] k|f/De / ljsf; $(
cWofo – rf/
cfGbf]ngdf kf]v/]nL ljBfyL+{x¿sf] lqmofsnfk !!!
cWofo – kfFr
pk;+xf/ !^!
;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rL
cWofo – Ps
kf]v/f pkTosfsf] z}lIfs / /fhg}lts lqmofsnfk
lj=;+ @)$^ df kf]v/fsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] cj:yf
g]kfnsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] zx/ kf]v/f pkTosf leq @)$^ ;fndf lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnosf] cflËs SofDk;sf] ¿kdf $ j6f SofDk;x¿ tyf lghL
>f]taf6 ! ;d]t % SofDk;x¿ ;~rflnt lyP . tL o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, ledsfnL kf6g

g]kfnsf] klZrdf~rn If]qsf] ;b/d'sfdsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] o; kf]v/f
gu/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] SofDk;sf] ¿kdf :yflkt of] SofDk; g]kfn e/L
g} ;a}eGbf 7'nf] If]qkmn tyf ;j}eGbf w]/} ljBfyL{x¿ ePsf] SofDk;sf]
¿kdf k|l;4 5 . oxfF @)$^ ;fndf sl/a !),))) -bz xhf/_
ljBfyL{x¿ cWoog ub{y] .
o; SofDk;df lgDg % ;+sfo cGtu{t cWofkg u/fOGYof] .
s_ dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhszf:q cWoog ;+:yfg,
v_ Joj:yfkg cWoog ;+:yfg,
u_ lzIffzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg,
3_ sfg'g cWoog ;+:yfg
ª_ lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg
If]qut cfwf/n] klg o; SofDk;df u08sL, wf}nflul/ tyf n'lDagL
u/L tLg} c~rnsf ljBfyL{x¿] cWoog ub{y] . ;fdflhs b[li6n] klg oL
tLg c~rnsf] ;b/d'sfd ePsf] sf/0fn] of] SofDk; g]kfnsf]
dWoklZrd If]qsf] /fhgLltsf] s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . lj=;++
@)!& df :yfgLo ;dfh tyf lzIffljb\x¿sf] cu|;/tfdf o;
SofDk;sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; SofDk;sf ;+:yfks lk|lG;kn
tTsfnLg ef/tsf s]/nf lgjf;L >L hh{ hf]g x'g\ .
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jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg kf]v/f SofDk;, xl/of] vs{

lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] k|fljlws lzIffcGtu{tsf] cflËs SofDk;sf]
¿kdf /x]sf] jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)#* c;f]h
^ ut] ePsf] lyof] . oxfF jg lj1fg ;DaGwL cWoog u/fOG5 . g]kfnsf]
t/fO{ d'nsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] cTolws rfk af]s]sf] o; SofDk; g]kfndf
jg lj1fg cWoog u/fpg] s]Gb|Lo SofDk; /xL cfPsf] 5 . o;
SofDk;df jg lj1fg;DaGwL k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx / :gfts txsf]
k9fO{ x'G5 .
OlGhlgol/ª\u cWoog ;+:yfg klZrdf~rn SofDk;, nfdfrf}/

tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] ljs]Gb|Lt z}lIfs gLltcGtu{t /x]/ lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno OlGhlgol/Ë cWoog ;+:yfg k'Nrf]ssf] cflËs SofDk;sf]
¿kdf k|fljlws lzIff k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] lj=;+= @)$$ df :yflkt o;
SofDk;df @)$^ ;fn ;Dddf k|df0fkq txsf] dfq cWoog u/fOGYof] .
klZrdf~rn If]qsf hgtfx¿nfO{{ k|fljlws lzIff k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon]
:yflkt o; SofDk; kf]v/f pkTosf leqsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ;/sf/L
SofDk;sf] ¿kdf k|Voft 5 .
lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg kf]v/f SofDk;, /fd3f6

d'n'sdf lrlsT;f lj1fgnfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg] p2]Zo lnO{ lj=;+=
@)#( df :yflkt o; SofDk;df :gfts tx ;Ddsf] cWofkg u/fOG5 .
kf]v/fsf] klZrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfn;Fu} /x]sf] o; SofDk;n] ;f]xL
klZrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfn;Fu ;dGjo sfod u/L cWoog cWofkg
tyf k|of]ufTds sIffx¿ ;Grfng ub{5 .
kf]v/f ax'd'vL SofDk;, gofF ahf/

lzIffdf lghL ljBfnosf] cjwf/0ff b]zdf lelqPkl5 pT;flx lghL
If]qsf s]xL JolQmx¿n] ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf SofDk;x¿df ;do–;dodf
11
e}/xg] /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngaf6 ck|efljt /xL k9fO ;~rfng ug]{ eGb}

kf]v/fdf klxnf] k6s lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg k|fKt u/L
dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{t dfgljsL If]q
tkm{sf] k|df0fkq txsf] cWofkg u/fpg] p2]Zon] @)$$ ;fndf o;
SofDk;sf] :yfkgf au/ 6'F8Lv]nl:yt :yfgLo /fli6«o dfWolds
ljBfnosf] ejgdf o; SofDk;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . xfn of]
SofDk; gofF ahf/df /x]sf] 5 .
tTsfnLg kf]v/f gu/ k~rfotleq lgDg lnlvt dfWolds
ljBfnox¿ ;+rfngdf /x]sf lyP .
>L % OGb|/fHonIdL df=lj= nfdfrf}/
>L % /Tg/fHo nIdL df=lj= glbk'/
>L cd/l;+x df=lj= /fd3f6 , xfn pRr df=lj=
>L sfnLsf df=lj= /fdahf/ , xfn pRr df=lj=
>L hglk|o df=lj= l;dnrf}/, xfn pRr df=lj=
>L 5f]/]kf6g df=lj= 5f]/]kf6g , xfn pRr df=lj=
>L eb|sfnL df=lj= s'F8x/, xfn pRr df=lj=
>L /fli6«o pRr df=lj= 6'Fl8v]n, xfn pRr df=lj=
>L dx]Gb| df=lj=gofF ahf/, xfn pRr df=lj=
>L gj k|eft, df=lj=, gofFahf/
>L gjLg df=lj=, gofF ahf/
>L af/fxL df=lj= dfn]kf6g, xfn pRr df=lj=
>L ljGWojfl;gL df=lj=, af6'n]rf}/
>L ljGWojfl;gL df=lj=, a/kf6g cr{n]af]6
>L z'qm/fh aneb| df=lj=, l5g]8fF8f
>L lzjzflGt df=lj, k"mnjf/L,
12
>L ;+:s[t df=lj, au/

>L l;4 df=lj= kmn]kf6g
>L u08sL cfjf;Lo df=lj=, xfn pRr df=lj= nfdfrf}/ .
lj=;+= @)$^ df kf]v/fdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\u7gx¿sf] cj:yf
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutfsf]
ljifodf s]xL s'/f n]Vg kbf{ dfly pNn]lvt ;a} SofDk; tyf dfWolds
ljBfnox¿sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] af/]df pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . @)$^ sf]
cfGbf]ngdf w]/} dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{x¿n] klg efu lnPsf] kfOG5 .
t/ tTsfnLg ;dodf tL ljBfnox¿df ljBfyL{x¿ cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL
ePsf] s'/fnfO{{ clen]v /fVg] sfo{ gul/Psf] / To:tf] clen]v /fVg] s'g}
klg ;+:yf ljBfnox¿df ePsf] gkfOPsf]n] SofDk;x¿ g} cWoogsf]
d'Vo sfo{If]q agfOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L cg'bfgaf6 ;+rflnt lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnosf] cflËs SofDk;x¿ ;a}df lgjf{lrt :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgog /x]sf] 5 . of] o'lgogsf] lgjf{rgnfO{{ g]kfnsf /fhg}lts
kf6L{x¿n] cfˆgf] k|lti7fsf] ljifo agfpFb} cf–cfˆgf] dft[ ;Ë7gdfkm{t
pDd]baf/L klg lbg] ub{5 . ljBfyL{ hdft :jtM ;r]t hdft xf] .
To;sf/0f g]kfnsf] /fli6«o /fhgLlt;Fu ufFl;Psf] of] r'gfjdf b]zsf ;a}
SofDk;x¿df ljBfyL{ut lx;fan] dfq geOsg /fhg}lts lx;fan] g}
lgjf{rg x'g] ub{5 / h'g ;Ë7gn] ;f] r'gfjdf ljho xfl;n ub{5
To;}n] g} :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] gfddf cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ub{5 .
vf;df eGg' kbf{df :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] r'gfj s'g} kf6L{ut
cfwf/df x'g] xf]Og . oxfF k|To]s kbdf 5'§f5'§} ¿kn] JolQmut 9Ëaf6
lgjfr{g k|lqmofdf uOG5 . t/ klg pDd]bjf/L lbFbf eg] ljBfyL{
;Ë7gx¿n] cf–cfˆgf] 5'§f5'§} ;Ë7gsf] gfpFaf6 k'/} Kofgns} pDd]bjf/L
lbg] ub{5g\ . ljBfyL{ju{n] klg ;fdfGotof s'g} Ps kIfsf] k'/}
KofgnnfO{{ lhtfpg] ub{5g\ .
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kf]v/f pkTosfleq /x]sf ljleGg % SofDk;x¿dWo] lghL If]qaf6

;~rflnt kf]v/f ax'd'vL SofDk;df o; k|sf/sf] :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgogsf] r'gfj ePsf] clen]v kfOPg eg] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf
cflËs SofDk;x¿sf ¿kdf /x]sf rf/}j6f SofDk;x¿df eg] :jtGq
ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] r'gfj eO g} /xof] . /fhg}lts lx;fan] ;lqmo ¿kdf
oL SofDk;x¿df lgDg ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ ;lqmo /x]sf lyP .
g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3

k|ltalGwt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] eft[ ;Ë7gsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt g]kfn
ljBfyL{ ;Ë7g kf]v/fleq Ps :yflkt ljBfyL{ ;Ë7g xf] . sf:sL lhNnf
el/sf] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ ;Ël7t ug{sf nflu of] ;Ë7gn] Pp6f lhNnf
sfo{ ;ldlt agfPsf] lyof] . @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dodf o;
g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf] lhNnf cWoIfsf] afu8f]/ ;DxfNg] o'jf ljBfyL{
s'nk|;fb u'?Ë lyP . g]kfn clw/fHosf] x/]s lhNnfdf cfˆgf] sfo{
;ldlt /x]sf] g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 o; lhNnfdf klg cfˆgf] bx|f] pkl:ylt
hgfpFb} ;Ë7gnfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg lg/Gt/ lqmoflzn lyof] eg]
o'jfx¿sf] 7"nf] hdft o; ;Ë7gsf] em08f d'lg uf]na4 5g\ .
clvn g]kfn /fli6«o ljBfyL{ o'lgog -Pstfsf] kfFrf}_

ljeflht g]kfn sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Ps 36ssf] ¿kdf o;
;Ë7g g]kfnsf cGo sDo'lgi6 ljrf/wf/f af]s]sf ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿dWo]
;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL ;Ë7g xf] . g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3;Fu x/]s z}lIfs
;+:yfdf k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ clw/fHoe/ cfˆgf] k|efj lj:tf/ u/]sf] of] Pp6f
dfq ljBfyL{ ;Ë7g lyof] . u|fdL0f If]qsf jfl;Gbf ljBfyL{x¿aLr
nf]slk|o o; ;Ë7gsf] sf:sL lhNnf sldl6sf] dha't ;Ë7gsf] sf/0f
tTsfnLg k~rfotL zf;sx¿ o; ;Ë7gsf ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿k|lt ;w}+
;+j]bgzLn /xg] ub{y] .
14
g]kfn /fli6«o ljBfyL{ km]8]/]zg

g]kfn sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] km'6 k/:t /fhg}lts 36gfqmdaf6
kLl8t of] ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gn] hgtfdf cfˆgf] 5fk 5f]8\g g;s] tfklg
@)$^ ;fnsf] bf}/fgdf o; ;Ë7gn] krf{ tyf kfDkn]6x¿dfkm{t cfˆgf]
pkl:ylt eg] b]vfpg] u/]sf] lyof] . t/ klg clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq
o'lgognfO{{ d'Vo b'Zdg em} Jojxf/ ug]{] of] ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gsf] k|efj
g]kfnL ljBfyL{ hut\df guGo g} 5 . hgdt ;ª\u|x @)#^ kl5 g]kfn
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ dfgGw/ ;d"x;Fu of] ;Ë7g cfj4 /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .1
g]kfn k|ultzLn ljBfyL{ o'lgog

lj=;++ @)#& j}zfv & ut] /fdl;+x /fjn / af]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{n] g]t[Tj
u/]sf] of] kf6L{ tTsfnLg g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ k'iknfn ;d"x;Fu cfj4
lyof] . cfˆgf] vf; k|efj gb]lvP klg k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] :jtGq
ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] r'gfjdf of] ;d"xn] cfˆgf] k'/} Kofgn p7fpg] ub{Yof]
. t/ k|fKt s]xL dt ;+Vofdf g} lrQ a'emfpg] ub{Yof] .
clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog

clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog Pstfsf] kfFrf}af6
6'lqmP/ ljBfyL{sf] of] ;d"x lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . cfkm"nfO{{ qmflGtsf/L /
kl/jt{gsf/L kIfsf] lxdfolt dfGg] of] ;Ë7g;Fu ljBfyL{ju{sf] Pp6f
/fd|} ;d"x lyof] . kf6L{ut lx;fan] of] ;Ë7g g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
d;fn;Fu glhs /xGYof] .
:jtGq ljBfyL{ ;d"x

@)#^ ;fn cl3 tTsfnLg zf;sx¿sf] kIfw/sf] ¿kdf /fi6«jfbL
:jtGq ljBfyL{ d08n gfdsf] ;Ë7gn] x/]s SofDk;x¿df cfˆgf] x}sd
1
emns ;'j]bL, ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] cfwf ztfAbL, kf]v/fM ;'j]bL k|sfzg, @)$*, k[= !!.
15
b]vfpYof] . t/ @)#^ ;fnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] bjfjdf ;f] d08nnfO{{

tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] vf/]h u/]kl5 ToxL ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gsf] k'g{hGdsf]
¿kdf of] :jtGq ljBfyL{ ;d"xsf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . kf]v/fdf o;
;d"xdf cfj4 ljBfyL{x¿ k|x/L / k|zf;gsf] cf8df dfq} cfˆgf
lqmofsnfkx¿ cufl8 Nofpg] ub{y] . t/ cfd ljBfyL{ hdftdf of]
;Ë7gsf] 5lj gsf/fTds ¿kdf lrlqt x'g] ub{Yof] . o;sf k|To]s
;b:o tyf ;dy{sx¿nfO{{ d08n] ;Daf]wg ul/GYof] .2 oL k~rfotjfbL
o'jfx¿ d08n]sf] b'gf{daf6 kl/lrt lyP .
o;/L ljBfyL{ju{x¿df oyfl:yltjfbsf] wf/sf] g]t[Tj ub}{ :jtGq
ljBfyL{ ;d"x b]lvof] eg] k|hftGqjfbLx¿sf] wf/sf] g]t[Tj ub}{ g]kfn
ljBfyL{ ;+3 cufl8 cfof] . k|hftGqnfO{{ cfˆgf] ;Ë7gsf] clGtd / Ps
dfq ;t{ dfGg] of] ;d"x /fd|};Fu ljBfyL{ hdftdf leh]sf] lyof] . u|fdL0f
If]qdf eGbf of] ;Ë7gn] zx/L If]qdf cfˆgf] k|efj sfod /fv]sf] lyof] .
o;}u/L u|fdL0f If]qaf6 cfˆgf] k|efj lj:tf/ ub}{ cfPsf] jfdkGyL ljrf/
/fVg] 5fq ;Ë7g eg] lbg lbg} cfˆgf] ;Ë7g / k|efj lj:tf/ ug{df
tlNng b]lvGYof] . @)!& ;fn b]lv g} /fhfn] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] k|efj
;dfKt ug{ sDo'lgi6x¿nfO{{ k|of]u ug]{ gLlt lnP . 3 emfkf sf08sf
sDo'lgi6x¿nfO{{ s7f]/ bdg ug{' afx]s cGo v]dfsf sDo'lgi6x¿nfO{
vf; lgoGq0f ul/Pg . b]zleq dfcf]T;]t'Ësf ns]6 / sDo'lgi6 ;flxTo
v'n]cfd k|rf/ k|;f/ eO{ /x]sf] lyof] . t/ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] …t?0fÚ
klqsf jf jL=kL=sf n]vx¿ s;}sf] vNtLdf jf 3/df e]6fOP klg h]n
k7fOGYof] .4 SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x¿ / :s'nsf lzIfsx¿df sDo'lgi6sf]
2
P]hg\, k[= !$ .
3
;"o{dl0f clwsf/L, g]kfndf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, gofF lbNnLM lg/fnf
klAns]zg, @)%%, k[= @$* .
4
P]hg\ .
16
k|efj tLj| ultn] a9L /x]sf] lyof] . b'u{d kxf8L Onfsfx¿df ;d]t
sDo'lgi6x¿sf] k|efj km}ln/x]sf] lyof] .
t/ h;/L eP klg d'n'sdf k~rfot lj/f]wL /fhg}lts dfxf}n cem
lbglbg} dha't aGb} uO/x]sf] lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfsf] k|d'v ;Dafxs
g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿sf] hdft g} lyof] . o; qmddf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
k|zf;gn] k|To]s jif{ ug]{ :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] r'gfj klg oxL
lx;fan] k~rfot Ot/ /fhg}lts zlQmx¿ aLrsf] åGåsf] ¿kdf g]kfnL
/fhgLltdf b]lvGYof] . o;} qmddf kf]v/f leq /x]sf lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnosf $ cflËs SofDk;df @)$%÷$^ sf] nflu :jtGq
ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] r'gfj ;DkGg eof] . oyfl:yltjfbL wf/sf] g]t[Tj ug]{
zf;s kIfw/x¿n] s'g} klg SofDk;df cfˆgf] cf}krfl/s pDd]bjf/L lbg
;s]g . 5 o; :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] lgjf{rgsf] qmddf kf]v/f
pkTosfsf] s]Gb|ljGb' dflgg] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; lgjf{rgdf
cg]/f:jljo' Pstfsf] kfFrf} kIfn] Ps kIfLo ¿kdf k"/} Kofngsf] lht
xfl;n u¥of] eg] g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 bf];|f] :yfgdf /x\of] . pQm :jtGq
ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] lgjf{rgn] cfufdL sfo{sfnsf nflu lgDg
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ ljBfyL{sf] xs lxtsf vflt/ :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog
;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f ;'lDkof] .
;efklt emns k|;fb ;'j]bL
pk;efklt hutk|;fb e§/fO{
;rLj nIdL s'df/L sfsL{
;x;rLj /fh]Gb|k|;fb Gof}kfg]
sf]iffWoIf gLnaxfb'/ k'g
;b:o /jLGb| k|;fb clwsf/L
5
tTsfnLg :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf ;efklt emns ;'j]bL;Fu ldlt @)^#÷^÷! df
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
17
;b:o ljho u'?Ë

;b:o lji0f'k|;fb zdf{
;b:o /3'klt u'?Ë
;b:o xl/zf]ef u'?Ë
;b:o lxdnfn k/fh'nL
To;} u/L d'n'ssf] k|fljlws b[li6sf]0fn] clt dxŒjk"0f{ dflgPsf]
k|fljlws hgzlQm lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf ul/Psf] OlGhlgol/Ë
cWoog ;+:yfg klZrdf~rn SofDk; kf]v/fdf eg] k|hftGqjfbL v]dfsf]
¿kdf lr/kl/lrt g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3n] cfˆgf] Psnf}6L k"/} KofngnfO{{
ljh]tf agfPsf] lyof] . pQm SofDk;df g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3n] cfˆgf
lgDglnlvt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf] lyof] .
;efklt lzjk|;fb sf]O/fnf
pk;efklt lw/]Gb| s'df/ zfx
;rLj c?0f /fh kf}8]n
pk;rLj >L /fd Gof}kfg]
sf]iffWoIf z'lzn z]/rg ,
;b:o OGb| k|;fb cfrfo{
;b:o lg/~hg k|;fb >]i7
kf]v/f pkTosfleqs} csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ SofDk; jglj1fg cWoog
;:yfg kf]v/f SofDk;df klg lemgf] dtsf] cGt/df c=g]=/f=:j=o'= s}
;+o'Qm Kofngn] g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3nfO{{ x/fpFb} cfˆgf] k"/} KofngnfO{{
ljhoL agfPsf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ –
;efklt lw/]Gb|k|;fb l;+x
pk;efklt ;'efifrGb| b]jsf]6f
;rLj s[i0fk|;fb cf]nL
18
;x;rLj k|]dk|;fb vgfn

sf]iffWoIf O{Zj/Lk|;fb kf}8]n
;b:o lxds'df/ >]i7
;b:o ;Gtjrg ofbj
;b:o ;'>L dLgf >]i7
;b:o lzjk|;fb 9'Ë]n
;b:o Zofdnfn dxt
;b:o Zofd/fh kf08]
csf]{tkm{ lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg kf]v/f SofDk; /fd3f6df
ePsf] lgjf{rgdf clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogn] g}
cfˆgf] jr{:j hdfpFb} k'/} Kofgndf cfˆgf pDd]bjf/nfO{{ ljhoL agfPsf]
lyof] . pQm SofDk;df ljhoL ljBfyL{x¿ o; k|sf/ lyP –
;efklt ;'>L b]jLdfof u'?Ë
pk;efklt >LdtL /dfb]jL kxf8L
;rLj ;'>L sf]dn kf}8]n
;x;rLj ;'>L dL/f clwsf/L
sf]iffWoIf >L afa'/fd >]i7
;b:o ;'>L pdf ;fksf]6f
;b:o ;'>L wgs'df/L kf]v/]n
;b:o >LdtL uLtf dxh{g
;b:o >LdtL z'enIdL zfSo
;b:o ;'>L ;'hftf u'?Ë
;b:o ;'>L ;/:jtL clwsf/L
kf]v/f pkTosfleqsf oL ;a} SofDk;x¿sf] lgjf{rgdf ;Qf kIfsf]
dltof/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmn] s'g} kbdf lhTg dfq xf]Og
19
pNn]v ug{ nfossf] dt klg s'g} klg SofDk;df k|fKt ug{ ;s]g .
o;af6 s] s'/fsf] k'li6 ePsf] lyof] eg] lzlIft ;dfh /fHokIf;Fu s'g}
klg xfnt / s'g} klg If]qdf ;xdt lyPg . @)$^ ;fnsf]
hgcfGbf]ngdf oL ;a} SofDk;x¿af6 ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8
a9fpg] qmddf d08n]x¿ afx]s c? ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ Ps h'6 eP/
:jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] 5ftfd'gL uf]na4 x'Fb} ;fd"lxs ¿kdf
cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf lyP .
dfly pNn]lvt z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿;lxt sf:sL lhNnf leqsf ;a}
If]qdf ljBfyL{ ultljlwx¿nfO{{ cf–cfˆgf] tkm{af6 ;+rfng / lgb]{zg
ug{sf nflu g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 / clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgog b'j}n] cf–cfˆgf] lhNnfsfo{ ;ldlt lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP .
clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogn] klg cfˆgf] lhNnf
sldl6df lgDg ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿nfO{{ lgDg adf]lhdsf] lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf]
lyof] –
;efklt /jLGb|k|;fb clwsf/L
pk;efklt s[i0fk|;fb cf]nL
;rLj wg/fh cfrfo{
;x;rLj s]zjk|;fb cfrfo{
sf]iffWoIf ;'>L k'iks'df/L kf}8]n
;b:o t'naxfb'/ u'?Ë
;b:o hLjg Hof]lt 9'Ëfgf
;b:o lbnaxfb'/ ltlnhf k'g
;b:o ;Ltf u'?Ë
;b:o g/axfb'/ s]=;L=
;b:o df]xg uf}td
20
@)$^ ;fn >fj0f @% ut] l6sf/fd kFu]gLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ( cf}+

lhNnf ;Dd]ng cfof]hs sldl6 u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] cfof]hs
sldl6n] @)$^ df3 @* ut] lhNnf ;Dd]ng ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnL z}lIfs cfGbf]ngsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld

g]kfndf h'g lbgaf6 ;+ul7t ?kn] cfw'lgs lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿
:yflkt x'g yfn] To;sf] ;Fu};Fu} ;fdGtL clwgfosjfbsf] Joj:yf lj?4
klg cfjfh 3Gsg yfNof] cyf{t\ lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tL ;+:yfn] k}bf u/]sf
lzIfLt o'jfx¿af6 tfgfzfxL zf;gsf lj?4 qmflGtsf] :j/ u'lGhof] .
g]kfn leq dfq xf]Og ef/tsf] jgf/; / snsQf cflb 7fpFdf
cWoog/t tTsflng o'jf ljBfyL{x¿n] klg Tof] gljg efjgfnfO{
g]kfndf d"t{?k lbg] c7f]6 ub}{ cfk"mnfO{ pT;{u ug]{ k|0f u/] . @))& sf]
hgqmflGtn] ubf{ g]kfn 5fq ;+3, g]kfn ;+:s[t 5fq ;+3 x''Fb} g]kfnL
/fli6«o sfFu|]; / g]kfnL sfFu|]; kf6L{ cflb ;+u7gsf] dfWodn] o'jfx¿n]
g} qmflGtu/] . 6 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] c? ljwfx¿sf] t'ngfdf g]kfnL
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; Hofb} 5f]6f] 5 . oyfy{df /f0ff zf;gsf]
lj/f]w;Fu;Fu} g]kfndf ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 .
h'g a]nf ;+;f/sf y'k|} cljsl;t b]zx¿ klZrdL ;Eotfaf6 k|efljt
eO ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] z}lIfs /fhg}lts tyf cfly{s ljsf;;Dd
h'l6;s]sf lyP . To; a]nf;Dd klg xfd|f] d'n's tL kl/jt{gx¿af6
ljNs'n cnu /xL ult z"Gosf] cj:yfaf6 g} lxFl8/x]sf] lyof] . cGofo /
cTofrf/sf] lzsf/ e}/x]sf g]kfnL hgtfnfO{{ dfxfTdf uflGwsf] æef/t
5f]8Æ cfGbf]ngn] emSemSofpg ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . ljBfyL{x¿ gofF g]t[Tj
/ ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] ;dy{gsf] d'xfg x'g ha ls ;dfhsf c? s'g} klg
6
uf]j{wg /fgf, k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3, -g]kfnL t?0fx?sf] ;+3if{
ufyf_, kf]v/fM g]=lj= ;+3 klZrfdf~rn ;dGjo ;ldlt @)%) .
21
ju{ To:tf] x'g ;Sb}g .7 cfhsf ljBfyL{ ef]nLsf /fi6«sf s0f{wf/ x'g\ .
To;}n] ljBfyL{ ju{n] ljBfnox¿df cWoog ubf{ b]lv g} cfˆgf] ;dfhsf]
s'/LtL, b]zsf] oyfy{ kl/l:ylt a'em]sf] x'G5 . h;n] p;nfO{ cfGbf]ngdf
;/Ls x'g k|]/0ff k|fKt x'G5 . g]kfndf ljBfyL{x? /f0ffsfn b]lvg} clwsf/
k|lt ;r]t /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . hot' ;+:s[td\ h:tf] cfGbf]ngsf
dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{x?n] /fhgLltdf efu lnP . kl5 lj:tf/}
ljBfyL{x?klg ;+ul7t eP / laljw k|sf/sf ;+u7gx? v'n] . g]kfndf
ePsf dxTjk"0f{ ljBfyL{ ;+u7gx? lgDg 5g\ - g] lj ;+3, cg]/f:jljo',
-kfrf}+, 5}7f / qmflGtsf/L_, g]kfn /fli6«o ljBfyL{ kl/ifb, g]kfn /fli6«o
ljBfyL{ ;+u7g, All India Nepali Student Federation, All India
Nepali Student Association, Nepal Progressive Student
Union, Nepal Revolutionary Student Union, Nepal
National Student Federation, Nepal National Student
Organization, Nationalist Independent Student Council,
Nepal Leftist Student Union, Sunsari Free Student Union
cflb .8
lq–rGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf

ljZj hut\df 5fO/x]sf] kl/jt{gnfO{{ /fd|f];Fu b]lv/x]sf] tTsfnLg
k|wfgdGqL rGb|zDz]/n] Pp6f pRr lzIff k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf vf]Ng' kg]{
bjfj dx;'; ug'{ k¥of] . To;sf] sf/0f pgsf] :jLs[ltdf pgsf] gfd
klg /xg] u/L lj=;++ !(&% df lq–rGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf ul/of] . 9 of]
7
P]hg\, k[= @ .
8
Meena Ojha, ‘The Role of Sudents in the Evolution of Democratic
Polity in Nepal 1940-1990,’ Ph. D. thesis submitted to the Faculty
of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, 2000, pp.
48-60 and 114-156.
9
ho/fh cfrfo,{ ob'gfy vgfn hLjgL / ljrf/, nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%(, k[=
@).
22
gfpn] /fhf lqe'jg / pg} rGb|zDz]/sf] Voflt a9fpg] ljZjf; ul/Psf]

lyof] . t/ o;df pgsf] leqLdgsf] pT;fx eg] k6Ss} lyPg . To;}n] of]
sn]hsf] :yfkgf ubf{ /f0ff zf;s rGb|zDz]/n] eg]sf lyP M10
cfh d}n] cfˆgf] uf]8fdf aGr/f] rnfP/ cfPsf] 5' . of] sn]h /f0ff
zf;gsf] cGTosf] ;'?jft x'g]5 .
;'?;'?df lq–rGb| sn]hdf k9fpgsf nflu clwsf+z k|f]km];/x¿
ljz]if u/L a+ufnLx¿ g} lyP . To;f] lsg eof] eg] /f0ffx¿n] g]kfnLx¿
klg k|f]km];/;Dd x'g ;S5g\ eGg] ljZjf;} u/]gg / km]l/ csf]{ lt/
/f0ffx¿sf ljrf/df ;a} g]kfnLx¿ /}lt g} lyP . To;}n] ubf{ ;/bf/
ob'gfy vgfn h:tf JolQmx¿sf] lq–rGb| sn]hdf k|j]z /f0ffx¿nfO{{
;'kfRo eof] ePg z+s} 5 . lq–rGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf g]kfnsf] lzIff
If]qsf] ljsf;df Pp6f sf];] 9'Ëf lyof] . oxL sn]hsf /fhgLlt zf:qsf
5fq u+ufnfn >]i7n] lj=;++ !((% df OGb|rf]sdf gful/s clwsf/
;ldltsf cWoIf z'qm/fh zf:qL;Fu;Fu} cfˆgf] clwsf/sf nflu ;+3if{
ug{ hgtfnfO{{ clkn ub}{ hf]lznf] efif0f lbPsf lyP . ;f] lqmofsnfk
u/] jfkt pgLx¿nfO{{ kqmfp ul/of] . t/ kl5 @! jif]{ slnnf] s]6f] b]v]/
u+ufnfnnfO{{ s]6fs]6L eg]/ hdfgLdf 5f]8]klg k'gM kqmfp u/L d[To'b08
lbOof] . lj=;+= !(*^ df rGb| zDz]/sf] d[To'kl5 eLd zdz]/ k|wfgdGqL
ag] . ;f]xL avt hf]ulj/ l;+x s+;fsf/, nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6f, s[i0f
k|;fb sf]O/fnf, t'n;L d]x/ nufotsf pT;fxL o'jfx¿n] Ps k':tsfno
vf]Ngsf nflu k|wfgdGqLnfO{{ ljGtL kq r9fP . t/ k':tsfno vf]Ng]
sfo{ /fhg}lts k8\oGq xf] eGg] dfgl;stf lnP/ tL ;a} pT;fxLx¿nfO{{
kqmfp u/L ?= !))÷!)) h/Ljfgf u/L 5f]l8of] .11
10
P]hg\\ .
11
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, k[ #( .
23
To;} u/L lj=;++ !((# kmfu'g lzj/fqLsf lbg s]xL pT;fxL o'jsx¿
ldn]/ lvNx6f]ndf kmQ]axfb'/ l;+x / lrlgofnfn l;+xsf] 3/df dxfjL/
:s'nsf] :yfkgf u/] . 12 of] :s'n rnfpg ;/sf/L cg'dlt lnOPsf]
lyPg . pQm :s'nsf] k':tsfno ;~rfng ;"o{axfb'/ ef/åfhn] ub{y] .13
:s'nn] /fd|f] k|ult ub}{ uPsf] lyof] . t/ PSsf;L k|wfgdGqL h'4
zdz]/n] lj=;++ !((& sflt{s @ ut] o; :s'nsf @* hgf lzIfsx¿nfO{{
lu/ˆtf/ u/fP . ;+:yfks kmQ]axfb'/ l;+x / pgsf efO lrlgofnfn
l;+xnfO{{ hGd s}bsf] ;hfo lbOof] .
lj=;++ @))! cfiff9 @^ ut] lrlgofnfnsf] h]nd} lgwg eof] .
:s'nsf cWofks k"0f{ gf/fo0f / rGb|dfg df:s]nfO{{ !*–!* jif{ / slj
l;l4r/0f >]i7nfO{{ !@ jif{sf] s}b ;+hfo eof] . 14 o;k|sf/ lzIffsf]
Hof]lt d'n'sdf km}nfpg vf]Hg] pT;fxL o'jfx¿sf] Ps k|of; :j¿k
:yfkgf ePsf] dxfjL/ :s'n aGb eof] .
hot' ;+:s[td\ cfGbf]ng

lj=;+ !((# df ljleGg hfltut k[i7e"ld ePsf s]xL o'jsx¿n]
Pp6} ;femf /fhgLlt p2]Zosf lgldQ Pp6f ;+:yf g]kfn k|hf kl/ifb\sf]
:yfkgf u/] .!((# ;fn h]7 @@ ut] 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{, bz/yrGb,
wd{eQm dfy]df, /fdxl/ zdf{, / hLj/fh zdf{ u/L kfFr hgf o'jsx¿
ldn]/ emf]5+] cf]daxfn l:yt wd{eQmsf] km'k'sf] 3/df e]nf eO{ ;Ë7gsf]
p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu h:tf] ;'s} Tofu / alnbfg ug{ k/] klg tof/ /xg]
egL lz/df uLtfsf] k':ts /fv]/ zky lnO{ o;sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP .
;Ë7gsf] gLlt / p2]Zo n]lvPsf] sfuhdf logLx¿n] cfˆgf] bfofF
12
P]hg\\ .
13
e'jgnfn k|wfg, g]kfnsf] hgqmflGt @))&, sf7df8f}+M ?d' k|sfzg, lj=;++ @)$&, k[=
*@–*# .
14
P]hg\ .
24
xftsf] a'9Lcf}+nfaf6 /ut lgsfnL ;xL5fk u/]sf] lyP . 15 g]kfn k\|hf

kl/ifb\sf] d'Vo p2]Zo k|hftflGqs hg/fHo :yfkgf ug'{ g} xf], b]zsf]
k|To]s gful/snfO{{ nfpg, vfg, a;f]af; / ljsf;sf] k"0f{ cj;/ k|bfg
ug]{ kl/ifbsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lyof] . 16
sf7df8f}+ l:yt tLgwf/f kf7zfnfsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ lj=;++ !((&
;fnsf] g]kfnsf] k|hfkl/ifbsf ;b:ox¿ / cGo /fhg}lts
sfo{stf{x¿k|lt /f0ff ;/sf/n] ckgfPsf] gLlt / 36gfn] / To;kl5
b]zsf] l:yltn] k|efj kfl//x]sf] lyof] . hgcfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;;Fu}
ljBfyL{x¿df gofF r]tgfsf] ljsf; klg x'Fb} uof] . olx qmddf
sf7df8f}+sf] tLgwf/f ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf ljBfyL{x¿n] lj=;++ @))$ h]7
!% ut] lzIff ljefu ;dIf ljleGg dfux¿ k]z u/] .17
hot' ;+:s[td\ cfGbf]ngsf cu'jf >Leb| zdf{sf cg';f/ M18
hot' ;+:s[td\ g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;Ël7t ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng lyof] . o;
cfGbf]ngsf] of]hgfsf/sf ¿kdf xfdL s]xL hgf lyof} . !(*# ;fndf
tgx'Fsf] l;DkfgLdf hlGdP/ k|f/lDes lzIff ufpFdf g} k"/f u/F] . !((&
;fndf d sf7df8f}+ cfP/ tLg wf/f kf7zfnfdf egf{ ePF . !((( af6
Tolxsf] 5fqfjf;df a;]/ k9\g yfnF] . To; avt Pp6} ejgsf] dflyNnf]
tnfdf b/af/ xfO:s'n / e"OFtnfdf tLgwf/f kf7zfnf ;~rfng x'GYof] .
b]zdf ljBdfg /fhgLlts lg/+s'ztf / hgtfdf qmdzM cfPsf] ;fdflhs
r]tgfsf] sf/0f ;+:s[t lzIffdf /x]sf] oyfl:yltk|lt c;Gt'li6 a9\b} hfg'
:jefljs} lyof] . oxL c;Gt'li6sf] cleJolQm lyof] @))$ ;fnsf] hot'
;+:s[td\ cfGbf]ng .Æ
15
/fh]z uf}td, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf g]kfn k|hfkl/ifbsf] e"ldsf, sf7df8f}+M
/fh]z uf}td, lj=;++ @)$^, k[= ^&
16
P]hg\\, k[= %^ – %& .
17
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, k[= ^^ .
18
>Leb| zdf{, hot' ;+:s[td\ cfGbf]ng Ps ;+:d/0f, sf7df8f}+M n]vs :jo+, @)%$, k[=
!–$$ . ljGbf kf08], cfhsf o'jf ljBfyL{, ef]lnsf ;Ifd hgzQmL, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn
6«]8 o'lgog dxf;+3, @)^#, k[= @ .
25
@))$ h]7 !% ut] k]z ul/Psf dfux¿df dWodf ;Ddsf] k/LIff

g]kfndf g} lbg kfpg kg]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, kf7\oqmddf Oltxf;, e"uf]n,
cy{zf:q, /fhgLltzf:q cflb cfw'lgs ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{,
;+:s[t lzIffn] klg cª\u|]hL ;/x dfGotf kfpg'kg]{, lzIfsx¿sf] plrt
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, 5fqfjf;df ;x'lnot ylkg'kg]{ cflb lyP . t/
ljBfyL{x¿sf] dfuk|lt s'g} jf:tf gul/Fbf pgLx¿ cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldg
k'u] . o;/L cfˆgf dfux¿ k"/f gePkl5 @))$ cfiff9 ! ut]sf] lbg
ljBfyL{x¿n] h'n'; lgsfn] . pQm h'n';df ;xefuL / g]t[Tj lbg] sl/a
@( hgf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lu/ˆtf/ ul/ a8f u'?Ho" x]d/fh kf08]sf] 3/df
nuL ca pk|fGt g]kfnsf s'g} klg kf7zfnfx¿df k9\g gkfpg] ;hfo
;'gfpFb} ;lx 5fk ul/ 5fl8of] . 19 cfGbf]ngnfO{{ bjfpg kß zdz]/n]
s'g} s;/ afFsL /fv]gg\ . To;kl5 cfiff9 tLg ut] @))$ ;fndf
tLgwf/f kf7zfnfsf ljBfyL{x¿n] :s'n 5f8]/ hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu
hgtfsf 9f]sfdf æhot' ;+:s[td\Æ eGb} leIff dfUb} cfˆgf dfux¿ k|rf/
ul/ hg ;dy{g Jofks¿kn] a6'Ng yfn] . To; avtdf wd{le? hgtfn]
pgLx¿nfO{ 8fnf el/ leIff lbP . ljBfyL{n] ;Ktfx o1klg nufP .
o;af6 pgLx¿nfO{ y'k}| blIf0ff k|fKt eof] . ca pgLx¿nfO{ cfGbf]ng
hlt nlDaP klg lrGtf ePg . cGTodf ;/sf/n] ljBfyL{sf dfux¿k|lt
em'Sg' k¥of] . cfufdL ljhof bzdLsf lbg;Dd ljBfyL{x¿sf dfu k"/f
ul/lbg] 3f]if0ff u/L cfGbf]ng ;fDo u/fP . 20 t/ o;sf s}of} cu'jf
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ sf7df8f}+af6 nv]l6of] . 21 o;/L n]lvl6g]x¿df hot'
;+:s[td\sf k|d'v g]tfx¿df >Leb| zdf{, /fh]Zj/ b]jsf]6f, k"0f{k|;fb
a|fXd0f, sdn /fh /]UdL, sfzLgfy uf}td, an/fd zdf{, uf]s0f{/fh cflb
19
/fh]z uf}td, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng / g]kfnL sfFu|];, sf7df8f}+M >L /fd >]i7,
@)%% k[= !@& – @* .
20
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, k[ ^& .
21
P]hg\ .
26
lyP .22 o;/L ljBfyL{x¿ cfGbf]ngdf :jtM :km"{t ¿kdf plqPsf] o;

hot' ;+:s[td\ cfGbf]ng g} ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] k|f/De xf] .
ljBfyL{x¿ cfGbf]ngdf pq]sf] 7fpF sd} /x]sf] eP klg tTsflng
l:yltdf ;Ë7gsf] cefjdf ljBfyL{x¿ /fhg}lts ;d"x;Fu k|ToIf
;DaGw /fv] / cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL aGby] . o;/L ljBfyL{x¿ g} 7f];
sfo{qmddf ;fy cufl8 a9\g' kg]{ vfFrf] /x]sf] s'/fnfO{{ dx;'; ub}{
@))& ;fndf tTsflng g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ;xof]udf clvn g]kfn
ljBfyL{ km]8]/]zgsf] :yfkgf ul/of] . 23 tTsfn e"ldut /x]sf] /
hgcfGbf]ng z;:q cfGbf]nglt/ pGd'v x'g yfn]sf] a]nf ljBfyL{x¿
Tot} ;lqmo /x] . @))& ;fn cl3sf] l:yltdf g]kfnL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng
k|f/Deaf6 p7]/ ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / /fli6«otfsf] ;jfndf ;Ël7t eP/
cufl8 a9\g yfNof] . @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kl5sf] gofF l:yltdf
ljBfyL{x¿ To;/L g} cfGbf]lnt / ;Ël7t x'Fb} uP . lj=;++ @))& c;f/
!( df jfdkGyL ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"x clvn g]kfn ljBfyL{ km]8]/]zgsf]
:yfkgf / @)@& j}zfv ^ ut] g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 eg]
g]kfnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngn] lglZrt ult lnPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
;'?df g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3n] cfˆgf] cfGtl/s ;Ë7g ;'wf/lt/ g} a9L
Wofg lbof] . t/ csf]{lt/ ljb|f]xnfO{{ g} cfˆgf] sfo{ z}nL 7fGg]
jfdkGyLx¿ eg] ef/tLo x:tIf]ksf] lj?4 nflu g} /x\of] / clvn g]kfn
ljBfyL{ km]8]/]zgsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;lqmotfdf @))* ;fn sflt{s @)
ut]sf lbg sf7df8f}+sf] e"uf]n kfs{df cfd;efsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] .
@))& ;fn otf k|hftflGqs elgg] ;/sf/n] u/]sf ;a} e|i6
lqmofsnfkx¿ dhb'/ ;+3if{sf] bdg, ef/tk|ltsf] gLlt cflb sfo{n]
c;Gtf]if a9]sf]n] pQm cfd;ef ePsf] lyof] . cfd;ef ;'? x'g nfUbf
k|x/Ln] % hgf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ kqmfp u/]/ j;Gtk'/ k|x/L yfgf nUof] .
22
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, .
23
P]hg\, k[= @@& .
27
kl5 kl5 nfu]/ uPsf dflg;x¿sf] eL8 pQ]lht eP/ yfgfdf 9'Ëf
a;f{pg yfNof] . k|x/Ln] eL8nfO{{ ltt/ljt/ kfg{ c>'Uof; k|of]u u¥of] .
eL8leq 3';]sf df]xg zdz]/sf dflg;x¿n] eL8nfO{{ pQ]lht
t'NofO/x]sf lyP .24 /Iff bnsf hjfgx¿n] eL8 dfly uf]nL rnfPsfn]
# hgf ljBfyL{x¿ lrlgof sfhL, /fddfg >]i7 / zfxa'4Lg ;Vt 3fOt]
eO{ c:ktfn nluP . ;f]lx lbg /flt !)M#) ah] c:ktfnd} lrlgof
sfhLsf] d[To' eof] .25 sflt{s @! ut] lrlgof sfhLsf] zjofqfdf g]kfn
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf sfo{stf{ g]kfnL sf+u|];, / g]kfn k|hfkl/ifb\sf
sfo{stf{ tyf ljBfyL{x¿ ;d]t 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dflg;x¿n] efu lnP .
u[xdGqLsf x}l;otn] uf]nL sf08sf] g}lts lhDd]jf/L aL=kL= sf]O/fnfk|lt
eP tfklg uf]nL rnfpg] cfb]z pgn] glbPsf]] / 36gf 36]kl5 dfq o;
af/]df pgnfO{{ yfxf ePsf] elgPsf] 5 .26 o;/L k|hftGq k|flKtkl5 klg
cfGbf]ngs} bf}/fg k|x/L;Fusf] d'7e]8df zxfbt k|fKt ug]{ lrlgof sfhL
ljZj lgs]tg xfO{ :s'nsf ljBfyL{ lyP ;fy} clvn sfo{stf{ lyP .27
lj=;+= @)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 ;{;bLo Joj:yf
;dfKt kf/L ;Qf xftdf lnPkl5 /fhg}lts bnx¿ k|ltalGwt eP .
d'n'sdf k|hftGq lj/f]wLx¿sf] xfnL d'xfnL dlRrof] . bnx¿ dfly rsf]{
bdg eP tfklg ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ eg] s]xL lqmofzLn g} b]lvP . lj ;+=
@)@) ;fn ;Dd sLlt{k'/ SofDk;df dfq :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog vf]Ng
kfOGYof] . o;}qmddf ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿] clw/fHoe/sf dfWolds ljBfno
tyf SofDk;x¿df :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog vf]Ng kfpg' kg]{ dfu ub}{
cfGbf]ngdf plqP . o; qmddf bfË, kf]v/f, jL/u~h, hgsk'/,
lj/f6gu/ / sf7df8f}+df ;+3if{ x'g yfNof] . lj=;++ @)@) ;fndf o;n]
24
P]hg\ .
25
u0f]z /fh zdf{ -;Dkf=_ jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] cfTd j[QfGt, nlntk'/M hubDaf k|sfzg,
@)%%, k[= !&& .
26
P]hg .
27
;'j]bL, k"j{jt\, k[= !! .
28
rsf]{ ¿k lnof] . @ hgf ljBfyL{sf] lgisfzgnfO{{ lnP/ sLlt{k'/af6 of]

cfGbf]ng ;'? ePsf] lyof] . lj=;++ @)@! df !* sn]hsf k|ltlglwx¿
tyf lj/f6gu/, kf]v/f / w/fgaf6 ko{j]Ifssf] ¿kdf cfO lqrGb|
sn]hdf Pp6f ;Dd]ng ;DkGg u/] . 28 o;}aLr lj=;++ @)@! h]i7 ! ut]
sf7df8f}+df a[xt\ x8tfn tyf k|bz{g eof] . o;n] rsf]{ ¿k lnPkl5
;/sf/ em'Sg afWo eof] . o;af6 ljBfyL{sf b'O{j6f dfu k"/f eP .
!= ;Dk"0f{ aGbL ljBfyL{x¿sf] l/xfO{ eof] /
@= :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog vf]Ng kfOg] Aoj:yf ul/of] .
o;/L ljBfyL{ju{sf] ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngn] Pp6f lht xfl;n u¥of] .
pgLx¿ cf–cfˆgf] 9Ën] x/]s SofDk;x¿df ;Ël7t x'g kfpg] eP .
olxaf6 ljBfyL{ lar ;Ël7t /fhgLltsf] bf];|f] cWofo ;'? x'G5 .29
o;/L ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf] cfGbf]ngsf] ann] k|fKt :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgogx¿sf] ultljlw lj=;++ @)@(÷#) ;Dd lglj{jfb ¿kn] rNof] . t/
To;kl5 eg] ;/sf/n] r'gfj g} gu/fO{ Ps k|sf/sf] c3f]lift k|ltaGw
;'? u¥of] . of] qmd a9\b} hfFbf lj=;+= @)#!÷#@ kl5 :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgogdfly ;/sf/n] k"0f{ k|ltaGw nufO{ 5f8\of] . @))& b]lv @)$^
;fn ;Dd g]kfnL ljBfyL{x? /fhgLltdf Hofb}g} ;+nUg /x] . o;n]
g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g n]/fof] .30
ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿sf] :yfkgf / ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng

ljZjsf k|foM ;a} /fi6«x¿df ;/sf/sf] u7g / lj36gdf ljBfyL{
cfGbf]ngx¿ lg0ff{os tTj ag]sf 5g\ . k|frLg ;dob]lv g} ljBfyL{x¿n]
b]zsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts If]qdf kl/jt{g tyf ;'wf/
ug]{ sfo{df cxd\ e"ldsf lgefpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ !*$* df hd{gL /
cli6«ofdf ePsf cfGbf]ngx¿df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ d'Vo sf/s tŒj
28
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, k[= @@^ .
29
;'j]bL, k"j{jt\, k[= !( .
30
Ojha, op cit., pp. 157-227.
29
dflgPsf] lyof] .31 ?;df hf/zfxLsf] ;dodf klg ljBfyL{x¿n] ljleGg

lsl;dsf cfGbf]ng rnfPsf lyP / ljZjljBfno tyf SofDk;x¿
cfGbf]ngsf d'Vo u9 ag]sf lyP .
ljBfyL{x¿n] ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zx¿df cfˆgf] b]zsf] :jtGqtfsf
nflu ;+3if{ ug{ yfn]sf] klg ztfAbL eGbf a9L eO;s]sf] 5 . ljz]iftM
Pl;ofnL / clkm|sL b]zdf pklgj]z lj/f]wL ;+3if{sf] d'Vo afxssf
¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿ eP . cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf s}of} jif{;Dd k/fwLg /x]sf
ToxfFsf ljBfyL{x¿ h'emf? aGg' klg :jefljs lyof] . ljBfyL{ hutsf]
/fli6«o ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf h'g b[li6sf]0f / sfo{k4lt x'G5 Tof]
b[li6sf]0f / sfo{k4lt s'g} klg b]zsf] ;/sf/nfO{ Jofks bjfjdf kfg{
;S5 . 32 hd{gL / cli6«ofdf ePsf] /fHo qmflGtdf klg ljBfyL{x¿sf]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof] . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f s] xf] eg] x/]s
d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts Oltxf;df ljBfyL{ ju{sf] k|d'v rf;f] /x]sf] x'G5 .
Pl;of / clk|msf dxfb]zdf ;fd|fHojfb / pklgj]zjfb lj?4sf ;j}
vfn] ljb|f]xx¿df ljBfyL{ ju{g} s]Gb|df /x]/ ljb|f]xsf] lju'n k'mls/x]sf
lyP .33 To;avt Pl;of / clk|msfaf6 o'/f]kdf k9\g uPsf ljBfyL{x¿n]
g} cfˆgf] b]zdf kms]{/ o'/f]kaf6 k|fKt /fhg}lts / af}l4s 1fg cfˆgf]
b]zdf km}nfpFb} pklgj]z lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] cu'jfO{ u/]sf lyP .
pgLx¿n] o'/f]kdf cWoogs} qmddf cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf dfS;{jfbL,
;dfhjfbL / k"hLFjfbL ;+3if{sf] af/]df uxg cWoog u/]sf] lyP . ;g\
!(%% df k]/f]g (Peron) nfO{ ch]{lG6gfsf] /fHo;Qfaf6 x6fpFbf,
e]g]h'onfdf Perez Jiminez nfO{ ;g\ !(%* df ;Qfaf6 x6fpFbf, ;g\
!(^# df leotgfddf cfGbf]ng ubf{, ;g\ !(^) hfkfg cd]l/sf
31
/f0ff, k"j{jt\, k[= ! .
32
Robert E. Scott., ‘Student Political Activision in Latin America’, in
Philip G. Altbach Er. (ed.) The Student Revolution - A Global
Analysis, Bombay: Lalvani Publishing House, 1970, p. 231.
33
P]hg, k[=@(–#) .
30
;lGwsf] lj/f]wdf ePsf] k|b{zgdf Kishi Government sf] /fhLgfdf

u/fpg] cfGbf]ngdf, !(^^ sf] O08f]g]l;ofdf ePsf] ;'sfgf]{ lj?4sf]
cfGbf]ngdf, ;g\ !(%^ sf] kf]Nof08df :jtGqtfsf nflu ePsf]
cS6'a/sf] a[xt k|b{zg / x+u]/Ldf ;g\ !(%^ df ePsf] /fHoqmflGt
;a}df ljBfyL{ ju{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 .34
ljBfyL{ ju{ xd]zf hgtfsf] ;fy /xG5g\ / ;bf;j{bf cufl8 j9L /x]sf
x'G5g\ . To;}n] ljBfyL{ ju{sf s'g} klg cfGbf]ng b]lv hgtfx¿
8/fpFb}gg\ . t/ ljBfyL{sf] cfGbf]ngaf6 zf;s ju{ eg] ;w} cQflng]
ub{5 . ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng lx+;fdf kl/0ft ePdf hgtfx¿ t;{G5g\ .35
bf];|f] ljZj o'4sf] ;dflKtkl5 hfkfgL ljBfyL{x¿n] Zengakuren
(National Fedaration of Students Self-government
Association) u7g u/] . pgLx¿sf] k|d'v p2]Zo ljZjo'4sf]
;dflKtkl5 /fi6«df zflGt / k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . o;n]
s] s'/f hgfpFb5 eg] x/]s b]zsf ljBfyL{ ju{ cfˆgf] b]zsf] /fli6«o
:jfy{;Fu dfq} ;/f]sf/ /flv /fi6« lxtsf] lbzfdf cu|;/ x'G5g . 36
ef/tdf ufGwLn] ;'? u/]sf] sf]] ;Tofu|x cfGbf]ng, kf]Nof08df ;g\ !(%^
df :jtGqtfsf] nflu ePsf] cS6'a/ k|bz{g, ;g\ !(^^ df ePsf]
xË]l/og qmflGt / ;g\ !(^* df r]sf]:nf]eflsofdf ePsf] :jflwgtf
cfGbf]ngdf klg ljBfyL{x¿n] v]n]sf] e"ldsf cxd /x\of] .37 ljBfyL{x¿
gofF qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] Ps zlQmzfnL tyf 7f]; cfwf/ x'g\ . of]
ju{ cfkm"nfO{{ kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs ;lDemg] dfq geO{ ;dtfd"ns;dfh
34
P]hg\, k[= #! .
35
Tsutomu Ono, ‘Student Protest in Japan’, in Jackson H. Bailey
(ed.), Listening to Japan, A Japanese Anthology, New York:
Praeger Publisher, 1973, p. 167.
36
P]hg\, k[= !&) .
37
/fgf, k"j{jt\, k[= @ .
31
lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;w}+ tTk/ /xG5 . cGofo, cTofrf/ / bdgsf] lj?4

;+3if{ ug'{ o;n] cfˆgf] g}lts wd{ 7fGb5 .
@))& ;fn k'j{ b]zsf] Oltxf; rfs/L, bof, xTof, if8oGq, clzIff
/ cGwsf/sf] rqmAo"xdf km;]sf] x'gfn] tTsflng cj:yf b]zleq jf
aflx/sf ljåfg\x¿nfO{{ 9f]sf aGb /x\of] . h'g a]nf ljZjn] wdfwd
k'/ftgkGyL /fHo Joj:yfnfO{{ k/f:t u/]/ cfw'lgsLs/0fdf k|j]z ub}{
lyof] . Tolta]nf Pl;of dxfåLksf] of] ;fgf] b]z g]kfn clzIff /
cGwsf/sf] e'd/Ldf x/fO/x]sf] lyof] . xTof, sk6, if8\oGq /
dxTjsfFIffåf/f /f0ffx¿n] lj=;++ !()# df ;Qf k|fKt u/] . To;kl5
/f0ffzfxLsf] Pp6f p2]Zo cGwljZjf;, clzIff / wd{ le?tfsf] b}jL
lzIffsf] e/df hgtfnfO{{ bf; agfO{ pgLx¿sf] hg r]tgfsf] :t/nfO{{
/f]Sg' lyof] .
g]kfndf rGb| zDz]/sf] zf;gsfndf lq–rGb| sn]h v'n]sf] eP
tfklg lzIffsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . t}klg lq–rGb| sn]hsf ;fy}
ef/tsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿af6 cg]sf} g]kfnLx¿ lzIff / gjLg ljrf/ lnO{
kms]{sf lyP . l5d]sL ef/tsf] gj r]tgfaf6 k|efljt g]kfnLx¿n]
g]kfndf klg lzIffsf] ljsf; ug{ vf]h]sf] eP klg tTsflng zf;g
Joj:yfsf] cg'bf/kgfn] ubf{ of] ;Dej x'g ;s]g .
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] dfq geO{ b]zsf] ;du| k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf]
Oltxf;df g} ;jf{lws dxŒj emNsg] k|yd ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng eg]sf]
æhot' ;+:s[td\Æ g} xf] . ;+:s[t k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿n] gLltsf] lj?4 ;+3if{
u/]/ cfˆgf dfux¿ dfq k"/f u/fPgg\ clkt' hxflgof /f0ff zf;gsf]
lj?4 g]kfnL hgtfx¿df hghfu/0f Pjd\ /fhg}lts clwsf/ km}nfpg]
pknAwLd"ns yfngLsf] ;d]t ;"qkft eof] . o;sf/0f hot' ;+:s[td\sf]
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] klxnf] kfO{nf ePsf]
32
x'gfn] o;sf] pRr :yfg /xg uPsf] 5 . æhot' ;+:s[td\Æ cfGbf]ngn]

g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;d]t of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .38
@))& ;fnsf] qmflGtsf] ;"qkft ePkl5 o;nfO{{ ;kmn kfg{ ljBfyL{
ju{af6 klg dxŒjk'0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ePsf] lyof] . tTsfnLg ljleGg
ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿, ;+:s[t 5fq ;+3 -g]kfn_, g]kfn 5fq ;+3, clvn
g]kfn /fli6«o ljBfyL{ km]8]/]zg cflbsf] qmflGtdf ;xeflutf lyof] .
ljBfyL{x¿n] @))& ;fnsf] P;=Pn=;L+ k/LIffnfO{{ ;d]t alxisf/ u/]/
/f0ff ;/sf/k|lt lj/f]w hgfPsf lyP . 39 lbNnL ;Demf}tf u/L qmflGt
;dfKt kfl/Psf]df / ;Demf}tfsf] lj/f]w ub}{ qmflGt hf/L /fv]sf 8fS6/
s]= cfO{= l;+xsf] ljb|f]x bdgsf nflu ef/tLo ;}lgs k|of]u ul/Psf]df
jfdkGyL ljBfyL{x¿af6 lj/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} u/L /f0ffzf;gsf]
;dflKtkl5 u7g ul/Psf] /f0ff sfFu|];sf] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf] ;dodf u7g
ul/Psf] hftLo hgtflGqs df]rf{df c=g]=/f=lj=km]= sf] ;+nUgtf lyof] .40
k|hfkl/ifb\, sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ / ljleGg ;Ë7gx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] of]
df]rf{sf] p2]Zo ;zQm 9Ëaf6 ;/sf/sf] lj/f]w ug'{sf] ;fy} jf:tljs
k|hftGqsf] k|flKtsf nflu ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/rfng ug'{ lyof] .41
lj=;++ @)!& ;fndf dx]Gb|af6 rflnPsf] sbd kl5 ljrf/ cleJolQm
k"0f{tof s'l07t eof] . zfxL kl/jf/sf] houfg / k~rfotsf] jsfnt
afx]s c? :j/ lgsfNg gkfOg] eof] . k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{{ g]kfnsf]
xfjfkfgL ;'xfpFbf] Joj:yf eg]/ g]kfn b'O{ 9'ËfaLrsf] t?n xf] eGg]
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] plQmnfO{{ hf]8sf tf]8n] p5flnof] . g]kfnL sfFu]|; /
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf ;a} ;b:o tyf ;dy{sx¿nfO{{ c/fli6«o tŒj /
38
>L eb| zdf{, k"j{jt\,, k[= $!–$@ .
39
>L/fd l3ld/, ljBfyL{ ju{ / k|hftGq k'g:yfkgfsf] ;+3if{ Ps ;+lIfKt cWoog,
sf7df8f}+M >LdtL sdnf l3ld/, @)%*, k[= #
40
u|Lid a= b]jsf]6f, g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts bk{0f, sf7df8f}+M w'j| a=b]jsf]6f, @)#& k[= !)^ .
41
;'/]Gb| s]=;L=, g]kfndf sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/,
@)%^, k[= (! / (@ .
33
ljb]zL bnfn eGg] ul/of] . t/ o:tf] eGbf tL bnx¿ s'g rfFlx

ljb]zLsf bnfn x'g eGg] s'/f slxNo} pRrf/0f ul/Pg . pgLx¿ dfly
Jofks bdg ul/Psf] sf/0fn] To; dflysf c;Gt'li6sf :j/x¿ ca
lj:tf/} ljBfyL{ ju{sf dfWodaf6 cleJoQm x'g yfn] . 42 o;/L
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] hdft g]kfnsf] k|ltkIfL /fhgLltsf k|d'v
dfWod aGg uP .
o; qmddf /fhgLlts 36gfqmdn] ;r]t ljBfyL{ju{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm
cfXjfgdf lj=;+= @)@! j}zfv @% b]lv @( ;Dd lq–rGb| sn]h
o'lgogsf] ;lqmotfdf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf SofDk;x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj
/xg] u/L pkTosfsf cGt/ SofDk; ljBfyL{ ;Dd]ng sf] cfof]hgf
ul/of] .43 o;df pkTosfsf !* sn]hsf ljBfyL{x¿n] efu lnPsf lyP
eg] kf]v/f, bfË, lrtjgaf6 ko{j]Ifssf ¿kdf ljBfyL{ k|ltlglwx¿
cfPsf lyP . of] ;Dd]ng % lbg ;Dd rNof] . o;n] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng
tof/L ug{ @)) ;b:oLo tof/L ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] lyof] . oxL
;ldltsf] cfof]hgfdf lj=;++ @)@@ ;fn h]7 ! ut] e"ldut ¿kn]
sf7df8f}+ zf]efeujtL glhs}sf] Pp6f 3/df k|yd /fli6«o ;Dd]ng
;DkGg eof] . 44 o;n] Pp6f s]Gb|Lo ;ldltklg agfof] . of] g]kfnL
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;df Pp6f sf];]9'Ëf ;fljt eof] . To;nfO{{
k|yd clvn g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;Dd]ngsf] gfd lbOof] . o; ;Dd]ngleq
sDo'lgi6 ;dy{s / sf+u]|; ;dy{s u/L b'a} yl/ ljBfyL{x¿ lyP . To;}n]
of] ;Dd]ng Pp6f k~rfot Ot/ ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿sf] ;femf df]rf{ h:t}
lyof] . t/ kl5 o;sf] g]t[Tj k|ultzLnx¿sf] ks8df ePsf]n] g]kfnL
sf+u|]; ;dy{s ljBfyL{x¿n] lvrnf] lemSg yfn] / cfˆgf] 5'§} ljBfyL{
;Ë7g u7g ug{lt/ nfu] . o;kl5 oxfF /x]sf ljBfyL{x¿n] o;}nfO{{
42
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, k[=@@^ .
43
P]hg .
44
;'j]bL, k"j{jt\,k[= ## .
34
clvn g]kfn /fli6«o ljBfyL{ o'lgog -cg]/f:jljo"_ gfpF lbP .45 o;/L
lj=;++ @)@@ h]7 ! ut]sf lbg clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgogsf]] Oltxf; lgdf{0f eof] .
g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3

ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf k|ultlzn ljrf/ wf/fsf
;dy{s ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|efjn] bx|f] ks8 hdfof] . o;}nfO{{ x[bo+ud\ ub}{
k|hftGqjfbL ljBfyL{x¿n] k|ltalGwt g]kfnL sf+u]|;sf] eft[ ;Ë7gsf]
?kdf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf] :yfkgf ug{sf nflu lj=;++ @)@& ;fn
j}zfv ^ ut] /fdrGb| kf}8]n, z]/axfb'/ b]pjf, lr/l~hjL jfUn], bdggfy
9'Ëfgf, b]j]Gb| g]kfnL, cf]dsf/ >]i7 cflbsf] ;lqmotfdf :joDe'df g]kfnL
sf+u|]; ;dy{s ljBfyL{x¿sf] Pp6f ;Dd]ng eof] . tLg lbg;Dd rn]sf]
pQm ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g g]kfnL sf+u|];sf zLif{ g]tf s[i0fk|;fb
e§/fO{af6 ePsf] lyof] .46 pQm ;Dd]ngn] ;efkltdf ljlkg sf]O/fnf /
dxfdlGqdf l6sf kf]v/]nnfO{{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] lyof] . 47 ;Dd]ngn]
…/fli6«otf k|hftGq / ;dfhjfbÚ nfO{{ cfˆgf] nIo 3f]lift u¥of] . pQm
sfo{;ldltdf /fdrGb| kf}8]n, a;Gt u'?Ë, dLg axfb'/ bfxfnnfO{
dgf]lgt ;b:odf lgo'Qm u/]sf] lyof] .48 kf]v/fdf klg g]kfnL sf+u|];sf
g]tf s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] k|d'v cfltYodf lj=;++ @)@* j}zfv @( ut]
!! ;b:oLo g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf] :yfkgf eof] . ah| lszf]/ yfkf, Zofd
s[i0f yfkf / /fh]Gb|lglw sf]O/fnf qmdzM cWoIf, pkfWoIf / ;rLj agL
kf6L{ ultljlwnfO{{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg cfˆgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/] .49 g]kfn
45
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, k[= @@& .
46
kb\dz/0f /]UdL, g]kfnL sf+u|]; sf:sLsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro, lhNnf sfo{ ;ldlt sf:sL
:dfl/sf, kf]v/fM lj=;+ @)!(, k[= %& .
47
P]hg\ .
48
/fgf, k"j{jt\, k[= !$! .
49
P]hg .
35
ljBfyL{ ;+3sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o dxflwj]zg @)@* efb| @( b]lv c;f]h !

;Dd eJotfsf;fy ;DkGg eof] . pQm dxflwj]zgn] z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf]
cWoIftfdf /fdz/0f dxtnfO{ dxfdGqLsf] lhDj]jf/L lbFb} Ps ;j{;Ddt
/fli6«o sfo{;ldlt u7g u¥of] .50
@)#^ ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng

ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] cGTo / k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] k|fb'{efj ePkl5
dfgjclwsf/ :jtGqtf / z}lIfs dfux¿nfO{{ cufl8 ;f/]/ k6s k6s
g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿n] cfjfh p7fpFb} cfPsf lyP . /fhgLlts bnx¿
k|ltalGwt ePsf] tTsflng cj:yfdf ljBfyL{x¿åf/f lgjf{x ul/Psf]
e"ldsfn] ;zQm k|ltkIfsf] cefjnfO{{ k"/f u/]sf] lyof] . 51 g]kfnL
sf+u]|;sf g]tf jL=kL= sf]O/fnf /fli6«o d]n ldnfksf] gofF gLltsf ;fy
g]kfn kmls{Psf lyP eg] ef/tdf nfu" ePsf] ;Í6sfnkl5 ePsf] cfd
r'gfjdf sf+u|];nfO{{ k/flht u/L hgtf kf6L{ ;/sf/df k'u]sf] lyof] .52
To;}n] O/fgdfklg ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngn] ToxfFsf] lg/ªs'z zf;snfO{{
;QfRo"t u/fPsf] lyof] .53
kfls:tfgsf lhofpn xsn] k'j{ k|wfgdGqL h'lNkms/ cln e'§f]nfO{{
pgsf lj/f]wL g]tf cxdb /]hf s;'/Lsf] xTof ug]{ if8\oGqdf ;fd]n
ePsf] cleof]u nufO{ @)#% r}q @@ ut] /fjnlk08L] h]ndf d[To' b08
lbg nufP .54 e'§f]sf] Hofg arfpg cGt/fli6«o hutaf6 7"nf] k|of;
50
/fgf k"j{jt\, k[= @#$ .
51
l3ld/] k"j{jt\, k[= @* .
52
9sfn, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^, nlntk'/M e'k]Gb| k'?if 9sfn, @)$(, k[= !! .
53
Rishikesh Shaha, Politics in Nepal 1980-1990: Referendum,
Stalemate and Triumph of People Power, New Delhi: Manohar
Publishers, 1993, p. 48.
54
9sfn, k"j{jt\, k[= !! .
36
eP klg ;Dej ePg . 55 pQm cTofrf/sf] lj/f]wdf r}q @$ ut]

sf7df8f}+sf ljBfyL{x¿n] Ps h'n'; k|bz{g u/L kfls:tfgL b"tfjf;df
lj/f]w kq lbg hfFbf n}grf}/df k|x/L / ljBfyL{aLr ;+3if{ eof] . k|x/Ln]
lgd{d nf7Lrfh{ u/L jftfj/0fnfO{{ cgfof;} tgfjk"0f{ agfof] . o;kl5
km]/L k|b{zgsf/L ljBfyL{ / k|x/L lar jL/ c:ktfnlg/ k"gM ;+3if{ eof] .
tL b'j} :yfgdf k|x/Lsf] lgd{d nf7Lrfh{af6 w]/} ljBfyL{x¿ 3fOt] x'g'sf]
;fy} s}of}+ ljBfyL{x¿ kqmfp;d]t k/] . o;sf] kl/0ffd ljBfyL{x¿n]
ljleGg SofDk;df x8\tfn ug]{ k|lqmof ckgfpg ;'? u/] . ljBfyL{x¿sf]
x8tfn o;/L cufl8 a9]kl5 d'n'sdf cfGbf]ng e8\lsPsf] dx;'; ub}{
@)#% ;fn r}q @% ut] …g]kfn b]z ;]js ;+3Ú dfkm{t k"j{ k|wfgdGqL
6+sk|;fb cfrfo{åf/f k~rfotL /fHo;Qfsf] Pp6f lgsfonfO{ Ps lgj]bg
n]vL clkn u/]ls –56
b]z pk/ ulDe/ vt/f cfPsf] 5 / hgtfdf c;Gtf]if JofKt 5 . dflyNnf]
txdf ;'Joj:yf b]lvPtf klg tNnf] txdf ;/sf/k|ltsf] pbfl;gtf /
c;Gtf]if lj:kmf]6s l:yltdf k'uL;s]sf] 5 . sxLF o;n] Hjfnfd'vL k'm6]/
Joj:yf / c? klg w]/} s'/fx¿nfO{ ;dfKt ub}{ xfgL gk'/fcf]; = = =.
To;sf] kl;{kN6 @^ ut] tLgj6f ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ ldn]/ s]Gb|Lo
;+3if{ ;ldlt agfP/ b]zJofkL ljBfyL{ x8tfn ;'? u/] . pkTosf aflx/
hgsk'/, kf]v/f, x]6f}8f, e/tk'/ sn}ofdf klg tgfj b]vfk¥of] . rlr{t
…c:sn sf08Ú sf sf/0f j}zfv !) ut] b]lv pkTosfsf ;Dk"0f{
SofDk;x¿ aGb eP . To;kl5 cfGbf]ng ljBfno:t/ ;Dd k'Uof] .
o;kl5 ljBfyL{ / k|x/L aLr ;+3if{ x'g k'Uof] . k|zf;gsf] lgb]{zgdf
k|x/Lx¿ ljBfyL{x¿ dfly hfO nfu] .57 o;/L k|x/L bdgsf] lj/f]w ub}{
55
u|Lid axfb'/ b]jsf]6f, g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts bk{0f hgdt ;+u|x / To;kl5, sf7df8f}+M
pd]z axfb'/ b]asf]6f, @)#(, k[= # .
56
P]hg\, k[= $ .
57
l3ld/], k"j{jt\, k[= @( .
37
ljBfyL{x¿ Ps h'6 x'g k'u] . r}q @% / @^ ut] pkTosfdf ;Dk"0f{

SofDk;x¿df x8tfn eof] . ljBfyL{x¿n] k/LIff / k9fO alxisf/ u/] .
lq=lj= / o;sf cflËs SofDk;x¿df ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng em8\lsPkl5
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngnfO{ lzIfsn] ;fy glbpg eg]/ lq= lj= cGtu{tsf
lzIfsx¿sf] tnadfgdf @)#% r}q @% ut]sf lbg a[l4 ul/of] .58 t/
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng rs]{sf] a]nf lzIfssf] tnadfgdf ePsf] j[l4n]
cfGbf]lnt ju{nfO{ s'g} cy{ /fv]g r}q @& ut] ;+o'Qm ?kdf ljBfyL{
cfGbf]ng ;~rfngsf nflu @% ;"qLo dfusf] cfwf/df ( hgf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] s]Gb|Lo ;+3if{ ;ldlt u7g ul/of] .59 o; ;ldltdf lgDg
adf]lhd ;b:ox¿ lyP–
– g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf tkm{af6 anaxfb'/ s]=;L=, a]g' k|;fO{ / zLj
e't]{n,
– g]kfn /fli6«o ljBfyL{ km]8]/]zgsf tkm{af6 s}nfz sfsL{, w'j| >]i7 /
;'gLn dfgGw/,
– clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] tkm{af6 z/0f ljqmd
dNn, e/t kf]v/]n / w|'j 1jfnL lyP .60
pQm s]Gb|Lo ;+3if{ ;ldltn] cfXjfg u/] cg'?k k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x¿ klg j}zfv @, @)#^ b]lv g} ljleGg #@ ;"qLo
dfux¿ /fv]/ x8tfndf plqPsf lyP .61 j}zfv ( ut] SofDk; u]6df
a;]/ cfGbf]ng ul//x]sf ljBfyL{x¿ dWo] ljBf a/fnnfO{ d08n]åf/f
lkl6of] . 62 ljBfyL{x¿sf] x8tfnsf lj?4 d08n]x¿n] klg cfˆgf
ultljlw ;~rfng ul//x]sf lyP . x8tfnsf] lj/f]wdf ;nanfPsf
d08n]x¿nfO{{ klg cfˆgf kIfdf kfg{ ljBfyL{x¿n] kxn ul//x]sf lyP .
58
b]asf]6f, k"j{jt\, k[= % .
59
ld>, k'"j{jt\, k[= (* .
60
P]hg .
61
b]asf]6f, k"j{jt\, k[= @! .
62
tTsfnLg ljBfyL{ ljdn a/fnaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L .
38
j}zfv !! ut] 8Lg sfof{nodf uPsf Ps d08n]nfO{{ 3]/fpdf kf/L

x8tfndf ;fy lbg] sfuh u/fP . o;} lbg /ftL (M#) ah] lt/
xftxltof/åf/f ;';lHht d08n]x¿sf] Ps ;d"x SofDk;sf] 5fqjf;
leq k;]/ ljBfyL{x¿ dfly cfqmd0f ;'? u¥of] . crfgs ePsf] d08n]
cfqmd0faf6 ljBfyL{x¿ g/fd|f];Fu 3fOt] eP eg] sltko Hofg
hf]ufpgsf] nflu efUg ;kmn eP . 5fqfjf;df ePsf] pQm eL8Gtdf
r]g, 5'/f, v's'/L k|xf/ u/L d08n]x¿n] cftÍ dRrfP 63 d08n]x¿åf/f
5'/f k|xf/ u/L Clifs]]z ltjf/L nufot !) ljBfyL{nfO{{ uDeL/ ?kdf
3fOt] u/fP . 3fOt]nfO{{ pkrf/sf nflu u08sL c~rn c:ktfndf
k'¥ofOof] .64 ljBfyL{ ju{nfO{ cfGbf]lnt agfPsf] tyf cem yk cfGbf]lnt
agfpg ;Sg] cfz+sfdf zflGt ;'/Iff P]g cGtu{tsf] sf/0f b]vfpFb}
tTsfnLg ;Qfn] kf]v/f pkTosfsf :yfgLo g]kfnL sfFu]|;sf g]tfx¿
s]zj /]UdL, ef]nf yfkf, tf/fef6 / lw/ axfb'/ u'?ËnfO{ kqmfp u¥of] .65
j}zfv !@ ut] ljleGg :s'n / SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x¿ e]nf eP/ Ps
ljzfn h'n';sf] cfof]hgf u/L ahf/ aGb ug{ nufpFb} k|zf;g, lq=lj= /
/fi6«jfbL :jtGq ljBfyL{ d08nsf] lj?4df gf/f nufpFb} gu/ kl/qmdf
u¥of] . ljBfyL{x¿sf] h'n'; d08n] cfqmd0faf6 cl3Nnf] /ft 3fOt]
ePsf ;fyLx¿nfO{{ e]6\g u08sL c~rn c:ktfn tkm{ cufl8 a9\of] .
c:ktfndf k|j]z ug{ nfUbf k|x/Ln] /f]Sof] . pQ]lht ljBfyL{x¿sf] eL8n]
9'Ëf a;f{pg yfNof] . To;avt xl:k6nd} /x]sf k|=lh=c= / k|x/L dfly
9'Ëf a;f{pFbf pgLx¿nfO{{ rf]6 nfUof] . To;kl5 k|x/Ln] nf7Lrfh{ ug'{sf
;fy} c>'Uof;sf] k|of]u ub}{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] h'n';nfO{{ ltt/ lat/ kf¥of] .
ljBfyL{x¿ gf/f nufpFb] dx]Gb|k'n k'Ubf k'gM k|x/Ln] cfqmd0f u¥of] .
:yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ ;fy lbP . k|x/Ln] nf7L rfh{,
63
tTsfnLg ljBfyL{ ;Ltf u'?Ëaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Laf6 .
64
P]hg .
65
b]asf]6f, k"j{jt\, k[= !) .
39
c>'Uof; k|xf/ u/]sfn] To;sf] lj/f]wdf ljBfyL{x¿af6 klg O6f 9'Ëfn]

k|ltsf/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf lyP .66 o;/L ljBfyL{ x8\tfnn] r/d?k ln+bf
g]kfnsf ;a} SofDk; tyf ljBfnox¿ aGb eP . 7"nf zx/x¿df
aGbsf] cfXjfg eof] / b]z c:tJo:t ePsf] b]lvof] .
o;}qmddf tTsfnLg lzIff dGqL kz'klt zdz]/ /f0ffn] lj=;++ @)#^
j}zfv !( ut] g}ltstfsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ /fhLgfdf lbP . ;f]xL lbg
ljBfyL{ x8\tfnaf/] cfjZos hfFra'em ug{ Ps zfxL cfof]u u7g ul/of]
.67 cGtdf h]7 & ut] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fg ul7t zfxL cfof]usf]
lgb]{zgdf /fli6«o :t/df :jljo' vf]Ng lbg], /fi6«jfbL :jtGq ljBfyL{
d08n vf/]h ug]{ nufotsf ljBfyL{x¿sf !! j6f dfu k'/f ul/P .68
jf:tjdf @)#^ ;fnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng s]jn ljBfyL{;Fu dfq
;DalGwt lyPg . ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf dfu;Fu} /fli6«o /fhgLltsf
cfGbf]ngnfO{{ klg ;Daf]wg u/]sf lyP . k|ltlalGwt eP klg bnx¿n]
cfˆgf] /fhg}lts ultljlw klg hf/L /fv]s} lyP . o;}sf] kmn:j?k /fhf
jL/]Gb|n] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ k~rfotL zf;gsf] lj/f]wsf] ?kdf a'em] . ctM
@)#^ ;fn h]7 !) ut] hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . 69 g]kfnL
/fhgLltdf @)#^ sf] cfGbf]ngsf] of] 7"nf] pknAwL lyof] . /fhf jL/]Gb|n]
hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 bnx¿ ;fj{hlgs /fhgLltdf cfpg
kfP . bnsf] cuf8L k|ltalGwt zAb em'08fpFb} ax'bnsf] k|rf/ k|;f/df
kf6L{x¿ nfu] . /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ v'Nnf ?kn] hgtfdf cfPkl5 ljBfyL{
ju{klg /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldg k'Uof] . pgLx¿ dft[ ;Ë7gsf] kl5
nfuL /fhg}lts ;r]tgf hufpFb] b]ze/ 3'Dg yfn] . kl/jt{g grfxg]
k~rfotn] hgdt ;ª\u|xdf wfFwnL u/]/ cfˆgf] kIfdf hgdt b]vfP eg]
66
k|ToIfblz{ xl/ a/fnsf cg';f/ .
67
b]asf]6f, k"j{jt\, , k[= @^ .
68
P]hg\ .
69
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, k[= @&# .
40
g]kfnL hgtfx¿n] o;nfO{{ jf:tljs ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]gg\ .70 k~rfot

hgdt ;ª\u|x sf] kl/df0fnfO{{ cfˆgf] hg cledt eGb} hgtfsf]
/fhg}lts clwsf/ dfly bdg ug{ tlD;of] . hgtf /fhfsf] ;lqmo
zf;gsf] lj?4df lyP / cfd'n kl/jt{g rfxGy] . k~rfotL zf;g k4lt
hgtfdf abgfd lyof] . o;sf la?4 AofKt c;Gtf]ifn] hgtfnfO{
cfGbf]lnt kf¥of] . abgfd k~rfotL zf;gn]] g} @)$^ ;fnsf]
P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngsf] k[i7e"ld tof/ kf¥of] .
70
P]hg\, k[= @*^ .
cWofo – b'O{
hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] k[i7e"dL
g]kfndf /f0ff zf;g cGTo ug]{ qmddf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] g]t[Tj
dxTjk'0f{ /x\of] . To;kl5 klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; cgj/t ?kdf k|hftGqsf]
ljsf;df ;+nUg /Xof] . o;tkm{ g]=sf=sf] lgs} 7'nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .1
g]kfndf /f0ff zfxLnfO{{ x6fP/ :yfkgf ePsf] k|hftflGqs k4ltnfO{{ lj=;++
@)!& kf}if ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;}lgs ansf] cf8df cGTo u/]kl5
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] hu a:of] . lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtkl5 /fhf
lqe'jgsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj u/fpg] ;fj{hlgs k|ltj4tfnfO{
nTofpFb} ;+;bsf] r'gfj ;DkGg u/fOof]] . /fhf dx]Gb|n] @)!% ;fndf
r'lgPsf] ;+;bnfO{ !& ;fndf cGTo u/] . o;/L :yflkt Joj:yfn]
/fhfsf] ;jf]{k/L g]t[TjnfO{{ c+uLsf/ ub{} k~rx¿ dfkm{t d'n'ssf] k|zf;g
rnfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . k~rfotL Joj:yf Psblno lg/+s'z
Joj:yf lyof] . ctM k|ltjlGwt bnx? o:sf lj?¢ sfo{/t lyP . @)#^
;fndf /fhg}lts ;+s6 ;dfwfg ug{ hgdt ;+u|xsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . of]
sbdnfO{ /fhg}lts ;+s6 ;dfwfg ug]{ pko{'Qm gLltsf ?kdf lng
;lsG5 . 2 /fhfsf] ;lqmo g]t[Tjdf :yflkt k~rfolt Joj:yfsf] lj?4
1
uf]ljGb k|;fb pkfWofo, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs Oltxf; ;Gbe{, sf7df8f}+M /Tg k':ts
e08f/, @)%$, k[[= ! -@&* ; /fh]z uf}td, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng / g]kfnL
sfFu|];, sf7df8f}+M >L /fd >]i7, @)%%, k[= !-$(); g/xl/ cfrfo{, ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb
sf]O/fnf / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf rf/ bzs, efu !, sf7df8f}+M ;DjT;/ k|sfzg, @)%#;
k|lbk lu/L, g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;, jf/f0f;LM t?0f k|sfzg, ;g\ !(&$;
k'iknfn, g]kfndf sDol' gi6 cfGbf]ngsf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M k'iknfn :d[lt
k|lti7fg, @)%#; Leo E. Rose and Bhuwan Lal Joshi, Democratic
Innovation in Nepal A case Study of Political Acculturation,
Berkeley: University of California Press; 1960; Paramananda, The
Nepali Congress, New Delhi: B. R. Publications, 1982.
2
lj:t[t hfgsf/LsfnfuL x]g{xf];\M Lok Raj Baral, Nepal’s Politics of
Referendum A Study of Group, Personalities and Trends, New
Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1983, p. 3.
42
k|ltkIfL /fhg}lts bn tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;'? b]lv g} ;+3if{x¿ ;+rfng

u/] . t/ lj=;+= @)#%÷#^ ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng afx]s cGo ;a} ;+3if{x¿ ls
t l;ldt /fhg}lts zlQmx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf eP ls t l;ldt lglZrt
If]qleq dfq ;+rflnt eP . 3 @)#^ ;fndf ePsf] cfGbf]ngdf
ljBfyL{x?n] dxTjk0f{ e'ldsf v]n]sf lyP . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k /fhf
lj/]Gb|n] csf]{ jif{ hgdt ;+u|x ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/] .4
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] cfGbf]ng z;Qm ¿kdf cuf8L
a9]sf]] sf/0f b]zdf km}lnPsf] %) lbgsf] ce"tk"j{ hg–cfGbf]ngn]
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df /fhtGqnfO{{ klxnf] k6s em'Sg afWo agfO{ /fhfsf]
;lqmo g]t[Tj cGtu{tsf] k~rfolt Joj:yfsf] cGTo / ;+j}wflgs
/fhtGq / ax'blno zf;gk4lt k'g{:yfkgf u/fof] . 5 g]kfndf o:tf]
o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{g Nofpg] P]ltxfl;s hg–cfGbf]ng lgDg k[i7e"dLdf
cfwf/Lt /x]sf] lyof] M
o ;QfkIfsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfn] pAhfPsf] hg c;Gtf]if,
o afXo r]tgfsf] k|efj / cGt{/fli6«o ;dy{g,
o k~rfot Ot/ /fhg}lts zlQmx¿sf] ;femf dfu ax'blno zf;g
Joj:yf .
o ;QfkIfsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfn] pAhfPsf] hg c;Gtf]if .
@)!& ;fndf hj{h:tL nflbPsf] k~rfolt Joj:yfn] hgtfsf]
dg 5'g] s'g} Joj:yf / k|0ffnL :yflkt ug{ g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df @)#^
;fnsf] hgdt ;+u|xdf klg wfFwnL u/L k~rfotnfO{{ lhtfPsf] x'Fbf
3
k'ik/fh rfln;], hgcfGbf]ng @)$^M ;QfkIfsf] k|ltjfb / k|lt/f]w, sf7df8f}+M pbo
a'S;, @)%(, k[= ^#
4
Richard Burghart, ‘Political Culture of Panchayat Democracy’, in
Michael Hutt (ed.), Nepal in Nineties – Versions of the Past Vision
of Future, Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 10-11.
5
P]hg, hgcfGbf]ngsf ljljw kIfsf af/]df hfgsf/Lsf nfuL x]g{xf];\M Martin
Hoftun, William Reaper and John Whelpton, People, Politics and
Ideology–Democracy and Social Change in Nepal, Kathmandu:
Mandala Book Point, 1999, pp. 392.
43
g]kfnL hgtfn] k~rfotL zf;gnfO{{ cGofo / lj;+utL k"0f{ zf;gsf]

¿kdf a'em] . h;sf] sf/0f a9\b} uPsf] hg c;Gtf]if lj=;+=@)$^ ;Dd
r'nL ;s]sf] lyof] . h;nfO{{ lgDg $ a'Fbf cGtu{t a'‰g ;lsG5 .
k~rfolt /fhg}lts ;+/rgf
k~rfotL /fHo Joj:yfsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf eGg' g} /fhfsf] ;lqmo
g]t[Tj lyof] . o;nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf ;'/lIft /flvPsf] lyof] .6 ljwfgtM /fhf
/ ogsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? ;+ljwfg eGbf dfly lyP . o;/L
/fhkl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o ;+ljwfg / sfg"g eGbf dfly lyP . d'n'ssf]
;fj{ef}d ;Qf /fhfdf g} lglxt lyof] . pgL zfxL ;]gfsf ;af{]Rr
;]gfklt lyP . k|wfgdGqL, dGqLx¿, ;+j}wflgs c+usf k|d'vx¿ /fhb't /
c~rnfwLz dfq geP/ v]ns'b / ;flxlTos ;+:yfsf k|d'vx¿ ;d]t
/fhfs} OR5fcg';f/ lgo'Qm ul/Gy] . o;/L zf;gsf ;Dk0f{ clwsf/x?
/fhfdfg} s]Gb|Lt lyP . hgtfnfO{{ /fhfsf] u'0fufg / ehgsLt{g ug{]
afx]s /fhf tyf /fhkl/jf/sf s'g}klg ;b:osf] clwsf/, sfd, rl/q,
sdhf]/L jf cGo s'g}klg ljifodf 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ug{] clwsf/ lyPg .
o;f] u/]df of] sfg'gg ck/fw 7xl/GYof] . /fhf / /fhkl/jf/sf] cflzjf{b
k|fKt ePdf dfgkbjL / tSdf k'/:sf/ kfOGYof] . /fhfsf efO ef/bf/x¿
gft]bf/, cfkmGt, b/af/sf ;rLj / c+u/Ifsx¿ ;a} k|efjzfnL ag]sf
lyP . k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx¿ /fhb/af/ / /fhfsf ;rLjx¿sf Ozf/fdf
rNg] s7k'tnL dfq} lyP . b/jf/sf] OR5f ljkl/t k|wfgdGqL nufot
s;}n] klg s'g} klg s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}gy] .
k~rfot / k~rx¿
s]Gb|, lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF txsf k~rfotL Joj:yf;Fu nfvf}+
sfo{stf{x¿ ufFl;Psf lyP . /fhfsf] ;lqmo g]t[Tj tyf ;]gf, k|x/L /
6
;"o{d0fL clwsf/L, g]kfndf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, gofF lbNnLM lg/fnf
klAns]zg, @)%%, k[= #)* .
44
k|zf;gsf] dflyNnf] txsf] ;dy{g klg k|fKt lyof] . t/ kGrx¿df 3f]/

JolQm k/s k|j[lt lyof] . pgLx¿df cfb{z / lz4fGt lgi7fsf] cefj
lyof] . k|zf;g / k~rfotsf] dflyNnf] tx e|i6frf/df lnKt lyof] . 7
/fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{{ sdhf]/ agfpg ltgsf sfo{stf{nfO{{ ljleGg
k|nf]eg lbP/ k~rfotdf leqfpg] qmd lg/Gt/ rfn' lyof] . k~rfotdf
cfP/ lj6'lnPkl5 ;'v ;'ljwf / wgbf}nt xft nfUg' k5{ eGg]
dfgl;stf lnP/ plgx¿ lelqPsf x'Gy] .8 w]/}n] Tof] ;'v k|fKt u/]sf
lyP . ;+of]un] k~rfotsf ljleGg txdf k'u]sf /fd|f c;n lgotsf
;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿ e|i6frf/sf] Tof] rqmJo"xdf ;fd]n geP l6Sg
;Sb}gy] .
k~rfotsfnLg ;Qfwf/Lx¿df gftfjfb s[kfjfbn] h/f] uf8]sf]
lyof] . b]z e|i6frf/df 8'a]sf] lyof] . k+rx¿df ljBdfg e|i6frf/ /
gftfjfbsf] kl/df0fnfO{{ d'NofÍg ub{} Ps /f=k+=;= n] n]vsf 5g\ .9
a8f] OdfGbf/L, a8f] b]zelQMm, a8f] sd{7tf k|b{zg u/]/ kb / k|lti7f xTofP/
/fhd's'6 / hgtf b'j} kIfnfO{{ cf3ft k'Ug] tYonfO{{ g;f]r]/ s]jn JolQmut
kmfObfdf r'n"[{Dd 8'Ag] xf]8jfhLn] ubf{ s+ufn s/f]8ktL aGg k'u]sf dfq
xf]Ogg\, gfnos / k|lteflxg JolQmTjx¿ 7"nf 7"nf cf]xbfx¿ cf]u6\g k'u] .
b]zsf] o:tf] cj:yfdf k~rfot Joj:yfsf lj/f]wLx¿ To;sf
lj?4df nfUg' s'g} c:jfefljs dfGg ;lsb}g . /fHo Joj:yf ;+rfngdf
sdhf]/Lx¿ ePdf tyf hgtf ?i6 e{df To:tf] Joj:yfsf] cfo' nfdf]
/xFb]g .
;]gf, k|x/L / k|zf;g
7
P]hg, .
8
P]hg, k[= #!) .
9
1fgaxfb'/ sfs{L{, ‘g]kfnsf] hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ df af}l4s ju{sf] e"ldsf’, -lq=lj=lj=
dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfodf k|:t't ljBfjfl/wL zf]w k|jGw ck|sflzt
Oltxf; s]Gb|Lo ljefu sLlt{k'/ _, @)%( k[= *% .
45
k+rsf kl/jf/ ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt ju{ lyof] . tL afx]s c?n]

pGgtLsf] cj;/ kfpg] ;+efjgf lyPg . dlwz] g]kfnLx¿nfO{{ ;]gfdf
lnOb}gYof] . ;]gfsf] dflyNnf] txdf 7s'/L / /f0ff s} xflnd'xfnL lyof] .
;]gfnfO{{ klg k~rfotLs/0f ug{df Wofg lbOPsf] lyof] .10
ljkIfLx¿nfO{{ y'g5]s ug{, oftgf lbg / xTof ug{df
k~rfotsfnsf] k|x/L abgfd lyof] . k|x/L lx/f;tdf lbPsf] oftgfaf6
s}of}+ JolQmx¿sf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] eg] s}of}+sf] c+u e+u ePsf] lyof] .11
zfxL ;]gf / k|x/Lsf] k|of]u k~rfot lj/f]wLx¿sf] bdg ug{df ul/GYof] .
To;} eP/ xf]nf lj=kL= sf]O/fnfn] eg]sf lyP ls –12
olb Oltxf;n] dnfO{{ s'g} s'/fsf] nflu bf]ifL 7x/fof] eg] Tof] xfdLn] cfˆgf]
;]gf -k|hftGqsf] /Iff ug{] ;]gf_ u7g ug{ g;Sg' lyof] .
cGrndf cGrnfwLz / lhNnfdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L k|zf;gsf
k|d'v /xGy] . /fhfaf6 ef/bf/x¿sf] l;kmfl/zdf c~rnfwLzx¿sf]
lgo'Qm ul/GYof] . c~rnsf] k|zf;geGbf klg k~rfotL /fhgLltsf]
kl/rfng ug{' cGrnfwLzsf] k|d'v st{Ao lyof] . 13 cGrnfwLz ;fd,
bfd, b08, e]b k|of]u u/L k~rfot lj/f]wLx¿nfO{{ df:g] cleofgdf
nfUby] . k~rfot lj/f]wLx¿nfO{{ hlt bdg ug{ ;Sof] c~rnflwz
Tolts} ;kmn dflgGYof] . lhNnfdf k~rfotL /fhgLltsf] kl/rfng ug{]
sfd k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] ub{y] .
/fhfsf] l:ylt
k~rfot Joj:yfdf /fhf ;jf]{Rr zlQmsf ¿kdf /x]sf lyP .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( df æg]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf >L % df lglxt
10
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, #!! .
11
P]hg .
12
Paramananda, The Nepali Congress, New Delhi: B. R.
Publications, 1982, p. 293.
13
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, k[= #!! .
46
/x]sf] 5 / sfo{sfl/0fL, Joj:yflksf / Gofo;DaGwL ;a} clwsf/

df};"kmaf6 lgM;[t x'G5g\Æ elgPsf] lyof] . 14 ;]gf, k|x/L / k|zf;gsf
pRr kb:y sd{rf/L tyf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k|d'vx¿ /fhfsf]
OR5fg';f/ lgo'Qm x'g] x'gfn] b/af/Lo zlQm tyf b/af/ aflx/sf /fhfsf
lgs6 JolQm Pjd\ cGo k|efjzfnL JolQmx¿sf] k|efj /fhfdf kbYof]{ .
h;n] ubf{ IfdtfxLg JolQmx¿ klg pRr cf]xbf u|x0f ug{ ;Sby] . o:t}
;+ljwfgdf >L % sf] ljrf/df g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ jf s'g} efusf] ;'/IffnfO{{
o'4, afXo cfqmd0f jf cfGtl/s pkb|f]sf] vt/fdf k/L uDeL/ ;Í6
pTkGg ePsf] 5 egL df};"kmnfO{{ nfu]df df};"kmaf6 ;f] s'/fsf] 3f]if0ff
u/L ;Í6sfnLg clwsf/sf] wf/f afx]s ;+ljwfgsf] ;a} jf s'g} wf/f jf
;f] wf/fsf] s'g} s'/f lgnlDat ug{ / /fli6«o k~rfot jf cGo s'g}
;/sf/L lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ldf lglxt jf tLåf/f k|of]u x'g] ;a} jf s'g}
clwsf/ /fhfn] g] lng ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f] ;Í6sfnLg kl/l:ylt
ca ljBdfg 5}g egL /fhf ;Gt'i6 geP;Dd To:tf] 3f]if0ff hf/L g} /xg]
Joj:yf ePsf]n] /fhOR5f g} x/If]qdf ;jf{]kl/ ePsf] tYo :ki6 x'G5 .15
/fhfsf] \ ;lqmo g]t[Tjsf] gfddf lgb{nLo k~rfot Joj:yfsf
lxdfotLx¿n] /fhfnfO{{ g]kfnLx¿sf] ;femf g]tfsf] ¿kdf g/fvL
k~rx¿sf g]tfsf ¿kdf ;Lldt 3]/fleq /fVg yfn] . o;n] ubf{
k~rfot Joj:yfsf lj/f]wLx¿sf] /fhfnfO{{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf ;b\efj /x]g .
/fhf lj/]Gb|n] ljb]zL ljZjljBfnodf cWoog u/]sf sf/0f k~rfot
Joj:yfdf pbf/ b[li6sf]0f cjnDag u/L b/af/df s]lGb|t /x]sf] /fHo
zlQmnfO{{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f u/L hgtfdf k'¥ofpg]5g\ ls egL k~rfot
Joj:yflj/f]wL /fhgLlts ;d"xx¿ Tyf /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;r]t hgtfn]
cfzf u/]sf] eP tfklg Tof] cfzf lg/fzfdf kl/0ft eof] . /fhu2Ldf
14
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!(, wf/f @) -@_ k[= !@ .
15
P]hg, wf/f ^& -!)_, ^& -!)_, *# -!_, *^ -!_, *^ -u_ / *! .
47
a;]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 @)@* kmfu'g & ut] /fli6«o k|hftGq lbj;sf]
pknIodf lbPsf] ;Daf]wgdf /fhfn] eg]ls –
xfd|f k"Ho a'jfHo" :juL{o >L % dx]Gb|af6 g]kfnL hghLjg ;'xfpFbf] bnlaxLg
k|hftflGqs k~rfot k|0ffnLsf] ;"qkft u/LaS;]sf] xf] . xfd|f] ljrf/df of]
Joj:yf g]kfnL hghLjgsf] g};lu{s jf:tljstf / hg cfsfFIffdf cfwfl/t
ePsfn] lqmofzLn dfq geO{ o;df qmlds ¿kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g]
k|;:t 7fpF 5 / o;df ;dofg's"n qmdz ;'wf/x¿ x'Fb} hfg] 5g\ . 16
o;af6 ;'wf/sf] lemgf] cfzf eg] sfod lyof] . /fhf dx]Gb|n]
cfˆgf s]xL efif0fx¿df /fhgLlts bnx¿ Dfflysf] k|ltaGw cfjZostf
eGbf a9L ;do;Dd g/xg] s'/f pNn]v u/]af6 k~rfot Joj:yfleq}
klg /fhgLlts bnx¿ :yfkgf x'g ;Sby] eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] . 17 t/
/fhf dx]Gb|sf oL cfZjf;gx¿ cfZjf;gd} ;Lldt /x] . o;/L k~rfot
Joj:yfdf /fhf ;jf]{kl/ /xg' /fhOR5fsf] lj?4df s;}n] s]xL ug]{ 5'6
gx'g', /fhfåf/f ;+/rgf ePsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] af/]df s;}n]klg
cfnf]rgf ug{ gkfpg', k~r tyf Aoa:yfjfbLx?nfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/ tyf
ljz]if ;'lawfx? k|fKt x'g', /fhfnfO{{ b/afl/of tyf k~rx¿n] 3]/]/
/fv]sf sf/0f ;a}sf] ;femf aGg g;Sg' cflb sf/0fx¿af6 lg/ªs'z
/fhtGq / lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf lj?4df cfGbf]ng ePsf] xf] .
/fi6«Lo cfly{s cj:yf
k~rfotsf] #) jif{df b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf tx; gx; eof] .
ljsf;sf s'g} k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ kfg{] k|of; ul/Pg . ljsf;sf nflu
k+rjlif{o of]hgf th{'df ul/GYof] t/ o;sf] sfof{Gjog ul/b}gYof] . b]z
16
>L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 aS;]sf 3f]if0ff, ;Daf]wg tyf
;Gb]zx¿ -@)@*–#*_ v08 ! sf7df8f}+ M >L % sf] ;/sf/ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu, lj=;++ @)%# , k[= # .
17
lq/Tg dfgGw/ / lg/Ghg zdf{, cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts Oltxf; -lj=;+= @))&–
!(_, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, lj=;++ @)%# k[= !#% .
48
afXo ;xof]udf lge{/ /xg yfNof] . k|fKt a}b]lzs ;xof]udf klg

e|i6frf/ AofKt lyof] . e|i6frf/n] ;+:yfut ¿k wf/0f u¥of] . g]kfndf
^)Ü hgtf lg/k]If ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg hLjg wflg/x]sf] cj:yf lyof] .
g]kfn / l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] k|ltJolQm cfonfO{{ x]bf{ g]kfnsf] l:ylt
lrGtfhgs lyof] . t'ngfTds¿kdf x]bf{ g]kfndf ;g\ !(*^ df
k|ltJolQm cfo !^) 8n/ lyof] .18 !(() dfklg ;f] cfo !^) 8n/ g}
lyof]. cfly{s ?kdf g]kfnsf] l:ylt cToGt} gfh's lyof] . d'n'ssf]
hg;+Vof a[l4sf] cg'kftdf vfBfGg pTkfbgdf a[l4 x'g ;s]g . ljZjsf]
;aeGbf u/La b]z Oyf]lkofsf] k|ltJolQm jflif{s cfo ;g\ !(*^ df
!@) cd]l/sL 8n/ lyof] eg] ljZjsf] bf];|f] u/Lj b]z g]kfnsf] k|ltJolQm
cfo !^) 8n/ lyof] . c/af}+ ?lkof ljb]zL cg'bfg / C0f ;xof]u k|fKt
eP/ klg ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLsf] hLjg :t/ h:tfsf] t:t]} lyof] . hasL
;g\ !(*^ df rLgdf k|ltJolQm cfo @%* 8n/ lyof] . ;g\ !(*( df
To;df a[l4 eP/ k|ltJolQm cfo #^) 8n/ k'u]sf] kfOG5 . 19 o:t}
ef/tdf ;g\ !(&& df k|ltJolQm cfo !%) 8n/ ePsf]df o;sf] !!
jif{kl5 ;g !(** df k|ltJolQm cfo #)) 8n/ b]vf kb{5 . ;f] /sd
;g\ !(*( df #^) 8n/ b]lvG5 . o;/L ef/tsf] k|lt JolQm cfo
cToGt tLa|tfsf ;fy a[l4 ePsf] 5 . 20 oL tYofÍx¿n] g]kfnLx¿sf]
cfly{s l:ylt cGoqsf] t'ngfdf slt lgDg:t/sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f
k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
sldzg / 3';sf] rSs/ slt;Dd rNof] eg] lj=;+= @)$# r}qdf
k"j{ ;f]leot u0f/fHosf] r]gf]{lan cf0fljs b'3{6gfsf sf/0f ljls/0f åf/f
k|efljt ag]sf] ljiffn' b'w kf]Nof08af6 cfoft u/]sf] eGg] va/
18
Mark S. Hoffmann (ed.), The World Almanac, New York: World
Almanac, 1991, p. 792.
19
P]hg, k[= &$@ .
20
clwsf/L, k"j{jt, k[= #!# .
49
hgtfdfem cfof] . tdfd hgtfx?n] o;sf] lj/f]w u/] . o;}sf] lj/f]wdf

@)$$ a}zfv @@ df sf7df08f} aGb cfXjfg eof] . cGtdf afWo eP/
;/sf/n] ;f] b'wdfly k|ltaGw nupg' k¥of] .
la+ ;+= @)$% efb| % ut] g]kfndf ^=& /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"OFrfnf]
uof] . ckf/ wghgsf] Iflt eof] . e'sDk lkl8tx?sf] p4f/sf] nflu
a}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] cfXjfg ul/of] . t/ tTsflng ;/sf/n] k|ltkIfL
/fhgLlt ;lqmo aGg hfg] cfz+sfn] s'g} klg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
;+3;+:yfx?nfO{ /fxt ljt/0f sfo{qmddf k|ToIf ;+nUg x'gaf6 /f]sL
cfˆg} ljZjf;kfq ;+:yf / JolQmx?åf/f dfq /fxt ljt/0f sfo{ u/fof] .
e'sDk lkl8tx?sf] p4f/ sfo{df kIfkft u/]sf] ljjfb a9\b} hfFbf eQmk'/
gu/kflnsfdf /fxt ljt/0fsf] lhDdf lnPsf e"=k"= /f=k=;= s0f{ x]h'sf]
pQ]lht le8åf/f cfqmd0f x'Fbf d'To' x'g k'Uof] .21
tTsflng ;/sf/n] o;sf] k"/} bf]if g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{
/f]lxt ;d"xnfO{ nufpFb} ;f] ;d"xnfO{ ;d"n gi6 ug]{ p2]Zo lnof] . o;/L
;/sf/n] e"sDk lkl8t hgtfnfO{ lbg u/]sf] cfly{s ;xof]usf]
sfo{qmddf klg /fhg}lts cg's'ntf ;[hgf ug]{ tTsflng ;/sf/sf]
b'/f;on] cfd hg;d'bfodf ;Dk"0f{ k|ltkIfL /fhgLlts Joj:yfk|lt lta|
3[0ff Pjd\ cfqmf]znfO{ hGdfOlbof] .22
To:t}u/L g]kfn ef/t jfl0fHo tyf kf/jxg ;lGwsf] gljs/0f
gePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ b]zsf y'k|} sn sf/vfgf sRrf kbfy{sf] cefjdf
aGb x'g k'u]sf lyP . ;Dk"0f{ cy{ Joa:yf ;+s6df k/]sf] lyof] .
ljZjJofkL ?kdf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] nx/ z'? e}+ ;s]sf] lyof] .
;f]leot ;+3df ;fDoafbL zf;g Joj:yfsf] ktg k|f/De e} ;s]sf] lyof]
21
k'ik/fh rfln;], g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf eQmk'/sf] e"ldsf @)$^, sf7df08f}+M
s]= Pn= pbo, @)%!, k[= *@
22
P]hg k[= *% .
50
. To;}n] ljZjJofkL cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] nx/ g]kfndf kg{ :jefljs}

lyof] .23
;fdflhs cj:yf
/f0ff zf;gsf cb\Eo'bo stf{ h+u axfb'/n] sf]tkj{ / e08f/ vfn
kj{ cflbsf] ;xfotfn] ;Dk"0f{ efO ef/bf/nfO{ ;vfk gkf/]sf eP h+u
axfb'/ / pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] /fhfsf] h] hlt clwsf/ Psnf}6L u/]
Tof] b]zsf ljleGg ju{sf cg]s of]Uo JolQmx¿df afFl8g] lyof] . To:tf
JolQm ;}lgs, k|zf;s, ljåfg, Joj;flos cflb ju{sf x'g] lyP .24 h;n]
ubf{ g]kfns]f ;fdflhs If]qdf /f0ff ju{jfx]s cGo ju{ vf;} dfly p7\g
kfPg . /f0ffsflng cj:yfsf] Tof] ;fdflhs l:yltdf k~rfot sfnel/
klg vf; kl/jt{g cfPg . ;Qf / b/af/sf] rfsl8 ug]{ ju{, sld;g / {
e|i6frf/df lnKt /xg] k|zf;s / sd{rf/L ju{ tyf Jofkf/Lx?sf] Pp6f
ju{ afx]s c?n] k~rfotL k|hftGqdf vf;} k|ult ug{ ;s]gg\ . csf]{lt/
d"ntM j0f{ ;{/rgfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfh 5'jf5'tsf cfwf/df
ljeflht lyof] / /lx/x]s} klg 5 .
d'n'sdf a9\b} u}/x]sf] e|i6frf/n] ;+:yfut¿k lnO/x]sf] lyof] eg]
;Dk"0f{ k~rfotsflng] cy{ Joj:yfn] ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ult ug{ ;s]sf]
lyPg . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] :yfkgfsf] nuQ} lgld{t @)@) ;fnsf]
d'n'sL P]gdf ;a} hfltsf dflg;x¿df sfg"gtM s'g} e]befj gul/g]
Joj:yf ePtf klg Jojxf/df Tof] nfu' x'g ;s]g . ax'blno Joj:yfdf
To:tf] e]befj x'g] 5}g eGg] gf/fn] pgLx¿ cfslif{t lyP . o; ul/a
d'n'ssf wgL ju{sf dflg;x¿ emg\ wgL x'Fb} uPsf lyP tyf ul/a
ju{sf dflg;x¿ emg ul/a aGb} hfgfn] ljkGg tyf dWod ju{sf
23
lszf]/ g]kfn …hgdt ;+u|xb]lv hgcfGbf]ng ;Dd – g]kfnL kqsf/Ltfsf] ljsf; /
k|efjÚ, sf7df08f}+M Joj;foLs kqsfl/tf k|lt:yfg, M lj=;+= @)%&, k[= !%$ .
24
9'l08/fh zdf{, kfln{ofd]G6 / ;Nnfxsf/ ;ef, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn Ps]8]lds ;flxTo
ljefu, @)!^, k[= $)–$! .
51
dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 e}/x]sf] lyof] . d'n'sdf ;dfhsf] ;fgf]

lx:;fdf /x]sf] ;DkGg ju{sf] xfnLd'xfnL lyof] . klZrdL lzIffsf]
k|efjn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] ultnfO{ a9fPsf] lyof] . t/ cfw'lgs /
pbf/ k|hftflGqs cfwf/ lgdf{0f x'g ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . pkef]u jfbL
;+:s[ltsf] b]vfl;sLn] ubf{ wgsf] dxTj w]/} a9]sf] lyof] t/ wg sdfpg]
dfWod >d k"hLF jf Joj:yfkg geP/ /fhgLlts ;Qf ag]sf] lyof] .
/fhg}lgs ;Qfs} cf8df ;dfhsf kx'Frjfnf ju{ wg y'kfg{ tlNng lyof]
. of] ju{sf] ;dfhdf pkl:ylt % k|ltzt dfq lyof] . t/ d'n'ssf] ;Qf
/ cy{ ;~rfngsf] ;fFrf] oxL ju{sf] xftdf lyof] . pgLx¿ ;DkGg ju{
sxnfpFby] . zfxL kl/jf/, tLgsf cfkmGt, ef/bf/, 7"nf sd{rf/L,
Jofkf/L / dxfk~r tyf 7"nf k~rx¿ o;} ju{df kb{y] eg] dWod ju{df
ls;fg ;fgf Jofkf/L lgDg :t/sf sd{rf/L, k|fWofks, jlsn, kqsf/
cflb kb{y] . ;dfhdf dWod ju{sf] bx|f] pkl:ylt lyof] . pgLx¿ zx/L
hLjg z}nLaf6 k|efljt lyP . k~r / hflu/bf/afx]s dWod ju{sf
hgtf k~rfotsf s6' cfnf]rs lyP . ;DkGg ju{ /S;L pBf]u, h'jf
v]nfpg] xf]6nx¿, nfu'kbfy{sf] sf/f]jf/, k|frLg d"lt{x¿sf] rf]/L lgsf;L
cflb wGbfx¿df ;d]t ;+nUg /xGYof] . xTof / anfTsf/ h:tf ck/fw
sd{x¿df klg of] ju{sf dflg;x¿ nfu]sf e]l6Gy] . oxL ju{ g}
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;+rfns, k[i7kf]ifs / s§/ ;dy{s lyof] . o;}
kl/l:ytLnfO{{ nIo ub} jL= kL= sf]O/fnfn] eg]sf 5g\ ls –25
k~rfotL Joj:yf Pp6f To:tf] tŒjsf lglDt cfof] h;nfO{{ b]zl;t s'g}
;DaGw 5}g\ . oxfF k|ltjif{ ;'Vvf nfu] klg of] tŒjnfO{{ s]xL jf:tf 5}g . p t
k|ltjif{ cem wg hDdf ul//x]sf] 5 . ===aflx/L b]zx¿n] xfd|f] b]zdf af6f]
agfpg lbPsf], gx/ agfpg lbPsf], :s'n agfpg lbPsf], c:ktfn agfpg
lbPsf] /sdsf] ^) k|ltzt o;n] vfO{ /x]sf] 5 . o;/L b]zdf pAhgL xf];\
25
b}lgs l;4fy{, @)$^ r}q !# .
52
jf gxf];\, b]zsf] ljsf; xf];\ jf gxf];\ aflx/af6 wg cfO/xf];\ logLx¿sf]

:jfy{ olt xf] .
To;} u/L d'n'ssf] ^) k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] lg/k]If /]vfd'gL
/x]sf lyP . cfly{s b[li6n] of] ju{ ljkGg t lyof] g} lzIff / r]tgfsf]
sldsf sf/0f klg zf;sx¿ olx ju{ dfly cfˆgf] x}sd hdfpFbYf] . of]
ju{ lyrf]ldrf] / zf]if0fsf] lzsf/ ag]sf] lyof] . t/ kjg of] ju{ ;Fw}
;x]/ a:g ;Sg] cj:yfdf ca b]lvPg . ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts r]tgfsf
sf/0f of] ju{ klg ca s]xL dfqfdf rnfodfg x'Fb} lyof] . logLx? Klg
zf;ssf la?4 kl/jt{gsf kIfdf b]lvP .
dfgjflwsf/sf] l:ylt
k~rfot sfndf jfs\ tyf k|sfzg :jtGqtf dfly c+s'z nfu]sf]
lyof] . ;fy} /fhg}lts bn vf]Ng] tyf bnx¿df cfj4 x'g] l:ylt lyPg .
o;n] g};lu{s Pj+ df}lns xs tyf clwsf/x¿af6 hgtfnfO{{ jl~rt
u/]sf] lyof] . To:t} k~rfotL Joj:yf lj/f]wLx¿nfO{{ cg]sf} axfgfdf qm"/
oftgf lbOof] . o:t} kqmfp k/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{{ kfgLn] el/Psf]
Knfli6ssf] af6fdf /fv]/ s/]G6 nufOPsf], sltko dflg;nfO{{ v'§fdf
8f]/Ln] afFwL 6fpsf] hldglt/ kf/L em'08\ofP/ s'6]sf] tyf h]n ;fg]{
axfgfdf xTof ;d]t ul/Psf] cflb 36gfx¿ kfOG5g\ . tTsfnLg
cj:yfdf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf lj/f]wLx¿n] 7"nf] oftgf ef]Ug k/]sf] lyof]
. k~rfotL sfndf dfgjclwsf/sf] l:yltsf] ;DaGwdf o:tf] ljZn]if0f
ul/Psf] kfOG5 –26
k~rfotsfnLg g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/sf] l:ylt aa{/ o'usf] h:tf] lyof] .
oxfF ;+ljwfg klg lyof], sfg'g klg lyof] t/ /fhfsf] x's'd ;+ljwfg / sfg'g
eGbf dfly lyof] . k~rfotL zf;g eg]sf] sfg'gsf] /fHo lyPg, cftÍsf]
;fd|fHo lyof] ===h'g k|zf;sn] k~rfot lj/f]wLx¿sf] hlt lgd{dtfk"j{s
26
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, k[= #!^ .
53
bdg ug{ ;Sof] p;sf] plt g} sb/ ul/GYof] ===gful/sx¿sf] 3/df ha{h:tL
3';]/ lagfjf/]06 lu/ˆtf/ ug]{, clZnn ufnL unf}h ug]{, k|x/L lx/f;tdf
vfg glbP/ ef]s} /fVg], kflg dfUbf d'vdf lk;fj km]l/b] eGg], === gª d'lgaf6
l;of] 3';fpg], s/]06 nufpg], hf8f] ofddf /fte/ kfgLdf rf]kNg] cflb
oftgfx¿ lbOg] ul/GYof] .
k~rfot Joa:yfsf ;dy{sx¿n] afx]s c?n] ;xL sfd ubf{ klg
unt b]Vg] k~rx¿sf] gh/ lyof] eg] k~rx¿n] unt sfd ubf{ klg
;xL 7xl/GYof] . k|ltalGwt /fhgLlts zlQmx¿n] e"ldut¿kaf6
ePtfklg k~rfot Joj:yf tyf ;Qf;Lgx¿sf sfnf st{'tx¿sf]
e08fkmf]/ ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf lyP . k~rfot lj/f]wLx¿ al9 /x]sf lyP
/ o;n] @)$^ df hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/j]z lgdf{0f eof] .
afXo k|efj / cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{g

pbf/ k|hftflGqs nx/af6 ;g\ !(() tfsf w]/} b]zx? k|efljt
eP . cfGtl/s kl/j]z / jfXo k|efjsf] sf/0f /fi6«Lo r]tgf z;Qm eO{
kl/jt{gsf nx/x¿ b]vf k/sf x'g\ . g]kfndf klg k|ltjlGwt bnx¿n]
kl/jt{gsf lgldQ g]t[Tj k|bfg u/] . hgtf hfu[t eP/ p7/ o'ufGtsf/L
cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldP . jfXo k|efj g} g]kfnL hgcfGbf]ngsf] k|]/s tTj
aGof] . ljZjdf b]vfk/]sf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gn] g]kfnnfO{ klg c5'tf]
/fv]g . 27 g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ e} /x]sf] a]nfdf ljZje/
k|hftGqsf] nx/ rln/x]sf] lyof] . o:tf] l:yltaf6 g]kfn klg c5'tf]
/xg ;Sg] s'/} ePg . k"jL{ o'/f]ksf sDo"lgi6 d'n'sx¿df pbf/
k|hftGqsf] nx/ rln ;s]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] dWolt/
;f]leot ;+3sf /fi6«klt ldvfOn uf]jf{rf]en] Perestroika -cfly{s
27
;'o{dl0f clwsf/L, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}++ M k|sfzg e'Fl8k'/f0f, @)%(, k[=
@$* . ;'/]Gb| s]=;L=, g]kfndf sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, efu @ sf7df8f}+ M
ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, @)^), k[ #!! .
54
;+/rgfsf] k"glg{df{0f_ / Glasnost -v'nfkg_ sf] sfo{qmdnfO{{ cuf8L

NofP/ ljZjdf k|hftGqsf] nx/ NofP .
o;n] ljZjaf6 zLt o'4sf] l:ylt cGTo x'g nfu]s]f nIf0f b]vf
k¥of] . uf]jf{rf]esf] pQm sfo{qmdn] ;+;f/s} sDo'lgi6x¿ / ;dfhjfbL
k|hftGqjfbLx¿nfO{ 7"nf] k|efj kf¥of] . sDo'lgi6 ljrf/wf/f g} /IffTds
cj:yfdf k'u]sf] x'gfn] ljleGg d'n'sdf /x]sf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x¿ cfˆgf]
k|efj arfO{ /fVg cfˆgf] s§/kgnfO{{ 5f]8L pbf/jfbL b[li6sf]0f canDag
ug{ yfn] . o; kl/j]zdf g]kfndf /x]sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; tyf sDo"lgi6x¿
aLr /x]s]f k'/fgf] b'ZdgL tyf cljZjf;, z+sf–pkz+sfsf] 3]/fnfO{{ sdL
ug{ of] 36gf pTk|]/s ;fljt eof] .28 lkmlnlkG;sf tfgfzfx kml8{g]G8
dfsf]{;sf] lj?4 ePsf] hgljb|f]xn] ;g !(*^ df ;kmntf k|fKt ug'{n]
tfgfzfxLsf lj?4df g]kfnL hgtf klg k|f]T;flxt eP .29 k"jL{ sDo'lgi6
/fi6« kf]Nof08df k|hftGqsf] nx/ km}lnbf ;g\ !(*( df :jtGq
cfdr'gfj eof] / klxnf] k6s kf]Nof08df u}/ sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/sf]
:yfkgf eof] . To;kl5 xª\u]/L, r]sf]:nf]eflsof, /f]dflgof, a'Nu]l/of /
o'uf]:nfleofsf hgtfn] klg k|hftGq k|flKtsf] nflu cfGbf]ng ub}{ Ps
bnLo tfgfzfxL zf;gsf] cGTo u/] . 30 o:t} ljZj j}+s, cGt/f{li6«o
d'b|fsf]if nufot hfkfg, cd]l/sf tyf klZrd o'/f]kn] dfgjclwsf/ /
k|hftGq ePsf d'n'sx¿df dfq C0f ;xof]u tyf cg'bfg ;xof]u lbg]
gLlt cl3 ;fg{ yfn]sf] n] g]kfnsf ;Qfwf/Lx¿ lk/f]lnO/x]sf lyP eg]
28
29
o'j/fh n'O6]n, cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:ylt / cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ng -
ljj/0f / ljZn]if0f_ sf7df8f}+M lbks/fh kGt, lj=;++ @)$&, k[= $(
30
;"o{dl0f clwsf/L, g]kfndf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, gof+lbNnLM lg/fnf
klAns]zG;, @)%%, , k[= #!& .
55
Joj:yf lj/f]wLx¿n] ;/sf/ sdhf]/ aGg k'Ug] l:ylt b]v]sf lyP .31 km]l/
cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿n] g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/sf] xgg\sf] cfnf]rgf
u/]sf]n] g]kfnsf ;Qfwf/Lx¿sf] 6fpsf] b'Mlv/x]sf] lyof] .32 cGt/f{li6«o
hutdf;Qfwf/Lx¿ abgfd ePsf] x'gfn] ljkIfLx¿ v'zL lyP .
?dflgofdf @$ jif{;Dd zf;g u/]sf ;fDojfbL lgsf]nfO{{ rfpr]:s'nfO{
;Qfaf6 x6fO{{ >Ldlt Plngf rfpr]:s'nfO{{ ;d]t k|f0fb08 lbPsf]
36gfn] ;+;f/e/sf tfgfzfxsf dgdf qf;n] 8]/f hdfPsf] lyof] . 33
?dflgofdf O{=;++ !(*( df ;Qf kl/jt{gsf nflu ePsf] ;ª\3if{df *)
xhf/ dflg;x¿ dfl/Psf lyP . 34 rfpr]:s' h:tf zlQmzfnL zf;s
;Qfaf6 ldNsfOg'n] c? tfgfzfxx¿nfO{ klg hg zlQmn] ldNsfpg
;fsG5 eGg] laZjf; a9\of] . 35 o;/L k'l{j{ o'/f]kdf cfPsf] /fhg}lts
kl/jt{gn] g]kfnL /fhg]tfx?nfO{ klg cfzfjfbL agfof]] .
@)$^ dfu{ % ut]b]lv & ut];Dd k~rfotsf] cGt / ax'bnLo
Joj:yfsf] :yfkgfsf] dfu ;lxt hgcfGbf]ng ;'? ug]{ ldlt to ug{
cfof]lht] g]=sf= /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf ef/tLo hgtf bnsf g]tf ;f+;b
rGb|z]v/, sf+u|]; -cfO{_ sf Pd=h]= csj/ / xl/z /fjt, ef=s=kf= -
dfS;{jfbL_ sf x/lszgl;+x ;'/lht ef=s=kf= sf 8f= Pd= kmf?vL,
hgtf kf6L{sf ;'a|dGXod :jfdL, ;dfhjfbL g]tf j]l0f dfwj,
hgtfbnsf ;f+;b ozjGt l;Gxf, sdn d'/f/sf tyf /jLGb| dgrGbf
31
/]jtL/d0f ;'j]bL, lgi7fsf ;u/dfyf nf]sgfos u0f]zdfg l;+x, emfkfM a;'wf ;'j]bL,
lj=;++ @)%%, k[= !!% .
32
Lok Raj Baral, Nepal Problem of Governance, New Delhi: Konark
33
;fKtflxs ljd{z, @)$^ kf}if @! .
34
Richard Burghart, ‘Political Culture of Panchayat Democracy’, in
Michael Hutt (ed.), Nepal in Nineties – Versions of the Past Vision
of Future, Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 12.
35
T. Louis Brown, Challenges to Democracy in Nepal – A Political
History, London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1996,
p. 114.
56
pkl:yt lyP . ;Dd]ngsf] ;kmntfsf] nfuL ef/tsf s]Gb|Lo dGqL k|f]=

dw'b08jt] / z/b ofbjn] ;Gb]z k7fPsf lyP . ;f] cj;/df hgtf
bnsf g]tf rGb|z]v/n] eg] –36
cfˆgf] dgaf6 8/ lgsfnL lbg'xf];\ ;+;f/sf] s'g} zlQmn] tkfO{x¿nfO{{
xNnfpg ;Sb}g ===rfpr]:s', dfsf]{; / O/fgsf zfxh:tf tfgfzfxsf]
ktgaf6 ;fx; lnP/ cufl8 a9\gf];\ .
pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf s"6gLlt1x¿n] 6]lnkmf]gaf6] ;kmntfsf]
sfdgf u/] . ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf]] kIfdf hgnx/ p7]sf] kl/j]zdf klg
/fhf / dftof/x¿ kl/jt{gsf] kIfdf b]lvPgg\ . cd]l/sf, a]nfot /
ef/t nufotsf b]zx¿n] g]kfndf /fhf alnof] ePdfq sDo'lgi6sf]
k|efjnfO{{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 eGg] k'/fgf] wf/0ffdf ;d]t kl/jt{g u/] .
sDo'lgi6x¿ k|lt ;;+lst x'g] cj:yf klg sf+u|];sf nflu /x]g .
hgcfGbf]ngsf]] k[i7e"ld tof/ ug{ of] cj:yf dxTjk0f{ /Xof] .
36
g]kfnL sf+u|]; /fli6«o ;Dd]ng kf6L{ut l/kf]{6 , )$^ .
cWofo tLg
kf]v/f If]qdf hgcfGbf]ngsf] k|f/De / ljsf;
k[i7d"ld
g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{n] @)$^ kmfu'g & ut] b]lv
cfGbf]ngsf] z+v3f]if u/]sf] eP tfklg kf]v/f / o;sf cf;kf;sf
If]qx¿df o; cl3g} cfGbf]ng k|lt ;hu, ;r]t / k"j{ tof/Lsf] cj:yf
b]vf kl/ ;s]sf] lyof] . @)$^ kmfu'g & af6 x'g] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf]
3f]if0ffn] d'n's tflt;s]sf] lyof] . /fhg}lts a[t k~rfot Ot/ /
k~rfot kIf u/L :ki6 ?kdf b'O{ v]dfdf ljeQm eO;s]sf] lyof] . 1
1
hgcfGbf]ngsf af/]df cg]sf} k':ts k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . pd]z s'df/ u'Ktf
/f}lgof/, hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmflGtsf/L Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fli6«o ;dfh ;]jf
kl/ifb, @)%^, k[= !–!%$ . >L/fd l3ld/], ljBfyL{ ju{ / k|hftGq k"gM:yfkgfsf]
;+3if{ Ps ;+lIfKt cWoog, sf7df8f}+M sdnf l3ld/], @)%*, k[= !–^) . uf]kfn b]jfg,
nf]stflGqs ;|i6fsf :j/x? P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h, w/fgM nf]stflGqs ;|i6fx?sf]
;+o'Qm, @)^@, k[= !–(* . x]d/fh clwsf/L, cfhsf] g]kfn – k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf]
cGj]if0ffTds / cg; ' GwfgfTds Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M rGb|snf clwsf/L, @)%*, k[=[=
!–*%$ . rGb|dfg jh|frfo{, @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng Ps d"Nof+sg, sLlt{k"/M
hgr]tgf k|sfzg, @)%# . l8NnL/fd ld>, g]kfnL sfFu|]; / k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng,
tgxF'M zld{nf ld>, @)$%, k[= !–#!) . k|]dgf/fo0f >]i7, P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng,
sf7df8f}+M /Tg k:ts e08f/, @)$&, k[= !–!#) . hgcfGbf]ngsf af/]sf zf]wkq
x]g{'xf];\M cd/ lg/f}nf, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ ;fndf lj/f6gu/sf dlxnfx?sf] e"ldsf,
:gftsf]Q/ SofDk;, lj/f6gu/df k|:t't :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)%&, k[= !–%$ . ld/f
a:g]t, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^df dlxnfju{sf] e"ldsf, lq lj Oltxf; s]GbL|o ljefudf
k|:t't :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)%# . OZj/L k|;fb s+8]n, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^df afUn'8
lhNnfsf] e"ldsf, k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, kf]v/fdf k|:t't :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)%%,
k[= !–%^ . l8nf /fh clwsf/L, /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngdf g]=lj=;+=sf] e"ldsf -@)$^–
@)$&_, lqlj /fhgLltzf:q s]GbL|o ljefudf k|:t't :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)%*, k[=
!–&! . ef]nfgfy l3ld/], @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf df]/ª\ / sf7df8f}+sf]
tn' gfTds cWoog, lq lj /fhgLltzf:q s]GbL|o ljefudf k|:t't :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq,
@)%! . xl/x/ kf]v/]n, @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf g]=sf=sf] e"ldsf, lq lj
/fhgLltzf:q s]GbL|o ljefudf k|:t't :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)%@, k[= !–##% .
o1/fh k|;fO{, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs hgcfGbf]ng @)$^, lq lj /fhgLltzf:q s]GbL|o
ljefudf k|:t't :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, k[= !–*( . lx/fdl0f bfxfn, @)$^ sf]
hgcfGbf]ngdf emfkf lhNnfsf] e"ldsf, lq lj /fhgLltzf:q s]GbL|o ljefudf k|:t't
58
g]kfnL sf+u|]; / jfdkGyL zlQmx¿aLr b]vfk/]sf] ;embf/L o'Qm

jftfj/0fn] ljBfyL{ hutdf cg's"n k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . To; avt
ljBfyL{ hutdf tLg k|d'v wf/x¿ b]vfk/]sf lyP –
-!_ g]kfnL sf+u|]; / jfddf]rf{ ;dy{s ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ .
-@_ dzfn / d;fn ;dy{s ljBfyL{x¿ .
-#_ k~rfot ;dy{s d08n] ljBfyL{x¿ .2
k~rfot kIfw/ ljBfyL{ ;d'xnfO{ d08n] eg]/ lrlgGYof] . tL
d08n]x¿ cfˆg} ljBfyL{ ;fyL dfemklg xfdL ;Qf kIfw/ ljBfyL{ xf}+
eGg] lxDdt ug{ ;Sb}gy] . pgLx¿ k|x/L / k|zf;gsf] cf8df dfq
a]nfavt zlQm k|bz{g ub{y] . pgLx¿sf] lqmoflzntf SofDk; leq eGbf
SofDk; aflx/ a9L x'GYof] . csf]{lt/ k~rfot Ot/ ;a} ljBfyL{
;Ë7gx¿ cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf Ps l9Ssf] eP/ cufl8
a9]sf lyP . hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;xof]u s;/L k'¥ofpg] eGg] ;Gbe{df
@)$^ df3 @* ut] ;ftj6f ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ aLr Ps lnlvt
;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] .3 jfddf]rf{sf ;ft sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ / g]kfnL sf+u|];
* j6f kf6L{x¿ ldn]/ cfGbf]ngnfO{{ xfSg] ;xdtL ePsf] cj:yfdf
ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ klg ldn]/ hfg] lg0f{odf k'u]sf lyP . o; dWo]sf]
g]=lj=;+3 cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ 36s lyof] . k~rfotsfndf ;+3
lzIff ;+:yfgnfO{{ /fhgLlts/0f ug{ lgs} ;kmn /xof] . o;n] g]kfnL
:gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, k[=!–!!$ . ;f]d/fh dxtf], @)$^ sf] g]kfnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf

lrtjgsf] e"ldsf, lq lj Oltxf; s]GbL|o ljefudf k|:t't :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq,
@)$*, k[= !–*@ . k]znsdf/ lg/f}nf, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;f]n'v'Da'
lhNnfsf] e"ldsf, lq lj Oltxf; s]GbL|o ljefudf k|:t't :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)$* .
2
;"o{dl0f clwsf/L, g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M eF"8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg, @)%(, k[=
@^) .
3
@)$^ df3 @* ut] u7Lt k|hftflGqs hgcfGbf]ng ljBfyL{ ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
;xdltkq ldltM @)$^.!).@* .
59
sf+u|];nfO{{ /fhg}lts phf{ lbg] sfd u¥of] . 4 ;a} /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf

cf–cfˆgf kIfw/ ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ eP tfklg g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -
cdfTo_ ;Fu ;DalGwt ljBfyL{ ;Ë7g gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ & j6f
ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gX¿n] dfq} cfk;L ;dembf/L sfod u/L cufl8 a9\g]
lg0f{o u/]sf lyP . cGTodf h'g h'g kf6L{x¿ ldn]/ ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngdf
hfg ;xdt ePsf lyP, ltgLx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ klg
;+o'Qm eP/ cufl8 a9\g] ;xdltnfO{{ g} kfng u/L cufl8 a9]sf lyP .
g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts ljsf; qmdnfO{{ x]bf{ o; k|sf/sf] /fhg}lts
lqmofsnfk cfd b]lvG5 . /fhg}lts bn;Fu ;DalGwt cGo eft[
;Ë7gx¿ ltgsf 5fof ;d'xsf ¿kdf ;~rfng x'g] u/]s] 5g\ . ctM
/fhg}lts gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ jf k[ys ;fË7gLs gLlt lnP/ cufl8 hfg]
cfjZstf lyPg . clwsf+z To:tf ;Ë7gsf] g]t[Tj d"Vo bnsf]] :j]R5f
cg';f/ g} aGg] u/]sf]] 5 . ljBfyL{ nufot cGo ;a} vfn] ;Ë7gx¿
d'Vo bnsf xltof/sf ¿kdf dfq sfo{/t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ljBfyL{
;Ë7gx¿ P]Soa4 eP/ cfGbf]ngdf pqg ( j6f ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ aLr
klxNo} b]lv g} jftf{ x'Fb} cfPsf] / sltko cj:yfdf ;xdlt ;d]t
eO;s]sf] eP tfklg kl5Nnf] ;dodf jfddf]rf{ ;Fu ;xdt x'g g;s]sf]
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -d;fn_ sf] ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gklg jfddf]rf{;Fu
;DalGwt ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿;Fu ;+o'Qm ?kdf hfg ;s]g . o;
k[i7e"lddf @)$^ df3 @* ut] ;ftj6f ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿sf aLrdf
k|hftflGqs hgcfGbf]ng ljBfyL{ ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g eof] . pQm
;dGjo ;ldltn] g]kfnL sf+u|]; / jfddf]rf{sf] cfXjfgdf kmfu'g & ut]
@)$^ b]lv x'g nfu]sf]] /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdnfO{{
4
Krishna Hachhethu, Party Building in Nepal Organization,
Leadership and People: A Comparative Study of the Nepali
Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal ( UML),
Kathmandu: Mandala Boook Point, 2002, pp. 65-66
60
:jLsf/ ub}{ ;f] cfGbf]ngdf cfd g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ kl/rfng ug{]

p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] . of] ;dGjo ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q / sfo{ljlw
lgDgcg';f/ :ki6 ul/Psf] lyof] .
1. o;n] lng] lg0f{ox¿ ;j{;Ddltsf cfwf/df x'g]5g\ .
2. hgcfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmdx¿ g]kfnL sf+u|]; / jfddf]rf{n] to
ug]{5g\ / o;n] ;dGjofTds 9Ën] tL sfo{qmdx¿df cfd
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ kl/rflnt ug]{ 5g\ .
3. o;n] /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fgdf ljBfyL{ ;d'bfosf] clwstd
kl/rfngsf] lglDt hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] u/L ljBfyL{
xslxt ;DalGw k|Zgx¿nfO{{ klg cufl8 ;fg]{5 .
4. hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;'?jft, ;~rfng / clGtd 6'Ëf] nufpg]
;DaGwdf g]kfnL sf+u|]; / jfddf]rf{sf] lg0f{o g} o;sf] lg0f{o
x'g]5 .
5. of] ;ldltdf x/]s ;Ë7gx¿sf Ps Ps hgf s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw
/xg] 5g\ . sf/0fa; ;DalGwt k|ltlglw pkl:ylt x'g g;s] ;f]
;Ë7gn] csf]{ k|ltlglwnfO{{ k7fpg]5 .5
…k|hftflGqs hgcfGbf]ng ljBfyL{ ;dGjo ;ldlt sf] u7gsf
qmddf g]=lj ;+3af6 gf/fo0f k|;fb ;fpb, cg]/f:jljo' -kfFrf}_ af6
3gZofd e';fn, g]kfn k|ultlzn ljBfyL{ o'lgogaf6 /fh]Gb| ;fksf]6f,
cg]/f:jljo' af6 k|e'gf/fo0f j:g]t, g]kfn /fli6«o km]8]/]zgaf6
nId0fl;+x s'Fj/, g]kn /fli6«o ljBfyL{ km]8]/]zgaf6 7fs'/ zdf{ / g]kfn
qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{ ;Ë7g -/f]lxt ;d"x_ sf aL=aL= b'jfnn] x:tfIf/
u/]sf lyP .
o;/L ljBfyL{x¿ ;femf ;xdltdf uO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ sfof{Gjogdf
pq]sf] kfOG5 . of] ;ldltsf] u7g x'g' eGbf @ lbg cufl8 df3 @^ ut]
5
sfsL{, k"j{jt\, k[= $%*
61
ljZjljBfno aGb ul/Psf] v08df SofDk; sDkfp08aflx/ lg:s]/

cfGbf]ng ug]{ r]tfjgL lbb} kmfu'g & ut]sf] sfo{qmdnfO{{ ;kmn kfg{
ljBfyL{ / hgtf;Fu g]kfn qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{ ;Ë7g afx]s pko'Qm ^
ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gsf tkm{af6 jQmJo hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . ljleGg ljBfyL{
;Ë7gx¿ tyf :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf tkm{af6 klg jQmJox¿
k|sflzt ul/Psf lyP . o;/L ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gsf] aLr s]Gb|Lo :t/df
ePsf dfly pNn]lvt lg0f{ox¿nfO{{ kf]v/f gu/ leqsf g]kfn ljBfyL{
;+3, cg]/f:jljo' -Pstfsf] kfFrf}+_ cg]/f:jljo' -5}7f}+_, g]kfn k|ultlzn
ljBfyL{ o'lgog, g]kfn /fli6«o ljBfyL{ km]8]/]zg nufotsf ;a} ljBfyL{
;Ë7gx¿]n] bx|f] ;dy{g hgfP . ;a} ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ k|hftGq k|flKtsf]
nflu x'g uO/x]sf] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf lj:tf/k"j{s ;dflxt x'g] c7f]6
u/] . o; sfo{nfO{{ cem a9L ;'lgof]lht ug{ k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;
kf]v/fsf] :jljo' ;efklt emns ;'j]bLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Ps lhNnf
:t/Lo ;+3if{ ;ldlt klg u7g ul/of] . pQm ;ldltdf cg]/f:jljo'
Pstfsf] kfFrf} , cg]/f:jljo' 5}6f}+, g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3, g]kfn k|ultlzn
ljBfyL{ o'lgog, g]kfn /fli6«o ljBfyL{ km]8]/]zg, g]kfn /fli6«o km]8]/]zg
nufotsf ljBfyL{ ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;xeflutf lyof] .6
d'n'ssf] /fhgLlt k~rfotsf] lj?4 ePsf] a]nfdf k~rfotL
zf;sx¿n] ljBfyL{ kmfF6df cfˆgf] ;d'xsf] ;fË7lgs cefj dx;'; u/L
/x]sf lyP . k~rfolt ;Qfn] lgs6 eljiodf g} Pp6f 7"nf] /fhg}lts
n8fO{sf] ;fdgf ug{' kl/x]sf] a]nfdf ljBfyL{ ju{df ;QfkIfsf] s'g}
pkl:ylt g} gePsf] cfefif x'GYof] eg] csf]{lt/ g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfn
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] k|d'v xltof/ g} dftxtsf ljBfyL{ ;Ë7g g} lyP .
o:tf] l:yltaf6 cflQP/ zf;sx¿n] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df d08n]
6
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
62
;Ë7g eg]/ lrlgg] :jtGq ljBfyL{ ;d"xnfO{{ k|of]u ug{] k|of; u/] . pQm
ljBfyL{ ;d"xn] @)$^ df3 @( ut] gjcfuGt's ljBfyLx¿sf] :jfut
sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . o; sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltlysf ¿kdf
tTsfnLg hgcfGbf]ng k|ltsf/ ;ldltsf cWoIf /fw]Zofd sdf/f] cfPsf
lyP . t/ sfo{qmd ;'? x'gf;fy g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 / clvn kIfsf
ljBfyL{x¿n] k~rfotL Joj:yf d"bf{jfbsf] gf/f nufpg yfn] . ca ;f]
sfo{qmdsf jQmfx¿n] gj cfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jfutdf af]Ng' eGbf
hgcfGbf]ngsf] lj/f]wdf af]Nb} To;df efu lng] 5fq 5fqfnfO{{ lgd{d
oftgf lbg]] wDsL lbP . of] s'/fnfO{{ dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf]
:ynut lg/LIf0f ljj/0fdf:ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;ef ;lsPkl5
k~rfotL Joj:yf d"bf{jfbsf] gf/f nufpg] ljBfyL{ ;d"xnfO{{ d08n]
ljBfyL{sf] ;d'xn] lgd{dtf k"j{s s'6lk6 u/] .;Qfsf] cf8df d08n]
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"xn] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df cfˆgf] pkl:ylt hgfof] .
k~rfot Ot/ zlQmsf] afx'No /x]sf] SofDk;df ;Qf kIfsf] To:tf]
r'gf}ltsf] k|hftGqjfbL / k|ultlzn ljBfyL{ ;d"xn] 3f]]/ lj/f]w u/] . of]
lqmofsnfksf] lj/f]wdf :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogn] @)$^ ;fn kmfu'g !
ut] ;a} k~rfot Ot/ ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿sf] ;xof]udf k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;sf] hog]kfn rf}/df Ps lj/f]w ;efsf] ;d]t cfof]hgf u¥of] .
pQm lj/f]w ;ef k~rfotL zf;sn] ljBfyL{ / hgtfsf la?4 lnPsf]
/fhg}lts k|ltzf]wsf] lj/f]wdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . kf]v/fdf ePsf
;a} /fhg}lts sfo{qmdx¿ kmfu'g & ut]b]lv ;'? x'g] ;+o'Qm
hgcfGbf]ngsf] k"j{ tof/Lsf] sfo{qmd lyof] . :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf]
cfof]hgfdf kmfu'g ! ut] ul/Psf] lj/f]w ;ef SofDk; leqs} hog]kfn
rf}/df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . SofDk; leq klg k|x/Lsf] x:tIf]k x'g
;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{{ Wofgdf /fvL SofDk; k|fË0fdf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf
63
gu/L hog]kfn rf}/df sfo{qmd ul/Psf] lyof] . 7 pQm lj/f]w ;efdf

k~rfot Ot/ ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf lyP . t/ ;f] lj/f]w
;ef ljyf]Ngsf] nflu ;Qf kIfn] k|x/L kl/rfng u/]]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmd
;dfkg x'g] a]nfdf k|x/Lx¿ SofDk;df k|j]z u/] . tTkZrft\ k|x/L /
ljBfyL{ aLr em8k eof] . o;}aLr k~rfot kIfn] sfo{qmd ljyf]Ngsf
nflu ;fbf kf]zfsdf sdf08f]sf] klg 3';k}7 u/fof] . o;/L cgk]IfLt
¿kdf bf]xf]/f] cfqmd0f ePkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ kl5 x6\g afWo eP . Toxf+
k|x/Ln] kmfOl/Ë ;d]t u/] . o;}qmddf k|x/Ln] !#* hgf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{
kqmfp u¥of] . 8 k|x/Lsf] bdgsf] lg0f{o k~rfotsf d'Vo x:QLx¿sf]
@)$^ df3 #! ut] zflGt jg jfl6sf /fd3f6df a;]sf] a}7saf6} to
ePsf] lyof] . k~rfot kIfsf] pQm a}7sdf dxfk~r /fw]Zofd sdf/f] /
;Ltf/fd s]=;L= nufotsf k~rx¿sf] ;xeflutf lyof] . o;/L
hgcfGbf]ng 3f]lift lbg kmfu'g & cfpg' cufj} b'a} kIf /fhg}lts
o'4sf] tof/Ldf lyP .9
kmfu'g ! ut]sf] sfo{qmddf %)) eGbf a9Lsf] ;+Vofdf cfPsf
k|x/Lx¿n] cfqmd0f ;'? u/]kl5 sGof 5fqfjf; tkm{af6 tTsfnLg
rfOlgh SofDklt/ l5g]{ 7fpF ePsfn] dfq 7"nf]] ;+Vofdf ljBfyL{x¿
lu/ˆtf/Laf6 hf]luP . t/ Tof] af6f] gb]v]sf ljBfyL{x¿ Pj+ k|x/Ln] 3fO{t]
agfPsf @)) eGbf a9L ljBfyL{x¿ lu/ˆtf/ x'g k'u] . k|x/Lsf] lk6fOn]
tTsfnLg :jljo' pk;efklt hut e§/fO{ nufot cg]sf} ljBfyL{x¿
7
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf tTsflng :jljo' ;rLj nIdL sfsL{;Fu ldlt @)^#÷&÷!
df lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
8
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{
9
64
cToflws 3fOt] x'g'sf ;fy} ltgLx?n] /ut klg 5fb]sf lyP . 10

o;k|sf/ k|x/L nufot :yfgLo k|zf;g kf]v/fsf] cfGbf]ng bdg ug{
sl6a4 lyof] .
@)$^ kmfu'g ! sf] ;f] 36gfdf ;a}eGbf df/df k/]sL /
cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf rrf{sf] lzv/df k'u]sL k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; :jljo'
sL tTsfnLg ;rLj nIdL sfsL{ eGbl5g\ –11
k|x/L;Fusf] d'7e]8df ljBfyL{ zlQm hf] lgMz:q lyof]] k|x/Lsf] z;:q zlQm;Fu
n8\g ;Sg] s'/f ePg . ljBfyL{sf] k|lt/Iff ug]{ zlQm klg IftljIft eof] .
k|x/L bdgsf] qmddf ljBfyL{ k|bz{gsf/Lx¿ k|fWofks cfjf;, xf]:6]n,
rd]gfu[xdf n'Sg k'u] eg] s]xL efu]/ ;]tL kf/L k'u] . d eg] k|fWofks cfjf;
aGb b]v]kl5 xf]:6]nsf] efG;] bfOsxfF k'u]F . pgn] dnfO{{ sf]7fleq ;fFrf] nufO{
;'/lIft /fVg] k|of; u/] . t/ d08n]x¿n] d]/f] lk5f u/]sf /x]5g\ . ctM
k|x/Lx¿ 9f]sf kmf]/]/ leq k;] . pgLx¿n] ckzAb k|of]u ub}{ dnfO{{ hyfefjL
s'6lk6 ug{ yfn] . dnfO{{ ToxfFaf6 l3;fb}{ SofDk;sf] k"jL{ u]6 aflx/
u|fp08df nu] . d ToxfF a]xf]; eO5' . s]xL ;do kl5 xf];df cfP/ d}n]
k|x/L;Fu kfgL dfu]F . t/ k|x/Ln] o:tfnfO{{ kfgL xf]Og lk;fa lkpg lbg'k5{
eg] . o; sf]nfxndo cfttfoL jftfj/0fsf] qmddf cg]sf}{ ljBfyL{x¿ 3fOt]
eO{ /utfDo eO{ ;s]sf lyP .
t/ k|x/L bdgsf] ;f]xL /ftL aL=aL=;L= g]kfnL ;]jfn] lj:t[t
laj/0f k|;f/0f u¥of] . aL=aL=;L=n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;f] sfo{qmd cZj]t g]tf
g]nzg d08]nfsf] l/xfOsf] v'zLofnLdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] atfof] . t/
jf:tjdf g]nzg d08]nfsf] l/xfOsf] pQm lj/f]w ;ef;Fu s'g} ;DaGw g}
10
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{
11
65
lyPg . Tof] s]jn Ps ;+of]udfq lyof] ls g]n;g d08]nfsf] l/xfO klg

pQm ;dotfsf g} ePsf] lyof] .12
tTsfnLg :jljo' ;efklt emns ;'j]bL tyf cg]/f:jljo' Pstfsf]
kfFrf}sf lhNnf sldl6sf cWoIf /ljGb| clwsf/LnfO{{ SofDk; kl/;/ af6}
kqmfp ul/of] . lghx¿nfO{{ z;:q k|x/L u'Nd kfbL{df /flvPsf] lyof] .
kqmfp k/]sf ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿ dWo] emns ;'j]bL, /ljGb| clwsf/L,
afa'/fd zdf{nfO{{ xys8L nufO{ ;fª\nf]n] afFlwPsf] lyof] .13 t/ c¿nfO{{
eg] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sf:sLdf cGo aGbL ;/x /flvof] . kmfu'g $
ut] g} k~rfot lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] tof/L :j¿k kf]v/f aGbsf]
cfof]hgf ul/of] . o;sf]nflu kmfu'g ! sf] ljBfyL{ bdg / w/ks8nfO{{
k|d'v sf/0f dflgPsf] lyof] . kmfu'g $ sf] kf]v/f aGb ce"tk"j{ ¿kdf
;kmn /Xof] . ax';+Vos kf]v/]nLx¿n] cfGbf]ngk|lt cfˆgf] k|lta4tf
b]vfP . o;n] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{{ ;d]t pT;fx k|bfg u¥of] .
o; qmddf kf]v/fsf] d'Vo ahf/ nufot ;a} k;nx¿ tyf oftfoftsf
;fwgx¿ aGb /x] . t/ bdgsf/L k~rfotkIfw/x¿ To;} r'k nfu]/
a:g] dgl:yltdf lyPgg\ . kf]v/fsf] d'Vo efu dx]Gb|k'n ahf/ vf]Ngsf]
nflu k|x/Ln] zlQm k|of]u u¥of], k;nsf tfnf kmf]l8P . t/ o;sf] c;/
Jofkf/L ju{df pN6f] kg{ uof] . Jofkf/L ju{ cfˆgf] k;nsf] ;QfkIfåf/f
ul/Psf] tf]8kmf]8sf] lj?4 plqP . o;}qmddf k|x/L ;Fu nfdf] ;do;Dd
egfeg klg eof] . o;/L kf]v/f ahf/df kmfu'g & ;'? x'g' cufj}
hgcfGbf]ngsf]] k|f¿k tof/ eof] .
kmfu'g ! ut]sf] 36gfsf ;DaGwdf pQm SofDk;sf tTsfnLg
SofDk; k|d'v u0f]z axfb'/ u'?Ë eGb5g\ –14
12
cg]/f:jljo' kfFrf}sf sf:sL lhNnf sld6Lsf ;efklt /ljGb| clwsf/L;Fu
@)^#÷^÷!% df lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
13
P]hg .
14
sfsL{, k"j{jt\, k[= #&! .
66
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df ljBfyL{x¿sf] sfo{qmddf k|x/L x:tIf]k eO{ 7"nf] bdg

ePsf] xf] . d]/f] cg'dlt ljgf k|x/Lx¿ SofDk; k|j]z u/]sf]df d}n] ;DalwGt
7fpFdf cfklQ klg k|s6 u/]sf] lyPF . cfGbf]ngnfO{{ rsf{pgsf nflu
SofDk;df ePsf] ;f] bdgsf] 36gfdf cToGt a9fO{ r9fO{ u/L k|rf/ ul/Psf]
lyof] . olt;Dd ls 5fqf anfTs[t eP;Dd klg egL xNnf rnfO{{of] . Tof]
c;To ckmjfx xf] . t/ dlxnf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ n5f/k5f/ ug]{ sfd eg]
k|x/Laf6 ePsf] lyof]] .
tTsfnLg ;xfos SofDk; k|d'v anjL/ l;+x g]uLsf] egfO{
cg';f/–15
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ bdg ug]{ qmddf bf}8bf n8]sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ k|x/Ln] a'6n]
s'Nrb} Sofˆ6]l/of If]q / eLd9'Ëf j/k/ ljBfyL{ dfly aa{/ cfqmd0f u/]sf]
lyof] . xfdLn] k|x/L ;dIf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ To;/L glk6\g cg'/f]w ubf{ k|x/Ln]
xfdL dfly klg nf7L p7fpg] b'ik|of; u/]sf] lyof] .
o;} qmddf k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] ;f] 36gfsf] dd{sf] ;Gbe{df
] f 5g\ ls 16
;f]xL SofDk;sf k|fWofks x'dfsfGt kf08]n] n]vs
qm"/ Jofwfsf] jf0f klg u'F8sf k+IfLdfly k|xf/ x'g dfGb}g, k]z]j/ au/]n] klg
caf]w kz'sf vf]/d} xltof/ rnfpg] lxDdt ub}{g / lgb{oL hNnfbn] klg
Gofgf] cf]5\ofgd} 3fF6L s;]/ dfg{ dfGb}g . dfG5] xf] eg] ddtfdf 9'S9'sfPsf]
5ftL x'G5 . t/ k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df dfgjtf dfly v]lnPsf] bfgjLo
k/]8n] oL s'g} cfb{zsf] klg ;/f]sf/ /fv]g .
k|fWofks kf08]åf/f lnlvt æcfFz'sf cIf/x¿Æ gfds ;f] k':tssf]
k|sfzsLodf g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3 k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; OsfO{ ;ldltsf
tTsfnLg cWoIf ejfgLk|;fb kf08]n] cfˆgf] wf/0ff o;/L /fv]sf 5g\ –
15
P]hg .
16
x'dfsfGt kf08], cf;'sf cIf/x?, kf]v/fM g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3 k[YjL gf/fo0f SofDk;
PsfO ;ldlt, lj=;++ @)$&, k[= @(–#) .
67
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; k|fË0fdf zlQmsf sdf/fx?åf/f ul/Psf h3Go

ck/flws sfo{x¿n] dflg;df l/;, å]if, Oiof{, 3[0ff, k|ltzf]w, ljj]sxLgtf
cflbdfq xf]Og bof, Ifdf :g]x, dfgjtf, k/f]ksf/, ljj]szLntf cflb k|s[lt
klg x'G5g\ eGg] wf/0ffnfO{{ unt ;fljt u/]sf 5g\ .17
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df 36]sf] o; 36gfsf ;DaGwdf dlNns
cfof]un] SofDk; h:tf] kljq ;+:yfdf k|zf;g / k|x/Ln] cltqmd0f
u/]sf], SofDk; If]qdf nf7L rfh{ tyf c>' UofF;sf] k|of]u u/]sf],
5fqfjf;df ;d]t k|x/L k|j]z u/L !@) hgf 5fq5fqfx¿nfO{{ lu/ˆtf/
u/]sf], s]xL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ ljleGg cf/f]k nufO{ y'gfdf /fv]sf] tyf k|x/L
k|zf;gn] sfg'gL bfloTj / dof{bfsf] ;Ldf gf3L sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvof] egL
7x/ u/]sf] 5 . 18 ;f] SofDk;df ljBfyL{ bdgsf] qmddf sl/a $))
ljBfyL{x¿ lu/ˆtf/ ul/Psf] s'/f Ps ef/tLo klqsfn] pNn]v u/]sf]
lyof] .19 kqklqsfn] klg o; 36gfnfO{{ 7"nf] dxTj lbP/ k|rf/ k|;f/
u/]sf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x¿ dfly k|x/Ln] h'g gfËf]
bdg u¥of] To; 36gfn] b]ze/sf ;d:t ljBfyL{x¿ tyf ;d:t ;r]t
ju{nfO{{ cfGbf]lnt / cfqmf]lzt t'Nofof]] . o; 36gfsf af/]df lzj k|;fb
e§/fO{n] n]v]sf 5g\ –20
g]kfnsf] eflj cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu o; 36gfn] pTk|]/s e"ldsf
lgjf{x u¥of] . SofDk; ;/:jtLsf] kljq dlGb/af6 kl/jt{g eO{ s}of}+ lbg;Dd
k|x/L 5fpgLsf ¿kdf b]vf k¥of] .
17
sfsL{, k"j{jt\ .
18
OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn, dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg -hfFra'em cfof]u @)$&_, sf7df8f}+M
cGt/ffli6«o dfgj clwsf/ jftfj/0f tyf ljsf; k|lti7fg, lj=;++ @)%!, k[= #%&–%*
.
19
The Statesman, 5 Feb. 1990.
20
lzj k|;fb e§/fO{, …;/:jtLsf] dlGb/df k|x/LnfO{ k/]8 v]nfPkl5 xlNnbf] /x]5
zlQmsf] uh'/ klgÚ, uf]/vfkq, lj=;++ @)$& kmfu'g & .
68
o;/L kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{x¿n] hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] 3f]lift ldlt

cufj} cfGbf]ngsf] cfFwLj]/L ;[hgf ul/ cfˆgf] ;+3if{zLn / h'emf?
zlQmsf] k|bz{g u/] .
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;Gbe{df bnx¿sf] tof/L

cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ qmflGt jf cfGbf]ngsf]
g]t[Tj lng] kf6L{ g]kfnL sf+u|];g} xf] eGg] s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{dt /xFb}g .
g]kfndf pbf/ k|hftGqsf] kIfdf rln/x]sf] ljZjJofkL nx/af6
zf;sx? k|efljt ePgg\ . ef/tsf] cfly{s gfsfaGbLn] ubf{ b]zaf;Ln]
7"nf] si6 ef]Ug' kbf{ klg /fhf /fli6«o ;xdltsf] nflu sbfkL tTk/
b]lvPgg\ . o:t}df g]kfnL sf+u|];n] @)$^ ;fnsf] efb| @$ ut]b]lv #)
ut];Dd aL=kL= holGtsf] pknIo kf/L ;KtfxJofkL æhghfu/0f
cleofgÆ cfof]hgf u¥of] . o;df g]kfnL sf+u|]; Ot/ kIfsf
JolQmx¿nfO{{ klg ;l/s x'g cfXjfg ul/of] . efb| @$ ut] u0f]zdfg
l;+xsf] cWoIftfdf jfg]Zj/df hghfu/0f cleofgsf] pb\3f6g eof] .21
o; cleofgdf j[Iff/f]k0f, /Qmbfg, ;/;kmfO{, k|jrg cflb sfo{qmd
/flvPsf] lyof] .
hghfu/0f ;Ktfxsf] clGtd lbg @)$^ efb| #) ut] clw/fHosf
;a} c~rn / lhNnfx¿df cefj, dxËL h:tf k|ToIf hg ;/f]sf/sf
ljifox¿nfO{{ lnP/ c~rnfwLz / k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ;dIf :d[ltkq
k]z ug]{ sfo{qmd lyof] . hghfu/0f cleofgnfO{{ ljkmn kfg{ ;/sf/n]
Jofks w/ks8 u¥of] . :d[ltkq a'em]/ lng] sfd sxLF klg ePg . o;}
qmddf g]kfnL sf+u|]; sf7df8f}+ lhNnf ;ldltsf] cfof]hgfdf h'n'; ;fy
:d[ltkq lbg hfFbf jfudtL c~rnfwLz sfof{no cufl8 sl/a @))
hgf JolQm lu/ˆtf/ ul/P . lu/ˆtf/ JolQmdWo] c¿nfO{{ 5f]8L @!
21
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\ , k[= #!( .
69
hgfnfO{{ xg'dfg 9f]sf 8L=P;=kL= sfof{nodf y'lgof] . lu/ˆtf/

ePsfx¿df k|f= ;"o{axfb'/ zfSo, Clifs]if zfx, /f=k+=;= kß/Tg t'nfw/,
/f=k+=;= b|f]0fk|;fb cfrfo{, xl/af]n e§/fO{, tLy{/fd 8+uf]n, dfz{n h'n'd
zfSo, k|sfzdfg l;+x, afns[i0f vfF8, gjLGb| hf]zL cflb lyP . tLg
lbgkl5 sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]zdf k|ltJolqm ?= !%) w/f}6L
lnP/ tfl/vdf l/xf ul/of] . lu/ˆtf/ JolQmx¿ l/xf ePkl5 g]kfnL
sf+u]|;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf u0f]zdfg l;+x / s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ cflb
g]tfn] ltgnfO{ :jfut ub}{ ;Daf]wg u/] . ;Dk"0f{ k|d'v hgkIfLo
k|hftflGqs zlQmx¿ Ps eP/ k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu k|efjsf/L
cfGbf]ng ug{'kg]{ cfjZostfk|lt ;a}n] hf]8 lbP . o;k|sf/ hghfu/0f
cleofg k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu ;+o'Qm k|of; ug]{ k|0f ub}{ ;dfkg
eof] .22
s_ hgcfGbf]ng ug]{ lg0f{o
@)$^ ;fn sflt{s @), @! / @@ ut] sf7df8f}+df ePsf] g]kfnL
sf+u|];sf] sfo{ ;ldltsf] j}7sn] lgDgfg';f/ lg0f{o u¥of] .23
cfhsf] /fli6«o ;Í6sf] ;dfwfg /fli6«otf / k|hftGqsf] cfb{z
k|lta4 /fli6«o ;/sf/n] dfq lgsfNg ;S5 . To;}n] /fli6«o ;/sf/sf]
:yfkgf u/L ax'bnLo cfwf/df lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg' cfhsf] Go"gtd
cfjZostf xf] t;y{ –
22
23
hgcfGbf]ngsf] af6f]df cfhsf g]kfn, k|ltalGwt g]kfnL sf+u|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{
;ldltsf] j}7s åf/f kfl/t k|:tfjx?, sf7df8f}+M k|rf/ ljefu k|ltalGwt g]kfnL
sf+u]|;, @)$^ dfu{ @ , k[= * .
70
– g]kfndf k"0f{ k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfsf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|]; lgs6

eljiodf Ps zflGtk'0f{ / clx+;fTds hgcfGbf]ng ug]{ lg0f{o
ub{5 .
– cfGbf]ngsf] ltly / :j¿k af/] cfufdL df3 % ut] sf7df8f}+df
k|f/De x'g] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] to ug]{5 .
– o; cfGbf]ngdf sfo{ut Pstfsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL aGg g]kfnL
sf+u|]; b]zsf ;a} /fhgLlts ;d'x / JolQmx¿sf ;fy} ljBfyL{,
lzIfs, ls;fg, dhb'/, Jofkf/L, a'l4hLaL, sd{rf/L, dlxnf /
e"=k"= ;}lgs nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{{ xflb{s cfXjfg ub{5 .
– hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fg ;/sf/L bdgsf] sf/0fn] zflGtk"0f{
cfGbf]ngn] csf]{ ¿k lnof] eg] To;sf] k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/ /
;QfkIfsf] g} x'g]5 .
o;/L g]kfnL sf+u]|;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{ ;ldltn] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng
ug]{ lg0f{o u/]kl5 d'n'ssf] k~rfotL Joj:yf lj/f]wL ;a} /fhg}lts
kf6L{x¿df Ps k|sf/sf] nx/ km}lnof] . o;}qmddf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf
;jf]{Rr g]tf u0f]zdfg l;+xn] /fhgLlts k|rf/s} qmddf g]kfnL hgtfsf
gfddf Ps jStAo hf/L u/]] . pQm jStAodf hgtfnfO{{ /fhgLltdf
pqg clkn ub}{ elgPsf] lyof] ls M24
g]kfn ef/t ;DaGwdf pTkGg ult/f]wn] hGdfPsf] ;Í6 / ce"tk"j{ dxËLdf
;d]t ;a} /fhgLlts kIf / hgtfsf] h;/L] qm"/ pk]Iff eof], Tof] s;}n]
e'n]sf] 5}g / e'Ng ;lsg] klg xf]Og . o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnLx?sf] lglDt
hgcfGbf]ngdf pqg' afx]s csf]{ ljsNk 5}g . t;y{ cfGbf]ng xfd|f] hLjg
d/0fsf] k|Zg ag]sf] 5 . of] cfGbf]ng g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfˆgf] cfGbf]ng xf] .
of] Pp6f /fhgLlts bnn] ;Qf k|fKtLsf] lglDt ug]{ cfGbf]ng xf]Og .
cfGbf]ngsf] :ki6 nIo /fli6«o ;/sf/sf] u7g / ax'bnLo zf;g Joj:yfsf]
24
u0f]zdfgsf] ldlt @)$^÷(÷!^ sf] JolQmut kq . of] kq g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;'/]Gb|
ljh'S5]af6 k|fKt ePsf] xf] .
71
:yfkgf ug'{ xf] . To;}n] of] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ x/]s g]kfnLsf] ;xfg'e"lt, ;xof]u /
;xeflutf rflxG5 .
v_ ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] lgdf{0f

d'n'sdf g]kfnL sf+u|];kl5 bf];|f] 7"nf] k~rfot Ot/ zlQm eg]sf]
jfdkGyL ;d"x g} lyof] . t/ g]kfnL jfdkGyL cfGbf]ngdf ! bh{g
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x¿ lyP . To;}n] jfdkGyL ;d"xnfO{{ cfGbf]ngsf]
d"nwf/df ;dflxt u/fpgsf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;jf]{Rr g]tf
u0f]zdfg l;+xn] ljz]if kxn u/] . pgn] ljeflht jfdkGyL ;d"xnfO{{
efjL cfGbf]ngnfO{{ z;Qm ¿k lbgsf nflu jfdkGyLx¿sf] ;d"xut
Pp6f ;femf df]rf{ lgdf{0f ug]{ cfXjfg u/] . tTsfnLg jfdkGyL ;d"xx¿
dWo] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] jfdkGyLbn tTsfnLg g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfn]_
/ dgdf]xg clwsf/Låf/f g]t[Tj u/]sf] g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -
dfS;{jfbL_nfO{{ o; kIfdf ljz]if kxn ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;jf]{Rr
g]tfn] ljz]if cfu|x u/] . o;sf] kmn:j¿k u0f]zdfg l;+xs} lgb]{zg
cg';f/ Clifs]z zfx cfGbf]ngdf jfdkGyLx¿nfO{{ ;xefuL u/fpg]
ljifodf s'/fsfgL rnfpg ;lqmo eP .25
@)$^ ;fn kf}if $ ut] tTsfnLg /f= k= ;= kß/Tg t'nfw/sf]
3/df ljleGg ;d"xsf !$ hgf jfdkGyL g]tfx¿sf] Pp6f j}7s a:of] .
o; a}7sdf jfdkGyLx¿ aLr ;+o'Qm df]rf{ sfod ug{ cf}krfl/s jftf{
yfNg] lg0f{o eof] . h;cg';f/ @)$^ kf}if @^ ut] lgDg ;ftj6f
jfdkGyL ;d"xx¿ g]=s=kf= -dfn]_, g]=s=kf= -dfS;{jfbL_, g]=s=kf= -
rf}=d=_, g]=s=kf= -dfgGw/_, g]=s=kf= -/f]lxt_, g]=s=kf= -adf{_ / g]=s=kf=
-cdfTo_ ldnL ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{ u7g ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . df]xg ljqmd
l;+xn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] g]=s=kf= d;fn ;d"xnfO{{ o; ;d"xdf lgDTofOPsf]
25
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\ , k[= #@) .
72
lyPg eg] csf]{ lt/ g]=s=kf= dzfnn] lgDtf kfP/ klg jftf{ alxisf/
u/]sf] lyof] .26
jfdkGyL g]tfx¿n] k~rfot Joj:yfsf] cGTo gx'Gh]n g]kfnL
;dfhsf] k|ult c;Dej ePsf] lg0f{o u/] ;fy} ælgb{nLo k~rfotL
Joj:yfsf] cGTo / k|hftflGqs ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf cfhsf]
klxnf] cfjZostf xf] eGg] s'/fklg dgg\ u/] . ;fy} cfhsf] /fli6«o
cfsfFIff klg oxL xf] eGg] 3f]if0ff ub}{ @)$^ ;fn df3 @ ut] jfdkGyL
g]tf t'n;Lnfn cdfTosf] cWoIftfdf sf7df8f}+df a;]sf] jfd g]tfx¿sf]
P]ltxfl;s e]nfn] >LdtL ;fxfgf k|wfgsf] cWoIftfdf @! ;b:oLo
;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] lgdf{0f u¥of] . ;fy} pQm e]nfn] >L t'n;Lnfn
cdfTonfO{{ ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] dfgfy{ cWoIfdf rog u¥of] . 27 To;}
e]nfn] ;ft ;b:oLo ;rLjfno klg u7g u¥of] . To;df >LdtL ;xfgf
k|wfg, t'n;Lnfn cdfTo, lgnfDa/ cfrfo{, /fwfs[i0f d}gfnL, k|Xnfb
k|;fb Gof}kfg], lnnfdl0f kf]v/]n / Zofds[i0f sf]h' lyP . pQm df]rf{df
/x]sf ;d"xx¿ dWo] g=s=kf= dfn] k"0f{ e"ldut kf6L{ ePsf] x'gfn] v'nf
¿kdf lrlgPsf ;f] kf6L{sf Ps g]tf /fwfs[i0f d}gfnLnfO{{ aflx/L sfd
ug]{ lhDdf lbOPsf] lyof] . ;xfgf k|wfgsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ;+o'Qm
jfddf]rf{n] lgDg gLltx¿ to u¥of] .28
– jt{dfg lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf lj?4 g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ug]{
cfGbf]ngnfO{{ df]rf{n] g}lts ;dy{g lbg]5 .
– df]rf{n] lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yf dflysf] k|xf/nfO{{ z;Qm kfg{
;se/ g]kfnL sf++u|];nfO{{ klg ;+o'Qm kfg]{ k|of; ug'{kb{5 . t/
26
lemNsf], -lj=;++ @)$&_, k"0ff{Í !$, k[= ! .
27
;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] 3f]if0ff kq lj=;+= @)$^, kf]v/f .
28
sfsL{, k'j{jt\, k[= !)) .
73
To;f] ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; tof/ gePsf] v08df ;+3if{df tfnd]n

ldnfP/ cl3 a9\g klg k|oTg ug'{kb{5 .
– df]rf{n] g]kfnL hgtfdfly e/f];f u/]/ hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{
:jtGqtfk"j{s cl3 a9fpg] k|oTg ug'{ kb{5 / o;df ;s];Dd
a9L /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{g a6'Ng] k|of; ug'{kb{5 .
– df]rf{n] dfly pNn]lvt a'Fbfdf p7fOg] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ lgwf{l/t nIo
;Dd k'¥ofpg ;Sbf] k|oTg ug'{kb{5 . o; cfGbf]ngnfO{{ 5f]8\g] jf
aLr}df ;Demf}tf ug]{ k|j[ltk|lt ;t{s /xg'kb{5 .
;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{n] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] df3 %–& sf]] /fli6«o
;Dd]ngdf hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;xof]u ug,]{ cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;+o'Qm¿kn]
cufl8 a9fpg k|oTg ug]{, cfGbf]ngsf nflu /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
;dy{g a6'Ng] Pjd\ cfGbf]ngnfO{{ lgwf{l/t nIo ;Dd k'¥ofpg] b[9tf
hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] . To;af6 g]kfndf klxnf] k6s sf++u|]; / sDo'lgi6
ldn]/ k~rfotL Joj:yf lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng ug]{ / of] cfGbf]ngn] k~rfot
Joj:yfsf] ;dflKt x'g ;Sg] rrf{ kl/rrf{ g]kfnL /fli6«o /fhg}lts
lIflthdf Jofks¿kn] eof] .29
u_ g]=sf=sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng / cfGbf]ngsf] 3f]if0ff
lj=;+= @)$^ sflt{s @)–@@ df a;]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] j}7sn]
@)$^ df3 % ut] af6 g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ug]{ / ;f]xL
/fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] cfGbf]ngsf] ldlt, tl/sf / k|f¿k to ug]{ s'/f
;j{;DdtLaf6 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{ ug{sf] nflu kf6L{n]
;j{k|yd /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u / ;dy{gsf] kl/j]z tof/ kfg{'
cToGt cfjZos lyof] . ctM g]kfnL sf+u|]; hgcfGbf]ngsf] ltly 3f]if0ff
ug'{ k"j{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]znfO{{ hgcfGbf]ng cg's"n agfpg]
29
P]hg\, k[= !)! .
74
tof/Ldf nfUof] . cfGbf]ngsf] kl/j]z ldnfpgsf nflu /fli6«o:t/df

k~rfot Joj:yf lj/f]wL k|ltalGwt /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿;Fu tfnd]n
ldnfpg' h?/L lyof] eg] csf]{lt/ cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u
k|fKt ug'{ klg Tolts} cfjZostf lyof] . Psflt/ ;+o'Qmjfddf]rf{sf]
lgdf{0fn] d'n'ssf] /fhgLltdf txNsf dRrfpg ;Sg] eof] eg] csf]{lt/
;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{n] g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;~rfng ug]{ hgcfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo
;xefuL aGg] b[9tf klg hfx]/ u/L ;s]sf] lyof] . o;af6 d'n's k'/}
k~rfot Ot/kIf / k~rfot kIf u/L :ki6 ¿kdf b'O{ v]dfdf ljeflht
eof] . o:tf] a]nfdf k~rfotL ;QfkIf klg r'k nfu]/ a;]sf] lyPg .
tTsfnLg k~rfotL ;/sf/n] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng /
k|:tfljt hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ ljyf]Ng lu/ˆtf/Lsf] qmd ;'? u¥of] . g]kfnL
sf+u|];sf g]tfx? /fdrGb| kf}8]n, ;'zLn sf]O/fnf, tf/fgfy /fgfef6, k"0f{
axfb'/ v8\sf cflb nufot y'k|} g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf sfof{stf{x¿nfO{{
lu/ˆtf/ u/Lof] . ;/sf/L kIfaf6 ;Dd]ng x'g lbO+b}g eGg] cfz+sf t
5b} lyof] . t;y{ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf g]tfx¿n] ;Dd]ngdf x:tIf]k ul/Pdf
To;} lbgaf6 cfGbf]ng ;'? ul/g] r]tfjgL lbPsf lyP . ;Dd]ngdf
cfpg tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] k|j]z cf1f glbPsf]n] cGt/f{li6«o ;~rf/
dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿, ko{6s k|j]zkq agfO{ cfpg yfn]sf lyP . g]kfnL
sf+u|];n] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng af]nfP/ cfGbf]ng ug]{ lg0f{onfO{{ j}wflgstf lbg
dfq geP/ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf g]kfnsf] l:ylt af]w u/fpg cfˆgf
sfo{stf{sf] dgf]an p7fpg, ;fdfGo hgtf, jfdkGyL ;d"xx¿ / af}l4s
ju{df ljZjf;sf] efjgf hufpg klg rfx]sf] lyof] . o;}n] ;Dd]ngdf
ljb]zL /fhg]tfx¿ / /fhg}lts ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿, cGt/fli6«o
;+jfbftfx¿, g]kfn l:yt /fhb"tx¿, dfgjflwsf/ ;+:yfsf k|d'vx¿,
k|hftflGqs / jfdkGwL ljrf/k|lt em'sfj /fVg] /fli6«o k~rfotsf
;b:ox¿ / jfdkGyL g]tfx¿ ;d]t cfdlGqt ul/Psf lyP .
75
o;/L /fli6«o :t/df k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yfsf lj?4 ljkIfLx¿

uf]na4 x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yf / cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf]
kIfdf nx/ cfO/x]sf] kl/j]zdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng x'g
k'Uof] . ;f] ;Dd]ng k~rfot Joj:yfsf lj?4df hgcfGbf]ngsf] 3f]if0ff
ug]{ ;Dd]ng ePsf] x'gfn] /fli6«o¿kdf ax'k|rfl/t lyof] . @)$^ df3 %
b]lv & ;Dd sf7df8f}+ If]qkf6L l:yt u0f]zdfg l;+xsf] 3/df ePsf] ;f]
;Dd]ng eJotfsf ;fy ;DkGg eof] . ;f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf efu lng
cfpg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{{ lhNnf lhNnfd} /f]Sg] / lu/ˆtf/
ug]{ cfb]z ;/sf/n] lbPsf] lyof] . h] xf];\ ;Dd]ng ;~rfngsf qmddf
eg] ;Dd]ng :yndf ;/sf/L x:tIf]k ePg / ;Dd]ng lgjf{w¿kn]
;DkGg eof] . ;f] ;Dd]ngsf] ;~rfngsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o /fhgLlts JolQmx¿ tyf ;+3 ;+:yfx¿n] z'esfdgf lbPsf
lyP . /fli6«o dxTj af]s]sf] ax'rlr{t / ax'k|rfl/t pQm ;Dd]ngsf]
pb\3f6gsf] cj;/df sl/a kGw|xhf/ dflg;x¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]
lyof] . u0f]zdfg l;+xsf]] lgjf;sf] k|fË0f /fhg}lts sfo{stf{ /
ljZje/af6 cfPsf a'l4lhaLx¿n] vrfvr el/Psf] lyof] . /fhg}lts
e]nfx¿ k|ltaGw ePtf klg k~rfotL zf;sx¿n] To; ;Dd]ngdf
x:tIf]k ug]{ cf6 ug{ ;s]gg\ . /fhf dx]Gb|åf/f @)!& ;fndf ul/Psf]
;}lgs sf/jfxL kZrft ;/sf/L x:tIf]k lagf k~rfotL Aoj:yf lj/f]wL
g]tfx¿n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] of] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] e]nf lyof] . 30 pQm
;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf P]ltxfl;s 3f]if0ff hf/L ul/of] . To; cg';./ –31
k~rfotL Joj:yf x6fP/ ax'bnLo Joj:yf k'gM :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu cfufdL
kmfu'g & ut] b]lv xfdL cfGbf]ng ;'? ug]{ 5f}+ . of] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] lg0f{o xf]
30
lsof]sf] cf]u'/f, hgtf hfu]sf] a]nf hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] Oltxf;, g]kfnL cg'=
df]xg d}gfnL / cGo, nlntk'/M lxdfn lstfa, @))$, k[= $ .
31
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /fhgLlts k|:tfj @)$^, sf7df8f}+M g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]GbL|o
sfof{no, @)$^ .
76
/ of] xfd|f] clGtd cfGbf]ng x'g]5 . d'n'sdf k'gM k"0f{ ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf]
:yfkgf u/L /fli6«o Pstf / ;xdltsf] cfwf/df /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cleef/f
xfdL ;a} g]kfnLsf] ;femf st{Jo xf] eGg] l:ylt sfod ug{sf nflu g]kfnL
sf+u|]; kmfu'g & ut]sf] P]ltxfl;s lbgaf6} zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ng ug]{ lg0f{o
ub{5 .
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] hgcfGbf]ng ug]{ 3f]if0ff
ul/;s]kl5 ;f] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ k"0f{tf lbgsf] nflu @)$^ ;fn df3 @&
ut]sf lbg g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{ b'a}n] æ/fli6«o
hgcfGbf]ngsf] lglDt ;+o'Qm cfXjfgÆ hf/L ub}{ kmfu'g & ut] b]lvsf
;+o'Qm ;+3if{sf sfo{qmdx¿ k|sflzt u¥of] . pQm ;+o'Qm cfXjfgdf
elgPsf] lyof] ls lg/ª\s'z k~rfotL Joj:yfsf lbg c:tfpg yfn]sf]
5, n8v8fO{ /x]sf] 5, t]hf]aw eO;s]sf] 5 . ef]lnsf] lbg, ef]lnsf]
/fhgLlt xfd|f] xf] . t;y{ cfpg'xf];\ xfdL ;a} Ps h'6 eO b]zdf
ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yf :yfkgf ug{ sDd/s;L cfGbf]ngdf pqf}+,
kl/jt{g cjZoDefjL 5 . xfd|f] cfufdL ;femf sfo{qmd clxn] o; k|sf/
x'g]5 M
– kmfu'g & ut] – b]zJofkL ¿kdf b'a}n] cf–cfˆgf] em08fsf ;fy
h'n'; k|b{zg / cfd;ef u/L kf6L{x¿ pk/
ljut @( jif{ b]lv nfu]sf] k|ltaGw tf]8\g] .
– kmfu'g * ut] – g]kfn aGbsf] sfo{qmd ug]{ .
– kmfu'g !$ut]– b]z e/ Joj:yfsf] lj/f]wdf sfnf] lbj;
dgfpg] .
– kmfu'g !( ut] – k'gM /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf g]kfn aGb ug]{ . 32
3_ ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] u7g
32
/fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] lglDt ;+o'Qm cfXjfg kq @)$^ df3 @& . cGt/f{li6«o d~r,
jif{ ^, k'0ff{Í %@, cÍ $%, @)$&, sf7df8f}+ , k[= @^ .
77
g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{n] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] 3f]if0ff

u/]kl5 ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{;Fu c;xdt g]kfnsf cGo jfdkGyL ;d"xx¿n]
@)$^ ;fn df3 #! ut] g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] ;+o'Qm
hgcfGbf]ng sfo{qmdnfO{{ cfnf]rgfTds ;dy{g ub}{ ;+o'Qm ;+3if{nfO{{
cufl8 a9fpg] cg'/f]w ub}{ æ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngÆ gfds df]rf{sf]
u7g u/] .33 pQm df]rf{df g]=s=kf= dzfn, ;j{xf/fjfbL >lds ;Ë7g,
g]=s=kf= d;fn, g]=s=kf= -dfndf_, zDe'/fd >]i7 ;d"x / cGo s]xL
jfdkGyL JolQmx¿ ;d]t ;+nUg lyP . To;sf k+|jQmfdf 8f= afa'/fd
e§/fO{nfO{{ lgo'Qm ul/of] . o;/L d'n'ssf] /fhgLltdf k~rfot Ot/
;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts zlQmx¿ Ps h'6 eP/ @)$^ ;fn kmfu'g & ut]b]lv
;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;'? ug{ b]zJofkL cfd ;xdtL ePkl5 To;sf]
k|efj g]kfnsf &% j6} lhNnfx¿df k¥of] . d'n'ssf] bf];|f] 7"nf] zx/sf]
¿kdf /x]sf] kf]v/fdf sf7df8f}+df ul/Psf] of] lg0f{osf] k|efj
k|ToIf¿kdf tTsfn} k¥of] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; / tTsfnLg g]kfn sDo'lgi6
kf6L{sf g]tfx¿ ToxL lbgb]lv ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngsf] vfsf sf]g{ Jo:t eP .
kf]v/f pkTosfel/ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf dGtJo lbg]
g]tfx¿ tyf ljb]zL kfx'gfx¿sf cl8of] tyf lel8of] Sof;]6x¿
n'lsl5kL b]vfpg yflnof] . o;/L sf7df8f}+ kl5 kf]v/f klg /fhg}lts
¿kn] k~rfot lj?4 tfTg yfNof] . of] klZrd lt/sf] /fhg}lts
lqmofsnfksf] s]Gb| g} aGof] .
ª_ ;+o'Qm ;+3if{ ;ldltsf] u7g
s]Gb|df ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ug]{ lg0f{o ePkl5 s]Gb|sf] ;f]
lg0f{onfO{{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf sf:sL lhNnf :t/Lo ;+o'Qm ;+3if{
;ldltsf] u7g eof] . pQm ;+3if{ ;ldltdf g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ dfn]sf
33
;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ng sf] gLlt / sfo{qmd ;DalGw jStAo @)$^÷!!÷! .
78
tkm{af6 tTsfnLg /f=k+=;= ;f]dgfy clwsf/L Kof;L, g]kfnL sf+u|];sf

tkm{af6 Clifs]zj k/fh'nL, z'qm/fh zdf{ / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
dfS;{jfbLsf ltns k/fh'nL tyf cGo jfdkGyL bnsf 6]sgfy a/fn
nufotsf JolQmx¿ ;+nUg lyP . To;f] eP tfklg ;+3if{sf] cfjZostf
adf]lhd ljleGg bnx¿af6 a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g] ;b:ox¿ hf] sf]xL
klg x'g ;Sy] . To;sf/0f ;+o'Qm ;+3if{ ;ldltsf] j}7sdf kf6L{sf]
k|ltlglwTj ub}{ ljleGg ;b:ox¿ j}7sdf pkl:yt x'Gy] .34 pQm ;+3if{
;ldltn] sf:sL lhNnfel/ kmfu'g & ut]b]lv ;'? x'g] ;+o'Qm
hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ cuf8L a9fpg cfˆgf] ;+3if{sf sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df u¥of]
. pQm ;ldltn] kmfu'g & ut] k|hftGq lbj;sf] lbg kf]v/f /Ëzfnfdf
x'g] sfo{qmddf krf{ 5g]{ / ju/ eLdsfnL kf6gaf6 h'n'; lgsfNg]
sfo{qmd agfof] . cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg a'l4lhjL, Jofkf/L,
ls;fg, dhb'/ tyf ljBfyLx?nfO{{ cfGbf]ngdf ;xof]u ug{ clkn hf/L
ub}{ lj1KtL k|sflzt u¥of] .35
k~rfot Ot/ /fhg}lts zlQmx¿n] kmfu'g & ut]af6 ;+o'Qm
hgcfGbf]ng ug]{ lg0f{o u/]kl5 k~rfotL Joa:yfsf kIfw/x¿ klg
k|lt/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo x'g yfn] . /fHo ;Qfsf ;a} txnfO{{ ;+o'Qm
hgcfGbf]ng lj?4 kl/rfng ul/P . ljz]if u/]/ k|x/LnfO{{ cfGbf]ngsf]
lj?4 ;hu u/fOof] . hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ v'nf ;dy{g ug]{x¿nfO{{ ;/sf/n]]
w/ks8 ug{ z'? u/L ;s]sf] lyof] . o;}qmddf hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8
a9fpg] a}7s tyf ;efdf ;xeflutf hgfPsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;sf # hgf k|fWofksx¿ e'ktL 9sfn, u]x]Gb|]Zj/ sf]O/fnf /
wd{gfy k|;fb zfxnfO{{ kqmfp ul/of] . To;kl5 ltgLx¿nfO{{ /fhg}lts
34
tTsflng /fli6«o k~rfot ;b:o ;f]dgfy clwsf/L Kof;L;Fu @)^#÷)^÷)! df
lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
35
P]hg .
79
sf/0f b]vfO{ hflu/af6 lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lgod @)@* df Joj:yf

ul/Psf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] pn+3g ul/Psf] cleof]u nufO{ avf{:t ul/of]
.36 s]xL lbg k"j{b]lv g} lu/ˆtf/ ul/Psf tL k|fWofksx¿sf] avf{:tLn]
;d:t ljZjljBfno kl/jf/, cfs|f]zLt eP . s]jn /fhg}lts ;r]tgf
hufPs} e/df k|fWofksx¿ dfly sf/jfxL ePkl5 l;Ëf] kf]v/f zx/
k~rfotL bdgsf] lj?4df pQ]hLt eo]f . lt k|fWofksx¿sf]]
avf{:tuLnfO{{ lj=lj=;L= g]kfnL ;]jfn] ;f]xL lbg ;fFem k|d'vtfsf ;fy
;dfrf/ k|;f/ u/]kl5 d'n's e/sf k|fWofks ljBfyL{ ju{ cfs|f]lzt eP .
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;
;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] nflu ;a} /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] P]Soa4tf
hfx]/ ul/;s]kl5 cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg kf]v/f pkTosfdf klg
Pp6f lhNnf :tl/o ;+3if{ ;ldlt u7g eof] . pQm ;+3if{ ;ldltdf
kf]v/f If]qsf g]kfnL sfFu|]; / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] tkm{af6 k|ltlgwLx¿
/xg] Joj:yf eof] . t/ ;+3if{ ;ldltsf] cWoIf jf ;+of]hs sf]xL klg
g/xg] a? ;+3if{sf] cfjZostf adf]lhd ;ldltsf] g]t[Tj lng] ;Demf}tf
ePsf] lyof] . o;f] ug'{sf] sf/0f ;+3if{ ;ldltsf] cWoIf jf ;+of]hs
tf]lsgf ;fy kqmfp x'g ;Sg] / cWoIf jf ;+of]hs kqmfp k/]sf] v08df
cfGbf]ng g} lzlyn x'g ;SbYof] .37
g]kfnL sfFu|];af6 s]zj k/fh'nL, z'qm/fh zdf{, jfddf]rf{sf]
tkm{af6 /f=k=;= ;f]dgfy clwsf/L Kof;L, vu/fh clwsf/L, 6]sgfy
a/fn, cflbsf] ;xefuLtf /xg] ub{Yof] . pQm ;+3if{ ;ldltn]
hgcfGbf]ngsf] 3f]lift lbg @)$^ kmfu'g & ut] kf]v/f /Ëzfnfdf x'g
uO/x]sf] /fli6«o k|hftGq lbj;sf] sfo{qmddf sfnf] em08f b]vfpg] /
36
sfsL{, k"j{jt\ ,k[= !!! .
37
lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
80
k~rfotL Joj:yf lj/f]wL krf{x¿ ôfSg] lg0fo{ ug'{sf ;fy} kf]v/fsf]

k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; glhs ju/ eLdsfnL kf6gaf6 Ps a[xt ¥ofnL
lgsfNg] lg0{fo ;d]t u/]sf] lyof] .
hgcfGbf]ngsf] cfJXfg / bnsf] a9\bf] /fhg}lts s[ofsnfk af6
t;]{/ ;QfkIfn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; / jfdkGyL v]dfsf g]tf sfo{stf{x?nfO{{
kmfu'g ! ut] b]lv g} 3/ 3/}+ cfO{ lu/ˆtf/ ug{ z'? ul/ ;s]sf lyP .
o; qmddf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf w]/} g]tf tyf sfo{stf{ kqmfp kl/;s]sf
lyP eg] e"ldut cfGbf]ng z}nLsf sf/0f sDo'lgi6 g]tf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{{
kqmfp ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ . If]lqo e|d0fsf] qmddf /fh bDklt kf]v/fd}
ePsf] sf/0f cGoqsf] t'ngfdf kf]v/fdf ;'/Iff] t}gfyL al9 ePsf] /
klxn] b]lv g} kf]v/fdf bdgsf] cj:yf klg rsf]{ g} /x]sf] lyof] .38 /fhf
kf]v/f d} /x]sf] sf/0f ;'/Iff lgsfo kf]v/fdf k~rfotL Joj:yf /
/fhtGq lj/f]wL ;ef h'n'; jf krf{ ljt/0f gxf];\ eGg] s'/fdf cToGt
;+j]bglzt e} bdgsf] tof/Ldf lyP . ctM kf]v/f /Ëzfnfdf cfof]lht
k|hftGq lbj; sfo{qmddf krf{ 5g]{ tyf sfnf] em08f b]vfpg] sfo{ x'g
;s]g . t/ ledsfnL kf6g au/af6 lgsfNg] elgPsf] h'n'; pQm
:yfgdf sl/a %)) sf] ;+Vofdf /flvPsf] k|x/Lsf] sf/0f e}/j6f]naf6
tTsfnLg /fli6«o k~rfot ;b:o ;f]dgfy clwsf/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf sl/a
$)–%) hgf ;d'xsf] h'n'; k~rfotL Joj:yf lj/f]wL gf/f nufpFb}
dx]Gb|k'n ;Dd hfg] p2]Zon] cufl8 a9\of] . 39 t/ ;'/Iff lgsfon] ;f]
s'/f yfxf kfO{ ;f] h'n';nfO{{ eLd;]g 6f]n glhs} cGwfw'Gw nfl7 k|xf/
ub}{ ltt/ljt/ kf¥of]] .
38
sfsL{, k"jj{t, k[= !!^ .
39
lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
81
k|x/Ln] xfg]sf] nfl7 6fpsf]df ah|]/ tLghgf cfGbf]ngsf/L ;8sd}

40
9n]+ . o;qmddf;f]dgfy clwsf/L Kof;L;lxt @) hgf eGbf a9L
dflg;x¿ lu/ˆtf/Ldf k/] . 41 kmfu'g & sf] lbg kf]v/fdf kf6L{sf
g]tfx¿sf] cefj ePsf] dx;'; x'guof] . bdgsf] cufl8 hgtf nfrf/
b]lvP . ptf sf7df8f}+df k|hftGq lbj;sf] pknIodf bz/y /Ëzfnfaf6
lgl:sPsf] ;/sf/L h'n'; gofF ;8s cfOk'Ubf Joj:yf lj/f]wL
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n] h'n'; dfly O{+6f a;f{pg yfn] . of] 36gfn]
k~rx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ;/sf/L h'n'; efufefu x'g k'Uof] . To;} u/L
gf/fo0fu9 ahf/df cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿sf] sl/a %))) sf] h'n';
em08fx¿ ;fy cufl8 a9]sf] lyof] . o:t} u/L d'n'ssf cGo ;a} efudf
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿ h'n'; lgsfNg ;kmn eP .
kmfu'g & df;f]dgfy clwsf/L;lxt @) hgfnfO{{ kqmfp u/]kl5
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf /flvPsf] ;f] ;d'xn] kmfu'g * ut] lhNnf k|x/L
sfof{no leq} sfnf] em08f b]vfpFb} k~rfolt Joj:yf lj/f]wL gf/f
nufpg ;'? u/] . o;/L k|x/L xftfleq klg nufOPsf] gf/f h'n';sf]
va/n] kf]v/f ahf/ cem pT;flxt eof] Pjd\ cfGbf]ngsf/L dfem
;g;gL k}bf ul/lbof] .
k~rfot Joj:yfcGtu{t s} Joj:yflksf ;b:o dfggLo ;f]dgfy
clwsf/L Kof;LnfO{{ kqmfp ul/Psf] 36gfnfO{{ tTsfn} aL=aL=;L= ;dfrf/
;+:yfn] k|;f/0f u¥of] . o;n] /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o rrf{ kfof] . kf]v/f
ahf/ leq ul/Psf] bdgsf] ;j{q lgGbf eof] . kqmfp k/]sfx¿nfO{{
cToflws oftgf lbg yfn]sf] ;dfrf/ klg aflx/ cfof] . o; oftgfsf]
40
:yflgo k|ToIfbzL{ lzj a/fnaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L .
41
lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
82
;Gbe{df tTsfnLg Joj:yflksf ;b:o ;f]dgfy clwsf/L Kof;L eGg'

x'G5 42
d dfggLo ePs} sf/0f zf/Ll/s oftgfaf6 t hf]luP, t/ c¿ s'g} klg
;fyLx¿ k|x/Lx¿sf] oftgf / b'Jojxf/af6 hf]luPgg\ .
lx/f;tleq /x]sf cf:yfsf alGbx¿n] kf]v/fdf k|x/L sfof{no
leq lbg lbg} h;f] nufPsf sfnf sk8fnfO{ em08fsf] agfP/ b]vfpFb}
gf/fafhL ug{ yfn]kl5 Kof;L nufotsf alGbx¿nfO{{ hf]d;f]d h]ndf
:yfgfGt/0f ul/of] . k~rfotL zf;sx¿n] cfGbf]ng bafpg u/]sf] of]
rfn ;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t km}lnP/ emg pN6f] cj:yf ;[hgf eof] .
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{{ hf]d;f]d h]n rnfg ul/Psf] va/n]] kf]v/f
ahf/df Pp6f /fhg}lts xnrn dRrfof] . h;n] cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{{
yk phf{ k|bfg u¥of] .
hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf sf:sL lhNnfdf klg ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf]
u7g x'g uof] . sf:sL lhNnf ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{ u7g ug]{ qmddf
jfdkGyL g]tf Pd=P;= yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf Pp6f ;ldlt lgdf{0f eof] .
;f] ;ldltdf Pd=P;= yfkf nufot ;f]dgfy clwsf/L, 6]sgfy a/fn,
v]d gf/fo0f 9'Ëfgf, ltns cfrfo{, b]a]Gb| clwsf/L, gGb df]xg e§/fO{
nufotsf JolQmx¿ lyP . 43 t/ ;f] df]rf{ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ yfxf kfP/
ltns cfrfo{, 6]sgfy a/fn, b]a]Gb| clwsf/L nufot w]/}nfO{{ @)$^
df3 dlxgfd} lu/ˆtf/ ul/of] . o;/L k~rfotL tfgfzfxx¿n] cfˆgf]
zf;g Aoa:yf bl/nf] agfpg cfˆgf] u'Ktr/ ;+:yfnfO{{ lqmofzLn
t'NofPsf lyP . @)$^ kmfu'g & ut] cufj} kqmfp kg]{df g]kfnL
sf+u|];sf s]zj k/fh'nL, z'qm/fh zdf{, clwjQmf o1d"tL{ aGhf8], s[i0f
axfb'/ u'?Ë, sfnLaxfb'/ clwsf/L, cflb lyP . o;}u/L g]qkf0fL uf}td,
42
P]hg\ .
43
clwjQmf ltns cfrfo{ ;Fusf] @)^#–%–!% df lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
83
ljZjjGw' e08f/L, e'klglw kGt, v]d/fh a/fn, kßkf0fL b]jsf]6f

nufotsf bnsf g]tf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ ljgf jf/]G6 kqmfp ul/Psf] lyof]
. clwjQmf kßkf0fL b]jsf]6fnfO{{ k|x/Ln] r/d oftgf lbPsf] lyof] .44
kqmfp k/]sf /fhaGbLx¿nfO{{ sf:sL sf/fuf/, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no /
k|x/L u'Nd u/L tLg 7fpFdf /flvPsf] lyof] .
d'n'sdf rn]sf] cfGbf]ngdf lzIfs ju{n] cxd e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg]
cj:yfnfO{{ a'emL Ps ;/sf/L d'vkqn] cfˆgf] ;DkfbsLodf lzIf0f
k]zfdf ;'ljwf / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf a9\b} uPsf]n] ;Dk"0f{ lzIfsx¿ /fi6«
k|lt lhDd]jf/ /xL ;+oldt / cg'zfl;t x'g] ck]Iff hg ;fwf/0fn] u/]sf]
5 eGg] cfzosf] /fo JoQm u¥of] .45 To;} u/L To;sf] ef]lnkN6 ætLg
k|fWofksnfO{{ ;]jfaf6 cjsf;Æ zLif{scGtu{t k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf
tLg k|fWofksnfO{{ lgisf;g u/]sf] va/ ;f]xL klqsfn] k|sflzt klg
u¥of] .46
cfGbf]ngsf] k|yd lbg clw/fHo e/ ljb|f]x rs]{kl5
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿ pT;fxL eP . t/ csf]{lt/ k~rx¿ eg] cflQg yfn] .
kf]v/f pkTosfsf] ;Gbe{df eg] Pp6f ;–;fgf] h'n'; k|bz{g /
To;dflysf] bdg g} k|d'v 36gf aGg uof] . t/ ;f] lbg zflGtk"0f{ h'n';
dfly k|x/L x:tIf]k / ;f]dgfy clwsf/L Kof;Lsf] kqmfpnfO{{ ;f]xL lbg
aL=aL=;L= g]kfnL ;]jfn] u/]sf] k|rf/n] eg] cGt/f{li6«o ¿kd} rrf{ kfof] .
b]zsf clwsf+z :yfgx¿df 7"nf ;fgf h'n'; k|bz{g eO{ lx+;fTds 36gf
36]sf, st} h'n'; k|bz{gsf] k|of; ePsf] t/ ;/sf/L qf;sf] sf/0f
sltko :yfgx¿df h'n';sf] tof/L x'Fbfx'Fb} klg kf6L{ sfo{stf{x¿ tyf
cGo ;xefuLx¿ h'n';df ;xefuL x'g} g;s]sf 36gfx¿ kfOG5g\ . h]
44
P]hg .
45
uf]/vfkq @)$^ kmfu'g @ .
46
uf]/vfkq @)$^ kmfu'g # .
84
eP tfklg /fhwfgL nufot b]zsf kf]v/f / cGo zx/x¿df h'g¿kn]

;/sf/L bdgsf afah'b cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n] k|of; u/] To;n] ;Qfl;gx?
zlQm sdhf]/ ePsf] ;fljt ul/lbof] eg] kmfu'g & sf] k|bz{gsf]
;kmntfsf] sf/0f cfGbf]ngsf/L zlQm emg k|f]T;flxt eof] . ;f]xL lbg
uf]/vfkqn] ;DkfbsLodf æclxn] xfdL ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf]
dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] pTyfgsf] nflu Ps h'6 x'Fb} cufl8 a9L /x]sf] a]nf
ljs[t a'l4 ePsf Psfw JolQmn] d'n'sdf k|hftGq 5}g eg]/ grflxbf]
k|nfk ub{5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf] cfFvfdf km"nf] k/]5 eGg' l;jfo c¿ s]xL
eGg ;lsb}gÆ eGg] egfO{ k|sflzt u¥of] .47] cfGbf]ngsf] nx/n] zf;s
ju{ cGwf] eO;s]sf] k|dfl0ft x'GYof] . kmfu'g & sf] 36gfsf] ;Gbe{df
pQm klqsfn] sf7df8f}+, kfNkf, x]6f}+8f / e/tk'/df pu|jfbL tTjåf/f 9'Ëf
k|xf/ ubf{ Ps k|x/Lsf] d[To' / cGo s]xL 3fOt] ePsf] ;dfrf/ ;d]t
k|sflzt u¥of] .48
g]kfnL sf+u|];, ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{ tyf ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngn]
h'g¿kdf cfˆgf sfo{stf{ / eft[;Ë7gx¿nfO{ kl/rflnt ug]{ sfo{
of]hgf / gLltdf pgLx¿nfO{{ 7"nf] ;kmntf ldn]sf] s'/f kmfu'g & sf]
k|bz{gn] b]vfO{ lbof] . kmfu'g & df h'g 36gfx¿ 36] To;af6 cfqmf]l;t
ag]sf k|wfgdGqL dl/drdfg l;+x >]i7n] eg] –49
/fh;+:yfsf] ;+/If0f / 5xf/Ldf ;a}nfO{{ JolQmTj ljsf; ug]{, Gofo k|fKt ug{
;dfg cj;/ k|fKt 5 . o;/L k|bQ cj;/sf] k|of]u gu/L ;dfhdf cJoj:yf
km}nfO{{ ;Qfdf k'Ug ul/g] p>[ª\vn lqmofsnfkaf6 k|hftGqsf] ljsf;df an
k'Ub}g . x'nbËf, s'6lk6 h:tf p5[ª\vntfk"0f{ Pjd\ c/fhstfk"0f{ sfd
sf/jfxL /fHo Joj:yf lg0f{osf] cfwf/ klg x'g ;Sb}g .
47
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ kmfu'g $ .
48
uf]/vfkq @)$^ kmfu'g * .
49
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ kmfu'g ( .
85
o;/L hgcfGbf]ngsf] klxnf] lbg ePsf 36gfx¿sf] k|wfgdGqLn]

tLj| ¿kn] gsf/fTds l6Kk0fL u/] . pgsf] o; l6Kk0fLn] /fHo
hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ x/xfntdf bafpg rfxG5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 eof] .
hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf];|f] lbg g]kfnaGbsf] sfo{qmd kf]v/fahf/df ce"tk"j{
¿kdf ;kmn eof] . aGbsf] qmddf laxfg} k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;af6
ljBfyL{x¿sf] Ps h'n'; bf}8b} ahf/ aGb ug]{ cfXjfg ub}{ dx]Gb|k'n
;Dd cfof] . laxfg SofDk; u]6 cufl8] Pp6f a;nfO{{ 9'Ëfn] xfgL
tf]8kmf]8 ;d]t u/] . To;kl5 c¿ gu/j;x¿ rNg ;s]gg\ .50 ;/sf/n]
kf]v/fsf] d'6'sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] dx]Gb|k'n ahf/ ha/h:tL vf]Ng] k|of;
u¥of] t/ ;kmn x'g ;s]gg . o;/L kf]v/f ahf/ dfq xf]Og ;Dk"0f{
clw/fHoe/ k"j{ 3f]lift g]kfn aGbsf] sfo{qmd k"0f{ ¿kdf ;kmn eof] .
ToxL lbg eQmk'/df k|bz{gsf/Lx¿ dflysf] k|x/L cfqmd0fdf s[i0f /fd
b'jfn, xl/s[i0f e'h', /fhs'df/ ;'jfn / lgd{n zfSo zxLb eP .
7Ls o;} lbg klZrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfndf pkrf/fy{ NofOPsf
tgx'Fsf s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]nsf] d[To' eof] . pgnfO{{ tgx'sf] 9f]/lkmlb{df
ePsf] lj/f]w h'n'; kZrft k|x/Ln] d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/L lk6]sf lyP . k"gM
If]lqo c:ktfndf Pshgf cfGbf]ngsf/L ;xLb ePsf] yfxf kfPkl5
kf]v/]nLx¿ pQ]lht eP . t/ k|zf;gn] pgsf] nf; p7fpg glbP/
k|x/Lx¿n] g} bfx;+:sf/ u/]] .
o;/L hgcfGbf]ngsf] klxnf] / bf];|f] lbg k}bz{gsf/L zxLb
ePkl5 hgcfGbf]ngn] a]Un} ¿k wf/0f u¥of] . kmfu'g !! ut] kf]v/fsf]
x]Dhfdf k|x/Ln] w/ks8 ug]{ l;nl;nfdf :yfgLo s[i0fk|;fb kxf8LnfO{{
kqmfp u/L rf}sLdf nu]/ s'6]sf] / lgh;Fu ePsf] gub ?= @)) ;d]t]
n'6]sf] ljj/0f k|fKt eof] .51 zf;sx¿n] cfGbf]ng bafpg] ;Sbf] k|oTg
50
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf sfo{stf{ ;'/]Gb| ljh'S5];Fu @)^#÷^÷!* df lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
51
dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$&, k"j{jt\ , k[i7 !(@ .
86
u/] . o;qmddf kf]v/fdf tTsfnLg lhNnf k~rfot ;efklt cDa/

axfb'/ sfsL{sf] cWoIftfdf !* ;b:oLo lhNnf :t/Lo k~r Pstf
/fhg}lts kl/rfng ;ldlt u7g eof] .52 pQm ;ldlt jf:tjdf k|ltsf/
;ldlt lyof] . ;QfkIf cfGbf]ng dTy/ e};s]sf], ljb]zL zlQmsf] cf8df
ePsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ hgtfn] ;fy glbPsf] k|rf/ /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn
6]lnlehgaf6 ul//x]sf] lyof] . o;/L k~rx¿ /]l8of] cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿
ljb]zLsf a'O{ r9]sf, e]8fsf] 5fnf cf]9]\sf AafF;f / c/fli6«o tTj eGb}
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{{ ufnL ub}{ /x] . t/ g]kfnL hgtfx¿ eg] aLaL;L,
EjfO; ckm cd]l/sfsf] / cn Ol08of /]l8of]af6 cfˆgf cfGbf]ngsf
sfo{qmdx¿ / k|x/L bdgsf va/x¿ ;'Gy] . hgtfsf] gh/df /]l8of]
g]kfn /fhf / k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ehg ufpg] ehg d08nL lyof] .
ljb]zL ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ k|rf/ ul/
;xof]u ul//x]sf lyP .
s_ cfGbf]ngnfO{ cGt/fli6«o ;xfg'e"lt / ;dy{g
d'n'sdf rn]sf] hgcfGbf]ngn] yf]/} ult lnFbf klg k~rfot kIf
rsf]{ ¿kn] bdg ug{ cufl8 ;b{Yof] . ;QfkIf hlt bdg ub{Yof] Tof]
plQs} 7"nf] ;dfrf/ ag]/ ljb]zL ;dfrf/ ;+:yfx¿n] k|sflzt ub{y] .
hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] 3f]if0ff / ;QfkIfsf] bdgsf/L gLltn] ljZj
/fhgLltdf g]kfn k|hftGq ljlxg PsbnLo lg/ª\s'z /fhtGqfTds
zf;g ePsf] d'n's xf] eGg] ljZjf; eO;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] ljZj
hgdt g]kfnL hgtfsf] hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4 lyof] .
cfGbf]ngnfO{{ bafpg] qmddf ;/sf/n] ljleg ;/sf/L sfof{no /
uf8Lx¿ ;+:yfgsf uf8Lx¿ k|x/L / ;]gfnfO{{ pknAw u/fPsf lyP .
Toltn] gk'u]/ ljb]zL cfof]hgfsf uf8Lx¿ klg ha{h:tL ;]gf / k|x/L
52
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ kmfu'g !! .
87
kl/rfngdf k|of]u ug{ yflnof] . g]kfn l:yt USAID n] cd]l/sL

;xof]uaf6 ;~rflnt kl/of]hgfsf uf8Lx¿ hgcfGbf]ng bafpg k|x/L /
;]gfsf hjfgx¿nfO{{ cf];f/ k|;f/ ug{ k|of]u u/]sf]df ;/sf/ ;dIf s8f
lj/f]w hgfPsf] lyof] . USAIDn] sf= d'= cy{ ;rLjnfO{{ k7fPsf] pQm
lj/f]w kqsf ;fy /fKtL ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf b'O{ 6«sdf k|x/L / ;]gfsf
hjfgx¿ el/Psf b'O{j6f t:jL/x¿ klg /fv]]sf] lyof] . o; lsl;dsf
sfddf c¿ yk k|df0f rflxPsf] v08df k]z ug]{5f}+ / cfOGbf o:tf
sfddf kl/of]hgfsf uf8Lx¿ k|of]u gug{ pQm lj/f]w kqdf cfu|x
ul/Psf] lyof] . 53 l:j6\h/Nof08 ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt cfof]hgf
x]NeL6f;n] klg g]kfn ;/sf/n] hgtfx¿ dflysf] bdg a9\b} uPsf]df
k|ltlqmof JoQm ub{} o:t} cj:yf /x]df cfkm"n] lbb} cfPsf] ;xof]u /f]Sg]
af/] ;f]Rg] eGg] r]tfjgL lbPsf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} dfgj clwsf/sf]
xgg ePsfdf klg] b'Mv k|s6 u/]sf] lyof] . pQm ;+:yfsf] s]Gb|Lo
sfof{non] Ps k|]; lj1KtL hf/L ub}{ IDS (Integrated
Development System) sf b]a]Gb| /fh kf08] nufot sLlt{k'/
sf08df y'lgPsf ;a}nfO{{ t'?Gt l/xf ug{ elgPsf] lyof] .54
;g\ !(() dfr{ !% b]lv !* ;Dd k|mfG;sf] /]Gg];df ePsf]
;Qf?9 ;f];lni6 kf6L{sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{af6
dgdf]xg e§/fO{ / ls/0f rGb| l;+x k|wfgn] efulnO{ g]kfndf rln/x]sf]
hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;xof]u ug{ / g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ bafa lbg cg'/f]w
u/]sf lyP .55
d'n'sdf hgcfGbf]ng cufl8 a9\g] qmddf ljZjsf ljleGg If]qaf6]
bdgsf] lj/f]w eO/xof] . o;} qmddf kmfu'g !@ ut] aL=aL=;L=
53
x]d/fh clwsf/L, cfhsf] g]kfn–k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] cGj]if0ffTds /
cg;' GwfgfTds Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M rGb|snf clwsf/L, @)%* k[= ^!( .
54
P]hg, k[= ^@) .
55
P]hg .
88
;dfrf/df a]nfotaf6 k|sflzt x'g] 6fOD; / uflh{og klqsfx¿df

g]kfnaf/] lj:t[t va/ 5flkg'sf ;fy} /fhf jL/]Gb|nfO{{ lg/ªs'z zf;ssf]
cf/f]k nufOPsf] ;dfrf/ k|;fl/t ePsf] lyof] . o;/L ljb]zL ;~rf/
dfWodx¿n] g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L /x]sf]
a]nfdf g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L d'vkq eg] ljb]zL ;~rf/ dfWodsf] b'/fu|x k"0f{
k|;f/ eGb} ljb]zL ;~rf/n] a9fO r9fO k|;f/ ug'{ cfZro{ hgs /
b'/fu|x k"0f{ ePsf] ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]lift ub}{ lyof] .56 @)$^ kmfu'g ( ut]sf]
lbg wg'iff lhNnfsf] hb's'xfdf k|x/Låf/f uf]nL rnfpbf % hgfsf] Hofg
uof /, y'k|} dflg; 3fOt] eP . dg]{x¿df !$ jif{sf pbo z+s/ d08n,
^! jif{sf hfgsL b]jL ofbj, ;f]gfjtL ofbj, /fdgf/fo0f ofbj /
e'jg]Zj/L ofbj lyP . o; 36gfn] k|hftGq k|]dLx¿ :tAw x'g k'u] .
hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg /fhgLlts bn nufot cGo
ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ klg cufl8 a9] . lzIfs ;Ë7g, sfg'g Joj;foL,
kqsf/x¿, :jf:Yo sdL{ cflbn] cf–cfˆgf] 9Ën] hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg yfn] . o;}qmddf hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg g]kfn af/
Pzf]l;o;gsf] cfXjfgdf b]z el/sf sfg'g Joj;foLx¿n] @)$^ kmfu'g
( ut] cbfnt alxisf/ u/] . kf]v/f ahf/leq /x]sf tLgj6} cbfntx¿
sf:sL lhNnf cbfnt, klZrdf~rn If]qLo cbfnt / u08sL c~rn
cbfntdf klg Ohnf; alxisf/ eof] . sfg'g Joj;foLx¿ o1d'tL{
aGhf8], ltns cfrfo{, kßkfl0f b]jsf]6f, wd{gfy k|;fb zfx, Pd=P;=
yfkf nufot cGo w]/}nfO{{ klxn] g} kqmfp ul/;lsPsf] lyof] . sfg'g
Joj;foL kßkfl0f b]jsf]6fnfO{{ km]jftfn] d'xfgsf] kfd] ufpF k~rfotaf6
lu/ˆtf/ u/L oftgf lbOPsf] lyof] .57 o;sf] k|rf/ sfg'g Joj;foLx¿
aLr Jofks¿kn] ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn af/ P;f]lzo;gn] Ps cfXjfg
56
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ kmfu'g !* .
57
clwjQmf kb\dkfl0f b]jsf]6f;Fu @)^#÷&÷!* ut] lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
89
kq hf/L ub}{ lu/ˆtf/ ul/Psfx¿nfO{{ cljnDa l/xfO{ ug{ tyf

lu/ˆtf/Lsf] qmd /f]Sg kmfu'g ( ut]sf lbg ax; k}/jL ug{ cbfntdf
pkl:yt gx'g ;d:t sfg'g Joj;foLx¿nfO{{ cg'/f]w u¥of] . 58 kmfu'g
!) ut]sf] lbg cd]l/sL ljb]z ljefusf k|jQmfåf/f /fhf jL/]Gb|sf]
;/sf/nfO{{ cfjZostf eGbf a9L zlQm k|of]u gug{ r]tfjgL lbb} xfn
ePsf] lx+;ffg v]b k|s6 u¥of] . o;sf ;fy} cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] b'a}
kIfnfO{{ jftf{df h'6\g klg cfu|x u¥of] . 59
kmfu'g !! ut] cd]l/sL sf+u|];sf # l;g]6/ / # hgf k|ltlglwn]
k|hftGq / dfgj clwsf/ xgg ul/Psf]df /fhf jL/]Gb|nfO{{ s8f lj/f]w
kq k|]lift u¥of] . 60 o;/L /fhfnfO{{ kq n]Vg] l;g]6/x¿df Edward
Kennedy, Petrick Moynihan, Claiborne Pell lyP . o;sf ;fy}
klZrd hd{gL, :jLh/Nof08 / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] dfgjclwsf/ /
k|hftGqsf] kIfdf jsfnt u/]/ k~rfotL ;/sf/nfO{{ bjfj lbg yfn] .61
kf]v/f ahf/df k|x/L k|zf;gsf] Jofks bdgsf afah'b ;–;fgf
58\s] h'n'; eO/x] . ljz]if u/L ;fFemsf] ;dodf !@–!% hgfsf] h'n';
k|foM htf;'s} rf]srf]sdf s]xL ldg]6 gf/f nufpFb} l5Gg leGg x'g]
ub{Yof] . kf]v/fsf] lj/f}6f rf]s, /fdahf/ rf]s, au/ 6\ofS;L rf]s,
dx]Gb|k'n, k[YjL rf]s cflb :yfgdf k|bz{gsf/Lx¿ b]lvg] / n'Sg] ug{
yfn] . o;} qmddf kmfu'g !! ut]sf lbg /Tg dlGb/ ePsf] a}bfd If]qdf
s]xL pT;fxL o'jfx¿n] k~rfotL Joj:yf lj/f]wL gf/f nufP . Cifenfn
ltldnf, eLd kxf8L, df]xg ltldlN;gf nufotsf o'jf g]tfx?sf]
58
g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;ogsf] cfXjfg )$^.!).@( .
59
k'ik/fh rfln;], hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ ;QfkIfsf] k|ltjfb / lj/f]w, sf7df8f}+M pbo
a'S; @)%(, k[= *) .
60
P]hg .
61
Ram Sharan Mahat, In Defence of Democracy, New Delhi: Adroit
90
g]t[Tjdf pQm h'n'; / gf/fn] k~rx¿sf] ;ftf] p8\of] . s]xL ldg]6leq}

gf/f nufOPsf] 7fpFdf k'ln;x¿ cfOk'u] . t/ k}bz{gsf/Lx¿ kqmfp
x'gaf6 eg] hf]luP . k~rx¿n] /fhfnfO{{ kf]v/fdf hgcfGbf]ngsf] s'g}
c;/ gk/]sf] atfPsf] a]nf b/af/ glhs} o;/L gf/f nfUbf k~rx¿sf]
xf]; u'd x'g' :jefljs} lyof] . kf]v/f If]qleq cfGbf]ngn] ult lnO{/x]s}
a]nf k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf tLghgf k|fWofksx¿nfO{{ lq=lj=n] u/]sf]
avf{:tuLsf lj?4df g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3 ;dGjo ;ldlt sf7df8f}+n] Ps
s8f lj1KtL hf/L ub}{ anhkmlt lq=lj=;]jf af6 x6fOPsf pkk|fWofks
e"klt 9sfn …sdnÚ, ;xfos k|fWofks u]x]Gb|]Zj/ sf]O/fnf / ;xfos
k|fWofks wd{gfy k|;fb zfxnfO{{ oyflz3| k'g{axfnL ug{' kg]{ cGoyf
k|ltsf/ ug]{ r]tfjgL lbof] . pQm lj1lKt g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3 PsfO{
;dGjog ;ldltsf sdns[i0f hf]zL / ;rLj g/xl/ cfrfo{n] x:tfIf/
u/L pks'nkltnfO{{ k7fOPsf] lyof] . 62 kf]v/fsf tLghgf k|fWofkssf]
avf{:tLsf] lj?4df lqljsf k|fWofksx¿sf] cfd ;dy{g k|fKt ePkl5
kf]v/]nL ;Dk"0f{ k|fWofks, ljBfyL{ tyf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿sf] xf};nf rf}u'gf
eof] .
k|x/L bdgsf] qmddf ljZjd} k|ltalGwt eO;s]sf] uf]nLsf] k|of]u
ub}{ k|x/Ln] k|bz{gsf/Lx¿sf] Hofg lng yfn]kl5 To;sf] lj/f]w ub}{
klxnf] kN6 lzIf0f c:ktfnsf %)) lrlsT;s tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] b'O{
306] x8tfn ;DkGg u/] . kmfu'g !@ / !$ ut] jL/ c:ktfnsf
lrlsT;s tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg @ 306] x8tfn cfof]hgf u/] .63
o;} u/L kmfu'g !^ ut] b]zel/sf k|fWofksx¿åf/f snd aGb /
lj/f]w ;ef ul/of] . kf]v/fdf klg ;a} SofDk;x¿df snd aGb ul/of] .
tLghgf k|fWofkssf] lu/ˆtf/Ln ;Dk"0f{ k|fWofksx¿ cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldO
62
qo k|fWofkssf] avf{:tuL lj?4 g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3sf] lj/f]w kq, .
63
rfln;], k"j{jt\, k[= *! .
91
;s]sf lyP . o:tf] b]zJofkL snd aGbsf] sfo{qmd ePsf] a]nfdf kf]v/f
If]qsf SofDk;x¿df k9fO x'g] t s'/} ePg . pgLx¿n] k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;df Ps lj/f]w ;ef klg ;DkGg u/] . o;} lbg kmfu'g & ut]
kfNkf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tfg;]gdf ePsf] hgk|bz{gdf uf]nL nflu
3fOt] ePsf ;'o{ k|;fb l3ld/] sf7df8f}+sf] jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/
ubf{ub}{ zxLb aGg k'u] .
kmfu'g !( ut]sf] g]kfn aGbsf] sfo{qmddf ;Dk"0f{ b]zjf;Lsf]
k|;:t ;dy{g /Xof] . sf7df8f}+df ahf/ k"0f{¿kn] aGb eof] . To;} u/L
kf]v/f ahf/ klg ;'g;fg /Xof] . oftfoftsf s'g} klg ;fwg kf]v/fleq
rn]gg\ . kmf6km'6 ¿kdf rn]sf 6\ofS;Lx¿ klg kf]v/fsf] d'n ahf/
5f]8]/ cGt hfg dfGb}gy] lsgls d'n ahf/df k|x/Lsf] pkl:ylt k|z:t
lyof] . aGbsf] cj1f ug]{ 6\ofS;L jf s'g} klg uf8Lx¿ s'gf sfKrfdf
hfFb}gy] t/ ;/sf/ eg] hah{:tL rnfO{{Psf 6\ofS;Lx¿ g]kfn 6]lnlehg
af6 b]vfpFb} aGb c;kmn ePsf] ;dfrf/ k|rf/ ul/of] . k~rfotL
bdgsf afah'b bnx¿sf] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] k|yd r/0fsf] sfo{qmd
g]kfnL hgtfnfO{{ cfGbf]ngk|lt hfu?s u/fpFb} Pj+ ljZj /fhgLltdf
g]kfnL hgtfsf] /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngnfO{{ kl/lrt u/fpFb} ;DkGg eof] .
v hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{qmd
@)$^ kmfu'g !( ut] ;Ddsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] sfo{qmddf ;/sf/n]
cToGt} cfqmds / bdgsf/L gLlt cjnDag u¥of] . kmfu'g * ut]
e/tk'/ / kmfu'g ( ut] hgsk'/df uf]nL rnfpg} gkg]{ l:yltdf klg
uf]nL rnfP/ dflg;x¿ dfl/Psf]n] cfGbf]ngn] cGt/f{li6«o k|rf/ k|;f/
kfof] . kmfu'g !( ut] bnx¿n] /fv]sf] g]kfnaGb sfo{qmd k"0f{?kn]
;kmn /xof] eGb} kmfu'g !( ut] aLaL;Laf6 clxn];Dd *))) dflg;
lu/ˆtf/ ePsf], cfGbf]ngsf] ;Gbe{df dlGqd08ndf kmf6f] cfPsf] /
/fhfsf] 5jL ljb]zdf lalu|g yfn]sf] b]v]/ /fhfsf ;Nnfxsf/ klg
92
lrlGtt ePsf] va/ k|;fl/t eof] .64 ljZj k|l;4 klqsf Asia Week
n] @ dfr{ !(() sf] cÍdf u0f]zdfg l;+xsf] cGtjf{tf{ k|sflzt ub}{
pgsf] k|hftGq k|ltsf] c7f]6 af/]dfklg v'nf;f kf¥of] .65 olta]nf ;Dd
l:ylt ;/sf/s} lgoGq0fdf lyof] . ;/sf/n] cfGbf]ngdf sDo'lgi6x¿
xfjL ePsf] b]vfP/ sf+u]|; / sDo'lgi6x¿nfO{{ km'6fpg] s'l6n k|of; klg
u¥of] . o;}u/L cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{{ oftgf lbP/ k~rfotsf] ;dy{gdf
jStJox?klg lgsfNg nufOof] . t/ k~rfot kIfsf] x/]s k|of; c;kmn
eO/x]sf lyP eg] csf]{lt/ k|hftGqjfbLx¿ pT;fxL agL /x]sf lyP .
o;kl5 g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfGbf]ngsf]
bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff u/]] . h; cg';f/ –66
!= @)$^ kmfu'g @^ ut] b]zJofkL cfd;ef ug]{ / k~rfotsf] k'Tnf
hnfpg] .
@ kmfu'g @&, @* / @( ut] kf6L{sf em08fx¿ ljt/0fug]{ kmx/fpg]
/ To;af/] JofVofg ;efx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .
#= kmfu'g #) ut] h'n'; k|bz{g ug]{,
$= r}q ! ut] g]kfn aGb ug]{
%= r}q !) ut] hgPstf lbj;sf ¿kdf ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{, hg;Ë7g /
k]zfut ;Ë7gx¿n] cf–cfˆgf em08f af]sL h'n'; k|b{zg ug]{ .
kf]v/f pkTosfdf ePsf] cfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmdx¿af/] tYos'/f
a'‰g] qmddf @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf :yfgLo
o'jfx¿sf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf g]kfnL sf+u|]; gu/ OsfO{ cWoIf /fd]Zj/
dNnsf] ljrf/df –
64
/fdxl/ hf]zL -;Dkf=_, @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng ljZjsf] cfFvL‰ofnaf6, dn+ujfM
/fdxl/ hf]zL, @)%# , k[= !(–@) .
65
P]hg, k[= !#% .
66
x'dfgfy zdf{, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ df :ofª\hfsf] e"ldsf, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/
zf]wkq Oltxf; ljefu k[YjL gf/fo0f SofDk; kf]v/fM @)^!, k[= *$ .
93
b]zsf] ;Qf /fhgLltsf] ldof]sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] /fhf g} kf]v/fdf cfP/ /xL
lbPsf sf/0f k~rx¿sf] bdgsf/L gLlt tLj| ¿kn] cufl8 a9]sf] a]nfdf
xfdLn] kf]v/fdf vf;} To:tf] 7"nf] s'g} h'n'; jf cfd;efx¿sf] k|bz{g ug{
;s]gf} t/ kf]v/f pkTosf leqsf tdfd a'l4lhaL k]zfut ;+3 ;+:yf, z}lIfs
;+3 ;+:yfx¿ nufot Jofkf/L ju{x¿n] xfd|f] g}lts ¿kn] ;dy{g u/]sf lyP
. To;}n] xfdLn] u/]sf ;–;fgf sf]0f ;ef / 58\s] h'n';x¿ g} dxTjk"0f{
lj/f]w sfo{qmd x'g] ub{y] . vf; u/L kf]v/fsf] au/ eLdsfnL kf6gb]lv
ljGWojfl;gL 6f]n, e}/j6f]n, eLd;]g 6f]n, gfnfd'v / dx]Gb|k'n g} xfd|f]
cfGbf]ng :ynsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . k|x/L k|zf;gsf] cfFvf 5n]/ xfdL ;–
;fgf sf]0f ;ef / h'n'; u/L Joj:yf lj/f]wL gf/f nufpFb} s]xL l5g kl5 g}
ltt/ lat/ x'GYof}+ . o;/L g} xfdLn] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ult lbg] k|of; u/]sf lyof}+
. 67
o;}u/L kf]v/f gu/ k~rfot j8f g++ # df gu/ ;b:osf] sfo{ef/
;Dxfln /xg' ePsf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf o'jf sfo{stf{ ;'/]Gb|dfg ljh'S5]sf
cg';f/ –68
kf]v/fdf @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf bnx¿n] vf;} 7"nf k|bz{gx¿ ug{
g;s] klg x/]s kf]v/]nL hgtfsf dgdf cfGbf]ngk|ltsf] ;b\efjgf hufpg
;lsof] . cfGbf]ngdf hgtfx¿nfO{{ ;8sdf cf]/fNg g;lsP tfklg k~rfotL
Joj:yf k|ltsf] 3[0ff efjnfO{{ xfdLn] hufO ;s]sf lyof} . To;}n] @)$^ r}q
# ut]sf] a[xt If]qLo k~r ¥ofnLdf kf]v/]nL gu/jf;Lsf] pkl:ylt z'Go g}
lyof] . k~r ¥of/nLdf ;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{{ vfg], a:g] / k};fsf] nf]e b]vfP/
ufpF ufpFaf6 a;sf a; cf];fl/Psf] lyof] . t/ u|fdL0f e]uaf6 gf/f h'n';
ub}{ Pp6f klg k~r ¥ofnL kf]v/f cfPg . ;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{{ a;df ;'la:tf
;fy NofOPsf] lyof] .
o;} ;Gbe{df tTsfnLg g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfn]_ cGtu{t
dlxnf kmfF6df sfo{/t dlxnf sfo{stf{ k|ef sf]O/fnfsf cg';f/–
67
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf sfo{stf{ /fd]Zj/ dNn;Fu @)^#÷&÷@) df lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
68
g]kfnL sf+u];
| sf sfo{stf{ ;'/]Gb| ljh'S5];Fu @)^#÷^÷!* df lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
94
kf]v/f gu/leq Jofks k|x/L bdgsf sf/0f 7"nf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{
g;s] tfklg xfdLn] s]xL ;–;fgf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} 58\s] h'n';
/ sf]0f ;efx¿ ul/g} /xof} . t/ k~rfotL zf;sx¿nfO{{ t;f{pg eg] xfdLn]
ufpF ufpFdf ;fFem dzfn h'n';x¿ k|bz{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{{ eg] lg/Gt/tf lbof} .
;fFem /ftsf] a]nfdf kf]v/f pkTosf j/k/sf 8fF8fx¿df nx/} /fFsfx¿ b]lvg
yfn]kl5 ;a} kf]v/]nLx¿n] To;nfO{{ Joj:yf lj?4sf] k|b{zgsf] ¿kdf g}
a'‰g yfn]] . o;/L g} xfdLn] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg k|oTg ul//xof}+ .69
o;/L kf]v/f pkTosfleq Joj:yf lj/f]wL 7"nf sfo{qmdx¿ x'g
gkfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf kf]v/f pkTosf cf;kf;sf u|fdL0f If]q eg]
cfGbf]lnt eO g} /x]sf] lyof] . ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;+3if{ ;ldltn] bf];|f]
r/0fsf] cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff u/] tfklg kf]v/f ahf/leq To:tf]
s'g} vfnsf] pNn]vgLo 7"nf] sfo{qmd x'g ;s]g .70 olt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg
r}q ! ut]sf] g]kfn aGbsf] sfo{qmd eg] ce"tk"j{ ¿kdf ;kmn eof]
lsg ls aGbsf] sfo{df ;a}nfO{{ cj1f ug{ ;lhn} x'GYof] / hf/L
cfGbf]ngk|lt k~r / k|x/L k|zf;g afx]s c¿ ;a}sf] g}lts ;dy{g
lyof] .71 o;/L r}q ! df g]kfn aGb ePs} lbgdf k|sflzt uf]/vfkqdf
/fli6«o k~rfotsf cWoIf gj/fh ;'j]bLn] kf]v/fdf af]Nb} lgb{nLo
k~rfotL Joj:yfaf6} g]kfnL dfqsf] lxt / /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;Da4{g x'g]
s'/fnfO{{ k|d'vtfsf ;fy 5fk]sf] lyof] . 72 o;} a]nf kf]v/fsf] k"jL{ e]u
lzz'jf ahf/sf] nIdL cfb{z dfWolds ljBfno tyf cGo :s'nsf
laBfyL{x¿ ;+nUg eO{ Pp6f a[xt\ lj/f]w h'n'; lgl:sof] . :yfgLo
/fhg}lts sfo{stf{ l8NnL/fd ltjf/L, ;'/]Gb| clwsf/L, d'/f/L sf]O/fnf
69
tTsfnLg g]=s=kf=df=n]=sf sfo{stf{ k|ef sf]O/fnf;Fu ldlt @)^#÷^÷!( df
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
70
tTsfnLg kf]=g=k+= j8f g++ # sf gu/ ;ef ;b:o tyf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{
;gsdfg af6fh';Fusf] ldlt @)^#÷^÷! sf] cGtjf{tf{ .
71
P]hg .
72
uf]/vfkq, @)$^–r}q ! .
95
nufotsf JolQmx¿ ;lDdlnt g]kfnL sf+u|];sf x]ddf]xg e§/fO{sf]

g]t[Tjdf lgl:sPsf] h'n';n] 8fF8fsf] gfssf] k|x/L rf}sLaf6 cfPsf] k|x/L
b:tfnfO{{ 9'Ëf / d"9f u/]/ nv]6\b} v'bLdf h'n'; /f]Sg a;]sf] k|x/Lsf]
5]saf/ klg tf]8\b} h'n'; cufl8 a9\of] .
o;/L cufl8 a9]sf] h'n'; l;:g]/L ahf/ ¿kfsf]6sf] km]lbdf uO{
a[xt\ cfd;efdf kl/0ft eof] . pQm cfd;efdf x]ddf]xg e§/fO{,
l8NnL/fd ltjf/L, 7fs'/ k|;fb sF8]n, /fdafa' e08f/L, cg]/f:jljo'sf
k/dfgGb 9'Ëfgf nufotsf ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf lyP . pQm
;ef ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 ;fbf kf]zfssf k|x/L / d08n]x¿ tyf s]xL
k|x/Lx¿af6 ;d]t cfqmd0f ug]{ sfo{ eof] . h'n';sf] k|lt/f]wsf] sf/0f
d08n]x¿ kl5 x6\g jfWo eP . ljBfyL{ / hgtfx¿sf] ;xeflutf ePsf]
sl/a @))) hgfsf] of] h'n'; @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fg
kf]v/fdf lgl:sPsf] 7"nf] h'n'; lyof] .73
@)$^ ;fn r}q # ut]sf lbg kf]v/fdf If]qLo j[xt\ k~r ¥ofnLsf]
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ¥ofnLnfO{{ /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 klg ;Daf]wg
ug]{ sfo{qmd lyof] . Ps nfv eGbf a9L hgtfx¿nfO{{ ;xefuL u/fpg]
nIo /flvPsf] pQm sfo{qmddf krf;xhf/ JolQmnfO{{ lgdGqf0fkq
afFl8Psf] lyof] . u08sL, n'lDagL, wf}nflul/ dfq geP/ lrtjg /
dsjfgk'/af6 klg dflg;x¿ a;sf a; cf];fl/Psf lyP . k|x/Lx¿nfO{{
;d]t ;fbf kf]zfsdf pkl:yt u/fOPsf] lyof] . laxfg !! ah]b]lv ;'?
x'g] pQm k~r¥ofnLsf nflu k|x/Ln] ljxfg & ah] b]lv g} kf]v/f
/Ëzfnfdf dflg;x¿ hDdf ug{ yfn]sf] lyof] . t/ klg ¥ofnLdf nueu
klRr;xhf/ dflg; dfq hDdf ePsf lyP .74 d'n's el/ pQm lbg /fhf
jL/]Gb|sf] ;Daf]wgsf] k|ltIff ul/Psf] lyof] . k~rfot Ot/ zflGt
73
ljBfyL{ g]tf x]ddf]xg e§/fO{;Fu ldlt @)^#–^–! ut] lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
74
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\ , k[= #%$ .
96
cfGbf]ng cufl8 a9]sf] s'/fdf lglZrt lyP Pjd\ /fhf jL/]Gb|n] o;nfO{{
cfTd;ft u/]s} x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;f]rfOdf lyP . t/ /fhf jL/]Gb|sf]
;Daf]wgdf s'g} gofF s'/f lyPg . xfd|f] k/Dk/fdf nf]s ;Ddlt g}
/fhg}lts k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/ xf] eGb} pQm ;Daf]wgdf hgdt ;ª\u|x g}
nf]s ;Ddltsf] ;'rs xf] eGg] cfzo JoQm ub}{ @)#^ sf] hgdt
;ª\u|xdf ljhoL k~rfotnfO{{ g} ;a} g]kfnLn] cfˆgf] zf;g k|0ffnL dfGg'
kg]{ k"/fg} /fu /fhfn] bf]xf]¥ofP . h;n] ubf{ kl/jt{gsf] rfxfgf
/fVg]x¿sf nflu To; lbgsf] zfxL ;Daf]wg lg/fzfhgs l;4 eof] .75
o;af6 cfGbf]ngsf/L bnx¿nfO{{ ca cfGbf]ng g} Ps dfq / clGtd
ljsNk xf] eGg] tYo 5n{Ë eof] .
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf]
dfq cfGbf]ng lyPg . ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{;Fu c;xdt g]kfnsf cGo
jfdkGyL bnx¿sf] ;femf df]rf{ ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ng klg k~rfot
lj?4sf] cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf] lyof] . pQm ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngn]
g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] k~rfot lj/f]wL x/]s sfo{qmddf
cfˆgf] g}lts / ef}lts ;dy{g u/]sf] lyof] . ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ng
gfds pQm ;dfgfGt/ jfddf]rf{n] cfGbf]ng ;DaGwL cfˆgf] 5'§} sfo{qmd
k|sfzdf Nofof] . o;df r}q % ut] /fi6« JofkL lj/f]w k|bz{g ug],{ !%
ut] sfnf] lbj; dgfpg] /flt aQL lgefpg] / r}q @$ ut] g]kfn aGb
ug]{ sfo{qmd lyof] . 76 o;}qmddf ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngn] @)$^
r}q % ut] kf]v/fdf cfˆgf] Psn lj/f]w h'n'; sfo{qmd /fv]sf] lyof] .
r}q % ut] dx]Gb|k'n lrKn] 9'Ëfl:yt k"l0f{df l;g]df xnaf6 lkmNd ;s]/
5'6g] a]nfdf sl/a @% hgfsf] em08f ;lxtsf] h'n'; k~rfotL Joj:yf
lj/f]wL gf/f nufpFb] dx]Gb|k'n tkm{ cufl8 a9\of] . g]=s=kf= d;fnsf
75
uf]/vfkq @)$^– r}q $ .
76
P]hg, .
97
g]tf z+s/ a/fnsf] g]t[Tjdf lgl:sPsf] pQm h'n'; k"l0f{df l;g]df

xnaf6 @)) ld6/ cufl8 a9\bf ga9\b} k|x/L x:tIf]k eOxfNof] . pQm
k|x/L x:tIf]kdf ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf sfo{stf{x¿ OlGb/f
nfld5fg], ljdnf kxf8L ?sdf+ub Gof}kfg] / uf]kL a/fn kqmfp k/] .
k|x/L x:tIf]kaf6 aRgsf nflu g} h'n';sf] ;do lkmNd 5'6\g] a]nfdf
lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] s'/f pQm h'n';sf] g]t[Tj ;Dxfn]sf g]kfn sDo'lgi6
kf6L{ d;fnsf g]tf z+s/ a/fnn] atfpg' eof] –77
kf]v/f ahf/df k|x/Lsf] pkl:ylt olt w]/} afSnf] lyof] ls h'n'; @)) ld6/
cufl8 a9\g gkfpFb} s'g} klg :yfgdf k|x/L kmf];{ k'uL xfNbYof] . To:tf]
cj:yfdf h'n'; lg:sg' rfgr'g] s'/f lyPg . ;f]xL lbg ;+o'Qm /fli6«o
hgcfGbf]ngn] k"jL{ kf]v/f If]qsf] ljhok'/df ;fFem d;fn h'n'; k|bz{g u¥of]
. ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf g]tf Clif s]zj kf}8]nsf] g]t[Tjdf lgl:sPsf]
pQm d;fn h'n'; eJotfsf ;fy ;DkGg eof] eg] ;f]xL lbg aL=aL=;L=
g]kfnL ;]jfn] pQm b'a} sfo{qmdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dxTjsf ;fy k|;fl/t
u¥of] .
o;/L hgcfGbf]ngsf] a]nfdf @)–@% hgfsf] h'n'; lgl:sg',
d;fn h'n'; lg:sg' / @, # ;o ld6/ h'n'; cufl8 nDsg gkfpFb}
k|x/L x:tIf]k eO h'n'; ;dfKt x'g] k|lqmofn] @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngsf]
ult ;fx}| ;':t ultn] cufl8 a9]sf] k|dfl0ft x'GYof] . cem kf]v/f ahf/
/ ;du| kf]v/f pkTosfleq t bf];|f] r/0fsf s'g} klg sfo{qmdx¿
k|efjsf/L b]lvg ;s]g . cfGbf]ng o;/L lwdf ultn] cufl8 a9]sf] b]v]/
k~rx¿ bË ky]{ / eGby] Joj:yf lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng lzlyn eof], of] ca
cufl8 a9\g]jfnf 5}g .
r}q !) ut] hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{qmdsf] clGtd lbg
hgPstf lbj; dgfpg] sfo{qmd lyof] . t/ kf]v/f pkTosfdf To:tf]
77
g]skf d;fnsf lhNnf g]tf z+s/ a/fn;Fu ldlt @)^#÷^÷!% df lnO{Psf] cGtjftf{
.
98
vf;} s'g} sfo{qmd ug{ ;lsPg . lsg ls r}q ( ut]sf lbg /fhf jL/]Gb|
;jf/Laf6 sf7df8f}+ lkmtf{ ePsf] sf/0f k~rfotL ;QfkIf / /fhfsf
rfs8Ljfhx¿ /fhfsf] kf]v/f e|d0fsf] qmddf kf]v/f ahf/nfO{{ k|x/L
k|zf;gn] k'0f{ lgoGq0fdf lnP/ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] 7"nf] k|bz{gx¿ x'g
glbPsf] / x'g gkfPsf] v'zLofnLdf cfˆgf] bdgsfo{nfO{{ hf/L /fVg] k|0f
ub}{ lyP . ;f]xL sf/0f klg kf]v/f pkTosfleq hgPstf lbj; st} klg
eJo¿kdf dgfOPg . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf klg j;Gtk'/df lgwf{l/t
lj/f]w ;ef k|x/L t}gfyLsf] sf/0f ;DkGg x'g ;s]g . sf7df8f}+sf]
g/b]jL, lvrfkf]v/L, kfsf] cflb 7fpFdf 58\s] h'n';x¿ dfq lgl:sof] .
sLlt{k'/ SofDk;df sl/a @)) k|fWofksx?n] lq=lj=sf pks'nkltnfO{{
3]/fp u/L /fhLgfdf dfu u/] . 78 sf7df8f}+sf] If]qLo cbfntsf
jlsnx¿n] ;f] lbg sfnf] kl§ afFlw df}g lj/f]w u/] . ;du|df sf7df8f}+
klg ;f] lbg cfGbf]ngdo x'g ;s]g .
To; kl/l:yltnfO{{ aL=aL=;L= sf lbNnL l:yt k|ltlglw tyf
ljVoft kqsf/ dfs{ 6nLn] sf7df8f}+sf] cd]l/sg nfO{{a]|/L cufl8 pleP/
cjnf]sg ul//x]sf lyP . w]/} s'/fx¿ x]l/ ljrf/ u/L pgn] ;+o'Qm
jfddf]rf{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ;+3if{ ;ldltsf ;b:o nf]sgf/fo0f
;'j]bLnfO{{ eg] –
tkfOFx¿sf] hgcfGbf]ng ;dfKt eP h:tf] b]lvG5 <79
dfs{ 6nL aL=aL=;L= ;+:yfsf blIf0f Pl;of ;DaGwL lj1 Ps ljZj
ljVoft kqsf/ x'g\ . pgL g]kfnsf] hgcfGbf]ng;DaGwL cWoog ug{ /
;dfrf/ ;Íng ug{ sf7df8f} cfPsf lyP . pgn] sf7df8f}+df y'k|}
cfGbf]ngsf/L g]tfx¿;Fu e]63f6 u/] . o;} ;Gbe{ddf r}q !! ut]
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf g]tfåo kL= Pn= l;+x / dfyj/ l;+x a:Goft;Fu
78
clwsf/L, k'j{jt\ , k[== #%* .
79
cf]u'/f, k"j{jt\ , k[= !)) .
99
cGtjf{tf{ lngsf nflu dfs{ 6nLn] e]63f6 u/]sf lyP . pgLx¿n]

cfGbf]ngsf] ;Gbe{df w]/} s'/fsfgL u/] . ToxL l;nl;nfdf cfGbf]ngaf/]
dfs{ 6nLn] cfˆgf] JolQmut cg'ej / b[li6sf]0f klg atfP . dfs{ 6nLn]
r}q !) sf] hgPstf lbj;af/] eg] –80
lxhf] d Go"/f]8df a;]/ ;a} s'/f x]l//x]sf] lyP . t/ hgcfGbf]ng h:tf] s'g}
s'/f d}n] ToxfF b]lvg . d}n] w]/} b]zsf] cfGbf]ng b]vs
] f] 5' . t/ oxfF h] b]v]
To;nfO{{ hgcfGbf]ng eGg ;lsb}g .Æ
;du|df eGg' kbf{ hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] Hjf/ef6f o; ;dodf
cfP/ s]xL sdhf]/ ePsf] dx;'; w]/}n] ug{ k'u]sf lyP . b]zsf]
/fhwfgLsf] cfGbf]ngsf] ult To;/L sdhf]/ x'g k'u]kl5 df]km;nsf
lhNnfx¿df cfGbf]ngsf] /fFsf] aNg] s'/} ePg . t}klg k|hftGq k|]dLx¿
xtf; ePsf lyPgg\ . pgLx¿ s;/L cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg
;lsG5 eGg] ;f]rdf g} /x]sf lyP . kf]v/f pkTosfdf x'g] cfGbf]ng
b]zsf cGo efudf x'g] cfGbf]ng ;Fu} hf]l8Psf] x'GYof] . b]zsf cGo
efudf cfGbf]ngn] la:tf/} ult lnPsf] b]Vg yfn]kl5 kf]v/f klg tfTg]
ub{Yof] . o;}aLr r}q ( ut] /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] sf7df8f}+ lkmtL{ e};s]kl5
kf]v/f ca cfGbf]lnt x'G5 eGg] g]tf sfo{stf{x¿n] 7fg]sf lyP . t/
k|x/Lansf] cfwf/df cfGbf]ngnfO{{ bdg ug{ cufl8 a9]sf] k|zf;g
/fhfsf] lkmlt{kl5 klg Ps sbd klg kl5 x6]g . bdg sfod} /xof] .
km]l/ klg bnx¿n] k|bz{g ug]{ sfo{ ug{ ;s]gg\ .
o;}aLr kf]v/fsf] jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg kf]v/f SofDk;df
r}q ( ut] PsfPs z:q k|x/Lx¿ k|j]z u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ ljgf sf/0f
kqmfp ul/of] . hgcfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ Pslqt ePsf]
80
P]hg, k[= !)! .
100
df}sf kf/]/ k|x/Lx¿n] sl/a #)) ljBfyL{{x¿nfO{{ kqmfp u¥of] . 81 tL

;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ SofDk;sf] 5fqfjf;af6 lu/ˆtf/ ul/Psf] lyof] .
lu/ˆtf/ ubf{ sltkonfO{{ cdfgjLo 9Ën] oftgf lbb} nluPsf] lyof] .82
;f]xL lbg lbp;f] SofDk;df k|x/Lx¿ cfO{ ;f]xL SofDk;sf x]=c=
dgdf]xg k/fh'nLnfO{{ hgcfGbf]ngdf ;xof]u u/]sf] eGb} kqmfp u/]sf] /
lghsf] 3/ vfgtnf;L u/]sf k|x/Ln] lgh;Fu ePsf] ? @#))).– gub
;d]t sJHffdf lnO{ y'gfdf klg s'6lk6 u/] . r}q @! ut] dfq dgdf]xg
k/fh'nLnfO{{ l/xf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] qmddf lgh dgdf]xg k/fh'nLsf]
3/sf] !) d'/L wfg ;d]t gf]S;fgL ePsf] Joxf]/f v'nfO{{ hgcfGbf]ngdf -
@)$^_ ePsf] hgwgsf] Iflt ;DalGw hfFra'em cfof]u -dlNns cfof]u_
k|ltj]bgn] ;DklQ Iflt ;DalGw ljj/0fdf :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . 83
o;af6 kf]v/fsf hgtfx¿ ca ceg qm'4 x'g k'u] . ljBfyL{x¿ dfly
k6s k6s x/]s SofDk;df k|x/Lx¿ hfFb} kqmfp u/]sf] tYonfO{{ kf]v/]nL
hgtfx¿n] ;xg ;s]gg\ . To;}n] kf]v/]nL hgtfx¿n] 6f]n 6f]ndf 58\s]
h'n'; tyf gf/fafhL ug{ yfn] . ljBfyL{x¿sf] kqmfp kl5 58\s]
h'n';x¿df 6f]n 6f]nsf ljBfyL{ o'jfx¿ g} cu'jf x'Gy] . 84
hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{qmdsf] clGtd lbg kf]v/fdf bdg tLj|
eof] . r}q ( ut] jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg kf]v/f SofDk;df k|x/Ln]
u/]sf] x:tIf]ksf] sf/0f r}q !) ut] bnx¿sf] lj/f]w sfo{qmd rsf]{ x'g]5
eGg] cg'dfgdf k~rfotL ;Qfwf/Lx¿n] kf]v/f pkTosfsf ;a} h'n';
lg:sg ;Sg] :yfgx¿df k|x/Lsf] t}gfyL k"0f{¿kn] u/L ;s]sf] lyof] .
81
jglj1fg SofDk;sf ljBfyL{ g]tf ls/0f kf}8]n;Fu @)^#÷(÷( df lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{
.
82
P]hg .
83
OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn, dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg -hfFra'em cfof]u, @)$&_, sf7df8f}+M
cGt/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ jftfj/0f tyf ljsf; k|lti7fg, lj=;+= @)%! k[= !(@ .
84
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
101
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; cufl8 lg:sg vf]h]sf] Ps h'n';nfO{{ SofDk; u]6

cufl8 g} nf7L rfh{ u/L l5GgleGg kfl/of] . nfdfrf}/ OlGhlgol/Ë
cWoog ;+:yfgaf6 h'n'; lg:sg} ;s]g eg] bnx¿n] st} klg h'n';
lgsfNg ;s]gg\ .
o;/L hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] cfGbf]ngsf] clGtd
;do;Dd cfOk'Ubf klg s]xL ;fgf sfo{qmdafx]s cGo sfo{qmdx¿n]
kf]v/f pkTosf nufot k'/} b]zel/ x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . vf;} 7"nf]
;kmntf k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] eP tfklg k~rfotL kIfsf] k"jf{g'dfg
ljk/Lt cfGbf]ngsf] k|f/lDes r/0fb]lv g} a'l4lhjLx¿sf] k]zfut ;Ë7g
/ ljBfyL{{sf] P]Soj4 ;Ë7gn] eg] ;/sf/L lx+;f / bdgsf] lj/f]w ub}{
cfGbf]ngk|lt] cfˆgf] :ki6 ;dy{g hgfO lbP . kmntM cfGbf]ngsf lj/f]w
sfo{qmdx¿ c;kmn x'bf x'b} klg d'n's cfGbf]lnt /lx/xof] . o;k|sf/
Ot/ kIfsf] cfGbf]ngdf ;/sf/L bdg ;kmn /xFbf /xFb} klg
cfGbf]ngnfO{{ lgl:qmo agfpg c;kmn aGg afWo eof] .
jf:tjdf @)$^ kmfu'gsf] cGtlt/af6} hgcfgGbf]ngdf lzlyntf
b]vfk/]sf] lyof] . To:tf] cj:yfdf @)$^ r}q # sf] klZrdf~rn :t/Lo
If]qLo k~r e]nfdf ePsf] /fhfsf] ;Daf]wgn] b]ze/ cfqmf]z k}bf
ul/lbof] eg] csf{lt/ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf ;d]t /fhfsf] ;sf/fTds
b[li6sf]0f /x]g5 eGg] :ki6 ePsf]n] ltgLx¿ cfGbf]ngsf] d}bfgaf6
lj:tf/} k5fl8 x6\g yfn]sf lyP . ;/sf/L bdgsf] qf;n] klg clwsf+z
hgtfx¿nfO{{ lk/f]nL /x]sf] lyof] eg] k~r g]tfx¿sf k/:k/ lj/f]wL
b[li6sf]0fn] k~rfotL v]dfdf b'ljwf pTkGg u/fO/x]sf] lyof] . o:tf]
cj:yfdf cfGbf]ngsf/L zlQmx¿ dWo]sf] Pp6f d'n zlQm jfddf]rf{
leqsf] k|d'v 36s g]skf dfn]n] eg] cfGbf]ng ;]nfpFb} uPsf],
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿ k|ltsf] bdg cTolws /x]sf] sf/0f hgcfGbf]ng
clx+;fTds elgPsf] eP tfklg xftxltof/ ;Íng u/L cufl8 a9\g]
102
;f]rdf k'u]sf] lyof] .85 o; lbzfnfO{{ :ki6 ub}{ tTsfnLg g]skf dfn]sf
g]tf tyf hgcfGbf]ngsf xfO{ sdf08sf ;b:o dfwj s'df/ g]kfnn]
eGg' ePsf] lyof] –86
xfdLn] ca s]xL uf]nf jf?b / xltof/ k|of]u ug'{k5{ eg]/ of]hgf agfpg
yfn]sf lyof} / zq'sf] dgf]an v:sfpg ;lsG5 eGg] xfdLnfO{{ nfu]sf] lyof] .
To;}n] /S;f}nnfO{{ x]8Sjf6/ agfO{ cufl8 a9\g] of]hgf g]skf
dfn]sf] lyof] . o;/L cfGbf]ng lzlyn x'g k'u]sf] / To;n] lx+;fTds ¿k
lng] lbzftkm{ hfg vf]h]sf] klg kfOG5 . o; qmddf jfdkGyL
cfGbf]ngsf lxdfotLx¿ cufl8 a9L ;s]sf lyP . t/ klg Tof] l:ylt
cfpg eg] kfPg .
hgcfGbf]ng ;8sdf lzlyn cj:yflt/ uO{/x]sf] b]lvP tfklg
dfgl;s ¿kdf of] cfGbf]ngn] k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{{ 5f]O/x]sf] lyof] . eo /
qf;sf] jftfj/0f klg sd lyPg . hgcfGbf]ng ;DaGwL ;dfrf/x¿
k|sfzg ug]{ p2]Zon] k|sflzt hgcfGbf]ng a'n]l6gsf] Ps cÍdf
cfGbf]ng ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ o;/L k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] –87
kmfu'g & / * ut]sf] k|bz{g xfd|f] nflu cfGbf]ngsf] pTsif{ lyPg . ;'vb /
cToGt pT;fxk|b z'ef/De dfq lyof] . ca cfGbf]ngsf] zfZjt ;+b]z rf/
xhf/ eGbf a9L ufpFx¿lt/ nfu]sf] 5 . ToxfFaf6 k'gM zx/lt/ kms]{/
cfGbf]ngsf nKsfx¿ xfd|f] cfGbf]ngsf] pTsif{ x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
o;/L hgcfGbf]ng lzlyn eO/x]sf] b]lvP tfklg cfGbf]ng
/f]lsPsf] eg] lyPg lsgeg] d'n'ssf ;a} r]tglzn hgtfx¿ dfgl;s
¿kn] cfGbf]lnt lyP . kmut k|x/L k|zf;gsf] rsf]{ bdg / bnx¿sf]
85
sfsL{, k"j{jt\ , k[= !@& .
86
dfwj g]kfn -cGtjf{tf{_ d'NofÍg ljrf/ cGtlqmof dfl;s -jif{ !), cÍ # _ r}q
j}zfv @)$*–$(– k[= $#÷$$ .
87
hgcfGbf]ng a'n]l6g, @)$^ r}q $ .
103
hgtfx¿sf] dg 5'g] sfo{qmdsf] cefjdf dfq hgcfGbf]ng lzlyn

ePsf] b]lvPsf] lyof] . d'n'ssf ;a} lzIfs, k|fWofks tyf
a'l4lhaLx¿sf k]zfut ;Ë7g / l;Ëf] ljBfyL{ hut cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf
86]/ nfu]sf] lyof] . cfGbf]ngn] cGt/f{li6«o k|rf/ kfPsf] lyof] ;QfkIfsf]
g}lts ¿kn] k/fho eO;s]sf] lyof] . lsgls k~rfotdf k|hftGq lyPg
/fhtGq dfq lyof] . ljZj hgdt ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] kIfdf lyof] .
r}q & ut] sLlt{k'/df g]kfnsf] jt{dfg Joj:yf / xfd|f] bfloTj ljifos
ljrf/ uf]i7Ldf pkl:yt k|fWofks, 8S6/, jlsn, OlGhlgo/, ;flxTosf/,
kqsf/ tyf g;{x¿nfO{{ sfo{qmd ;dfkg ubf{ ub} ;fd"lxs ¿kdf &))
hgfnfO{{ lu/ˆtf/ ul/Psf] sf/0fn] ;QfkIf Hofb} cfnf]lrt ePsf] lyof]
.88 o; sfo{af6 hgtfx¿n] s] a'em] eg] b]zsf] k|j'4 ju{ k~rfotsf]
lj?4 5 . /fHosf k|fWofksx¿, 8fS6/x¿, jlsnx¿, kqsf/x¿ nufot
;a} af}l4s hut Psdtn] k~rfotsf] lj?4df nfu]sf lyP . hgtf ca
eg] s;/L hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;3fpg ;lsG5 eGg] lt/ nfu] .
kf]v/]nL cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;jfndf Jofks 5nkmn
rnfO{{ kf]v/f ahf/sf] s]Gb| ljGb' dx]Gb|k'n ahf/df ;a} 3/x¿df g]kfnL
sf|u|];sf] em08f kmx/fpg] ;xdlt sfod u/fO{ k|foM ;a} 3/ wgLx¿nfO{{
k|lt em08f ?= !) lnO{ afFl8of] . t/ ;a}n] em08f lsGg t lsg] t/
cfˆgf] 3/df kmx/fpg cfF6 s;}n] u/]gg\ . g]=sf=sf tTsflng sf:sL
lhNnf ;ldltsf sf]iffWoIf /fh]Gb|gLlw sf]O/fnf eGg'x'G5 –
em08f kmx/fpg] of]hgf aGof], ;a}n] ;xdtL hgfP . t/ sfof{Gjog ug]{
qmddf k|x/L bdgsf]] lzsf/ x'g kg]{ eon] s;}n] em08f kmx/fpg] cfF6 ug{
;s]g .
88
cf]u'/f, k"j{jt\ , k[= (& .
104
o;/L ;8sdf hgk|bz{gdf k|x/L bdg a9]sf] sf/0f cfGbf]ngk|lt

;xfg'e"lt /fVg] t/ lu/ˆtf/ x'g grfxg], cfGbf]ngsf nfuL cfˆgf] sfd
wGbf 5f]8\g g;Sg] hgtfx¿sf] ;+Vof cToflws dfqfdf /x]sf] tYonfO{{
bnx¿n] /fd|};Fu a'‰g yfn] . To;}n] bnx¿n] cfGbf]ngdf To:tf
hgtfx¿ ;d]t ;xefuL x'g ;s'g eg]/ hg;xeflutf a9L x'g] t/
lu/ˆtf/L sd x'g] vfnsf] sfo{qmd lbg' cfjZos lyof] . hgtfnfO{{
cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf] sfo{qmdsf] vfFrf] dx;'; u/L g]kfnL sf+u|]; /
jfddf]rf{sf] g]t[Tj aLr 5nkmn eof] . h;cg';f/ g} cfGbf]ngsf] t];|f]
r/0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ to ul/g] lg0f{o ul/of] .
u_ g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf ljBfyL{ zxLb /fd yfkf
o;} qmddf emfkfsf] d]rL SofDk;df r}q !$ ut]sf lbg
k~rfotsf] k'Tnf hnfpg] sfo{qmd x'Fb} ubf{ d08n] / ;fbf abL{sf
k|x/Lx¿ PsfPs SofDk;leq k|j]z u/L cfO{= sd bf];|f] jif{sf g]=lj=;+3
;dy{s @% jlif{o ljBfyL{ /fd yfkfnfO{{ v's'/L, r]g / 5'/f k|xf/ u/L
xTof u/] . pQm 36gfdf ;'/]Gb| /+lhtsf/, df]xg dxh{g nufotsf cGo
%–& hgf ljBfyL{x¿ klg 3fOt] ePsf lyP . o;/L ljBfyL{ /fd yfkfsf]
lbg bxf8} SofDk; kl/;/ leq} ePsf] xTofsf] va/n] b]z l;Ë} cfqmf]l;t
eO{ h'?Ss p7]sf] cg'ej eof] .
r}qsf] klxnf] xKtfdf lzlyn x'g nfu]sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ r}q & ut]
sLlt{k'/df af}l4s ju{sf] cfd lu/ˆtf/Ln] Psflt/ ult k|bfg u¥of] eg]
csf]{ tkm{ r}q !$ ut] /fd yfkfsf] xTofsf08n] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ lg0ff{os
df]8lt/ 8f]¥ofof] . o; xTofsf08n] ubf{ z}lIfs If]qdf 7"nf] cfqmf]; /
pQ]hgf k}bf u¥of] . /fd yfkfsf] xTofsf] lj/f]w ubf{ kf6g sf08 klg
36\of] . o;kl5 P]ltxfl;s k|ltzf]wsf] efjgf lnP/ sLlt{k'/ p7\of] /
k~rfot dfly lg0ff{os k|xf/ ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ eof] . o;y{ g]kfnsf]
105
k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;df ljBfyL{ zlxb /fd yfkfsf] of]ubfgsf]

7"nf] d'No /x]sf] 5 .
o;/L cufl8 a9]sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ult lbg] qmddf g]kfnL sf+u|]; /
;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] u7aGwgn] k"j{ lgwf{l/t 5nkmn adf]lhd hgtfsf]
dg 5'g] sfo{qmdsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . h'g o; k|sf/ lyP –89
– r}q !^ ut] a]n'sf & ah]b]lv &M!) ah];Dd b]zJofkL aQL
lgefpg],
– r}q @@ ut] cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf dfl/Psf zxLbx¿sf] ;Demgfdf
b]ze/sf ljleGg wfld{s :ynx¿df k|fy{gf ;ef ug]{,
– r}q @& ut] b]zJofkL ¿kdf lgb{nLo k~rfotL ;+ljwfg -g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg @)!(_ hnfpg]] .
o;}ul/ hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] csf]{ ;xof]uL ;d"x ;+o'Qm /fli6«o
hgcfGbf]ng ;d"xn] klg r}q !$ ut] Ps jStJo k|sflzt ub}{ r}q @$
ut] cfdx8tfn ug]{ sfo{qmd /fVof] . h;sf] ;kmntfsf] nflu ;d"xsf
s]Gb|Lo k|jQmf 8f= afa'/fd e§/fOn] r}q @$ sf] cfdx8tfnnfO{{ ;kmn
agfpg ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] gfddf clkn u/] .90 r}q !^ ut]sf] aQL
lgdfpg] sfo{qmddf ;a} kf]v/]nL hgtfx¿n] ;fy lbP eg] ;f]xL lbg
kf]v/f ahf/df lj/f]w sfo{qmd ug{ g;lsP klg k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;
leq ljBfyL{ g]tf /fd yfkfsf] xTofsf] lj?4df h'n'; k|b{zg / lj/f]w
;ef ;DkGg eof] .91
lj/f]wsf] nflu /flvPsf] aQL lgefpg] sfo{qmd ;du|df a9L
k|efjsf/L eof] . hgtfx¿n] htftt} lglZrt ;do eGbf a9L g} ;do
aQL lgefP/ cfGbf]ngk|lt cfˆgf] ;dy{g hgfP . To;lbg ;fFem
89
P]hg,
90
P]hg, k[= #^@ .
91
cg]/f:jljo' kfFrf}sf sf:sL lhNnf sld6L ;efklt /ljGb| clwsf/L;Fu @)^#÷^÷!%
df lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
106
nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] kf6gdf k|x/L / hgtf lar rsf]{ d'7e]8 eof] .

hgtfn] ;fFem b]lv g} 6f]n 6f]ndf hDdf eP/ uug e]bL gf/f nufpg
;'? u/] . eQmk'/df aQL lgefP/ nufOPsf] gf/f dWo/ft;Dd rNof] .
/ftdf aQL lgefP/ nufPsf] rsf]{gf/f cToGt k|efjsf/L l;4 eof] .
r}q !& ut] kf6g ahf/df hg pef/ b]vfk¥of] . hgcfGbf]ng
aNn ;fFrLs} cfGbf]ng h:tf] b]lvof] . hgtfx¿sf] ckf/ eL8 k|x/L;Fu
9'Ëfs} e/df cljrlnt eO{ n8] . n8fO{ lbge/ rNof] . @) jifL{o ;fu/
l;+x dxh{g / !( jlif{o 1fgaxfb'/ zfxLsf] k|x/L uf]nLaf6 xTof eof] .
o;af6 kf6g dfq xf]Og l;Ëf] /fi6« g} k"0f{ ?kdf k|efljt eof] .
r}q !* ut] kf6g emg pQ]lht eof] . k|x/L 6}+s, 8f]h/, uf]nL /
qm]g lnP/ cfof] eg] lgxTyf hgtf klg o'4 d}bfgdf plqP . k|x/L
HofbtL lgs} a9\of] t/ hgtfn] cfˆgf] :yfg 5f]8]gg\ / ;fFem ;Dddf
kf6gnfO{{ d'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ul/of] .92
b]zdf a9\bf] c;Gtf]ifnfO{{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 ls eg]/ /fhf jL/]Gb|n]
r}q !( ut] dGqL d08nsf] k'gu{7g u/] . t/ hgtfn] To;nfO{{ s'g}
dxTj lbPgg\ . cfGbf]ng hf/L g} /Xof] . r}q !& ut] lu/km\tf/ ul/Psf
/Tg /fHo SofDk;sf ljBfyL{ 6+s k|;fb cfrfo{nfO{ k|x/Ln] oftgf lbP/
a]xf]; kf/L jL/ c:ktfndf egf{ u/]sf]df a]xf];Ls} xfntdf r}q !( ut]
pgsf] b]xfj;fg eof] . 93 o;nfO{{ klg g]kfnL hgtfn] cGw zf;ssf]
;Qf arfpg] clGtd k|of; ;DemL cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cem cufl8 a9fP . o;
36gfn] kf]v/f If]q /fhg}lts ¿kn] cem a9L cfGbf]lnt eof] . e"ldut
/x]/ cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf jfdkGyL g]tf vu/fh clwsf/Lsf
cg';f/
92
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\, k[= ##^ .
93
gf/fo0f k|;fb lzjfsf]6L, hgcfGbf]ng / zxLbx?, :yfg pNn]v gePsf], eLid
s8l/of, @)$& , k[= %@ .
107
r}q !( sf] dGqL d08nsf] k'g{u7gn] k~r / k|zf;g s]xL k5f8L x6\of] eg]
kf]v/fdf b}lgs ;fFemkv ;a} 7fpFdf 58\s] h'n';x¿ lgsfNg] sfo{ eof] . /ft
k/]kl5 kf]v/f j/k/sf 8fF8fx¿df rf/}lt/af6 d;fn h'n'; k|b{zg ug{
nufOof] . ;du|df o; kl5 kf]v/f pkTosf cfGbf]lnt eof] .
r}q @) ut] sLlt{k'/df cfGbf]ngsf] d':nf] blGsof] . k|x/Ln] bdg
ug]{ qmddf cGwfw'Gw uf]nL rnfpFbf $) jlif{o /fh]Gb| dxh{g, @$ jlif{o
lx/fsfhL dxh{g, @@ jlif{o /fh dfg dfnL, !* jlif{o /fh]Gb| dxh{gsf]
d[To' eof] . o;kl5 cfGbf]lnt hgtfx¿n] sLlt{k'/nfO{{ klg d'Qm If]q
3f]if0ff u/] . ;f]xL lbg sf7df8f}+sf] jfg]Zj/df lzIfs nfnaxfb'/ jdnfO{{
k|x/L sf/faf;d} nf}/fn] s'6]/ 3fF6L lyrL df/] . o;}u/L r'Rr]kf6Ldf klg
s'df/ pbf; >]i7nfO{{ cfGbf]ngsf/L egL uf]nL xfgL dfl/of] . dfl/g]x?sf]
;+Vof o;/L a9\b} uPkl5 To;sf] c;/ k'/} g]kfn clw/fHo e/L kg'{
:jefljs} lyof] . ca eg] cfGbf]ngsf] rfnfdfnf st} gb]lvPsf
df]km;nsf lhNnfx¿df klg h'n';x¿ lg:sg yfn] .
k|x/Låf/f xTof / lx+;fsf] qmd a9]kl5 b]z e/sf
lrlsT;fsdL{x¿n] c:ktfnsf cfsl:ds ;]jf afx]s c¿ ;a} sfo{ aGb
u/] . OlGhlgo/x¿sf] k];fut ;Ë7gn] klg o:tf] sfo{sf] lj/f]w ub}{
;8sdf cf]nL{ k~rfot lj/f]wL gf/f nufP eg] zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf
lgudsf ;a} cfGtl/s / afXo p8fgx¿ klg kfOn6x¿åf/f x8tfn
ul/Psf]n] aGb x'g k'Uof] . ca eg] ;/sf/ cK7f/f] dfly emg cK7f/f]df
k/]sf] dx;'; ug{ k'Uof] . sf7df8f}+, kf6g, eQmk'/ / sLlt{k'/df cfGbf]ng
rls{ /x]sf] lyof] . r}q @! ut] klg /fhwfgLsf oL rf/} zx/x¿ tgfj
u|:t b]lvPsf lyP . ;f] lbg k|x/Ln] hg lj/f]w lgoGq0f ug]{ qmddf
sf7df8f}+sf] gofF ahf/df cfOk'Ubf hgtfsf] k|lt/f]w ;xg g;Sbf k|x/L
108
efUg' k¥of] . 94 o;/L k|x/Lsf] uf8L nv]l6g] / efUg] qmddf k|x/Lsf]

uf8Lsf] s'NrfOaf6 kDkmfb]jL v8\uLsf] 36gf :ynd} d[To' eof] .
r}q @@ ut] wfld{s :ynx?df k|fy{gf / >4f~hnL ;ef ug]{
sfo{s|d bnx¿sf] /flvof] . ;f] sfo{s|d adf]lhd kf]v/fdf klg
ljGWojfl;gL dlGb/ / eb|sfnL dlGb/df k|fy{gf ;efsf] sfo{qmd lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g]x¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo lyof] . t/ ToxfF k|x/L
x:tIf]k eOxfNof] . o;/L cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{{ kf]v/fsf] ljGWojfl;gL
dlGb/ / eb|sfnL dlGb/af6 n]v]l6of] . o;af/] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf sf:sL
lhNnf sf]iffWoIf /fh]Gb|lglw sf]O/fnf eGb5g\ –95
k|x/Ln] xfdLnfO{{ h;/L nv]6] klg xfdL xfd|f] sfo{qmddf ;kmn eof}+ lsgeg]
xfdLn] cfGbf]ngdf Hofg u'dfPsfx¿sf] cfTdfsf] lr/zflGtsf] sfdgf u¥of}+ .
3fOt]x¿sf] zL3| :jf:Yo nfesf] sfdgf klg u¥of}+ . o;sf ;fy}
;Qfwf/Lx¿nfO{{ b]jLsf] dlGb/df klg nf7L p7fpg afWo kf¥of}+ .
o;/L b]zJofkL k|fy{gf ;ef d'n'ssf ;a} If]qdf ;DkGg eP . ca
eg] k~rx¿dfq xf]Og b/af/ klg cfGbf]ng;Fu eml:sof] . /fhb/af/df
cfGbf]ngsf] ;dLIff ug{ j}7s a:of] . t/ hgtfn] k~rx¿sf] pQm
j}7snfO{{ Wofg lbPgg\ . pgLx¿ cfGbf]ng lt/} nfu] . r}q @$ ut]
kf]v/fsf] gfnfd'vdf /flvPsf] c:yfoL k|x/L rf}sL dfly kf]v/]nL
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n] Psflaxfg} ;'lgof]lht cfqmd0f u/] . a'ydf /x]sf
k|x/LnfO{{ 9'Ëf d'9f ub}{ n]v]6]/ k|x/L a'ynfO{{ IftljIft kf/] . s]xL k/
nv]l6Psf] k|x/L Pslqt eO kl5 uf]nL k|xf/ ug{ yfn] . o;qmddf
cfGbf]ngsf/Ltkm{ kf]= g= kf= j8f g++ @ cr{n]af]6 a:g] /fd /fhfk|;fb
k/fh'nL k|x/Lsf] uf]nL nflu 3fOt] eP . ;f] qmddf k|x/Ltkm{ klg k|x/L
94
o'u;Dafb , @)$^ r}q @# .
95
g]kfnL sf+u|]; sf:sLsf tTsflng sf]iffWoIf /fh]Gb|lglw sf]O/fnf;Fu @)^#÷!)÷! df
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
109
lg/LIfs 7fs'/ /fd atf}{nf, k|x/L xjNbf/ sfnaxfb'/ u'?Ë, k|x/L hjfg
xl//fd v8\sf, cf]d gf/fo0f >]i7 / czf]s s'df/ la=s= 3fOt] ePsf
lyP .96
d'n'ssf] /fhgLltn] sf]N6] km]/]sf] dx;'; u/L /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 ;f]xL
lbg @)$^ r}q @$ ut]sf] laxfg ^=$% ah] /fi6«sf gfddf zfxL 3f]if0ff
hf/L ub}{ dl/rdfg dGqL kl/ifbnfO{{ lj36g ub}{ /fi6«df cdgr}g sfod
u/fpg nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbnfO{{ gofF dGqL kl/ifb u7g ug]{ lhDdf lbOof] .
To;sf ;fy} ljleGg ljrf/wf/fsf] JolQmx¿;Fu jftf{ rnfpg] lgb]{zg
lbb} /fli6«o k~rfotsf] ljz]if clwj]zg klg af]nfOof] . /fhg}lts
;'wf/sf nflu >L % df ;'emfj k]; ug{ Ps ;+ljwfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj
cfof]u u7g eof] . o;/L hgcfGbf]ngaf6 t;]{/ /fhf jL/]Gb|n] yf]/}
kl/jt{g ug]{ u/L cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;fDo kfg]{ sf]lz; u¥of] .
3_ zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] alxisf/
/fhf jL/]Gb|sf] r}q @$ ut]sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffn] ;'wf/jfbL k~rx¿sf]
dfu k'/f u/] klg cfGbf]ngsf] dd{nfO{{ st} 5'g];Dd klg k|of; u/]sf]
lyPg . To;}n] cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n] /fhfsf] zfxL 3f]if0ffnfO{{ /fhf afWo
eP/ em's]sf] / cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;fDo kfg{ rf/f] 5/]sf] cy{df a'em] . o;n]
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿sf] cfTdan cem pFrf] eof] eg] csf]{lt/ cfGbf]ngdf
g}lts ;dy{g dfq hgfO{ /x]sf dflg;x? cfGbf]ngdf pqg yfn] .
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n] zfxL 3f]if0ff dfkm{t /fhf em's]sf] dx;'; u/] . ca
/fhfn] uf]nL rnfpg cfb]z lbg] 5}gg t;y{ h'n'; lg:s] x'G5 eGg] cfF6
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿df cfof] . kmn:j¿k 6f]n 6f]naf6 zfxL 3f]if0ff wf]sf
xf] eGb} h'n';x¿ lg:sg yfn] . /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] pQm zfxL 3f]if0ffnfO{{
96
dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$&, k"j{jt\ , k[= @!# .
110
cfGbf]ngsf/L kIfn] cl:jsf/ u¥of] . /fh3f]if0ffsf] alxisf/ ub}{

hgcfGbf]ngsf ;jf]{Rr sdf08/ u0f]zdfg l;+xn] r]tfjgL lbb}+ eg] –
b]zJofkL ¿kdf pln{/x]sf] k|hftflGqs rfxfgfsf] 7f8f] pkxf; ug]{ b[9tf
zfxL ;Daf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 === o:tf] k|kGrn] hgtfsf] /f]ifsf] Hjfnfdf £o" yKg]
sfd ug]{5 . dnfO{{ z+sf 5 ;+3if{zLn hgtfn] jfWo eP/ clxn]sf] dfu /
;+3if{sf] ljlwnfO{{ ckof{Kt 7fg]/ cfˆgf] c7f]6df slx df}lns kl/jt{g
gNofpg\ .97
cfGbf]ngsf sdf08/ u0f]zdfg l;+xn] df}lns kl/jt{g eg]/
oxfFg]/ /fh;+:yfsf] pGd'ngsf] cy{df lnPsf lyP . o;n] s] s'/f
hgfpFb5 eg] cfGbf]ng;Fu ;Fu} /fli6«o /fhgLltsf gfosx¿ klg /fhf /
/fh;+:yfs} lj?4df af]Ng yfln;s]sf lyP .
ª_ r}q @$ sf] cfd hg;+xf/
r}q @$ ut] laxfg ^M$% df /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] dGqL kl/ifb\ lj36g,
;+ljwfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]usf] u7g, hgwgsf] Ifltaf/] hfFr cfof]u
u7g , ;lxtsf] zfxL 3f]if0ff cfPkl5 kf]v/f ahf/df klg Pp6f 7"nf]
h'n'; lgsfNg] tof/L eof] . t/ zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] k|efj hgtfx¿df k/]
klg zfxL k~rx¿df To;sf] k|efj k/]sf] b]lvPg . kmn:j¿k ;f] lbg
laxfg}b]lv kf]v/fsf] d'Vo ahf/x¿df bËf k|x/Lx¿sf] pkl:ylt c¿
a9fOof] . h;sf] sf/0f Ps ;fgf] h'n'; afx]s ljzfn h'n'; lgsfNg]
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿sf] k|of; ;kmn x'g ;s]g . dx]Gb|k'naf6 ;'? x'g
nfu]sf] pQm h'n';nfO{{ k|x/Ln] nf7L rfh{ / c>'Uof; k|xf/ u/L ltt/
ljt/ kf¥of] . t/ s;}nfO{{ kqmfp eg] ul/Pg .98 r}q @$ df kf]v/fsf]
gfnfsf] d'vdf /x]sf] k|x/L a'ynfO{{ cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] Ps hTyfn]
97
;fKtflxs ljdz{, @)$^ r}q @$ ut]
98
111
tf]8kmf]8 u¥of] . cs:dft k"j{af6 cfPsf] h'n';n] a'ydf /x]sf k|x/LnfO{{

9'Ëfd'9f ug{ yfn] kl5 k|x/L k5fl8 x6\g afWo eof] . t/ s]xL k5fl8
x6]kl5 k|x/Ln] cfkm" hf]lub} cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿ dfly uf]nL k|xf/ u¥of] .
pQm lbg kf]v/fsf] gfnfd'v / a; la;f}gLdf laxfg / lbpF;f] k|x/Ln] w]/}
k6s uf]nL rnfP . :yflgo /fd/fh k/fh'nLsf] v'§fdf uf]nL nfUof] .99
t/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf eg] zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] lj?4df 5fn g}
cfPsf] lyof] . sf7df8f}+, kf6g eQmk'/ tLg} zx/ cfGbf]ngdo eP/
pln{Psf] lyof] . /fhwfgLsf] r}q @$ ut]sf] lj/f]w g]kfns} k|hftflGqs
cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;sf] Ps ce"tk"j{ / P]ltxfl;s lj/f]w k|b{zg lyof] .
clxn];Dd hgtf v'n]cfd /fh;+:yfsf] lj/f]w ug{ xlRs/x]sf lyP . t/
r}q @$ sf] k|bz{g lglj{jfb ¿kn] /fh;+:yfsf] lj/f]wdf s]lGb|t lyof] .
;f] lbg sf7df8f}+sf] ;8s / uNnLx¿df /fhtGq lj/f]wL gf/f nufOP .
æ:jf:gL kDkm' nf]Ug] nDkm'Æ eGb} cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿ ;8sdf plqP . 100
s'/f :ki6 lyof] :jf:gL kDkm' eg]/ P]Zjo{nfO{{ / nDkm' eg]/ jL/]Gb|nfO{{
OlËt ul/Psf] lyof] . of] lbgdf sf7df8f}+df lgl:sPsf] ljzfn h'n';n]
æjL/]rf]/ b]z 5f]8Æ eGg] gf/f kmnfSb} ædl/r]nfO{{ kmfF;L b]Æ eGg] gf/f
klg nufP . gf/fs} qmddf /fh vnssf jL/]Gb|, P]Zjo{ / lbk]Gb| tLg}
hgfnfO{{ d'bf{jfb eGb}] gf/f 3GsfPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df
To;a]nf;Dd /fhkl/jf/sf] k|lti7f olt tn lu/]sf] slxNo} b]lvPsf]
lyPg . 101
/fh;+:yfsf] lj/f]w;Fu ;Fu} To; lbg lgl:sPsf] h'n';n] ;a} eGbf
a9L zfxL 3f]if0ff wf]sf xf] eg] gf/f u'GhfO /x]sf lyP . laxfg !) ah]
b]lv g} kf6g sLlt{k'/ / eQmk'/sf cfd hgtf zxLbx¿sf t:jL/ af]s]/
99
dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, ljleGg JolqQmx? tyf bnsf] lgj]bg k|ltj]bg, k[= @)# .
100
101
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\ ,k[= #&& .
112
sf7df8f}+ k'u] .102 rf]s / uNnL uNnLaf6 ckf/ hg;d"x pln{bf] 5fn
ag]/ ufpFb} pk|mb} Pslqt x'g yfn] . h'n'; a9\b} uof], dflg; emg ylkFb}
uP . ljzfn h'n'; gofF ;8s, e]8fl;Fx, If]qkf6L, ksgfhf]n x'Fb}
;/:jtL SofDk; cufl8af6 7d]n, lqb]jL dfu{, s]z/dxn eP/ jL/
c:ktfn k'Uof] . h'n';n] jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fO{ /x]sf u0f]zdfg
l;+x, dËnfb]jL l;+x / dgdfx]g clwsf/LnfO{{ 5'6fO{ v'Nnf dGrdf nfg
rfx]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 of] h'n'; 6'Fl8v]n v'Nnfd~rdf uP/ hg;efdf
kl/0ft eof] . t/ cJoj:yfn] ubf{ dfOssf] plrt Joj:yf x'g ;s]g .
g]tfx¿ dfOs cfO{ gk'u]sfn] xft] dfOsaf6 efif0f ug{ yfn] . efif0f
ug]{x¿df /3'hL kGt, df]bgfy k|l>t, tLy{/fd 8+uf]n cflb lyP .
dfOssf] cJoj:yfn] ubf{ g]tfx¿sf] efif0f ;a} cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n] ;'Gg
;s]gg\ . xf]xNnf a9\b} uof] . d~r cl3lNt/ a;]sf dflg;x¿ h¥ofs
h'?s p7] / kl5lNt/sf dflg;x¿ ToxfFaf6 lx8\g yfn] . le8nfO{{
;DxfNg] sf]xL b]lvPg . 7Ls To;}a]nf jL/ c:ktfnaf6 u0f]zdfg
l;+xnfO{{ hgtf ;fd" Nofpg] k|of; ul/b} lyof] . t/ c:ktfn k|zf;gn]
cg'dlt lbPg . To;kl5 u0f]zdfg l;+x, dËnfb]jL l;+x / dgdf]xg
clwsf/LnfO{{ lXjn r]o/df /fv]/ c:ktfnsf] 5tdf nluof] . o;/L
u0f]zdfg l;+x %) lbg kl5 klxnf] k6s ;fj{hlgs ?kdf b]vfk/] .
5tdf lj:tf/} pleP/ pgn] v'Nnfd~rsf] hg ;d"xnfO{{ xft xNofP/
clejfbg u/] . hg;d"xn] tfnL ahfpFb} gf/f nufP – æjL/ u0f]zdfg
lhGbfjfb .Æ103
v'nfd~rsf] ;ef ;lsPkl5 h'n'; /fhb/af/ tkm{ cufl8 a9\of] .
k|x/Lsf ;–;fgf cj/f]w l5rf]Nb} b/af/ dfu{ cufl8sf] /fhf dx]Gb|sf]
zflns;Dd k'Uof] . k|x/L dfOsaf6 h'n'; cufl8 ga9\g r]tfjgL lbb}
102
rfln;], g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf === , k"j{jt\ , k[[= !!^ .
103
cf]u'/f, k'j{jt\ ,k[= !*# .
113
lyof] . t/ cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n] k|x/Lx¿nfO{{ O{+6fn] xfGg yfn] . s]xL

;fxl; o'jfx¿ lg/ª\s'ztfsf] k|tLs ag]/ plePsf] /fhf dx]Gb|sf]
zflnsnfO{{ tf]8kmf]8 ug{ yfn] . /fhf dx]Gb|sf] zflnsdf h'Qfsf] dfnf
nufOof], /fhb08 lemlsof] / zflnssf] >L k]r efRg] tof/L eof] . Ps
o'js zflns dfly r9L h'Qfn] /fhf dx]Gb|sf] ufnfdf xfGb} lyP . 7Ls
To;} avt lg/ª\s'ztfsf kx/]bf/x¿n] PsfPs cGwfw'Gb uf]nL rnfP .
h'n';df efufefu dlRrof] . pQm lbg ToxfF olt w]/} uf]nL rNof] ls Ps
ljb]zL kqsf/sf cg';f/ pQm lbgdf sl/a !%)) dflg;x¿ d/]sf] /
ltgLx¿nfO{{ 6«sdf nf]8 u/L hËndf nu]/ ufl8of] . pgn] of] 36gfsf]
;/sf/n] /]s8{ ;Dd g/fv]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .104 cGwfw'Gw uf]nL
rn]kl5 h'n';sf] cu|efudf efufefu eP tfklg h'n'; ltt/ ljt/ x'g
lgs} ;do nfUof] . uf]nL k|xf/af6 s}of}+sf] d[To' eof] . w]/} dflg; 3fOt]
eP . efufefu x'Fbf 5'6]sf h'Qf rKkn, 6f]kL, 3fOt], d[tssf zj tyf
/utn] ToxfFsf] b[Zo laeT; b]lvof] . pQm g/;+xf/df ;}of}+ JolQmx¿
dfl/Psf] cg'dfg ul/P tfklg la|l6; gful/s l/r8{ x]g/L hf]g ljlnod
;lxt ( hgf JolQm dfl/g'sf ;fy} !%) JolQm uf]nL nflu 3fOt] ePsf]
yfxf x'g cfPsf] 5 .
o;/L kl/jt{gsf] nflu zfxL 3f]if0ff eO;s]kl5 klg /fhwfgL
sf7df8f}+df cfGbf]ngsf/L hgtfx¿ dfly uf]nL jiff{pFb} ;Qf yfDg]
clGtd k|of; ;Qfwf/Lx¿n] u/] . pQm g/ ;+xf/ sf08df dfl/Psf
JolQmx¿ zf]leotdfg zfSo, sfG5f axfb'/ tfdfË, uf]kL dxh{g, ;'/h
zfSo, a'l4gfy vgfn, lgu'{0f :yflkt, ;fg'/fhf gsdL{, dx]z >]i7 /
la|l6; gful/s l/r8{ x]g/L hf]g ljlnod lyP .105
104
Mikesel Stefall Lawrence, Class, State and Struggle in Nepali
Writings 1989-1995, New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 2000, p.
102.
105
clwsf/L, k"j{jt\ ,k[= #&( .
114
o;} u/L r}q @$ df a'6jndf ePsf] cfGbf]ngdf :yfgLo

k|zf;gn] uf]nL rnfpFbf a'6jn lgjf;L gj/fh yfkf / kfNkfsf lblnk
s'df/ >]i7sf] d[To' eof] eg] cGo w]/} 3fOt] eP . ;f]xL lbg hgsk'/df
sl/a krf; xhf/ k|b{zgsf/Lx¿sf] h'n'; lgl:sPsf] lyof] . pQm h'n';
hfgsL dlGb/ cufl8 /x]sf] /fhf dx]Gb|sf] zfnLs tf]8kmf]8 u/L cufl8
a9\of] . k|bz{gsf/Lx¿n] c~rnflwz sfof{no 3]/fp ug{ nfUbf k|x/Lsf]
uf]nLaf6 hgsk'/ lgjf;L jif{ !% sf /fdljnf; 7fs'/sf] d[To' eof] eg]
cGo (–!) hgf JolQm 3fOt] eP . 106
o;/L g]kfnL hgcfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;df k~rfotL ;Qf kIfn] ;Qf
hf]ufpgsf] nflu zfxL ;]gf / k|x/L ansf] k|of]u u/L g/;+xf/ dRrfof] .
o;sf] lj/f]w ljZjJofkL ¿kdf eof] . aLaL;L, EjfO; cfkm cd]l/sf /
cn Ol08of /]l8of]n] pQm 36gfsf] lj/f]w ub}{ g]kfn g/]zn] k|hftGqnfO{{
s'Nrb} lg/ª\s'z zf;g ;Qf g]kfnL hgtf dfly yf]kg{ rfx]sf] t/ g]kfnL
hgtfn] alnbfg k"j{s pQm 36gfsf] lj?4df P]ltxfl;s o'4 n8]sf]
atfpFb} k|hftGq k|flKtsf] n8fO{df k|hftGqjfbLx¿ slxNo} gxfg]{] ljZj
Oltxf; /x]sf] s'/f atfpFb} hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ cem pmhf{ k|bfg ug{
;dfrf/ k|;fl/t ul//x] .
r}q @$ sf] 36gfn] l;Ëf] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtf :tAw x'g k'u] .
;Qf kIf cem} bdgdf pqg] tv{/df lyof] . sf7df8f}+ / kf6gsf ;Dk"0f{
If]qx¿df r}q @% ut]sf] laxfg} b]lv sô"{ cfb]z hf/L ul/of] . @^ ut]
laxfg eQmk'/df klg sô"{ nufOof] . 107 o;/L ltg} zx/df sô"{
nufPkl5 pkTosfsf zx/x?df b]lvPsf] ;]gfsf] pkl:yltn] d'n's
;}lgs zf;gtkm{ pGd'v ePsf] h:tf] efg x'GYof] . r}q @% ut] laxfg
#M$% ah] sô"{sf] ;dodf cfˆgf] 3/sf] ‰ofnaf6 aflx/ x]g{ nfu]sL ##
106
uf]/vfkq @)$^ r}q @% .
107
rfln;], k"j{jt\ k[= !!& .
115
jlif{o 1flgzf]ef ah|frfo{sf] zfxL ;]gfåf/f uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/of] . r}q
@^ ut] k|wfgdGqL nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb dfkm{t\ k|ltkIfsf g]tfx¿nfO{{
/fhb/af/df af]nfpg] sfd eof] . o;/L /fhf;Fu jftf{ ug{sf] nflu
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{af6 s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{, lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnf /
;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] tkm{af6 >LdtL ;fxfgf k|wfg / /fwfs[i0f d}gfnL
/ftL * ah]lt/ gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/ k'u] . ;f}xfb{k"0f{ jftfj/f0fdf jftf{
eof] / P]ltxfl;s ;dembf/Ldf jftf{ 6'lËof] . ;f]xL lbg ;fFem /]l8of]
g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] dxTjk"0f{ s'/fsf] k|;f/ x'g] ;"rgf lbPsfn]
;f/f g]kfnLx¿ Jou|¿kn] k|ltIff/t /x] / /ftsf] !! ah]/ !! ldg]6
hfFbf /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6 >L % sf] k|d'v ;+jfb
;rLjfno /fhb/jf/af6 lgDg cg';f/ ljz]if lj1lKt hf/L eof] –108
cfhsf] cGt/fli6«o jftfj/0f / g]kfnLx¿sf] PstfnfO{{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L
g]kfnLx¿s} jt{dfg rfxgf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( df /x]sf] bn
lalxg zAb x6fO tbg';f/ ;dfhsf ljleGg ljrf/wf/f k|ltljlDat x'g] u/L
;+ljwfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]un] ;'emfj lnO{ df};"kmsf xh'/df k|ltj]bg hfx]/
ug]{5 . >L % dxf/fhlw/fh ;/sf/af6 nf]s;Ddltdf cfwfl/t /fhg}lts
k/Dk/f / k|hftGqsf] cfbz{nfO{{ Joj:yfsf] d"n cfwf/ dfgL ;do ;dodf
/fhgLlts ;'wf/ u/L aS;b} cfPsf] s'/f ;a}df ljlbt} 5 .
o;/L g]kfndf @)!& ;fnsf] sf08kl5 k|hftGq k"gM:yf{kgfsf] nflu
lg/Gt/ rln/x]s]f ;+3if{ lg0ff{os df]8df ;kmntf k"j{s 6'lËP/
k~rfotsf] cGTo x'g k'Uof] . k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f kZrft k~rfotsf]
s7f]/ lg/+s'z / aa{/ o'udf klg klg k|hftGq / dfgj clwsf/sf]
kIfdf cgj/t ?kdf ul/Psf] ;+3if{sf] kl/0ffd :j?k /fhg}lts
bndflysf] k|ltaGw @)$^ ;fndf dfq k'ms'jf eof] . 109 o;df
108
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ r}q, @^ .
109
>L/fd l3ld/], ljBfyL{ ju{ / k|hftGq k'gM :yfkgfsf] ;+3if{ Ps ;+lIfKt cWoog,
sf7df8f}M sdnf l3ld/], @)%*,k[= %! .
116
ljBfyL{af6 ul/Psf] alnbfgLk"0f{ ;+3if{ / ;xfbtsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf]

5 . o; kl5 dWo/ftd} g]kfn clw/fHo e/ xiff]{Nnf; 5fof] . sf7df8f}+
pkTosfdf v'zLofnLdf gf/f, h'n'; ug'{sf ;fy} k6sfx¿ k6\sfpg yfn]
. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 bnlalxg zAb x6fO{ bn dflysf] k|ltaGw km's'jf
ul/Psf]nfO{{ ax'bnsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] ¿kdf ;a} g]tf sfo{stf{ / hgtfn]
lnP . o;/L ax'bnsf] 3f]if0ff x'Fbf pkTosfsf tLg j6} zx/df sô"
hf/L lyof] . ljz]if a'n]l6gdf sô"{ hf/L /x]sf] hgfsf/L lbOPg .
tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] ax'bnsf] 3f]if0ff x'gf ;fy sô"{ x6fpg] tkm{ Wofg
klg lbPg . ax'bnsf] 3f]if0ff x'gf ;fy sô{" :jtM x6\of] xf]nf eGg]
hgtfnfO{{ k¥of] . t;y{ of] lht s:sf] hgtfsf] eGb} hgtfx¿ p;}
jvt ;8sdf lg:s]/ gf/f nufpg yfn] . o;}s|ddf r}q @^ sf] /ftd}
k|hftGq k|fKt ePsf] v';LofnLdf gf/f nufpb} ;8sdf plkm| /x]sf
k'ik/Tg zfSo / /fhg /fodfemLsf] e]8fl;Fxdf ;]gfn] rnfPsf] uf]nLaf6
d[To' eof] . To;} u/L ax'bnsf] 3f]if0ff x'gf;fy lrtjgsf] 6f+8Lahf/df
dWo/ftd} hgtfx¿ ;8sdf ljho ¥ofnL lgsfNb} lx+8] . t/ u:tLdf
vl6Psf k|x/Ln] ljho h'n'; dfyL uf]ln k|xf/ u/L ljBfyL{ gf/fo0f
k|;fb bfxfnsf] xTof u/] .110 zf;jsju{ ;Ttf kl/jt{gaf6 cToGt qm'4
eO{ cfGbf]ngsf/L dfyL xb};Ddsf] cdfglao tj/n cfqmd0f / xTof
ug{ kl5 k/]g . kmntM k|hftGqsf] 3f]if0ff kZrft klg s]xL AolQmx?n]
Hofg u'dfpg' k¥of] . ax'bnsf] 3f]if0ff kl5sf] klxnf] ljxfg @)$^ r}q
@& ut] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx¿n] cfzfsf gofF ls/0fx¿ ;u} xiff]{Nnf; k"j{s
k|hftGqnfO{{ :jfut ub}{ dgfP . clw/fHo e/ xf]nL kj{ h:t} ul/ pT;j
dgfOof] . laxfgLsf] ls/0f ;+u} dflg;x¿ 3/ 3/af6 lg:s] . Ps
110
/fh]Gb| /]UdL, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng / lrtjg, e/tk'/M ls/0f k|sfzg,
@)$*, k[= !!) .
117
cfk;df awfO{ ;f6f;f6 u/] . nfdf] k|;j kL8f kl5 lzz'nfO{{ hGd lbg]
cfdfsf] h:t} hgtfsf] xfnt lyof] . hgtfn] k|hftlGqs g]kfnsf] eljio
af/] cg]s ld7f sNkgf u/] . cfFug 6f]n htftt} dflg;x¿ hDdf eP/
pT;j dgfP . ;j{q ljho / xiff]{Nnf;sf] jftfj/0f b]lvof] . ;8s 6f]n
htftt} rf/tf/] / xl;+of xyf}8f ePsf em08fx¿ nx/fpg yfn] . cGo
7fpFx? h:t} kf]v/fdf klg htftt}af6 dflg;x¿ cf]Ol/g yfn] . ;+o"Qm
hgcfGbf]ng ;+3if{ ;ldltn] kf]v/f ahf/sf] k'/fgf] 6'l8v]naf6 ljho
¥ofnL lgsfNg] / :yfgLo lrKn] 9'Ëfsf] rf}tf/f]df k'uL lazfn cfd;ef
;DkGg ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] 3f]if0ff ub} ahf/ e/L dfOlsË u¥of] . t/
jf:tjdf hgtfx¿ eg] cem} cfGbf]lnt g} lyP . pgLx¿ /fhfaf6 cem
al9 clwsf/ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;8sdf gf/f nufO{ /x]sf lyP . ljhosf]]
pGdfbdf hgtfx? pln{Psf] kf]v/f ahf/df h'n';n] ubf{ kfOnf 6]Sg]
7fp lyPg . htftt} dflg;sf] le8 lyof] . zfob olt 7'nf] dfgj
dxf;fu/ kf]v/fdf cem ;Dd s;}n] b]v]sf lyPgg\ xf]nf . ;f/f k;n,
sn sf/vfgfx¿, Aokfl/s s]Gb|x?, :s'n, SofDk; cflb k"0f{?kn] aGb
lyP . t/ of] aGb cfd g]kfnL hgtfsf] v'l;ofnLsf] pknIodf :jtM
:km"t{ ¿kdf ePsf] lyof] .
kf]v/fsf] ;fgf] 6'Fl8v]naf6 lgl:sPsf] ljzfn h'n'; cfd;ef :yn
lrKn] 9'Ëf ;Dd cfO{k'Ubf af6f]df kg]{ 3/3/af6 nfjf, clj/, /ª\uLrª\uL
sfuh / kfgL h'n'; dfly jiff{pb} k|hftGqsf] :jfut ul/Psf] lyof] .
h'n';nfO{ cfd;ef :yn;Dd cfOk'Ubf rf/ 306fsf] ;do nfu]sf] lyof] .
cfd;efdf g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+o"Qm jfddf]rf{sf g]tfx¿n] uj{sf ;fy
;Daf]wg u/]sf lyP . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf g]tf s]zj k/fh'nLsf] cWoIftfdf
ePsf] pQm cfd;ef kf]v/fdf cfof]lht xfn ;Dds} ;a}eGbf lazfn
cfd;ef lyof] . laho h'n'zsf qmddf kf]v/fdf klg lg/+s'z zf;ssf
zflnsx?df kf6L{sf em08f kmx/fOP . b]zdf ;lbof}+ ;Dd lklN;P/ afFRg
118
afWo g]kfnL hgtfsf] :jfledfg hfu]sf], /fhf tyf k~rfotL lg/+s'ztf

x6]sf]] tyf k|hftflGqs b]zsf] :jtGq gful/s ePsf] ;'vb cg'ej
hgtfx?n] u/] . lahof]T;asf] To; pNnf;k"0f{ cj;/df zxLbx? K|lt
>4fGhnL ck{0f ub}{ s[i0fnfn clwsf/L, gf/fo0f bfxfn cflb
zxLbx?nfO{ :d/0fklg ul/of] . kf6L{sf g]tfx?n] zxLbx? K|lt >4fGhnL
ck{0f ub}{ pgLx¿sf ;kgf ;fsf/ kfg]{ k|0f ;d]t u/] . kf]v/]nLx?n] klg
cfd g]kfnL hgtfn] h:t} ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] cfzf lnP/
k|hftGqsf] clegGbg u/] .
@
cWofo – rf/
cfGbf]ngdf kf]v/]nL ljBfyL+{x¿sf] lqmofsnfk
k[i7e"ld
ljZjsf x/]s k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆg}
lsl;dn] of]ubfg lbPsf] kfOG5 . k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngx?df To; b]zsf
/fhg}lts ju{, lzlIft ;d"x / r]tgzLn ju{n] cfˆgf] ;xeflutf
hgfpFb} cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;xof]u u/L /x]sf x'G5g\ . a[xt
?kdf cfGbf]ngn] ef}lts ;+3if{ / g}lts ;+3if{ b'a} k|sf/sf] ;+3if{nfO{{
OlËt ub{5 .
/fhg}lts zAbfjnLdf ef}lts ;+3if{ eGgfn] xftxltof/åf/f ul/g]
;+3if{nfO{ hgfpFb5 . o;df zfGtLk"0f{ tl/sfn] gf/f h'n'; u/L ul/g]
cj1f cfGbf]ngsf] klg dxTj x'G5 . To;}n] x/]s cfGbf]ngsf ef}lts /
/fhg}lts b'a} pmhf{ cfjZos kb{5 . of] u|Gydf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o
hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ nfO{{ cfjZos k/]sf] g}lts / ef}lts phf{df ljBfyL{
ju{n] cxd e"ldsf v]n]sf] tYonfO{{ kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{x¿sf] lqmofsnfksf]
;]/f]km]/f]df ;lj:tf/ AofVof ug{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
k~rfotL zf;g ;Qfn] #) jif{;Dd cgj/t /fHo ;Qf ;~rfng
u/]sf] a]nfdf hgcfGbf]ng ug'{ s'g} klg xfntdf ;lhnf] lyPg .
kf6L{x¿ k|ltalGwt lyP, j}rfl/s :jtGqtf lyPg, jfs tyf k|sfzg
:jtGqtf k|ltjlGwt lyP . k~rfotL u'Ktr/ ;+:yf lgs} dha't lyof] .
lg/ª\s'z zf;g ;QfnfO{{ bLuf] kfg{sf nfuL ;Dk"0f{ zlQm s]lGb|t ul/Psf]
lyof] . bdgsf/L k~rfotL ;Qfdf ljj]ssf] cefj;Fu} ljkIfL zlQmdfly
lgb{oL 9Ën] bdg ug]{ dfgl;stf JofKt lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf
/fhg}lts bnx¿n] k|f/De u/]sf] hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ nfO{{ k~rfot Ot/
;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿n] Ps h'6 eO{ cufl8 a9fpg] k|oTg u/]sf lyP
120
. o; k|sf/ g]kfndf g]kfnL ljBfyL{ hdftsf] laljw s[ofsnfksf] lgs}g}

uf}/jzfnL Oltxf; /x]sf] 5 .1
bnx¿ k|ltalGwt eP klg ltgLx¿ ljBfyL{sf dfWodaf6 cfˆgf
/0fgLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ k|oTgzLn lyP . ctM ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ klg
k"0f{¿kn] /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf p2t lyP . x/]s SofDk;x¿df
ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog u7g ug]{ Joj:yf lyof] . Tof]
Joj:yf cGtu{t g]kfnsf k|ultzLn / k|hftGqjfbL ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿n]
ljljw /fhg}lts lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{{ t]h kf/]sf lyP . cf–cfˆgf
;Ë7gdfkm{t\ ljBfyL{x¿ pT;fx k"j{s /fhgLltdf nfu]sf lyP . o:tf]
cj:yfdf x'g nfu]sf] /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngdf ljBfyL{ju{n] ;+ul7t 9Ëaf6
phf{ k|bfg ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf lyP . Tof] cj;/sf] /fli6«o Pjd\ k|hftGq
k"gM:yf{kgfsf] lxtdf k|efjsf/L pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
ljZj /fhgLltsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ xf] eg] ljz]if u/]/ PlzofnL
b]zx¿df ljBfyL{sf] cxd\ /fhg}lts e"ldsf /x]sf] kfO{5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb}
klg /fhgLltdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;Ël7t ;xeflutfsf] Oltxf; eg] Tolt
k'/fgf] 5}g . ef/tdf ljBfyL{x?sf] ;Ël7t lqmofsnfksf] Oltxf; klg
&) jif{ dfq} k'/fgf] 5 . ;g\ !(#^ df clvn ef/t ls;fg sfFu|]; /
k|ultzLn n]vs ;+3sf] hGd ;Fu;Fu} clvn ef/lto ljBfyL{ ;+u7gsf]
(All India Students Organisation) klg u7g eof] . 2 cn Ol08of
ls;fg s+u|];nfO{{ kl5 cn Ol08of ls;fg ;ef eGg yflnof] . g]kfnsf]
1
g]kfnL ljBfyL{sf] Oltxf; tyf cfGbf]ng ;DalGw lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nfuL x]g[xf];\M
zLjs'df/ 8f+uL, ;ª\3if{sf ;f7L jif{ g]kfnL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;,
sf7df8f}+M ;/:jtL kf]v/]n, @)^$, k[= !–!)!! .
2
R. Arun Kumar, 'Seventy Years of Organised Student
Movement', People's Democracy, Vol. 36, September 3, 2006,
www.pd.cpim.org /2006/0903/09032006–arunn%20kumar. htm.
121
/fhg}lts ljsf;qmddf ljBfyL{ dfq xf]Og ls;fg tyf cGo ;fdflhs

;d"xx¿ klg ;Ël7t eO /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngdf nfu]sf] Oltxf; 5 .3
R. Arun Kumar sf] egfOdf – oL ;Ë7gx¿ c+u]|hnfO{{ ef/t
5f]8\g nufpg] cfGbf]ngsf] tof/Lsf] nflu u7g ul/Psf] lyof] .4 o;n]
x/]s ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngx¿ ljBfyL{x¿sf] lgtfGt JolQmut xslxt
;Fudfq ;DalGwt /xg ;Sb}g eGg] :ki6 kf5{ . r]tgzLnju{df kg]{
ljBfyL{x¿ cfˆgf] lgtfGt JolQmut cfjZostf eGbf dfly p7]/ /fli6«o
:jfy{;Fu hf]l8g hfg'nfO{{ s'g} klg xfntdf unt sfo{ eg]/ dfGg
;lsGg . To;}sf] kmn:j?k ef/tdf All India Student Organisation
n] klg d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts r]tgfsf] clej[l4 ub}{
/fli6«o :jtGqtfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ vfnsf] gful/ssf] b:tf tof/
kfg]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] .
ljBfyL{ / /fhgLltsf] ;DaGwdf klg ljåfg\x¿n] :ki6 ljZn]if0f
u/]sf] kfOG5 . R. Arun Kumar eGb5g\ ls –5
;du| /fi6« / ljZjs} nflu s]xL ug'{k5{ eGg] r]tgfn] el/Psf ljBfyL{ ju{n]
olb ljZjdf JofKt ef]sd/L /fi6«sf lgd'vf hgtfsf] b'Mv kL8f af/] s]xL
af]Nbf, To:t} u/L xfn}sf] ckmuflg:tfg tyf O/fs dflysf] cd]l/sL cfqmd0f
/ n]jgfg dflysf] Oh/fonL cfqmd0fsf] af/]df ljBfyL{ hutn] cfˆgf]
b[li6sf]0f lb+bf Tof] /fhgLlt ul/Psf] 7xl/G5 eg] To:tf] ljrf/nfO{{ ;bf;bfsf]
nflu ldNsfpg kg]{ x'G5 . csf]{ cy{df eGg' kbf{ ljBfyL{ hut\ ;w}+ ljZjsf
;d:of h:t} cefj, a]/f]huf/L, ef]sd/L cflb ;d:ofx¿;Fu h'lw /x]s} x'G5g\
. of] ljBfyL{x¿sf] wd{ g} xf] .
3
ls;fg cfGbf]ng tyf To;;Fu ;DaGwLt s'/fx?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0fsf] nflu x]g'{xf];\ -
Shanker Thapa, Peasant Insuragence in Nepal, Bhaktapur:
Nirmala K.C., 2000, pp. 1-220; Shanker Thapa, ‘Begininning of
Peasent Movements in Nepal,’ Tribhuvan University Journal,
Vol. XIX no. 2, Dec. 1996.
4
s'df/, k"j{jt .
5
P]hg .
122
ljBfyL{x¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf ;Gbe{df George S.

Arundale n] klg ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ – ljBfyL{ hut r]tgfsf]
;+jfxs xf] pgLx¿ x/]s tYo / ;To;Fu kl/lrt x'g ;S5g\ / To;nfO{
k|of]udf Nofpg klg ;Ifd x'G5g\ . pgsf] egfdf –6
It is for the student by studying thought and judgement to
understend what really underlies the service of the
motherland.
To;}u/L rLgdf klg ljBfyL{x?n] dxTjk"0f{ cfGbf]ng u/] . $ d]

!(!( df ePsf] cfGbf]ng pNn]vlgo 5 . zfgt'Ësf] k|ZgnfO{ lnP/
a]OlhËsf !# ljZjljBfnosf %))) ljBfyL{x?n] cfGbf]ngdf efu lnP
. o;n] k]l/; uPsf rLlgof k|ltlglw d08nnfO{ zfGtL ;GwL gsfg{
afWo kf¥of] . of] cfGbf]ngn] rLgdf af]}l4s cfGbf]ngsf] nfuL dfWodsf]
sfd u¥of] . o;/L rLgdf ljBfyL{ ju{ gofF zlQmsf] ?kdf pbo eof] .7
o;}u/L ;g\ !(*^ df klg rLgdf csf]{ 7'nf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng eof]
h:df !,%),))) ljBfyL{n] efulnP . ltgLx?n] jfs\, k|]; tyf e]nf x'g
kfpg] :jtGqtfsf] dfu u/] . oL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngn] rLgsf] Oltxf;df
b'/ufdL k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . kl/0ffdtM rLgdf lj:tf/} kl/jt{gsf] nx/
b]vfk¥of] .8
cd]l/sfsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; klg Tolt k'/fgf] 5}g .
;g\ !(#) df American Students Union u7g ePkl5 ;f] Union
n] kfFrnfv cd]l/sL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ kl/rflnt ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o
6
George S. Arundale, ‘Indian Students and Politics’, Adyar
Pamphlets No. 44, Madras: Theosophical Publishing House,
www.theorsophical.ca/Indianstudentspolitics gsa.htm.
7
Immanuel C.Y. Hsu, The Rise and Fall of Modern China, New
York: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 501-511.
8
P]hg\ , k[= *&#–**@ .
123
ljifox¿df ljBfyL{sf] rf;f] a9fpg yfNof] . 9 o;kl5 g} ljBfyL{x¿

ljZj /fhgLltdf ckl/xfo{ 5g\ eGg] s'/fn] dfGotf kfof] . American
Student Union sf ;b:ox¿n] bf];|f] ljZj o'4sf] ;dodf :k]gdf
ePsf] o'4df klg axfb'/L ;fy n8] . o;sf ;fy} ltgLx?n] k|ultzLn
kl/jt{gsf] kIfdf;d]t lg/Gt/ ¿kdf sfo{ u/]] . 10 ljZjsf w]/}
ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿df /fi6«nfO{{ cfw'lgsLs/0ftkm{ cufl8 a9fpg
ljBfyL{ ju{sf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L w]/} d'n'ssf /fli6«o
cfGbf]ngx¿df ljBfyL{ ju{n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . 11
ljBfyL{ hut / /fhgLltsf] ;Gbe{df Oklahoma Student's Civic
Engagement Declaration 2003 n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 ls ljBfyL{
hdftn] g]t[Tj ju{, z}lIfs ;+:yfx? / ;dfhsf] ;xof]udf gful/s
clwsf/ / /fhgLlt zf:qsf] 1fg;Fu glhs /xFb} cfˆgf] dfgjLo bfloTj
k"/f ug{'kb{5 . ljBfyL{x?sf] p2]Zo gful/sx¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
/ ;Da4{g ub{} gful/s lzIff k|fKt ug'{, z}lIfs 1fg k|fKt ug'{ /
;dfhsf] ;]jf ug'{ xf] .12
o;} ;Gbe{df Nicholas V. Longo and Ross P. Meyer n]]
o'jf ljBfyL{x?n] x/]s /fHosf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo /
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} /fi6« lgdf{0fdf cufl8 a9\g' kb{5 cfhsf
SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x¿n] z}lIfs 1fgsf] ;fy;fy} /fhg}lts 1fg /
9
Robert Cohen, ‘The American Student Movement of the 1930s’,
www.newdeal.feri.org/ students/
10
P]hg, k[= @ .
11
Philip G. Altbach, "The Transformation of the Indian Student
Movement" Asian Survey, 1966, p. 448.
12
Nicholas V. Longo and Ross P. Meyer, "College Students and
Politics: A Literature Reivew" Circle Working Paper up May
2006, p.13 www.civicyouth.org.
124
gful/s clwsf/sf] af/]df klg ;r]t x'g' k5{ eGg] egfO{ AoQm u/]sf
5g\ .13
o;/L ljZj /fhgLltdf ljBfyL{ju{sf] ;Ël7t ;xeflutf k|yd
ljZj o'4sf] ;]/f]km]/f]sf] ;doaf6 g} ;'?jft eof] . blIf0f Pl;ofsf]
lzIffsf] s]Gb| ljGb' dflgPsf] ef/tdf klg nueu ToxL ;doaf6 g}
ljBfyL{x¿n] ;fË7lgs lqmofsnfk ug{ ;'? u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfn
h:tf] ul/a / cljsl;t d'n'sdf To;df klg lzIffnfO{{ !)$ jif]{
/f0ffzfxL ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lgoGq0fsf] sf/0f g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿sf]
;fË7lgs ;xeflutf Tolt k"/fgf] x'g] t s'/} ePg . tyflk /f0ff sfndf
lj=;++ @))$ h]7 !% ut] ePsf] æhot' ;+s[td cfGbf]ngÆ g} g]kfnL
ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|yd cfGbf]ng xf] eGg] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL ljBfyL{
cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;nfO{{ x]bf{ of] :ki6 x'G5 ls g]kfnL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng
Pp6} ult / lbzfdf cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . t/ g]kfnL /fhgLltsf]
x/]s cfGbf]ngdf ljBfyL{ hutsf] cxd e"ldsf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;Ël7t
g]kfnL ljBfyL{sf] cfGbf]ng g]kfndf @))& sf] cfGbf]ng kl5 dfq pbo
ePsf] xf] .
lj=;+= !((% d+l;/ !% ut] sf7df8f}+sf] OGb|rf]sdf ePsf]
/fhgLlts ;efdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] tkm{af6 klxnf] k6s lq–rGb| sn]hsf
ljBfyL{ u+ufnfn >]i7n] /f0ff lj/f]wL ;Daf]wg efif0f u/]sf lyP .14 o;n]]
/f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf ;h{sx¿ klg ljBfyL{x¿ g} x'g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{
k|i6 kf5{ . o;/L /f0ffx¿sf] lrxfg vGg] sfd ljBfyL{af6 g} ePsf] xf] .
g]kfndf @))& cfiff9 !& ut] clvn g]kfn /fli6«o ljBfyL{ km]8]/]zgsf]
:yfkgf ePkl5 ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] ;ª\ul7t ;d"x kl/rflnt ePsf]
13
P]hg, k[= !$ .
14
df5fk'R5]« - k[=gf=Sof=:jljo'sf] d'vkq _ @)^!, k[= &* .
125
kfOPsf] 5 . 15 o;sf] nfdf] ;dokl5 pQm ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gk|lt

k|hftGqjfbL ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf] c;xdtL k|s6 ub}{ @)@& ;fn j}zfv
^ ut] g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . @)@* df /fli6«o gof
lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf nfu" eP kl5 ljBfno / SofDk;:t/df ljBfyL{
o'lgog u7g ug{ aGb]h nufOof] .16 h;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿df c;Gtf]if
j[l4 x'g' :jefljs} lyof] . ljBfyL{ lj/f]wL ljrf/ JoQm x'g] dfWod
ag]sf]n] @)#@ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgdf /fli6«o k~rfotdf :gfts
tkm{sf] k|ltlglwTj ;dfKt eof] . b]zsf] k|zf;g oGq k~rfotL
/fhgLltdf emg s7f]/ s]Gb|Los/0f nfu" eof] . o:t} k[i7e"lddf @)#%–
#^ ;fndf g]kfndf h'g ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng eof] pQm ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng
d'n's xNnfpg ;kmn /x\of] . t/ of] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf af/]df
lj=lk=sf]O/fnfsf] wf/0ff lyof] ls 17
cfGbf]ngn] Joj:yfsf lj?¢ hgtfnfO{ cfkm\gf efjgf AoQm ug]{ cj;/
lbPtfklg of] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng ljb]zLaf6 ;Grflnt ePsf] xf]] .
@)#%–#^ ;fndf ;'? ePsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngdf jfdkGyL ljBfyL{
/ k|hftGqjfbL ljBfyL{x¿ ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf lyof] . @)#^ ;fnsf]
hgdt ;ª\u|x ;Ël7t g]kfnL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng s} pkh lyof] eGg'df
s'g} cTo'lQm x'Fb}g . g]kfnL sf+u|]; / jfdkGyL zlQmx¿aLr b]vf k/]sf]
;dembf/L o'Qm jftfj/0fn] ljBfyL{ hutdf cg's'n k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] .
15
ljGbf kf08], cfhsf o'jf ef]lnsf ;Ifd hgzlQm, sf7df8f}+M cfOl;OPd g]kfn
sld6L, ;g\ @))& , k[= ^ .
16
;"o{dl0f clwsf/L, g]kfndf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, gofF lbNnL: lg/fnf
klAns]zgM lj=;++ @)%%, k[= @@* .
17
Lok Raj Baral, Nepal’s Politics of Referendum A Study of Group,
Personalities and Trends, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House,
1983, p. 208.
126
g]kfndf ePsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng s]jn kfl6{x?sf] sfo{qmdsf]

lj:tfl/t ?kdfq lyof] . bjfj ;[hgf ug{ kf6L{x?n] ljBfyL{{nfO{g}
dfWodsf ?kdf k|of]u u/] . hgdt 3f]if0ff ePkl5 ljBfyL{x? klg
;ls|o ?kn] nfu] . bnx?n]klg ljBfyL{sf ls|ofsnfknfO{ oyf?kdf
l:jsf/ u/] . t/ g]kfnL ljBfyL{sf] /fhg}lts ls|ofsnfk s]jn Ifl0fs
l;¢ eof] h:n] b]zsf] /fhg}lts k|s[ofdf uxlsnf] k|efj kfg{ ;s]g .
ltgsf ls|ofsnfk ;b}j j}rfl/s w/ftndf cfwfl/t x'b}gy] .18
@)$^ ;fnsf] k|yd hgcfGbf]ngdf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 / ljleGg
efudf ljeQm eP/ /x]sf] jfdkGyL k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{ ;+u7gx¿sf]
;femf / h'emf¿k"0f{ ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf]
;Gbe{df Ps ljb]zL n]vs Julio A. Andrews cfˆgf] Nepal
zLif{ssf] n]vdf g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ljZn]if0f ub}{ n]v]sf
5g\ ls 19
;g\ !(%( df klxnf] cfd lgjf{rg ePsf] g]kfndf To;sf] 8]9 jif{ kl5 ;g\
!(^! df /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;Í6sfn nfu" u/]/ ;+;b lj36g u/]kl5 :yfkgf
u/]sf] k~rfotL Joj:yfn] nfdf] ;do /fHo rnfof] . h'g zf;gdf /fhf g}
;j]{;jf{ x'Gy] . To:tf] a]nfdf ;g\ !(&( df Pp6f nf]slk|o ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng
eof] . h;df g]kfnsf /fhg}tLs kf6L{x¿ klg ;dflxt lyP . Tof] ljBfyL{{
cfGbf]ngn] /fhfsf] Psnf}6L zf;g nfO{{ 7"nf] r'gf}lt lbPsf] lyof] . oxL
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng g} @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] tof/Lsf] nflu cfwf/
ag]sf] lyof] .
o;/L ljb]zL n]vsn] ;d]t @)#% ;fndf ePsf] ljBfyL{
cfGbf]ngnfO{{ g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ / cfwf/e"t s8L dfg]sf
18
P]hg\ , k[= @)& .
19
Julio A. Andrews ‘Strengthening Democracy Through Women's
Political Participation’, The Asia Foundation Emerging Issues in
Asia- Panel III, p.2; www.asiafoundation. org/pdf/pt_emergz.pdf.
127
5g\ . ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnsf dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts cuf8L a9fO{

cfGbf]ngx¿df P]ltxfl;s / cfwf/e"t e"ldsf v]Ng k|]l/t u/]sf lyP .
hgcfGbf]ngdf kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{sf] tof/L

@)$^ ;fnsf] /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] k|f/Deb]lv cGTo;Dd g}
ljBfyL{ ju{n] k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu ;~rfng ul/Psf ;+3if{sf
sfo{qmdx¿df ;lqmotfk"j{s efu lnP/ cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;kmn agfpg
of]4fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .20
/fli6«o /fhgLltdf /fhgLltsf] cxd\ ;jfndf g]kfnL sf+u|]; /
jfdkGyL bnx¿aLr ePsf] Pstfn] ljBfyL{ hutdf klg dxTjk"0f{ k|efj
kf/]sf] lyof] . SofDk;x¿df ;w}+ Ps csf{ lj?4 nflu /xg] g]kfn
ljBfyL{ ;+3 / clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog lar klg
ce"tk"j{ Pstf sfod x'g cfPsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; / jfdkGyL
bnx¿sf] p2]Zo Pp6} ePsf]n]of] ;Dej ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf
;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] tof/L klg ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿n] Ps cfk;df
ldn]/ ;+o'Qm ¿kd} u/L/x]sf lyP .
kf]v/fsf] ;Gbe{df klZrdf~rn If]qs} dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf]
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; ljBfyL{x¿sf] zlQms]Gb| lyof] . jf:tjdf
hgcfGbf]ngsf qmddf ljZjljBfnodf k|bz{g hf/L /x\of] . sltko
k|bz{g t eofgs lyP . kl/0ffdtM k'ln; bdg tLa| eof] . jf:tjdf
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngn] hgtfnfO{ ;8sdf ptfg]{ sfd u/\of] . 21 pQm
SofDk;df bz xhf/ eGbf a9L ljBfyL{x¿ cWoog ub{y] .
20
>L/fd l3ld/], ljBfyL{ ju{ / k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfsf] ;+3if{ Ps ;+lIfKt cWoog,
sf7df8f}M sdnf l3dL/], @)%*, k[= $*
21
William Reaper and Martin Hofton, Spring Awakening –
An Account of the 1990 Revolution, New Delhi: Viking,
1992, p. 62 and 105.
128
kf]v/f If]q leq /x]sf] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf cGo tLg cflËs

SofDk;x?df x'g] ljBfyL{ ultljlw k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;af6 g} k|efljt
x'g] ub{Yof] . l7s To;}a]nf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkfq txsf] gofF z}lIfs ;q ;'?
x'Fb} lyof] . gjcfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ :jfut ug]{ sfd o; kfln eg]
g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 / jfdkGyL ljBfyL{x¿sf] df]rf{ c=g]=/f=:j=lj=o'=n]
;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfof]hgf ug]{ lgwf] u¥of]] . gj cfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{
ul/g] :jfut sfo{qmdsf] tof/Lsf] nflu ;a} ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿n] df3
@& ut] ;fFem Ps uf]Ko j}7ssf] cfof]hgf u/]] . 22 ljBfyL{ ;+u7gsf
g]tfx¿ aLr dfq ePsf] pQm j}7sn] cfufdL ;a} sfo{qmdx¿ ;+o'Qm
¿kdf ;DkGg ug]{, k~rfot kIfw/ ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿nfO{{ SofDk; leq
s'g} klg lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx? ug{ glbg] / ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] x/]s
/fli6«o sfo{qmdnfO{{ dg, jrg / sd{n] k"0f{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;j{;Ddt lg0f{o
ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm a}7sn] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df @)$^ kmfu'g !
ut]sf lbg gjcfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jfutdf Ps eJo sfo{qmdsf]
cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf lyP . o;/L /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ nfO{{
ljBfyL{ ju{n] ;fd'lxs ¿kdf Pstfa4 9Ën] ;xof]u ug]{ lg0f{o ub}{
l;Ëf] ljBfyL{ hdft cfGbf]ngnfO{{ Pp6f prfOdf k'¥ofO{ g]kfnsf
/fhgLlts bnx¿n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|hftGq k|flKtsf nIo k|fKt ug{sf
nflu sDd/ s;]/ bQlrQn] bnsf] ;fy nfu] .
kmfu'g ! ut]sf] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] ultljlw

g]kfnsf /fhg}lts bnx¿ dWo] g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{n]
@)$^ ;fn kmfu'g & ut]af6 cfGbf]ng ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/] tfklg kmfu'g &
;'? x'g' cufj} l;Ëf] d'n's cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf] dx;''; ;a}nfO{{
22
g]lj;+ sf:sLsf tTsfnLg ;rLj kf]ifgfy kf08];Fu @)^#÷^÷% df lnOPsf]
cGtjf{tf{ .
129
eO;s]sf] lyof] . Psflt/ kmfu'g & ut]af6 cfGbf]ng ;'? x'g' cufj} pQm
cfGbf]ng bjfpg k~rfotL zf;sx¿n] bnsf g]tf sfo{stf{nfO{{ kqmfp
ug{ ;'? u/L ;s]sf] lyof] . ;fy} bnx¿ / ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gsf ;a}
ultljlwx¿ dfly lgu/fgL ub}{ /fi6«sf] u'Ktr/ ;+:yf /fli6«o cg';Gwfg
ljefu k'/} lqmofzLn eO;s]sf] lyof] eg] csf]{lt/ /fhg}lts bnx¿ /
pgLx¿sf dftxtsf ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿ kmfu'g & ut]af6 ;'? x'g] /fli6«o
hgcfGbf]ngsf] tof/Lsf] nflu sDd/ s;]/ nflu;s]sf lyP . k~rfotL
;QfkIfsf] jj{/tfk"0f{ bdgsf] gLlt / ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿sf] kmfu'g & af6
;'? x'g] /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] k"j{ tof/L aLrsf] 3df;fgsf] kl/0ftL
:j?k kmfu'g ! ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df Pp6f 7"nf] bdgsf/L 36gf
36\of] .
@)$^ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgogsf] cfof]hgfdf cg]/f:jljo' / g]=lj=;+3sf] ;+o'Qm kxndf k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq txdf egf{ x'g cfPsf gj k|j]zL ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;Ddfgdf Pp6f
:jfut sfo{qmd /flvPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmd k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] lj1fg
ejgsf] k|fª\u0fdf cfof]hgf ug]{ tof/L ul/Psf] lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;sf ax';+Vos ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutfdf x'g nfu]sf] pQm ;efsf]
k~rfotL ;QfkIfn] cfˆgf u'Ktr/ dfkm{t\ hfgsf/L kfO;s]sf] lyof] .
To;}n] k~rfotL ;QfkIf s'g} klg xfntdf pQm sfo{qmd ;DkGg gxf];\
eGg] rfxGYof] eg] ljBfyL{ ;d"x x/xfntdf :jfut sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug]{
dgl:yltdf lyof] . o;} aLr sfo{qmd :yn j/k/ ;QfkIfåf/f sfo{qmd
ljyf]lng] / k|x/L x:tIf]k x'g] va/ k~rfot kIfw/ ljBfyL{x¿åf/f
k'¥ofOof] . k|x/L x:tIf]ksf] nflu # 6«s k|x/Lx¿ k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf]
d'n u]6 cufl8 t}gfy ul/of] . 23 o;kl5 sfo{qmddf k|x/L x:tIf]k
23
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
130
cjZo+efjL b]]v]/ lj:tf/} ljBfyL{ ju{x¿ dWo] /fhgLltk|lt ?rL gePsf

/ bdgsf] k|lt/f]w ug]{ cfsf+Iff klg gePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] 7"nf] hdft
SofDk; 5f]8L lj:tf/} aflxl/of] .24 t/ klg k~rfot Ot/ ;a} ljBfyL{
;Ë7gx¿ / k|lt/f]wL efjgf af]s]sf ljBfyL{x?sf] csf]{ hdft eg]
k|x/L;Fu d'7e]8 ub}{ eP tfklg sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug]{ ;f]rdf b[9 /xof] .
o;sf] kmn:j¿k sfo{qmd cfof]hs :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogn] ;DefJo
b'3{6gfaf6 aRg / d'7e]8sf] kl/l:yltdf a9L Iflt x'gaf6 hf]lugsf
nflu sfo{qmd :yn kl/jt{g ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] .25
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; If]qkmnsf] lx;fan] b]zs} ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
SofDk; xf] . o; SofDk;df jfdkGyL ljBfyL{x?n] cfˆgf] sfo{qmdx¿
cfof]hgf ug]{ rf}/nfO{{ k|ultzLn rf}/ eg]/ gfd lbPsf 5g\ . pQm rf}/
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] pQ/L efudf cjl:yt 5 . To;}u/L
k|hftGqjfbL ljBfyL{ ;d"xsf] x/]s sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug]{ 5'§} :yfg 5
h;nfO{{ hog]kfn rf}/ eg]/ lrlgG5 . of] :yfg SofDk;sf] dWok"jL{
efudf cjl:yt 5 . :jljo'n] lj1fg ejgdf ug{ nfu]sf] :jfut
sfo{qmd c;'/lIft b]v]kl5 ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿larsf] df}lvs ;xdlt kl5
hog]kfn rf}/df cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o eof] .26 To;kl5 ;a} ljBfyL{x¿
hog]kfn rf}/lt/ hDdf x'g yfn] . cfof]hs ;a} ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿nfO{{
ToxfF klg bdg x'g;S5 eGg] nfu]s} lyof] . tyflk pQm hog]kfn
rf}/af6 k|x/L dfly bdgsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ ;lhnf] x'g]5 / sbflrt k|x/L
d'7e]8df efUg' k/]df SofDk;sf] k"jL{ efusf] ;]tL u08sL If]q, pQ/L
efusf] 5fqfjf; If]q / blIf0fL efusf] glbk'/ l8n If]qaf6 ;'/lIft
24
P]hg .
25
26
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
131
pDsg ;lsGYof] .27 o;/L sfo{qmd :ynsf] kl/jt{g ePkl5 ljBfyL{x¿

lj1fg ejgsf] k|fª\u0faf6 s]xL k5fl8 x6]sf] ;ef :yndf b]lvof] lsg
ls cfof]hsx¿ ToxfFaf6 lj:tf/} kl5 x6\b} uP . gj3f]lift sfo{qmd
:yn lj1fg ejg k|fª\u0fsf] 7Ls k5fl8 lyof] . t/ o;sf] cy{ d08n]
ljBfyL{x? / k|x/Lx¿n] s] nufP eg] sfo{qmd cfof]hsx¿ ;fdfGo
bdgsf] vt/f df]Ng grfx]/ sfo{qmd :ylut u/L k5fl8 x6] / sfo{qmd
c;kmn eof] . SofDk;af6 aflxl/Psf ljBfyL{x¿sf] hdftnfO{{ x]/]/
pgLx¿n] o:tf] ;f]r]sf lyP . t/ jf:tjdf SofDk;af6 lj:tf/}
aflxl/Psf] ljBfyL{x¿ vf;df /fhgLltk|lt c;r]t / ;DefJo k|x/L
bdgsf] vt/f df]Ng grfxg]x¿sf] hdft dfq} lyof] . o;/L :jljo'n] ;a}
ljBfyL{ ;d"xsf g]tfx¿sf] cfd ;xdtLdf sfo{qmd :yn kl/jt{g u/]sf]
hfgsf/L ;Qf kIfn] kfPg . t/ csf]{ lt/ ljBfyL{x¿ eg] SofDk;sf]
:jljo'sf] cu'jfOdf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug{ hog]kfn rf}/df e]nf
eO;s]sf lyP . sltko ljBfyL{x¿ SofDk;leq k:g tDtof/ nf7Lwf/L
/ xltof/wf/L k|x/Lx¿ SofDk;sf] d"nu]6df b]v]/ lj:tf/} cf–cfˆgf] 3/
lt/ nflu ;s]sf lyP . csf]{lt/ SofDk;df cWoog/t d08n]
ljBfyL{x¿n] SofDk;leq ha/h:tL ¿kdf k|x/L k|j]zsf] nflu lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 cg'dtL lnP/ k|x/L cfO;s]sf] eGg] xNnf lk6fpFb}
lyP . o:tf] xNnf km}lnPkl5 SofDk;leqsf] ljBfyL{ ;+Vof kftlng'
:jefljs} lyof] . t/ klg hlt ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof SofDk;leq lyof] Tof]
cf;Gg hgcfGbf]ngsf] k"j{ tof/Lsf] nflu k|;:t lyof] .
c¿ a]nf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 ;dly{t ljBfyL{x¿ dfq e]nf x'g] /
jfdkGyL k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{x¿n] kfOnf 6]Sg} gx'g] 7flgPsf] :yfg pQm
lbg eg] ;a} ljrf/wf/fsf] ljBfyL{x¿ e]nf eP/ gj cfuGt's
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ :jfut ug]{ d'Vo sfo{qmddf ;l/s x'Fb} kmfu'g & ut]af6
27
P]hg .
132
;'? x'g nfu]sf] /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] tof/L ub}{ k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;g

;Qfsf] bdgsf] k|lt/f]w ub{} cufl8 a9\b} lyP . tTsflng :jljo'
;efklt emns ;'j]bL / tTsflng g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 lhNnf ;rLj
kf]ifgfy zdf{sf cg';f/ pQm lbg hog]kfn rf}/df klg k|x/L x:tIf]k
x'g ;S5 eGg] ;Defjgf lyof] . o;sf] nflu cfjZos k|lt/f]wsf]
sfo{qmd klg to ul/Psf] lyof] .28
s]xL ;do l9nf] u/L :jljo' ;efklt emns ;'j]bLsf]
cWoIftfdf ;ef ;~rfng eof] . jQmfx¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} lyPg .
sfo{qmdnfO{{ nfdf] gagfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ¿kdf ;DkGg ug]{ of]hgf
agfOPsf] lyof] . ;a} ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx?af6 ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿n] ;Daf]wg
u/]sf lyP . cfˆgf] ;Daf]wgdf x/]s ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿n] cfufdL xKtfb]lv
;'? x'g] /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu dg, jrg / sd{n]
;xof]u ug]{ k|0f u/]sf lyP .29 hog]kfn rf}/df ul/Psf] pQm sfo{qmd
jf:tjdf 7"nf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] nflu ul/Psf] lyPg . ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jtGq
;+:yf :jljo'n] ;a} ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx¿sf] cfd ;xdltdf cf;Gg
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dy{gdf /flvPsf] Pp6f sfo{qmd dfq lyof] . h;nfO{{
gj cfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jfut sfo{qmd eGg] gfd lbPsf] lyof] .
oyfy{df Tof] Pp6f /fhg}lts sfo{qmddf kl/0ft eO;s]sf] lyof] .
ljBfyL{sf] sfo{qmd / ;QfkIfsf] k|lt/f]w

;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] 3f]if0ffn] k~rfotL ;QfkIf
ys{dfg lyof] . To;}n] ;QfkIf cg]s xys08f ckgfP/ eP tfklg
lj/f]wL kIfnfO{{ bafpg rfxfGYof] . klZrdf~rn If]qsf] ;b/d'sfd
kf]v/fdf /fhbDkQLsf] e|d0f sf/0fn] ;jf/L dGqfno g} kf]v/fdf
28
P]hg .
29
P]hg\ ,
133
cfOa;]sf] lyof] . /fhbDklQsf] ;jf/L ePsf] If]qdf k~rfotsf lj?4

s'g} klg ultljlw gxf];\ eGg] k|zf;sx? rfxGy] . kf]v/f pkTosfdf
k|ltalGwt bnx¿n] kmfu'g & af6 x'g] hgcfGbf]ngsf] nflu s'g} v'Nnf
sfo{qmd g/fv]sf] eP tfklg ljBfyL{ju{n] kmfu'g ! ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;df /fv]sf] pQm :jfut sfo{qmd k~rfotL ;QfkIfsf] 6fpsf]
b'vfO{ ag]sf] lyof] . To;}n] k~rfot x/xfntdf pQm sfo{qmd
lgd{dtfk"j{s eP tfklg bdg ug{ rfxGYof] . ;QfkIfsf] ljrf/df
ljBfyL{sf] sfo{qmdnfO{{ bdg ug{ ;lsof] eg] To;sf] k|efj bnx¿df
klg kg{ ;Sg]5 / bnx¿ klg cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿ ug{af6 xRsg] 5g\ .
o:tf] dfgl;stfaf6 clek|]l/t eO ;QfkIf lgof]lht ¿kdf
ljBfyL{x¿åf/f cfof]hgf x'g nfu]sf] kmfu'g ! ut]sf] :jfut sfo{qmd
bdg ug{ rfx]sf] lyof] . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu k~rfotL ;Qf kIfn]
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;leq /x]sf] :jtGq ljBfyL{ ;d"x cyf{t d08n]x?sf]
d2t lng] lg0f{o u¥of] . :jtGq ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ cfˆgf] tkm{af6 :jfut
ug{] lgx'F kf/L @)$^ df3 @( ut]sf] lbg :jtGq ljBfyL ;d"xn] Pp6f
:jfut sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . o;df bfbf / u'08f lsl;dsf
aflxl/of o'jsx¿ klg ;+nUg lyP . of] sfo{qmddf kf]v/fsf s]xL jl/i7
k~rx¿nfO{{ jQmfsf] ¿kdf af]nfO{{Psf] lyof] . ga cfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿sf
nflu :jfut eGbf klg ToxfF efjL cfGbf]ngsf] lj/f]w ug{df a9L hf]8
nufOPsf] lyof] . ;ef ;lsPkl5 ;xefuLx¿n] k~rfotsf] ;dy{gdf
lhGbfjfbsf] gf/f nufP . 30 sfo{qmddf tTsflng dxfk~r /fw]Zofd
sdf/f]sf] k|d'v cfltYodf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . 31 To; sfo{qmddf
u0f]z z]/rg, cd/ axfb'/ sfsL{, ;"o{axfb'/ s]=;L= / tLy{ >]i7
30
clwsf/L, k"j{jt, , k[= ##@ .
31
g]lj;+ sf:sLsf tTsfnLg ;rLj kf]ifgfy kf08];Fu @)^#÷^÷% df lnOPsf]
cGtjf{tf{ .
134
nufotsf k~rx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;a} jQmfx¿n]

k~rfotsf] kIfdf af]Nb} k~rfot lj/f]wL ;a} JolQmx¿nfO{{ lgd{dtf
k"j{s bdg ul/g] 3f]if0ff ;d]t u/]sf lyP . To;avt pQm sfo{qmdsf
k|d'v cltly /fw]Zofd sdf/f] sf:sL lhNnf k|ltsf/ ;ldltsf cWoIf
;d]t /x]sf lyP . 32
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;Gbe{df ;/;Nnfx ug{sf nflu @)$^ kmfu'g !
ut] ul/g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] k"j{ k|rfl/t sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng k|x/L sfo{jfxLsf]
nflu k[i7e"ld tof/ ug{ ;jf/L lzlj/sf] Ozf/fdf 5fq e]ifwf/L k~r
tyf d08n]x¿n] e"tk"j{ /fHodGqL /fw]Zofd sdf/f]sf] g]t[Tjdf SofDk;
If]qdf kmfu'g @( ut] u/]sf] ;efsf] efif0fsf] qmddf hgcfGbf]ngdf
efu lng] 5fq, 5fqfnfO{{ lgd{d oftgf lbOg], SofDk;nfO{{ cfˆgf] xftdf
lnOg] tyf k|x/L dfr{ u/fOg] h:tf s'/f JoQm u/L ;+qf;sf] jftfj/0f
;[hgf u/]sf lyP . ;f]xL avt :yfgLo k|zf;gn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO kmfu'g
! ut]sf] sfo{qmd /f]s xf]Og eg] k|x/L sf/jfxL u/L w'Nofpg] r]tfjgL
lbPsf] lyof] .33
hgcfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g] ljifodf SofDk;sf 5fq 5fqfx¿n]
kmfu'g ! ut] ;ef h'n';sf] cfof]hgf ug{ lgsfn]sf] sfo{qmdnfO{{
xtf]T;fx ug]{ clek|fon] k|]l/t eO SofDk; lgsfosf] :jLs[lt glnO{
d08nx?n] gj cfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ :jfut ug]{ lgFx' kf/L lj1fg
ejgsf] k|fª\u0fdf kmfu'g @( ut] /fw]Zofd sdf/f]sf] g]t[Tjdf jl/i7
k~rx¿n] hgcfGbf]ngdf efu lng] 5fq 5fqfx¿nfO{{ lgdd{ oftgf lbg]
;d]tsf] ljleGg wDsL lbb} pQ]hgfk"0f{ efif0f u/]sf] sf/0faf6 kf]v/f
32
OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn, dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, -hfFra'em cfof]u, @)$&_, sf7df8f}+
lj=;= @)%!, k[= @&) .
33
P]hg, k[= #^^ .
135
tgfju|:t ePsf] xf] eGg] jf:tljstfnfO{ kl5 dlNns cfof]un] ;d]t

7x/ u¥of] .34
o;/L k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df ;Qfwf/Lx¿åf/f ul/Psf]
cdfgjLo bdgsf] lj?4df ;f]xL SofDk;sf pkk|fWofks x'dfsfGt
kf08]n] SofDk;leqsf] cdfgjLo bdgsf] 36gf ljj/0fsf] oyfy{ lrq0f
æcfFz'sf cIf/x¿Æ gfds k':tsdf ug'{ePsf] 5 . kmfu'g ! sf] k|x/L
x:tIf]knfO{{] SofDk;sf] d"nu]6 aflx/sf] Pp6f s'gfaf6 x]l//xg' ePsf
n]vs k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; kf]v/fsf g]kfnL ;flxTosf pkk|fWofks
x'dfsfGt kf08] o; 36gfsf k|ToIfbzL{ x'g'x'G5 . kmfu'g ! df
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;leq cfˆgf ljBfyL{x¿ dfly ePsf] bdgsf] lj?4df
efj ljXjn x'Fb} pxfFn] cfˆgf cleJolQmx¿ efj's z}lndf JoQm ug'{
ePsf] 5 . pQm k':tsdf kmfu'g ! sf] 36gf tfgfzfxL zf;g ;Qfn]
cfˆgf] ;Qf hf]ufpg lgz:q ljBfyL{ ju{ dfly ul/Psf] bdgsf]
k/fsfi7nfO{{ :ki6 9Ën] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
ljBfsf] dlGb/df ;fd"lxs 5nkmnsf lglDt ljBfyL{x?
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] hog]kfn rf}/df zfGt jftfj/0fdf hDdf ePsf]
s]jn !% ldg]6 kl5 g} k|zf;gn] Ps hTyf d08n]x¿nfO{ SofDk; leq
x:tIf]k ug{ k7fof] . ;fy} SofDk;df z;:q k|x/Lx¿sf] klg k|j]z eof] .
ltgn] ;d:t dfgjLo dof{bfx¿nfO{{ cltqmd0f ub}{ ;LdfGt aa{/tf
k|b{zg ub}{ sl/a #)) ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ ks8]/ cdfgljo oftgf lbP .35
nf7Lwf/L k|x/L / l;len 8«];sf sdf08f]x¿n] hog]kfn rf}/df
lnnaxfb'/ yfkfnfO{{ s'6lk6 ub}{ kqmfp u/L ;s]kl5 klg nf7Ln] d'vdf
xfGb} gfssf] dflyNnf] efu g} eflrlbPsf], s[i0f zdf{nfO{{ dfgl;s c;/
kg]{ u/L 6fpsf]df s'6] . ltgn] !@ jif{sf s]6f g/e"kfn kf}8]nnfO{{ ;d]t
34
P]hg, k[= #%%–#%^ .
35
P]hg,
136
cfqmd0f u/L nf7Ln] k|xf/ u/]sf lyP . 36 To;}u/L k|bLk s'df/ kf}8]n
tyf lu/Lwf/L clwsf/L klg k|x/Lsf] hTyfsf] PSsf;L cfqmd0f ubf{
hog]kfn rf}/s} cufl8 a]xf]; x'g] u/L s'6fO{df k/] . 37 k|x/L bdgs}
qmddf k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] dflyNnf] u]6af6 k|x/L / d08n] k|j]z
u/L c>'Uof; / 9'Ëf xfGb} b]j]Gb| s]=;L= nfO{{ Psf]xf]/f] k|xf/ ubf{ n8]kl5
d'vdf nf7L sf]lrlbPsf] sf/0fn] kfFrj6f bfFt eflRrof] ;fy} gfs, kfv'/f
/ s'lxgfdf klg g/fd|f];Fu k|xf/ u/] . SofDk;sf] sfof{no ejg cufl8
efUb} u/]sf :j=lj=o'= pk;efklt hutk|;fb e§/fO{nfO{{ nf7Ln]
d/0ff;Gg x'g] ul/ xfgL 9fn]kl5 k|x/Ln] nfQLn] xfGbf sfgsf] hfln
;d]t km'6]sf] / bflxg] v'§fn] 6]Sg} gx'g] kfl/Psf]] lyof] . o;}u/L O{Zj/
k|;fb sfˆn]nfO{{ nf7Ln] xfGbf b]a|] xft eflrPsf] / ub{g rnfpg} gx'g]
u/L] s'l6Psf] lyof] . 38 o;/L k|x/L / d08n]x¿n] ldn]/ k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk; leq d'nu]6 / dflyNnf] u]6 b'a}lt/af6 k;L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{
s'6lk6 ul/ oftgf lbg] sfd o; 9Ën] u/] ls b]Vg] ;'Gg]x¿n]
SofDk;sf] Tof] 36gfnfO{{ jj{/tfk"0f{ bdgsf] k/fsfi7f of] eGbf a9L x'g
;Sb}g egL eGg yfn] . k|x/Lx¿ ljBfyL{ b]Vgf ;fy hfO nfUby] .
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df dlxnf ljBfyL{x¿sf] kf]zfs lgwf{l/t ul/Psf]
eP tfklg Tof] P]lR5s lyof] clgjfo{ lyPg . To;}n] Hofb} sd dlxnf
ljBfyL{x? dfq ljBfyL{ kf]zfs nufpby] . k'?if ljBfyL{sf] eg] s'g}
lglZrt ljBfyL{ kf]zfs lyPg . To;}n] ljBfyL{ pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmx¿
;anfO{ k|x/Ln] b]Vgf ;fy cfqmd0f u/] .39 s'6lk6sf qmddf k|x/Lx¿n]
nf7L, a'6 / d'8\sL k|of]u u/] Pjd\ 3fOt]sf 38L, h'Qf / gub ;d]t
36
dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$&, k"j{jt\ , k[= #$) .
37
P]hg, k[= #$! .
38
P]hg, k[= #$@ .
39
137
n'6\g] sfd u/] .40 To; ;dodf ljBfyL{x¿n] dxTjsf ;fy k|of]u ug]{
u/]sf] rfOlgh snd klg k|x/Ln] n'6]sf] s'/f dlNns cfof]unfO{{ k|tfl8t
JolQmx¿n] lbPsf] ;DklQ Iflt ljj/0faf6 :ki6 x'G5 .41
hog]kfn rf}/df d08n] ;d"xåf/f ;dfltP/ k|x/Låf/f
s'6fOPsf]df jif{ !* sf ;"o{ k|;fb ltjf/L d08n] / k|x/Låf/f s'6]/ j]xf];
agfO{ ;s]kl5 kqmfp u/]sf], jif{ !( sf s[i0f ;'a]bL, jif{ !( sf e'k]Gb|
kf}8]n, jif{ @) sf >L nfn u'?Ë, jif{ @# sf k|lbk s'df/ kf}8]n,
nufotsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ s'6lk6 u/L lghx¿sf] 38L, h'Qf, sfkL /
rfOlgh snd ;lxt n'l6 nu]sf] kfO{of] . hog]kfn rf}/df ePsf]
bdgdf w]/} ljBfyL{x¿ dfly s'6lk6 nfl7 k|xf/ tyf bdg ePsf] lyof] .
dfly pNn]lvt JolQmx¿ k|x/Lsf] qm'/ bdgsf afjb'b k|hftGq k|fKtL
kl5 SofDk;sf] ;Dks{df cfPsf ljBfyL{x¿ dfq x'g\ . s'6lk6df 3fOt]
ePsf 7"nf] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vofn] cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfkl5 k|hftGqsf]
k|flKtnfO{{ g} pknlAw 7fgL s'g} ph'/L tyf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu gu/L a;]] .
bdgsf] of] qmd nfdf] ;do;Dd rln /x\of] . k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf]
k|fª\u0f hog]kfn rf}/, k|zf;lgs sfof{no ejg nufotsf ;a}
If]qx¿df e]l6Psf hlt ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ s'6\b}, lk6\b} n5fb}{ kqmfp
u/]kl5 k|x/Lx¿sf] ;f] ;d"x SofDk;sf] pQ/L If]qdf /x]sf] rd]gfu[x /
5fqfjf; tkm{ nfUof] . lsgsL ca SofDk; k|fª\u0f / hog]kfn rf}/
vfnL e} ;s]sf] lyof] . hlt ljBfyL{ afFsL lyP tL ;a} rd]gfu[x /
5fqfjf; lt/} lyP . t/ ;To s'/f] of] lyof] ls To; avt tL ;a}
ljBfyL{x¿ Hofg hf]ufpgs} nfuL rd]gfu[x / 5fqfjf;df k'u]sf lyP .
pgLx¿;Fu k|ltsf/ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf lyPg . o:tf] avtdf d'nu]6 /
40
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
41
OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn, cGt/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ tyf ljsf; k|lti7fg dlNns
cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, k[= #$@–#$$
138
dflyNnf] u]6 b'a} lt/af6 cfPsf k|x/Lx? ;d]t u/L !))) sf] ;+Vofdf
lyP .42
o;/L 7"nf] ;+Vofdf e]nf ePsf k|x/Lx¿n] lgxTyf ljBfyL{x¿sf]
rd]gfu[x / 5fqfjf;df /x]sf] le8df PSsf;L c>'Uof; k|xf/ u¥of] .
c>[Uof;sf] d'Znf]af6 aRg ljBfyL{x¿ aflx/ lgl:s efUg yfn] . l7s
olx df}sf kf/]/ k|x/Lx¿n] efUg vf]Hg] ljBfyL{x¿ dfly nf7L k|xf/ ug{
;'? u/] . bdgsf] csf]{ >[+vnf oxfFaf6 k"gM ;'? eof] . rf/}lt/sf ‰ofn
9f]sfx¿ aGb u/LPsf SofDk;sf dlxnf / k'?if 5fqfjf;sf ‰ofn
9f]sfx¿ kmf]l/P / kmf]l/Psf ‰ofnx¿af6 sf]7f leq kl; ljBfyL{ dfly
lgd{d k|xf/ u/Lof] . cfTd/fd rf}w/LnfO{{ SofDk; 5fqfjf;af6 tfg]/
aflx/ lgsfnL nf7Ln] lk6]/ 6fpsf] / gfs k'm6fO{ lbP . To;}u/L uf}td
pbf;nfO{{ dlxnf 5fqfjf;af6 lgsfnL k|x/Ln] cGo kfFr ;ft hgf
u'08fx¿ ;+u} lgd{dtf k"j{s s'6]sf lyP . To;}u/L g} nfn u'?ËnfO{{
dlxnf 5fqfjf;sf] cufl8af6 kqmfp u/L nfl7 / alS;Ën] lxsf{O aËf/f
efFrL lbP eg] eujfg k|;fb clwsf/LnfO{{ dlxnf 5fqfjf;af6 kqmfp
u/L xft, 6fpsf, 5ftL / 3fF6Ldf nf7L] k|xf/ u/L ;Vt 3fOt] agfPsf
lyP .43 o;}u/L gf/fo0f bQ kf}8]nnfO{{ klg 5fqfjf;af6 k|x/Ln] a]xf]z
x'g] u/L s'6\b} kqmfp u¥of] . emljGb| s]=;L= nfO{{ klg cdfgljo 9'Ëfn]
s'6lk6 u/L 38L ;d]t vf];L nu]sf] kfOof] .44 bdgsf] qmddf dlxnf
ljBfyL{x¿ dfly klg k'?if k|x/Lx¿n] cdfg'lifs bdg u/]sf lyP .
dgkl/ / cZnLn ufnL ub}{ dlxnf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ r'N7f] ;dft]/ n8fpFb}
w]/}nfO{{ kqmfp u/LPsf] lyof] . dfly pNn]lvt gfdx¿ oftgf kl5
42
P]hg, k[= #$# – #$% .
43
P]hg k[= #$) –#$! .
44
P]hg,
139
Goflos hfFra'em cfof]u ;dIf ;Dks{df cfPsf dfq x'g\ . of] ;+Vof s'n
lkl8tx¿sf] ;+Vofsf] s]jn !)Ü dfq xf] eGg] cg'dfg 5 .45
dlxnf 5fqfjf;df cToflws s'6fOaf6 a]xf]; x'g k'u]ls tTsflng
:j=lj=o'= ;rLj nIdL sfsL{ x'g\ . hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fg pgL dfly
ePsf] bdgsf] >[+vnfnfO{{ g]kfnL hgtfn] uxg ?kdf ;'g]sf / a'em]sf
lyP . tTsflng k~rfotL ;/sf/af6 pgn] kfPsf] oftgf cdfg'lifs,
jj{/tfk"0f{ / gf/L cl:dtf dflysf] v]njf8sf] r/d?k lyof] .
kf]v/fsf] cfGbf]ng / ljBfyL{ g]t[ nIdL sfsL{

nIdL sfsL{ u08sL c+rn :ofËhf lhNnfdf hlGdP/ TolxF
ljBfnodf cWoog ubf{ ub}{ @)#* ;fndf cg]/f:jljo'sf] k|f/lDes
sld6Laf6 /fhg}lts ;+ul7t hLjg z'? u/]sL / ;+ul7t x'g] oxL qmd
cufl8 a9\b} SofDk;, k|f/DeLs sld6L / If]lqo :t/sf] sld6L x'Fb}
@)$$ ;fndf s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] ;]qm]6/Lo6 ;b:o x'g' ePsf] lyof] .
@)$% ;fndf klxnf] k6s u7g ul/Psf] cg]/f:jljo"sf] s]Gb|Lo dlxnf
ljefusf] klxnf] cWoIf klg pg} x'g\ .
@)#%÷#^ ;fnsf] b]zJofkL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] Hjfnf ha b]zsf]
s'gf s'gf ;Dd k'Uof] ToxL pHofnf] pgsf] /fhgg}lts hu aGg k'Uof] .
Tolta]nf /fhgLltdf lgs} sd dlxnfx? ;+nUg lyP . cf+6 u/]/ cuf8L
cfPsf dlxnfx¿ dfly klg km6fxfx¿n] ljleGg cf/f]k nufpg] /
kl/jf/nfO{{ grfFlxbf] ?kdf bjfj l;hgf{ ug{ nufpFby] . rl/qlxgtfsf]
s'/f ;a}eGbf uDeL/ ?kdf rnfpFy] . To;};Fu hf]8]/ ljjfxsf] ;d:of
b]vfpFy] . kl/jf/af6 ;d:of ;[hgf ug]{ / kfl/jfl/s bjfj dfkm{t
/fhgLltaf6 k5f8L Nofpg] k|oTg x'GYof] . Tolt ubf{ klg ;kmn x'g
45
36gfsf k|ToIfbzL{ SofDk;sf sd{rf/L bftf/fd clwsf/Laf6 @)^#÷)&÷@) df
k|fKt hfgsf/L .
140
g;s]df pgLx¿ lj?4 ;'/fsL nufO{ kqmfO{ lbg], zf/Ll/s xdnf ug]{ /
a'9fkfsfsf] aLrdf uP/ logLx¿ eg]sf ;fdflhs k/Dk/f, wd{, sd{,
hfteft s]xL dfGb}gg\ eGg] h:tf s'/f nufP/ eP klg ltgnfO{ k5fl8
x6fpg] k|oTg hf/L /flvGYof] .
cg]/f:jljo'sf] ;Ë7g lgdf{0f / ljsf;df dlxnf ljBfyL{x?sf]
pNn]Vo e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . t/ ltgsf] lg/Gt/ ;lqmotfdf sld /xg'sf]
k5fl8 w]/} sf/0fx? ljBdfg 5g\ . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿aLr
/fhgLlts r]tgf km}nfpg dlxnf sfo{stf{ g} x'g'kg]{ Pp6f afWofTds
ca:yf lyof] . To; cj:yfdf vf; u/L dlxnf sfo{stf{ lgdf{0f /
ljsf;df dlxnf g]t[Tjn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L lgdf{0f
u/]sf sfo{stf{x¿ j}rfl/s lx;fan] sd} dfq ljrnLt ePsf 5g\ . t/
;lqmotfnfO{{ sfod /fVg] ;Gbe{df eg] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] :ki6 gLlt /
Jojxfl/s em'sfjsf] cefjdf ljz]if u/L ljjfx kl5 ;lqmo /fhg}lts
d}bfgaf6 g} cb[Zo x'g' k|foM lgolt g} ag]sf] 5 .
dlxnf k|lt ljBdfg c;xh kl/l:yltdf klg k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;df :gfts txdf cWoog/t nIdL sfsL{ :jljo'sf tTsflng
;rLj x'g'x'GYof] . SofDk;df klg :ki6 / k|v/ jQmfsf] ?kdf rlr{t
ljBfyL{ g]t[ kmfu'g ! sf] k|x/L bdgdf cdfgljo 9Ën] lklN;Og\ .
pgnfO{{ s:tf] k|sf/n] bdg u/Lof] eGg] s'/fsf] rrf{ Toltv]/ u08sL
c+rn e/L g} Pp6f syfsf] ?kdf km}lnPsf] lyof] . /fhbDktLsf] ;jf/L
kf]v/fd} ePsf] a]nfdf /fgL P]Zjo{n] pgnfO{{ lx/f;taf6} /Tg dlGb/df
af]nfO{ k~rfotnfO{{ ;dy{g ug{ bjfj lbOof] . t/ o;af/]df y'Sb}
/fgLsf] Tof] k|:tfjnfO{{ cl:jsf/ ul/Psf] xNnf u08sL c~rn e/L
km}lnof]] . pgsf] kqmfp kl5 pgnfO{{ cdfgljo oftgf lb+bf nIdL sfsL{
dfl/Og eGg] xNnf u08sL c~rn e/L km}lnof] . o; 36gfsf] ;Gb{edf
;/sf/L d'vkqn] …nIdL sfsL{af/] k|sflzt ;dfrf/ lgtfGt e|fdsÚ eGg]
141
zLif{sdf nIdL sfsL{ d/L pgsf] xft v'§f efFlrPsf] 5 eGg] km}lnPsf]
va/ lgtfGt e|fds skf]NsNkLt dfq ePsf] hgfpFb} nIdL sfsL{s} lktf
u+uf axfb'/ sfsL{sf] To:tf] s]xL ge]6]sf], 5f]/Lsf] b]a|] xftsf] gf8Ldf
dfq k§L afFlwPsf] / 5f]/L ;s'zn /x]sf] eGg] egfO{nfO{ va/sf] ?kdf
;Dk|]lift u¥of] . 46 vf;df Tof] xNnf cfGbf]ngsdL{x¿n] g} cfˆgf]
cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cem a9L prfO lbgsf] nflu rnfO{Psf] ;Qfl;g lj?4sf]
k|sf/sf] dgf]j}1flgs o'4sf] Ps efu lyof] .47 o;} ;DaGwdf nIdLsfsL{
;Fusf] e]63f6 vf;df To:tf] gePsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt eof]] . t/
b/af/af6 6f]nL v6fO{ s'/f ug{ k7fPsf] eg] ;To /x]5 . To:tf] 6f]nL;+u
pgn] o;/L 3[0ff JoQm u/]sL /lxl5g\ ls M
h;n] d dfyL / cGo y'k|} ljBfyL{x¿dfly To:tf] cdfgjLo oftgf lbg]
cfb]z lbof], p;n] dnfO{{ e]6\g / s'/f ug{ k7fpg] < 3[0ff nfu]/ cfof] dnfO{{
t.
pgn] h'g oftgf kfOg Tof] oftgfsf] aofg ;'Gbf qmf]lwt /
b|lje"t gx'g] JolQm sf]xL 5}g xf]nf . pgnfO{{ s'6]sf] b]Vg]x¿n] eg]
cg';f/ To:tf] oftgf ;fob kz'x¿n] klg cfh;Dd kfPsf 5}gg\ xf]nf .
nIdL sfsL{nfO{{ k|x/Lsf] Pp6f 7"nf] hTyfn] dlxnf 5fqfjf;sf]
efG;fdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] sf]7faf6 9f]sf kmf]8]/ oxfFsf] g]tL oxL xf]
eGb} n5f/k5f/ ub}{ aflx/ NofPsf lyP . pgnfO{{ lbPsf] oftgfsf]
;Gbe{df pgn] Goflos hfFra'em cfof]u @)$& ;dIf ldlt
@)$&÷)&÷@* ut] lnlvt aofg klg lbOg\ . pgsf] egfO{ o; k|sf/
lyof] M48
46
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ kmfu'g @( .
47
g]skf df=n]=sf lhNnf g]tf vu/fh clwsf/L;Fu @)^#÷&÷* df lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
48
142
@)$^ kmfug' ! ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df kmfug' & ut]af6 z'?

x'g] hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] To;}sf] tof/Ldf Pp6f cfd;ef
/fv]sf lyof}+ . cf;efsf] sfo{qmd ;lsbf g;lsFb} k|x/L hjfgx¿ SofDk;leq
cfOk'u] . sfo{qmd rln/x]sf] a]nfdf d08n]x¿klg pkl:yt lyP . k|x/Lsf]
k|a]z x'gf;fy efUg nfu]sf ljBfyL{x¿ tyf k|x/L b'j}lt/ 9'Ëf k|xf/ ul/
d08n] ljBfyL{x¿n] k|x/L tyf ljBfyL{ kIfnfO{{ pQ]lht kfg]{ sfd u/]kl5
k|x/L / ljBfyL{x¿ aLr 9'Ëf xfgfxfg eof] . ;z:q k|x/L ansf] cufl8
lgz:q ljBfyL{x?sf] s]xL nfu]g . k|x/L / d08n]n] ljBfyL{x¿ dfyL nf7L /
a'6 k|xf/ ug{ yfn] . ljBfyL{x¿ ;'/Iffsf] lglDt sIffsf]7f k'?if tyf dlxnf
5fqfjf;tkm{ efUg yfn] . k|x/Ln] c>'Uof; klg xfg] . s'6\g] lk6\g]x¿df
k|x/Lsf;fy} d08n]x¿ klg ;+nUg lyP . of] jftfj/0fb]lv d klg cflQP+ /
5fqfjf;sf efG;] sd{rf/Lsf] sf]7fdf cfO{ n's]+ . o;sf] b'O{ tLg ldg]6kl5
ha{h:tL k|x/Lx¿ 9f]sfleq kl; dnfO{{ n5f/k5f/ ul/ vf6af6 e"Odf emf/] .
s'g}n] skfn n'5\g], s'g}n] a'6n] d]/f] zl//df ahfg]{ s;}n] nf7Ln] k|xf/ ug]{ /
s;}n] alS;Ë xfGg] ul/ hyfefjL s'6lk6 ug{ yfn] . d]/f] b'j} xft ;dflt
huN6\ofpb} aflx/ l3;fb}{ sl/a Ps;o krf; ld6/ k/ nlu Ps ld6/ cUnf]
7fpFaf6 tNnf] u|fp08df ôfFlslbP . d 3f]K6f] eO{ d'l5{t eP . xf]zdf
cfPkl5 d]/f] glhs @ hgf k'ln; b]v]+ . d]/f] d'v k'/} ;'s]sf] lyof] . d}n] kfgL
dfu] . Pshgf k'ln;n] tFnfO{{ kfgL o;sf] d'vdf lk;fa ul/lbg' k5{ lk;fa
eGb} dnfO{{ cem dfgl;s rf]6 k'¥ofof] . dnfO{{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k'hL{ lbOPsf]
lyof] . sf/fuf/df klg cGo kmf}hbf/L d'4fx¿df cfPsfx¿;Fu /flvof] . ^)
hgf Ifdtf ePsf] h]ndf nueu @)) hgf aGbL /flvPsf] lyof] . h]n
k|zf;g dfkm{t kmfu'g @% ut] c~rnflwzn] dnfO{{ cfˆgf] sfof{nodf
af]nfof] . d k'Ug' eGbf cuf8L g} ToxfF g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf sd{rf/Lx¿
Sofd]/f ;lxt k'u]sf /x]5g\ . ;fy} d]/f a'afnfO{{ klg ToxfF af]nfO{Psf] /x]5 .
klxnf c+rnflwzn] cfˆg} cufl8 a'af / dnfO{{ e]6 u/fP . To;kl5 sfuh
u/]df clxn] g} h]nd'Qm x'g ;lsG5 elg nnfO{{ kmsfO{ ;d]t ug{ yfn] .
To;nfO{ d}n] 7f8} OGsf/ u/] . To;kl5 g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf sd{rf/Ln] xfdL
;+rf/df sfd ug]{ dfG5], ;Tos'/f hgtf;Dd k'¥ofpg] xfd|f] wd{ x'G5 .
tkfO{sf] af/]df aflx/ d/L ;s]sL egL Jofks xNnf 5 To;}n] tkfO;Fu
cGt/jftf{ lnP/ jf:tlastf 5n{Ëfpg] xfd|f] p2]Zo xf] . n ca z'? u/f}+ x}]
143
cGtjf{tf{ eGb} tkfOsf] gfd s] xf] egL k|Zg u/] . ToltGh]n pgLx¿n]
Sofd]/f tof/L cj:yfdf /fvL ;s]sf lyP . dnfO{{ aflx/sf] ca:yf af/]
s]xL yfxf lyPg . d}n] pgLx¿sf s'/f ;l'L;s]kl5 s] lgZsif{ lgsfn] eg]
logLx¿sf] p2]Zo cfGbf]ng lj?4 x'G5 . of] p2]Zo k"/f x'g glbFbf
cfGbf]ngnfO{{ phf{ x'G5 . To;}n] d}n] pgLx¿sf] k|:tfj dflgg / d s]xL klg
af]lng . pgLx¿n] w]/} s/ u/] . s]xL l;k grn]kl5 d]/f] OR5f ljkl/t
pgLx¿n] a'af;Fu a;]sf] kmf]6f] lvr]/ nu] / ToxL k|;f/0f u/]5g\ . To;n]
klg hgtfdf emg 7"nf] e|d kf/]5 . of] gSsnL nIdL sfsL{ xf] eGg]
c8\snafhL eP5 . To;kl5 km]/L 6L=eL=sf sd{rf/Lx¿ h]nd} cfP/
sf/fuf/sf] aflx/ v'Nnf rf}/df af]nfO{{ Sofd]/fsf] cufl8 cGt/jftf{ lbg
cg'/f]w u/] . ToxfF klg d}n] k|ltjfb u/]+ . t/ ToxfF dnfO{{ t k~rfot la?4
e08fkmf]/ ug]{ d~r kf] ldNof] . h]nsf aGbL e]6\g] dflg;sf] ToxfF 7"nf] le8
lyof] . To;}n] d}n] ToxL+af6 k~rfotsf] lj?4 / cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf efif0f u/]+
. efif0f ubf{ d}n] efif0f Sofd]/fdf gcfpg] u/L u/]sL lyP . o;/L o;k6s
klg d]/f] OR5f lj?4 cGt{jftf{ lng] sf]lz; u/LPsf] lyof] .
sf/fuf/df pgnfO{{ k6s k6s b/af/af6 e]6\g dfG5] k7fOPsf]
lyof] h;df tTsflng g]kfn dlxnf ;+u7gsL ;efktL / jl/i7
clwjQmf lzn' l;+xsf] 6f]nL klg lyof] . pgLx¿n] nIdL sfsL{{ dfly
cTofrf/ ePsf] ;'g]sf]n] pgsf] cj:yf a'‰g / 5'6fpgsf nflu ;xof]u
ug{ cfPsf] / Pp6f ;fgf] sfuhdfq u/L lbg' k¥of] egL k|:tfj /fv]sf
lyP . t/ pgn] @)$% ;fndf 36]sf] b'uf{b]jL cfrf{o dflysf] ^ hgf
d08n]sf] ;fd'lxs anTsf/ sf08sf] kIfdf g]kfn dlxnf ;+u7gn]
kf]v/fdf cfk"mnfO{{ h'g ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] To;sf] k|;+u p7fpb}
o:tf] dlxnf ;+u7gn] s;/L dlxnfx?sf] lxt u5{/ elg k|Zg ub}{
tkfO{x¿ s] cfwf/df eGg ;Sg' x'G5 < efg k|lt k|Zg ul/g\ . pgn]
cfkm'nfO{{ t g]kfn dlxnf ;+u7gsf] gfd ;'Gbf klg l3g nfu]/ cfpFg]
144
hjfkm klg lbOg\ . ;fy} plgx? cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ljyf]Ng vf]Hb} 5g\ /

To:tf] ;xo]fu cfkm'nfO{{ rflxFb}g egL hjfkm lbOg\ .49
cfk"m sf/fuf/df ePklg hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;3fpg h]n leq}af6
x/]s lbg &÷* ah] k~rfolt Joj:yf lj?4 efif0f ug]{, !@ ah] kl5
x/]s 306f 306fdf gf/f nufpg] l/n] cg;g a:g] h:tf sfo{x¿ lgTo
sd{ h:t} e};s]sf] lyof] . h]n leq}af6 klg cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg
lxDdt k|bfg ub}{ cfGbf]ngk|lt k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub}{ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf]
lj?4df cfjfh p7fpg 5f]l8gg\ .
/fhaGbLx¿nfO{{ vfg] tyf ;'Tg] s'g} plrt Joj:yf lyPg . ;fgf]
sf]7fdf kfnf] kfnf] ul/ ;'Tg' kg]{ t slxn] 3f;sf] ef/L ldnfP em} u/L
;'Tg' kg]{ l:ylt lyof] . To;sf] jl/kl/ # j6f ejgdf /fhaGbLx¿
/flvPsf lyP . Toxf gf/f nufpg] qmdn] ubf{ /fhaGbLx¿ Ps cfk;df
efjgfTds ?kdf hf]l8Psf lyP . To:t} Ps lbg gf/f nufpg] qmddf
tTsfnLg h]n/ cfP/ g]kfnL sf+u|];sL rGb|s'df/L u'?ËnfO{{ lxsf{P/ leq
hfg nufP . To;sf] lj/f]wdf rsf]{ gf/fafhL eof] . o;} kl/l:yltdf
nIdL sfsL{nfO{{ 3f]qmfP/ r'k nfUg nufP . To;kl5 h]n leqsf k'?if
/fhaGbLx¿n] klg Joj:yf tyf k|x/L k|zf;g lj?4 rsf]{ gf/f nufpg
yfn] . cfj]zdf cfO{ nIdL sfsL{n] glhs} /x]sf] 9'Ëf] pSsfP/ xfGg]
k|of; ubf{ h]n/ kfvf nfu]/ cfˆgf] sfof{nodf cfO{ If]qLo k|x/L
u'NdnfO{{ kmf]g u/L yk k|x/L an dufP . h;df dlxnf k|x/L klg lyP .
To;kl5 k|x/Ln] an k|of]u u/L ;a}nfO{ leq k7fP .
lg/+s'z k~rfotL Joj:yf lj?4 pgn] v]n]s]f e"ldsfnfO{{ s]nfpFbf
pgL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ ;r]t u/fpg], ;+ul7t ug]{, k|lzIf0f lbg], ljleGg
;+3if{sf sfo{qmddf pgLx¿nfO{{ kl/rflnt u/fpg] / cfGbf]ngsf]
df]rf{df cu|k+lQmdf /xL g]t[Tj lbg] u/]sf dfq geO{ pgn] kf]v/f
49
P]hg\ .
145
gu/kflnsf / To;;Fu hf]l8Psf ufpFx¿ h:t} nfdfrf}/, k'/Grf}/,

e/tkf]v/L, lgd{nkf]v/L cflb :yfgdf /ftLsf] ;dodf uO{ dlxnfx¿nfO{{
clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;+3df tyf o'jfx¿nfO{{ o'y lnudf ;+ul7t ul/
k|lzIf0f lbg] uly{g . /fhg}lts ?kdf pgL tTsfnLg g]kfn sDo'lgi6
kf6L{ -dfn]_ ;Fu cfa4 lyOg\ .
pgn] @)$@ ;fnsf] cfd r'gfjdf kf6L{n] lnPsf] Joj:yf lj?4
pko]fusf] gLlt cg';f/ :ofËhf lhNnfsf] hgklIfo pDd]bjf/ pd]zrGb|
yfkf tyf sf:sLsf ;f]dgfy Kof;Lsf] kIfdf k~rfotsf] e08fkmf]/ ub}{
ljleGg ufFpm k~rfotdf k'uL k~rfot lj?4 7"nf] hgdt tof/ u/fPsL
lyOg\ . o;qmddf pgnfO{{ /fhsfh ck/fwsf] d'4fsf] jf/]06 k"hL{ klg
sfl6Psf lyof] .
To;}u/L @)$% ;fndf ef/tn] g]kfndf nufPsf] cfly{s
gfsfaGbL lj?4 k~rfotL ;/sf/sf] cIfdtfsf] lj?4df sf:sLdf
ljleGg ufFpm k~rfotdf hgdt lgdf{0f ug{ klg pgL ;+nUg eOg\ .
@)#^ ;fn kl5 s'g} klg cfGbf]ngdf x8tfn} x'g g;s]sf
ljBfnox¿df klg pgsf] g]t[Tjdf k"0f{ x8tfn eP . h:n] ubf{
tTsfnLg k|=lh=c= eujfg l;+x cfkm} 3fGb|'s uO{ ToxfF k~rx¿aLr uf]Ko
a}7s u/L pgnfO{{ uf]nL xfgL dfl/lbg' egL cfb]z;d]t lbg kl5 k/]gg\
eg] ;fj{hlgs ?kd} 3'F8f d'gL uf]nL xfGg hf] s;}n] klg ;S5 ;d]t
eGg kl5 k/]gg\ .50 t/ klg pgL lg/Gt/ lgle{s eP/ k|hftGqsf nflu
;+3if{/t eO{ /lxg\ . @)$^ ;fn;Dddf pgnfO{{ @ j6f /fhsfh / # j6f
;fj{hlgs d'4fdf jf/]06 sfl6Psf] lyof] .51
50
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
51
146
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fg k~rfotL ;Qfwf/Lx¿n]

ljleGg k|nf]egsf ;fy} hlt;'s} oftgf lbP/ Joj:yfsf] kIfdf af]Ng]
bjfj lbPtf klg k|hftGqsf] anLj]bLdf xf]ldg tof/ ePsL nIdL sfsL{
6;d; eOgg\ . a? ;Qfwf/LnfO{{ ufnL ub}{ k|hftGq / ;Tosf] hLt
lglZrt 5 eGb} ;QfkIfsf] bjfj / wlDsnfO{{ nTofO lbOg\ . b/af/,
g]kfn dlxnf ;+u7g, c~rnflwz, g]kfn 6]lnlehg cflb ;a]sf k|of;sf
afjh'bklg pgL k|hftGqsf] kIfdf cl8ug} /lxg\ . ctM pgnfO{ cfGbf]ng
e/L h]nd} /flvof] . h]ndf pgnfO{ lbOpsf] oftgfsf] va/n] jflx/
cfGbf]ngnfO{{ phf{ yKg] sfd klg x'b} u¥of] .
nIdL sfsL{nfO{{ lbOPsf] oftgfsf] ;Gb{edf …/GylgPsf] dgÚ zLif{s
lbb}+ k|fWofks x'dfsfGt kf08]n] o;/L a0f{g u/]sf 5g\ M52
yls{Psf] 5ftL / eTelQPsf] dgn] lgGb|fnfO{{ nv]6L k/]nf ghf]l8Pkl5 hfu|fd
/ft ljtfP/ ;w}+ em}+ ef]sef]s} SofDk; hfFbf cfsfzdf 8Dd afbn 5, af6f]
rsdGg 5, k7gkf7gsf] lta| pTs07f af]sL nsf]{ nfu]/ cfpg] x'nsf x'n
ljBfyL{ st} klg 5}gg\ . t/ r6\ofË lr8\sf] k/]em}+ PSsf;L d]/f sfgdf
/fIf;L cfjfh ah|g cfO k'U5 – a'lem;\ lzj] abdf; s]6fx¿nfO{{ lxhf] 8\ofd
ls 8\ofd kfbf{ clxn] klg d]/f xftx¿ b'v]/ s/s/ vfPsf 5g\ . ;fnfx?
Sof dHhf eof] of/ Û cem Tof] s]6L 5gL k]l6sf]6 dfq nufP/ k5f8L xft
aflw l7Ë l7ËtL plePsL 808} 808fn] hLp e/L lgn} 8fd a:bf klg cem}
nf}+ xfg eG5] x} a]:;]t Û d]/f] kfnf] b'O{ emfk8 nufO{{ lbPsf] e'Sn's} 9nL . ===
gkfP/ l;lNnPsL /fF8, v'a /f]P v'a lrRrfP /fF8sL 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ .
sltko zAbx¿ o:tf x'G5g\ h;nfO{{ ;Eo ;dfhdf pRrf/0f ug{
dfq xf]Og zAbsf] ?kdf n]Vg klg ufx|f] x'G5 . SofDk; cuf8Lsf] dlGb/
leqaf6 cfPsf dflysf zAbx¿ n]vs cfkm}n] cfh ;'g]sf elg j0f{g
u/]sf x'gfn]] pQm s'/f @)$^ kmfu'g @ ut] ljxfgs]f lyof] .
52
kf08], k"j{jt\ , k[= !@ .
147
To;a]nf k|x/Laf6 lbOPsf] oftgf cdfgljo, jj{/tfk"0f{ / gf/L

cl:dtf dflysf] v]njf8sf] r/d?k lyof] . pQm 36gfnfO{{ :d/0f ub}{
nIdL sfsL{ elG5g\ M53
dnfO{{ uj{ 5 g]kfn cfdfsL 5f]/L eP/ hgcfGbf]ng k|lt ;dlk{t x'g
;s]sf]df cem klg kl/l:yltn] afWo t'NofPdf hgtfsf] nflu le8\g k/]df
tfgfzfx;Fu h'Wg k/]df d leq bl/nf] cfF6 5 .
;QfkIfsf] SofDk; aGb ug]{ r]tfjgL

g]kfnsf] klZrdf~rn If]qsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk; ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs b[li6sf]0fn] klg dxTjk"0f{ dflgGYof] .
d'n'ssf sltko /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ o;} SofDk;sf ljBfyL{ lyP . To;f]
t k~rfotL ;QfkIfsf xl:tx¿ tTsflng k|tLsf/ ;ldltsf cWoIf k"j{
/fHo dGqL /fw]Zofd sdf/f], k"j{ ;xfos dGqL u0f]z z]/rg nufotsf
cGo g]tfx¿nfO{{ klg o;} SofDk;n] lzIff k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . t/ klg
w]/} eGbf w]/} o; SofDk;af6 pTkflbt g]tfx¿ k~rfotfsf] lj?4
k|hftGqsf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpFb} lyP .
jfdkGyL k[i7e"ldaf6 /fhgLltdf cfP/ ;a} k|hftGq k|]dLx¿sf]
dtk|fKt ub}{ bf];|f] k~rfolt cfd lgjf{rg dfkm{t /fli6«o k~rfot ;b:o
ePsf k~rfot lj/f]wL g]tf ;f]dgfy clwsf/L …Kof;LÚ klg o;}
SofDk;sf :gfts lyP . o;}ul/ klZrdf~rn If]qsf clwsf+z g]tf
sfo{stf{x¿ o;} SofDk;sf pkh lyP . To;}n] k~rfotL ;QfkIfn]
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;nfO{{ Joj:yf lj/f]wL kIf dfq pTkfbg ug]{ ynf]sf]
?kdf lnPsf] lyof] . 54 To;a]nf /fhf jL/]Gb| kf]v/f g} cfO{ a;]sf]
53
54
ljBfyL{ g]tf vu/fh cfrfo{;Fu @)^#÷&÷* df lnOPs]f cGt{jftf{ .
148
sf/0fn] ;jf/L dGqfno kf]v/f d} ePsf] x'Fbf pQm dGqfnodfkm{t x/]s

36gfx¿ >L % df hfx]/ ug'{kg]{ k|rng /x]sf] lyof] .55 ;f]xL adf]lhd
>L % df pQm 36gfsf] oyf{y ljj/0f hfx]/ ubf{ tTsflng ;jf/L dGqL
k|sfzaxfb'/ l;+x / k~rfot gLlt tyf hfFra'em ;ldltsf cWoIf
gj/fh ;'j]bLn] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;nfO{{ Joj:yf lj/f]wL lzlIft
JolQmx¿ dfq pTkfbg ug]{ z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf lrlqt u/] . ltgLx?n]
pQm SofDk; aGb ug]{ r]tfjgL lbO{ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{ k|of;
;d]t u/]sf lyP .56
t/ o; ;Gbe{df lbOPsf] pQm r]tfjgL SofDk; aGb ug]{ cfb]z
geO{sg kmut ljBfyL{ ju{nfO{{ wDsfpg] rfnaflh dfq lyof] egL
tTsflng k+rx¿n] eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . 57 pgLx¿n] h] h;f] eg]tf klg
k~rfolt Joj:yf cGt{utsf] Ps cToGt zlQmzfnL lgsfo k~rfot
gLlt tyf hfFra'em ;ldltsf cWoIfsf] lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] gj/fh
;'j]bLåf/f g} k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; aGb ug]{ r]tfjgL lbg'nfO{{ ;fdfGo
wlDs dfq dfGg ;lsFb}g lsgsL pgL SofDk; aGb ug{ ;Sg] x}l;ot s}
kbdf /x]sf lyP . k~rfotL ;QfkIf olt q'm/ alg ;s]sf] lyof] ls ;Qf
hf]ufpgsf nfuL pgLx¿ SofDk; aGb u/fpg klg tof/ lyP .
pQm 36gfsf] ;Gbe{df df3 @( sf] 36gfsf] k[i7e"ld tof/ ug]{
tyf ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng]x¿df e"k" /fHodGqL /fw]Zofd sdf/f], k"j{
;xfos dGqL u0f]z z]/rg, pQd k'g, e"k" c~rnfwLz nIoaxfb'/
u'?Ë, lhNnf k~rfot ;efklt cDa/axfb'/ sfsL{, gu/kflnsfsf
k|wfgk~r ;"o{ axfb'/ s]=;L= / pkk|wfgk~r tLy{ >]i7 g} o; 36gfsf
k|d'v bf]lif x'g\ egL g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3 OsfO{ ;ldlt kf]v/fn] ls6fgL
55
e"k" ;xfos dGqL u0f]z z]/rgaf6 @)^#÷&÷!) df k|fKt hfgsf/L .
56
dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, k[= #%% .
57
e"=k"= ;xfos dGqL u0f]z z]/rgaf6 @)^#÷&÷!) df k|fKt hfgsf/L .
149
;fy hfx]/L u/]sf] lyof] .58 To;}sf/0fn] klg df3 @( ut]sf] pQm d08n]
ljBfyL{åf/f cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ;efsf] ;QfkIfsf] k|hftGqjfbLx? lj?4sf]
Ps k|lt/f]wL cleofg lyof] eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 .
kmfu'g ! ut]sf] k|x/L x:tIf]k

@)$^ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgogåf/f ljBfyL{ ;+u7gx¿sf] ;xdltdf cfof]lht gj cfuGt's
ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jfut sfo{qmd oyfy{df Pp6f /fhg}lts sfo{qmddf
kl/0ft e} ;s]sf] lyof] lsgsL ljBfyL{x¿åf/f cfof]lht pQm sfo{qmd
;QfkIfsf] gh/df ;Qf lj/f]wL cleofg lyof] . To;}n] pgLx¿
x/xfntdf pQm sfo{qmdnfO{ bafpg rfxGy] . o;sf] hfgsf/L df3 @(
ut]sf] d08n]x¿sf] sfo{qmddf dxfk~rx¿n] af]n]s]f s'/fx¿af6} ePsf]
lyof] . ctM hog]kfn rf}/df ul/Psf] sfo{qmd oyf;So rfF8f] ;Sg]
qmddf ;a} ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿n] 5f]6f] 5f]6f] dGtAo /fVb} sfo{qmd ;dfkg
ug{ nfu]sf lyP . o;af/]df :jljo' cWoIf emns ;'a]bLsf cg';f/ M59
xfdL sfo{qmdsf] clGtd r/0fdf lyof}+ . d ;efkltsf] cf;gaf6 ;ef
;DkGgsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{sf] ;fy} cfˆgf] 5f]6f] dGtJo /fVg] qmddf lyP . t/
PSsf;L k|x/Lx? 7"nf] xf]xNnf ub}{ SofDk; leq k;] .
o;sf/0f ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] sfo{qmd /fd|f];Fu ;DkGg ug{ kfPgg\ .
xtf/ xtf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul//x]sf cfof]hs ljBfyL{x¿ / cfqmd0f
x'g] qf;sf afjh'b klg sfo{qmdf ;xefuL eO{ /x]sf ljBfyL{x¿n]
;Dxflng] df}sf klg kfPgg\ . sfo{qmddf efif0f z'? ePsf] cfwf306f
58
dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, k[= #%* .
59
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
150
hlt kl5 k|x/Lx¿ SofDk; xftfleq k|j]z u/] / ljBfyL{ dfyL cfqmd0f
ug{ ;'? u/] .
SofDk;df k|x/L bdgsf] tof/L

SofDk;leq ePsf] ljBfyL{sf] sfo{qmd dfly x:tIf]k ug{sf] nflu
;QfkIfn] ljz]if of]hgf g} tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] nflu tTsflng
u08sL cGrnflwz jj'cg 7fs'/, sfo{jfxs k|x/L gfoj dxflgl/Ifs
åfl/sf >]i7, tTsflng k|lhc gGb s'df/ sfsL{, l8=P;=lk= ;"o{Wjh vfF8
tyf k|lg kß axfb'/ df]Qmfg ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf SofDk;sf] glhs}
/x]sf] k~rfot ljsf; k|lzIf0f s]Gb|df x:tIf]ksf] tof/L Pj+ of]hgf
lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . pQm lbg k|=lh=c= gGbs'df/ sfsL{, l8=P;=lk=
;"o{Wjh vfF8, k|x/L lgl/Ifs kß axfb'/ df]Qmfg;lxt s]xL k|x/Lx¿
tTsflng SofDk; k|d'v u0f]z u'?Ësf] Sjf6/df cfO{ ;/;Nnfx u/]sf
lyP . pQm lbg Psflaxfg} b]lv k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] d'Vo k|a]z
åf/df ;of}+ k|x/Lx¿ t}gfy ul/Psf lyP . To;sf] g]t[Tj l8=cfO{ lh=
åfl/sf >]i7 / l8=P;=lk= ;"o{Wjh vfF8n] u/]sf lyP . SofDk; k|d'v
u0f]z u'?Ën] lnlvt l:js[lt lbg g;s]kl5 tTsflng ;jf/L ;rLj eQm
axfb'/ sf]O/fnfsf] 7f8f] cfb]zdf k|lhcsf] :jLs[ltdfkm{t k|x/Lx¿sf]
hTyfnfO{{ SofDk; k|j]zsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{Psf] lyof] .60
kmfu'g ! ut] ljxfg !) ah] sl/a !)) hgf k|x/L SofDk;sf]
d'Vo k|a]z åf/df a;L ljBfyLnfO{{ k|j]zdf /f]s nufpFb} lyP . To;sf]
s]xL ;dokl5 g} ljBfyL{x¿n] lgwf{l/t sfo{qmd :yn kl/jt{g ul/
hog]kfn rf}/df sfo{qmd ug]{ yfxf kfPkl5 yk k|x/L af]nfOof] .
l8=P;=lk= ;"o{Wjh vfF8n] sl/a %)) k|x/Lsf] g]t[Tj ub}{ k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;sf] d'n u]6sf] ;fy} dflyNnf] lzIff ;+sfo k|j]z ug]{ u]6 klg
60
dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, k[= #$& .
151
sAhf u/] . o;/L sl/a %)) aGb'swf/L tyf nf7Lwfl/ k|x/Lx¿sf]

hTyfnfO{{ SofDk;sf] b'a} u]6df t}gfy ul/ k|x/L gfoj dxflgl/Ifs
åfl/sf >]i7 / l8=P;=lk= ;"o{Wjh vfF8 SofDk;leq x:tIf]ksf] nflu
tof/ eP/ a;] .
k|x/Lsf] 3]/f leq ljBfyL{x?

tTsflng g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 lhNnf ;ldltsf ;rLj kf]ifgfy
zdf{n] eg]sf 5g\ ls M61
gj cfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jfut sfo{qmd z'? x'Fbf gx'Fb} SofDk;nfO{{ sl/j
%)) ;+Vofsf] nf7L / xltof/wfl/ k|x/Lx¿n] 3]l/ ;s]sf] xfdLn] rfn kfPsf
lyof}+ . t/ ljBfsf] dlGb/leq k|x/Ln] PSsf;L lgboL{tf k"j{s cfqmd0f unf{
eGg] xfdLn] ;f]r]sf lyPgf}+ . To;}n] xfdL s;}ul/ sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug]{
;f]rdf lyof}+ .
ljBfyL{x¿ cfˆgf sfo{qmd Ps 306fleq} ;Sg] tof/Ldf lyP .
;DefJo cfqmd0fsf] tof/L :j?k g} sfo{qmdnfO{{ 5f]6f] agfOPsf] lyof] .
t/ sfo{qmd z'? ePsf] cfwf 306f kl5 g} d"nu]6 tkm{ xNnf z'? eof] .
sfo{qmddf d08n] kIfw/ ljBfyL{x¿ / l;len kf]zfssf k|x/Lx¿sf] klg
3';k}7 ePsf] lyof] . ltg} 3';k}7Lx¿n]] SofDk;leq k|j]z u/]sf k|x/Lx¿
dfly ;j{k|yd 9'Ëf k|xf/ u/] . o;f] ug'{sf] sf/0f k|x/LnfO{{ bdg ug{
af6f] b]vfpg' lyof] . ha s]xL d08n] ljBfyL{x¿ 9'Ëf k|xf/ ug{ nfu]
To;a]nf k|x/L sfo{qmd :yndf cfOk'Ug nfu]sf] lyof] . 9'Ëf k|xf/sf]
z'?jft ug]{ hf] d08n] / ljgf jlb{sf k|x/Lx¿ lyP ca ljBfyL{tkm{ g}
kms]{/ h'8f] / s/fFt] k|of]u ub}{ cfqmd0f ug{ yfn] . o;kl5 ljBfyL{
hdft cQflnof] . tTsfn ljBfyL{x¿sf dfem d'Ssf / nft xfgfxfg
b]lvof] ;fy} nf7L phfpFb} k|x/Lx¿ klg ljBfyL{ dfyLg} vlgP . kl5 tL
61
Kff]ifgfy zdf{;Fu ldlt @)^#.^.% df lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L .
152
d08n] ljBfyL{ / ljgf alb{sf k|x/Lx¿ nf7Lwf/L k|x/Lsf] v]dflt/ / cGo

ljBfyL{x¿ hog]kfn rf}/sf] k"lj{ / pQ/L efult/ ljeflht ePkl5 dfq
ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{qmddf k|x/Lx¿sf] 3';k}7 ePsf] rfnkfP . s]xL
;do cl3 ;Dd k|x/L k|j]z ePdf OF6f / 9'Ëf k|xf/ ug]{ dgl:ytLdf
/x]sf ljBfyL{x¿ ca k|Tofqmd0fsf] cj:yfdf /x]gg\ . cj:yf s:tf]
b]lvof] eg] k"j{af6 k|x/L / d08n]x¿sf] ;'lgof]lht cfqmd0faf6 aRg
klZrd lt/ efUg] :yfg lyPg lsgsL sfo{qmd :ynsf] clnk/ ;]tL
u08sLsf] l8n lyof] . blIf0f tkm{sf] cf]/fnf] hUufdf ;fgf] ;fgf] le/
h:t} lyof] . To;}n] ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ Psdfq ;'/lIft :yn pQ/tkm{ efUg
afWo eP . o;/L efUg] qmddf ljBfyL{sf] 7"nf] ;+Vof SofDk;sf] 5fqfjf;
/ rd]gfu[xtkm{ efUof] . t/ tTsfn} k|x/Lx¿sf] csf]{ hTyf SofDk;sf]
dflyNnf] u]6af6 k|j]z ub}{ pQ/tkm{ efu]sf ljBfyL{x¿ dfly hfO{ nfu] .
ca eg] ljBfyL{x¿n] efUg] 7fpm b]v]gg\ / pgLx¿ SofDk;sf] 5fqfjf;
/ rd]gfu[xdf n'Sg k'u] . ljBfyL{x¿ afWo eO{ k|Tofqmd0f 5f8]/ cf–
cfˆgf] Hofg hf]ufpg tkm{ nfu] . o;kl5 ljBfyL{ dfly k|x/Lsf]
aa{/tfk"0f{ / cdfgjLo bdgsf] >[+vnf ;'? eof] .
SofDk;sf] pQ/L tkm{sf rd]gfu[x / 5fqfjf; dfq xf]Og aRgsf]
nflu blIf0ftkm{ efu]sf s]xL ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"x SofDk;sf k|fWofks
cfjf; lt/ klg n'Sg k'u]sf lyP . t/ xltof/wf/L k|x/L / d07n]x¿n]
Toxfklg klg ljBfyL{x¿ dfly bdgsf] tf08j dRrfP .
ktgf]Gd'v ca:yfdf k'u]sf tfgfzfxsf ultljlwx¿ cftª\sf/L /
3[l0ft k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . @)$^ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;sf] k|fª\u0fdf ul/Psf] h3Go ck/flws sfo{x¿n] dflg;df l/;,
å]if, Oiof{, 3[0ff, k|ltzf]w / ljj]sxLgtf cflbdfq xf]Og bof, Ifdf, :g]x,
153
dfgjtf, k/f]ksf/, ljj]slzntf cflb k|j[lQx¿ klg x'G5g\ eGg]

wf/0ffnfO{{ unt ;fljt u/]sf 5g\ .62
ljBfyL{ dfyLsf] cfqmd0f / Iflt

k|x/Lx¿n] bdgsf] qmddf hog]kfn rf}/sf] sfo{qmd :yfg
SofDk;sf] rd]gfu[x / ljBfyL{ 5fqfjf;df dfq x:tIf]k gu/L k'/}
SofDk; / SofDk; u]6 aflx/ klg cf;'/L bdg u/]sf] lyof] . SofDk;sf]
u]6 aflx/ a;L lrof lkO{ /x]sf jL/]Gb| hË s]=;L+ nfO{{ k|x/Lx¿n] ;dftL
n5f/ k5f/ kfb}{ kqmfp ug]{ qmddf k|x/L Eofgsf] 9f]sfdf 5ftL 7f]sfO{
uDeL/ rf]6 nfu]sf] lghn] dlNns cfof]u ;dIf ldlt @)$&÷&÷( df
lbPsf] tYo cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf] 36gf ;DalGw ljj/0fdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf k|x/L
tyf l;ljn 8«];sf sdf08f]x¿n] s'6lk6 / n5f/ k5f/ ubf{ dl:tisdf
g} cTolws k|xf/ ePsf]n] dl:tis sfd gnfUg] u/L lalu|Psf]n] hLjg
e/sf] nflu vfg] j:g] / nfpg] Joj:yf u/L kfpF egL kf]v/f
gu/kflnsf j8f g+= $ u0f]z 6f]n a:g] /fh' sf]O/fnfn] ldlt
@)$&÷&÷( df dlNns cfof]u ;dIf lbPsf] ph'/L cfof]usf]
k|ltj]bgsf] 36gf;DaGwL ljj/0fdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf ljBfyL{
kqmfpsf] qmddf nIdL sfsL{, gd|tf u'?Ë, bdL k'g cflb ljBfyL{
g]t[x?nfO{ kqmfp ul/Psf] lyof] . 63
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df ePsf] 36gfsf] ;Gbe{df dlNns cfof]usf]
k|ltj]bgdf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] :ynut lg/LIf0faf6 k|fKt ljj/0f cg';f/sf]
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt tYonfO{{ klg oxfF k|:6 kfg'{ ;fGble{s 7xl/G5 .
hgcfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL eO ;lqmo ¿kdf efu lng k[YjLgf/fo0f
62
x'dfsfGt kf08], cfF;'sf cIf/x?, kf]v/f, kf]v/fM g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3 OsfO{ ;ldlt
k[YjL gf/fo0f SofDk;, @)$& .
63
dlNns cfof]u k|ltjj]bg , k"j{jt\ , k[= #$@–#%) .
154
SofDk;sf 5fq5fqfn] ldl6Ë u/]sfn] lghx¿nfO{{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{

p2]Zon] /fw]Zofd sdf/f]sf] g]t[Tjdf cGo k~rx¿ ;d]t e]nf eO{
@)$^÷!)÷@( ut] SofDk;leq ;efsf] cfof]hgf u/L efif0f ug]{ qmddf
hgcfGbf]ngdf efu lng] 5fq5fqfnfO{{ lgd{d oftgf lbg] ;d]t wDsL
lbPsf lyP . kmfu'g ! / $ ut] ljBfyL{x¿ dfly aa{/tf k"j{s zf/Ll/s
/ dfgl;s oftgf lbPsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k /fh]Gb| sf]O/fnf ljlIfKt eP
;fy} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ em"7f d'2f nufO{ b'Mv klg lbOPsf lyof] .64 To;
lbgsf] 36gfdf dfq} @)) ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u¥of] . of] s'/f
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf tTsfnLg :jljo'sf /jLGb| clwsf/Ln] k|i6
kf/]]sf x'g\ .65
kmfu'g ! ut] ljBfyL{x¿ dflysf] bdg / kqmfpn] k~rfotL
zf;sx¿sf] dg cem} yfldPg . pgLx? c¿ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg kqmfp
ug{ rfxGy] . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ kmfu'g $ ut] klg k|x/Lx¿sf] Pp6f 7"nf]
hTyf k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;leq k|j]z u/L 5fqfjf;af6 7"nf] ;+Vofdf
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ lu/ˆtf/ u¥of] . ltg} ljBfyL{x?g} k~rfotL lg/+s'ztfsf
la?4 n8] . jf:tjdf @)$^sf] cfGbf]ngdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .66
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df ePsf] ljBfyL{x¿ dflysf] bdg /
w/ks8df tTsfnLg k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; :jljo' sf pk;efklt hut
k|;fb e§/fO{ / ;rLj nIdL sfsL{ nufot ** hgf ljBfyL{x¿ 3fOt]
ePsf] /]s8{df b]lvPsf] 5 .67
64
P]hg, k[= #$( .
65
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; tTsfnLg :jljo' ;b:o /jLGb clwsf/L;Fu ldlt @)^#÷&÷#
df lbOPsf] cGtjf{tf{af6
66
s'df/L lg/f}nf, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] tof/L, sf/0f / k|d'v pknASwLx?, lq=lj=
Oltxf; s]Gb|Lo ljefudf k|:t't zf]wkq, @)^), k[= %@ .
67
dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, k'j{jt\ , cg';"rL ! .
155
o;/L k|x/Låf/f 3fOt] agfOPkl5 s'n !#) hgf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{

kqmfp u/L lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf NofPsf] s'/f tTsfnLg k|x/L gfoj
pk/LIfs ;"o{Wjh vfF8n] hfFra'em cfof]u ;dIf lnlvt aofg lbPsf
lyP .68
lg/ª\s'ztfsf kIfw/ zf;sx¿ hlxn] klg cg}ltstfsf] 3]/f
leq/x]/ hg lj/f]wL sfo{ u5{g / To;sf] rf/}lt/af6 ;dy{g ug{
nufpF5g\ . kmfu'g ! / $ ut]sf] 36gfdf k|x/Låf/f cdfgjLo bdg u/L
;s]kl5 klg pQm sfo{nfO{{ ;xL sfo{ xf] eGg] kfg{sf] nflu sf:sL lhNnf
k~rfot / kf]v/f gu/ k~rfotsf] a}7sn] pQm k|x/L Hofbltsf] ;dy{g
u/] . k|zf;gsf cufl8 k~rx¿ slt lg/Lx lyP / h:tf] ;'s} s'sd{sf]
klg cGwf] ;dy{g ub{y] eGg] s'/fsf] of] Pp6f pbfx/0f lyof] .69
o;/L k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df 36]sf] 36gfsf] ;dy{gdf hfFra'em
cfof]u ;dIf ;DalGwt JolQmx¿n] lbPsf] aofgcg';f/ klg bdgdf
tTsfnLg zf;sx¿sf] s]Gb|Lo g]t[Tj g} ;+nUg /x]sf] :ki6 x'g cfpFb5 .
tTsfnLg u08sL c~rnfwLz aa'cg 7fs'/sf] aofgcg';f/ kmfu'g !
ut]sf] 36gf tTsflng u[x ;rLj eQmaxfb'/ sf]O/fnfsf] df}lvs cfb]z
cg';f/ sfo{afxs k|gfd åfl/sf >]i7, k|lhc gGb s'df/ sfsL{, k|gfp
;"o{Wjh vfF8 SofDk;leq k|j]z u/]sf lyP . To; avt ;jf/L dGqfno
kf]v/fd} /x]sf] x'Fbf /f=k+= cWoIf, ;jf/L dGqL, ;jf/L ;rLj, b/af/af6
vl6Psf ;rLj cflbsf] ;+o'Qm lg0f{oaf6} ;a} s'/fsf] of]hgf agfPsf] /
c~rn ;'/Iff ;ldltsf] ;xdlt / lg0fo{cg';f/ g} kqmfp ug]{ lg0f{o
ul/Psf] lyof] .70 o;/L /fhfsf] pkl:ylt ePsf] :yfgd} zlQm ;+rfng
68
P]hg, k[= #%^–#%& .
69
clwsf/L, k'j{jt\, k[= ##@ .
70
OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn, dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, k'j{jt\ , k[= #%) .
156
ug]{x?n] ;s];Dd bdgsf/L gLlt cjnDag ul/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ lg:t]h

kfg{ e/dUb'/ k|oTg k/] .
SofDk;sf] 36gfsf ;Gbe{df cfof]usf] 7x/

kmfu'g ! ut]b]lv ^ ut];Dd kf]v/fdf 36]sf ljleGg 36gfaf6
ePsf] hgwgsf] Ifltaf/] hfFra'em cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt
k|lqmofx¿sf] cjnDag u/L cfof]un] 5fgljg ubf{ kf]v/fdf lgDg
lsl;dsf] 36gf x'g uPsf] 1ft x'g cfof] . of] s'/f dlNns cfof]usf]
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
kmfu'g ! ut] SofDk;df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ;ef ;~rfng
eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf SofDk;sf] :jLs[lt a]u/ b+uf k|x/Lsf] 8ˆkmf lnO{
8LP;kL ;"o{Wjh vfF8 cfO{ ;efdf x:tIf]k u/L SofDk; xftfnfO{{ cfˆgf]
lgoGq0fdf lng] qmddf ;ef ltt/ ljt/ ePkl5 ljBfyL{ / k|x/Llar 9'Ëf
xfgfxfg eof] . k|x/Ln] c>'Uof; k|xf/ u¥of] . ljBfyL{ dfyL k|x/L bdg
ePsfn] ToxfF sf]nfxn dlRrof] / ljBfyL{x? efufefu ug{ yfn] .
SofDk;sf] k|zf;sLo ejg, rd]gf u[x, 5fqfjf; cflb :yfgdf k|x/L /
d08n]x?] tf]8kmf]8 ;d]t ub}{ 5fq5fqfx¿nfO{{ n5f/ k5f/ ul/ /utfDo
kf/L lk6\b}, aflx/ lgsfn] . 5fqfx?sf] Anfph, ;f8L, k]6Lsf]6 cflb
RofltPsf] ljeT; ca:yf lyof] . 5fq 5fqfnfO{{ k|x/L Eofg / 6«sdf
sf]Rb} k|x/L u'Nddf nluof] . k|x/L lx/f;tdf ;d]t lbOPsf] cdfgjLo
oftgfsf] j]bgf ;xg g;s]sf] sf/0f /fh]Gb| sf]O/fnf ljlIfKt eP . s}of}+
ljBfyL{sf cËeË eP . SofDk; nufot ljBfyL{sf] ;DklQ klg Iflt
eof] . SofDk;sf k|fWofksx¿nfO{{ klg ldYof cf/f]k nufO{ kqmfp u/Lof]
/ tLg hgf k|fWofksx¿nfO{{ ;]jf d'Qm ;d]t ul/of] .
kmfu'g ! sf] sfo{qmdnfO{{ xtf]T;fxL kfg{ d08n] ;d'xn] gofF
ljBfyL{nfO{{ :jfut ug]{ lgx'F kf/L /fw]Zofd sdf/f] nufot jl/i7
157
k~rx¿n] hgcfGbf]ngdf efu lng] 5fq5fnfnfO{{ lgd{d oftgf lbg]

wDsL lbb}+ pQ]hgf k"0f{ efif0f u/]sf] sf/0faf6 ;'?d} SofDk;sf]
jftfj/0f tgfju|:t ePsf] lyof] .
pQm 36gfsf ;DaGwdf cfof]un] 5fglag ubf{ k|lhc gGbs'df/
sfsL{, k|gfp ;"o{Wjh vfF8, sfjfk|gfd åfl/sf >]i7, ;jf/L ;rLj
eQmaxfb'/ sf]O/fnf, k| lg kß axfb'/ df]Qmfg, k| lg 7fs'/ /fd a8\tf}nf,
k|x/L xjNbf/ If]qaxfb'/ s]=;L= nufotsf JolQmx¿ pk/ 5fgljg u/L
a'‰bf tLg hgf 5fqf;d]t Ps ;o tL; hgfnfO{{ kqmfp ubf{ ;efdf
an k|of]u u/]sf] s'/f tTsfnLg u08sL c~rnfwLz aa'cg 7fs'/ /
sfjfk|dlg åfl/sf >]i7n] l:jsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . To:tf] u}/ sfg'gL sfo{ ug]{
kbflwsf/L ;d]t bf]ifL x'g] egL hfFra'em cfof]un] ls6fg u/]sf] sf/0fn]
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df kmfu'g ! / $ df ePsf] 36gfdf k|x/L HofbtL
ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 eGg] cfof]usf] 7x/ /fo k|ltj]bgn] k'l:6 ub{5 ls
k|x/L clws[t tyf hjfgx¿n] lx/f;tdf ln+bf / lnO;s]kl5 klg
ljBfyL{ dfly bdg u/]s} lyP .
ljBfyL{ ju{sf] pQm 36gfdf x/fPsf], n'l6Psf] tyf Iflt ePsf]
;/ ;fdfgsf] ;Gbe{df k|x/L k|zf;gsf] u}/ sfg'gL lqmofsnfksf]
kl/0ffdaf6 ePsf] xf]Og / 5fq 5fqfx¿sf] n'l6Psf] elgPsf] 38L,
l;qmL, sfkL, emf]nf, tyf rfOlgh snd cflb OToflb n'l6Psf] k|dfl0ft
eof] . 5fqfx?nfO{{ kqmfp ubf{ dlxnf k|x/Låf/f gu/L lgod ljk/Lt k'?if
k|x/Laf6 g} ePsf] hfFra'em cfof]usf] 7x/df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
ctM abgLot / cg'lrt ?kdf ha/h:tL SofDk; leq k|j]z u/L
s'6lk6 / Hofbltk"0f{ lsl;dn] b'Jo{jxf/ / dfgj clwsf/ ;d]tsf]
cltqmd0f u/L cdfgjLo Jojxf/ u/]sf] / oftgf lbPsf], aGbL;Fu
e]63f6 ug{ ;d]t glbPsf] b]lvPsfn] o:tf] sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf u08sL
c~rnfwLz aa'cg 7fs'/, ;jf/L ;rLj eQm axfb'/ sf]O/fnf,
158
sf=jf=k|=gf=d=lg= åfl/sf >]i7, k|=lh=c= gGbs'df/ sfsL{, ;xfos

c~rfnfwLz nId0f nfn >]i7, k|=gf=p= ;"o{Wjh vfF8, k|=lg= kß axfb'/
df]Qmfg, k|=x= If]qaxfb'/ s]=;L=, k=lg=hf=a=';= cWoIf gj/fh ;'j]bL,
k=lg=hf=a'=;= ;b:o ;rLj aNnedl0f bfxfn, ;jf/L dGqL k|sfzaxfb'/
l;+x, /fw]Zofd sdf/f], u0f]z z]/rg, pQd k'g, nIoaxfb'/ u'?Ë,
lh=k=;= cDa/ axfb'/ sfsL{, kf]=g=k+= k|wfgk~r ;"o{axfb'/ s]=;L=
nufotsf JolQmx¿ bf]ifL b]lvPsf]n] lghx¿sf] sfo{x¿sf] ulDe{otfsf]
cfwf/df cj:yf cg';f/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL nufot k|rlnt sfg'g
adf]lhd cfjZos sf/jfxL ;d]t ug{ cfof]un] lzkmfl/z u/]sf] 5 .71
o;/L @)$^ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] / $ ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df
ePsf] 36gfsf] tYo 5fgljgaf6 s] s'/f phfu/ ePsf] 5 eg] tTsflng
;Qf /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngaf6 8/fP/ pgLx¿nfO{{ s'g}
klg xfntdf bdg ug{sf nflu cfjZos k/]sf ;a} bdgsf pkfox¿
ckgfpg tof/ eP/ /x]sf] lyof] . bnx¿sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ cufl8
a9fpg ;Sg] zlQm ljBfyL{ ju{nfO{{ k|x/Ls} ann] tx nufpg k~rfot
kIf tof/ lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] kmfu'g ! ut]sf] 36gfdf k~r
k|zf;s / k|x/Lx¿n] dfgjLo ;+j]bgf ljlxg ag]/ ljBfyL{ ju{ dfly
lg3f{t s'6lk6 / bdg u/]sf] lyof] . pQm SofDk;df ePsf] 36gfsf
k|ToIfbzL{ k|fWofks x'dfsfGt kf08]n] bdgsf] ;Gbe{ j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ M72
k~rfotL ;Qf kIf ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] dd{ dfly g} k|xf/ ug{
rfxGYof] tfls Tof] cfGbf]ngsf] k|f/De g} x'g gkfcf];\ . o;} of]hgf cg';f/
hgcfGbf]ng ;'? x'g cufj} ljBfyL{ ju{sf] tof/LnfO{{ bdg ug{ ;s] kf]v/fdf
hgcfGbf]ng g} gx'g] cg'dfg u/L /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] Ps k|d'v zlQmsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] ljBfyL{{ ju{ dfly cfttfoL 9Ën] bdg ul/of] . pQm bdgsf]
71
P]hg\, k[= #%%–#^) .
72
kf08,] k"j{jt\, , k[= @(–#) .
159
>[ª\vnf b]v]/ / ;'g]/ s;}n] klg km]l/ k~r / k~rfotsf] lj?4df Ps zAb
klg af]Ng g;sf];\ eGg] dxf k~rx?sf] p2]Zo lyof] .
bdg ug'{ k~rfot / k|x/L k|d'vx¿sf] Ps clei6 p2]Zo lyof] .73
5f]/L s'6]/ a'xf/L t;f{pg] eGg] pvfgnfO{{ ;fljt ub}{ ljBfyL{ dfly bdg
u/]/ bnx¿sf] sfo{qmdnfO{{ lzlyn agfpg] ;Qf kIfsf] of] Ps s'l6n
rfn lyof] .74
o;/L a'6, nf7L / c>'Uof; k|xf/ u/]/ cdfgjLo bdg u/L !#@
hgf ljBfyL{nfO{{ kqmfp u/L ;s]kl5 ;/sf/L b}lgs klqsf uf]/vfkqn]
b'O{ yl/ ljBfyL{aLr le8Gt ePsf] eGg] k"0f{tM c;To / b'/fu|x k"0f{
;dfrf/ k|]lift u¥of] . SofDk;df k|x/L x:tIf]k ePkl5 ef]lnkN6 kmfu'g
@ ut] SofDk;sf k|fWofksx¿aLr @ j6f wf/ b]vfk¥of] . ;Qfsf
tfj]bf/L ug]{ k|fWofksx¿ Pjd\ SofDk; k|zf;sx? SofDk; k|d'v u0f]z
axfb'/ u'?Ë, k|ftM sfo{qmd k|d'v ;"o{/Tg zfSo / ;xfos SofDk; k|d'v
anjL/ l;+x g]uL ;d]t cl3Nnf] lbgsf] 36gf k|lt ;xdt /x] eg] afFsL
c? ;a} k|fWofksx¿ k|x/L bdgsf lj?¢ pleP . kmfu'g @ ut] laxfg
SofDk;df ljBfyL{x¿ cWoogsf nflu cfPgg\ . t/ klg laxfgL
sfo{qmd k|d'v ;'o{/Tg zfSon] eg] ls+st{Jo ljd'9 eP/ pleO{ /x]sf
lzIfsx¿ dfly /f]ljnf] cfb]z ub}{ eg] –
tkfO{x¿ cfn6fn gug'{;\ . t'?Gt cf–cfˆgf sIffdf hfg';\ .
pQm 36gfs} ;Gbe{df SofDk; k|d'v u0f]z axfb'/ u'?Ën] cfˆgf]
;dy{g hgfpFb} eg]–75
73
g]skf df=n]=sf lhNnf g]tf vu/fh clwsf/L;Fu @)^#÷&÷* df lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
74
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
75
P]hg, k[= !# .
160
o:tf 36gfx¿ eO /xG5g\, k'ln;n] ljBfyL{ lk6\g' ks\8g' s'g} 7"nf] s'/f]
xf]Og . pgLx¿nfO{{ z+sf nfu]sf] a]nfdf o:tf] hlxtlxF ub{5g\ / ug}{ k5{ .
o; cl3 klg o:tf 36gf oxL 7fpFdf w]/} k6s ePsf 5g\ . sGof
5fqfjf;df rf+lx s]xL a9L eP5 c¿ t vf;} s]xL ePsf] d dflGbg .
kmfu'g @ ut] g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3 SofDk; OsfO{åf/f cfof]lht
uf]i7Ldf cfdlGqt jQmfsf] x}l;otn] SofDk; k|d'vn] sf7df8f}+af6
cfOk'u]sf k|fWofksx¿ aL=;L= dNn, cfgGbb]j e§, s[i0f vgfn /
pkl:yt cGo k|fWofkssf cufl8 JoQm u/]sf oL zAbx¿n] lg/+s'z
;Qfsf] rfs8L u/]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . ;f]xL lbg lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
;+o'Qm j}7sdf cl3Nnf] lbgsf] 36gfsf] ;Gbe{df cWoIfsf] cf;gaf6
jQmf lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] egfOsf] k|ltjfb ub}{ SofDk; k|d'vn] eg]sf
lyP ls –76
;+;f/} klN6P klg, ;f+;fl/s dof{bf h] ;'s} eP tfklg / hf] sf]xL d/] afFr]
klg dnfO{{ s'g} ;/f]sf/ 5}g, tkfO{x¿ h] ;'s} ug'{; dnfO{{ d]/f] hflu/
rflxG5 .
o;}u/L k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf c+u|]hL ljefu k|d'v afnuf]kfn
cdfTon] klg kmfu'g ! sf] 36gfnfO{{ s'g} dxTj glbO{ eg]sf lyP –77
lh:sfOPsf] af3n] s'g} klg a]nf emD6g ;S5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df
36]sf] of] 36gf s'g} ljz]if xf]Og .
o;/L ;Qfsf] rfs8L u/] dfq xfd|f] k|zf;lgs kb arfpg
;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf lnO kbdf /x]sf s]xL JolQmx?n] o;/L To;
36gfsf] ;dy{gdf cfˆgf egfOx? /fv]] . kmfu'g ! ut]sf] 36gfnfO{
;Gbe{nfO{{ g]kfnL hgtfn] lg/ª\s'z tfgfzfxL zf;ssf] cGofok'0f{
bdgsf] ¿kdf lnP . kmfu'g @ ut] sf:sL lhNnf k~rfot / kf]v/f
76
P]hg, k[= !* .
77
P]hg, k[= $) .
161
gu/ k~rfotsf k~r k|ltlglwx¿sf] Ps a}7s a;L kmfu'g ! ut]

ePsf cfk/flws 36gfnfO{{ plrt / cfbz{ 7fgL ;dof]lrt egL :jfut
u¥of] . k|fWofks x'dfsfGt kf08] cfˆgf] k':tsdf o;} tYonfO{{ lnP/
cufl8 eGg'x'G5 –78
cfˆgf ;d:t ultljlw 7Kk /f]s]/ cfh kf]v/f /f]Psf] 5, cfzf}r af/]sf] 5,
oBlk kf]v/]nL k~r k|ltlglwx?n] eg] gu/sf o; ljXjntfsf] lvNnL
p8fPsf 5g\ . lzIffnodf uPsf 5f]/fx¿sf] 6fpsf] km'6]sf]df, pgLx¿
cËeË ePsf]df, 5fqfjf;df k9\b} u/]sf] 5f]/Lx¿sf] lr/x/0f ePsf]df
;xfg'e"ltsf] abnf To;} jj{/tfsf] :jfut ub}{ k~r k|ltlglwx¿n] cfˆgf]
x[bo lxgtfsf] kl/ro lbP .
kmfu'g ! df k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;leq ePsf] k|x/L bdg /
cdfgjLo oftgfsf] la?4df kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm ;+3if{ ;ldltn]
kmfu'g # ut] kf]v/f pkTosf aGbsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o; ;DaGwdf
ljBfyL{ g]tf emns ;'j]bLsf] o:tf] egfO{ 5 – 79
xfdLn] kf]v/f aGbsf] 3f]if0ffdfq u¥of} s;}nfO{{ ha/h:tL aGb ug{ nufPgf} .
t/ kf]v/]nL hgtfx¿n] k"/} ahf/ :jtM :km"t{ ¿kdf aGb u/]/ xfd|f] dfuk|lt
;dy{g / ;xdlt hgfpFb} ;a}n] ljBfyL{ dflysf] bdgsf] lj/f]w u/] . ;+3if{n]
ca hgcfGbf]ngsf] ¿k lnO{ ;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] kf]v/fsf ;a} /fhg}lts
bnx¿n] klg xfd|f] ;dy{g u/L ;s]sf]n] xfd|f] ;fgf] aGbsf] cfXjfgn] kf]v/f
ahf/ k"0f{ ¿kdf aGb eof] .
o;/L ;Qfsf] lgGblgo sfo{sf] la/f]wdf kf]v/f ahf/ aGb x'Fbf
klg ;Qfsf] glhs /x]sf d08n] k|j[ltsf JolQmx¿ eg] ;Qfsf] rfs8L
ub}{ g} /x]sf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf Ps k|fWofks d's'Gb z/0f
78
P]hg, k[=@&# .
79
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf, tyf g]lj;+ sf:sLsf tTsfnLg ;rLj kf]ifgfy kf08];Fu
@)^#÷^÷% df lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
162
pkfWofosf] k':ts k;n tyf tTsflng :yflgo lgjf{rgdf c3f]lift

g]kfnL sf+u|];åf/f pd]bjf/ alg ljhoL ag]sf tTsflng gu/ k~rfotsf
pk k|wfgk~r tLy{ >]i7sf] sk8f k;n eg] v'n}] lyP . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf
;s[o ;b:o /x]sf kf]v/]nL sjL lty{ >]i7n] hgcfGbf]ng ;'? x'g s]xL
cufl8 dfq} sfFu|]; kl/Tofu ul/ k~rfotsf] ;dy{g u/]sf lyP .
kmfu'g # ut] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df k|fWofks ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f
;ef ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;fw/0f ;efdf k|fWofksx¿n] kmfu'g !
ut]sf] 36gfsf] eT;gf{ u/]sf lyP eg] SofDk; k|d'v u0f]z axfb'/ u'?Ë
/ cGo s]xL k~rfot klIfo kbflwsf/L / k~rx¿n] dfq pQm 36gfsf]
;dy{gdf af]n]sf lyP . pQm lbg ;efsIfdf k~r g]tf /fw]Zofd
sdf/f]n] eg]sf lyP ls –80
! ut]sf] 36gf 36\g' k'j{ g} xfdLn] ;r]t ¿kdf o; SofDk;sf] :jfoQtfdf
wfjf af]n]sf xf} . clxn] klg tkfO{x¿sf] / xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f km/s 5 .
To;} u/L csf{ k~r u0f]z z]/rgn] klg ;f]xL ;efdf af]Nb} eg]sf
81
lyP –
xfdL k~r xf} . tkfO{x¿ u'? x'g'x'G5 . pQm 36gfsf ;DaGwdf xfd|f] /
oxfFx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f cjZo ldNb}g .
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; kmfu'g ! sf] 36gfsf] ef]lnkN6 cl3Nnf]
lbgsf] 36gfnfO{{ :jfefljs ¿kdf lngsf] nflu k~r k|zf;gsf]
lgb]{zgdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] lqlj lgod @)@* sf] k|of]u ul/
cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] pNnª\3gsf] cleof]u nufP/ s]xL lbg k"j{ lu/ˆtf/
ul/Psf tLg hgf k|fWofksx¿ e"klt 9sfn, u]x]Gb|]Zj/ sf]O/fnf /
wd{gfy k|;fb zfxnfO{{ avf{:t u¥of] . 82 o;/L tL k|fWofksx?sf]
80
kf08], k"j{jt\ , k[= $) .
81
P]hg .
82
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ kmfu'g # .
163
avf{:tuLn] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] cfGbf]lnt jftfj/0fnfO{{ emg a9L

cfGbf]lnt t'Nofof] . k~rfot kIfsf] of] k|of;n] hgcfGbf]ngsf]
tof/LnfO{ cem pTsif{df k'Ug pTk|]l/t u/fof] . clw/fHoe/ tLg
k|fWofkssf] ljgf sf/0f avf{:tuLn] ljZj ljBfnosf ;a}
k|fWofksx¿nfO{{ cf;Gg ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngdf ;dflxt x'g afWo
agfof] . t/ z}lIfs If]q dflysf] ;/sf/L x:tIf]k la:tf/} ;/sf/s} nflu
6fpsfsf] rf]6 ;fljt x'g k'Uof] . hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;'?jftsf] 3f]lift lbg
kmfu'g & hlt hlt glhlsb} lyof] Tolt Tolt g} cfGbf]ngsf] k|rf/ k|;f/
tLj|¿kdf cufl8 a9]sf] lyof] . k~rfotL kIfn] kmfu'g ! df SofDk;leq
x:tIf]k u/L cf;Gg hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ lgd{dtfk"j{s bjfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]
eP tfklg kl/0ffd ;f] adf]lhd lgl:sPg . ljBfyL{x¿ dfly ePsf]
bdgn] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng lgl:qmo x'gfsf] ;f6f] b]z el/sf ljBfyL{x¿
hfu[t eP . hgtfx¿n] ljBfyL{x¿ dfly ePsf] bdgsf] tLj|¿kdf
lj/f]w u/] . kmn:j¿k kmfu'g ! sf] 36gfsf] lj?4df k[YjLgf/fo0f
SofDk;sf] :jljo' åf/f cfof]lht kmfu'g # ut]sf] kf]v/f aGb ce"tk"j{
¿kdf ;kmn eof] . To;}u/L kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{x¿sf] lqmofsnfk cem
hgcfGbf]ngsf] tof/L tkm{ cufl8 a9]sf] dx;'; eof] . of] tYonfO{{
a'em]/ k~rfotL ;Qf kIfn] kmfu'g $ df k'gM k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df
x:tIf]k u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ km]l/ kqmfp u¥of] . pQm lbg cfGbf]ng
;DalGw 5nkmn eO{/x]sf] ;dodf cs:dft SofDk;leq k|x/L k|j]z u/L
:jljo' ;efklt emns ;'j]bL tyf clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgog kfFrf}Fsf lhNnf sld6L cWoIf /jLGb| clwsf/L nufot #* hgf
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ lu/ˆtf/ ul/Psf] lyof] .83
83
tTsfnLg sf:sL lhNnf sldl6sf ;efklt /jLGb| clwsf/L;Fu ldlt @)^#÷&÷# df
lbOPsf] cGtjf{tf{af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L
164
o;} ;Gbe{df dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3

k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; OsfO{ kf]v/fn] ldlt @)$&÷&÷( df k7fPsf]
ph'/L kqsf] cfwf/df kmfu'g $ sf] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] 36gfdf
SofDk; k|d'vsf] ejgaf6 ^$ hgf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ lu/ˆtf/ ul/Psf]
pNn]v 5 .84 o;/L k6s k6s SofDk;leq k|x/L x:tIf]k u/L tTsfnLg
:j=lj=o'=sf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{{ kqmfp ul/P tfklg /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngdf
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x¿sf]] ;xeflutf eO{ g} /xof] .85
hgcfGbf]ngdf cGo SofDk;sf] ;xeflutf

k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; klZrdf~rn If]qsf] If]qLo SofDk;sf] ¿kdf
:yflkt ePsf] sf/0fn] To; If]qsf] ljBfyL{ /fhgLltsf] s]Gb|klg lyof] .
ctM ;Qf kIfsf] sf]kefhgsf] lzsf/ klg k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;s}
ljBfyL{x¿ x'g k'u] . t/ o;sf] dtna kf]v/f If]qsf cGo SofDk;sf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngdf s'g} e"ldsf g} g/x]sf] eg] xf]Og .
kf]v/fsf jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg, klZrdf~rn OlGhlgo/LË cWoog
;+:yfg / lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg ;a}df ljBfyL{x¿n]
hgcfGbf]ngsf] tof/L / cGo s[ofsnfkx? u/]sf lyP . t/ sltko
sfo{qmdx? eg] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df g} ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;DkGg x'g]
ub{Yof] . o;} ;Gbe{df k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf :jljo' ;rLj nIdL sfsL{
elG5g\ –86
;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] nflu cfjZos tof/L ug]{ qmddf xfdLn] ;a}
SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]sf lyof} . SofDk;sf] :yfgsf] ljzfntf
84
OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn, cGt/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ jftfj/0f, dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg,
k[= #$% .
85
lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
86
165
Pjd\ ;xhtfsf] sf/0f dxTjk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+o'Qm ?kdf k[YjLgf/fo0f

SofDk;d} ul/GYof] .
hgcfGbf]ngsf] tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf klZrddf~rn OlGhlgol/Ë
cWoog ;+:yfgsf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆg} 9Ën] tof/L u/]sf lyP . @)$$
;fndf klxnf] Jofrsf] k9fO{ ;'? u/]sf] pQm SofDk;sf] pb\3f6g /fhf
jL/]Gb|sf] kf]v/f cfudg ePs} avt ul/g] sfo{qmdsf]] lyof] . t/
ljBfyL{x¿n] /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dy{g, /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 ul/g]
pb\3f6gsf] lj/f]w / kmfu'g ! df k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df ePsf] ljBfyL{
bdgsf] lj?4df klZrdf~rn OlGhlgo/LË SofDk; nfdfrf}/df sfnf]
em08f kmx/fP kl5 pb\3f6g sfo{qmd :ylut eof] . ;QfkIf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] lj/f]w z}nL l;t kl/lrt lyP . To;}n] /fhfsf] cfudgs}
;dodf klg ljBfyL{x¿åf/f s'g} 9Ën] lj/f]w x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] /fhf
jL/]Gb|åf/f pb\3f6g ul/g] pQm sfo{qmd :ylut ul/Psf] lyof] .
SofDk;df sfnf] em08f kx/fPkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ dfly w/ks8 ul/Psf]
lyof] .87
jg lj1fg SofDk;df k|x/L x:tIf]k

kf]v/f pkTosfsf] blIf0fL efudf cjl:yt jg lj1fg cWoog
;+:yfgsf ljBfyL{x¿n] klg /fhg}lts lqmofsnfk ul/ /x]sf lyP .
g]kfn clw/fHo e/af6 pRr z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df dfq egf{ x'g
kfPsf o; SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x¿ d]wfjL 5fq 5fqfsf] ¿kdf ulgGy] .
pgLx¿ /fhg}lts ¿kn] ;r]t t lyP g} . olt x'Fbx'Fb} klg pQm
SofDk;sf] :gfts txdf egf{ ePsf ax';+Vos ljBfyL{x¿ ;/sf/n]
ljleGg dGqfno tyf ljefux¿af6 ;/sf/L vr{df k9\g k7fPsf
87
OGhLlgol/Ë cWoog ;+:yfgsf :jljo" ;efklt lzjk|;fb sf]O/fnfFu ldlt
@)^#.%.@% lnOPsf] cGt{jftf{af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L .
166
sd{rf/L lyP . ;QfkIfn] ljBfyL{ju{af6 /fhgLlt gxf]; / cf;Gg

hgcfGbf]ngnfO{{ bafpg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otd} ljBfyL{
ag]sf tL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ /fhgLltdf ;l/s gx'g s8f pbL{ hf/L u/]sf
lyP . t/ Tolt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg pQm SofDk;sf] :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogn]
eg] /fhgLlts ultljlwnfO{ hf/L g} /fVof] . ctM ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6
cWoog ug{ cfPsf ljBfyL{x? klg uf]Ko ?kdf /fhg}lts s[ofsnfkdf
nflu/x] . To; SofDk;sf ljBfyLn] ljBfyL{sf] xslxtsf dfux¿nfO{{
cufl8 ;fb}{ k'/} SofDk;nfO{{ cfGbf]lnt agfP . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf ?kdf
k9\g cfPsf ljBfyL{x¿ :jljo'åf/f ;+rflnt /fhgLltdf n'lsl5lk ;+nUg
eO{ /x]sf]n] ToxfF ePsf s[ofsnfknfO{ lgs} g} an k'Uof] . t/ o:tf] s'/f
;QfkIfnfO{{ ;xL g;Sg' x'g' :jefljs} lyof] . o;sf] kmn:j¿k r}q (
ut]sf lbg SofDk;df k|x/Lsf] x:tIf]k eof] .88
;QfkIfn] SofDk;sf] s[ofsnfkdf lgoGq0f ug]{ qmddf jg lj1fg
SofDk;sf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ kqmfp u¥of] . k|x/Ln] klxn] SofDk;sf]
d'n u]6 aGb ul/ PSsf;L 5fqfjf; leq k|j]z u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ kqmg
;'? u¥of] . o;/L /ftsf] ;dodf kqmg] qmddf zf}rfnodf n's]/ a;]sf
s]xL ljBfyL{x¿ afx]s ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x¿ kqmfp k/] . t/ :jljo' ;efklt
/ ;rLj k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf] kmfu'g ! ut]sf] 36gfkl5 g} e"ldut
eO;s]sfn] k|x/Ln] kqmfp ug{ ;s]g . pQm lbg hDdf !@) hgf
ljBfyL{x¿ pQm SofDk;af6 kqmfp k/]sf lyP .89
ljBfyL{x?nfO{{ dfq geO{ z+sfs} e/df SofDk;sf x]8 cl;:6]G6
dgdf]xg k/fh'nLnfO{{ klg kqmfp u/L lghsf] 3/ vfgtnf;L ;d]t u/L
s]xL uxgf n'6L nu]sf lyP . To; SofDk;sf tTsflng ;xfos k|zf;s
s]zj k|;fb sfˆn]n] @)$&÷&÷#) df hfFra'em cfof]u ;dIf aofgdf
88
jglj1fg SofDk;sf ljBfyL{ ls/0f kf}8]n;Fu @)^#÷(÷( df lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
89
P]hg .
167
s] stL wgdfn xfgL gf]S;fgL eof] Tof] yfxf ePg t/ dgdf]xg

k/fh'nLsf] lgs} wgdfn lxgfldgf ePsf] ;'g]sf] 5' / /ftsf] ;dodf
ljBfyL{nfO{{ xf]:6]naf6 kqmfp ug'{ cToGt b'MvbfoL 36gf lyof] eGg]
pNn]v 5 .90 ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{nfO{{ kqm]/ dfq gk'uL dnfO{{ hgcfGbf]ngdf
;xof]u u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]kdf d]/} sfof{nodf cfO kqmfp u/L gfoj
OG:k]S6/ s]zj j:g]tn] d]/f] 3/ nuL 3/ vfg tnf; u/L d;Fu ePsf]
?=@#,))) gub bz d'/L wfg ;d]t xfgL gf]S;fgL u/L s'6lk6 u/]sf] /
cdfgjLo oftgf lbPsf] egL pQm SofDk;sf x]8 cl;:6]G6 dgdf]xg
k/fh'nLn] hfFra'em cfof]u ;dIf aofg lbPsf lyP .91 k~rfotL ;Qf
kIfn] o; SofDk;sf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ ju{nfO{{ cfˆgf] b'Zdg ;De\mof]
lsgls o; SofDk; leq ;Qfsf] tfj]bf/L ug]{ d08n] ljBfyL{x¿sf]
;d"xsf] s'g} gfd lgzfgf g} lyPg . 92 pQm tYon] k'li6 ub{5 ls
k~rfotL ;Qf cfˆgf] lg/Í'; zf;g hf]ufpg cfˆg} dftxsf
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{{ klg oftgf lbg / kqmfp ug{ klg kl5 kb}{gy] .
o;/L ;QfkIfn] cfˆgf] ;Qfsf] /Iff vflt/ k|x/L zlQmsf] k|of]u
u/L k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df b'O{ k6s bdg u/L ;s]kl5 csf]{] ljBfyL{
bdg jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgdf u/] . k|zf;gn] /ftsf] ;dodf
SofDk;sf ;Dk"0f{ k|a]zåf/x? aGb u/L jg lj1fgsf ;Dk"0f{
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ Ps} k6s kqmfp u¥of] . cfGbf]ngsf] zlQm Ifo u/L
cfGbf]ngnfO{ lg:t]h kfg'{ o;sf] p2]Zo lyof] . o;/L cfGbf]ngsf
;+jfxs ljBfyL{ju{ dfly bdg u/]/ ;/sf/ cfGbf]ngaf6 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{
cnu u/fpg rfxGYof] . t/ ;/sf/sf] of] ultlalwaf6 ljBfyL{x¿ xtf;
ePgg\ a? cfGbf]ngsf/L zlQmnfO{{ lbnf]Hofgn] ;fy lbP .
90
OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn, dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, k"j{jt\ ,k[= @&! .
91
dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, k"j{jt\ , k[= !(@ .
92
jglj1fg SofDk;sf ljBfyL{ ls/0f kf}8]n;Fu @)^#÷(÷( df lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
168
;/sf/sf] bdgsf afjh'b kf]v/fsf ljBfyL{x?n] cfGbf]ngdf

;ls|o ?kn] efu lnP . o;n] k~rfotL ;/sf/sf lj?4
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ g}lts an k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} cfGbf]ngnfO{ cuf8L
a9fpg 7'nf] d2t u¥of] . o;/L of] cfGbf]ngdf ljBfyL{ ju{sf] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf /Xof] .
@
cWofo kfFr
pk;+xf/
@)$^ ;fnsf]] hgcfGbf]ng k|ltalGwt /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n]
pb\3f]if ugf{;fy ePsf] cfGbf]ng xf]Og . of] t jf:tjdf @)!& ;fn
kf}if ! ut] k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f eP b]lv g} a9\b} cfPsf] Ps blno
k~rfotL tfgfzfxL Joj:yf tyf /fhtGq lj/f]wL /fhg}lts zlQm /
r]tgzLn ;d'bfosf] cfqmf]zsf] r/d ¿k xf]] . /fhfsf] lg/+s'z zf;gf /
k~rfotL lgb{lno k|0ffnLdf lylrP/ a;]sf k|hftGqjfbL ;d'bfosf]
cfqmf]znfO{{ ;xL tl/sf / ;xL ;dodf /fhg}lts bnx¿n] pkof]u
u/]sf sf/0f g]kfnL sfFu|]; / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] ;+o'Qm cfXjfgdf ePsf]
cfGbf]ngn] cGttf]uTjf lg0f{fos ;kmntf k|fKt u¥of] . hgcfGbf]ngsf]
;kmntfdf w]/} sf/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . lg/+s'z lgb{lno k~rfotL Joj:yf
/ :j]R5frf/L /fhzfxLsf] lj?4df k~rfotL zf;gsf] k|fb"{efj b]lvg}
g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿ nfu]sf lyP . /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ k|ltalGwt /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ljBfyL{ ju{n] g} lj/f]wL /fhg}lts zlQmsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x
u/]sf lyP .
g]kfnsf] ;a} lsl;dsf /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngx¿df ljBfyL{ ju{
clu|d df]rf{df /x]sf 5g\ . ljBfyL{ju{ r]tgzLn / kl/jt{gsfdLx¿sf]
hdft x'g'sf] ;fy} o'jf hf]z ePs} sf/0fn] klg x/]s lsl;dsf
cfGbf]ngsf] cu|efudf /x\of] . ljBfyL{ ju{n] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf
nfUg' cfˆgf] st{Jo / clwsf/ ;Dem]sf] lyof] . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ klg
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf k|hftGqk|]dL ;j} ljrf/wf/fsf ljBfyL{x¿
;xefuL eO{ cfGbf]ngsf] clu|d df]rf{df 86]/ nfu] . oltdfq geO{ s}of}+
ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf] hLjg g} jlnbfg u/] . bf];|f] r/0f kf/ ug{ nfUbf
cfGbf]ng s]xL dTy/ ePsf] dx;'z ul/Psf] lyof] . bnsf g]tfx¿ sf]xL
h]nleq lyP t sf]xL e"ldut lyP . hgcfGbf]ngdf hg;xeflutf
sdhf]/ aGb} uPsf] dx;'; ;a}n] ug{ yfn]sf lyP . k+rx¿ cfGbf]ng
170
tl'xof] eGb} k|rf/ ug{ yfln;s]sf lyP . k|hftGq k|]dL hgtfx¿n] klg
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{{ g}lts ;dy{gdfq ul//x]sf] avt lala;Lsf
ljVoft kqsf/ dfs{ 6nLn] ;d]t g]kfnsf] cem ljz]if ul/ sf7df8f}+sf]
cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ljZn]if0f ub}{ cfˆgf] cfh;Ddsf] cg'ejs} cfwf/df
o;k|sf/sf] ;+3if{nfO{{ hgcfGbf]ng eGg gldNg] elg l6Kk0fL ul/;s]sf
lyP . To:tf] ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf emfkfsf] d]rL SofDk;sf o'jf
ljBfyL{x¿n] r}q !$ ut] k~rfotsf] k'Tnf hnfpg] / lj/f]w k|b{zg ug]{
cbDo ;fx; u/] . SofDk;leq} lj/f]w k|b{zg ug{ nfu]sf a]nf d08n]
ljBfyL{x¿n] efnf, r]g, v's'/L k|xf/ ub}{ cfgbf]ngsf/L ljBfyL{ dfly
hfOnfu] . o;}qmddf ;f]xL SofDk;sf cfO=sd= bf];|f] jif{sf @% jlif{o
/fd yfkfsf] ljeT; / bb{gfs xTof eof] . pgL g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf
;dy{s lyP . o;/L hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fgdf Ps ljBfyL{n] cfˆg}
SofDk;leq k|hftGqsf] nflu ;xfbt k|fKt u/] . To;k|sf/ SofDk;leq}
ljBfyL{nfO{{ bfgjLo z}nLdf ;/sf/L kIfaf6 ul/Psf] xTofn] ;Dk"0f{
ljBfyL{ hutdf Pp6f a]Un} k|sf/sf] k|lt/f]lw efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g uof] .
To;kl5 clw/fHoe/sf ljBfyL{x¿ p7]/ lj/f]wnfO{{ cufl8 a9fPkl5 dfq
hgcfGbf]ng lg0ff{os lbzftkm{ cufl8 a9]sf] lyof] . ljBfyL{ju{n] zxLb
/fd yfkfsf] xTofsf] lj/f]w ubf{ kf6g sf08klg 36\of] . To;kl5g}
P}ltxfl;s k|ltzf]wsf] efjgf lnP/ sLlt{k'/ p7\of] . tTkZrft r}q @$
ut] /fhwfgLdf cfGbf]ng pn]{/ k~rfot dfyL lg0ff{os k|xf/ ul/of] .
o;y{ g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;df ljBfyL{ /fd yfkfsf]
xTofn] 7"nf] /fhg}lts xnrn n]/fof] .
k~rfotsf] k|fb'{efjkl5 qmdzM jfdkGyL ljBfyL{x¿sf ;fy;fy}
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;+u cfa4 ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof lbgk|lt lbg a9\b} uO/x]sf]
lyof] . t/ k~rfot ;d{ys ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof eg] guGo vfnsf] lyof] .
k~rfotL sfndf ljBfyL{x¿n] blno cjwf/0ff cGtu{t :j lj o'
171
r'gfjdf efu lng] cj;/ kfPsf lyP . :j lj o'sf] r'gfj kl/0ffdnfO{{

x]/]/ blno cjwf/0ff /fVg gkfOg] d'n'sdf sfFu|]; / sDo'lgi6sf]
k|efjsf] d"NofÍg ul/GYof] . o;/L] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] cj:yfsf]
d"NofÍg ljBfyL{sf] lgjf{rg kl/0ffdnfO{{ lnP/ ul/g] :yLlt Pstfsf
lyof] . jfdkGyL x'g\ jf k|hftGqjfbL ljBfyL{x¿ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf
¿kdf k~rfolt Joj:yfsf] :yfkgfsfn b]lv g} la/f]wL /fhg}lts
ultljlwdf ;+nUg lyP . Toltdfq xf]Og ljBfyL{x? d"ntM k~rfolt
Joj:yf lj/f]wL hdftsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] x'gfn] kl5Nnf lbgx¿df
k~rfotL Joj:yf dfyL k|xf/ ug{] zlQmzfnL hdftsf] ?kdf :yflkt
eof] .
@))& ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ug]{, @)!% ;fnsf] ;+;bLo
r'gfjdf b'O{ltxfO ax'dt k|fKt u/L g]kfnsf] k|yd hglgjf{lrt
k|wfgdlGq aGg] ;f}efUo k|fKt ub}{ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] k|fb'{efjkl5
cfhLjg k~rzfxLsf] cfFvfsf] tf/f] ag]sf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf g]tf
lj=lk= sf]O/fnfn] t?0f / ljBfyL{x? dfly] a8f] ljZjf; 5 elg cfˆgf]
cledt k|s6 u/]sf lyP . ;+3if{zLn ljBfyL{x? ;w}+ cGofo / clwsf/sf]
nflu n8\g tTk/ x'G5g\ . To;}n] lg/s'z clwgfosjfbL zf;sx?sf]
lglDt ljBfyL{ju{ Pp6f ;d:of xf] . :j]R5frf/Lx? ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|d'v
b'Zdg 7fGb5g\ . t/ ljBfyL{x?sf] /fhg}lts zlQmnfO{ lg:t]h kfg'{ Tolt
;lhnf] eg] lgZrog} 5}g .
g]kfnsf ljBfyL{x? cfGbf]ng k|lt Hofb} cfzfjfbL /x]sf lyP .
ctM hgcfGbf]ngdf klg ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ ;flat eof]] .
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;Gbe{ddf kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{x?sf] s:tf] e"ldsf /Xof] eGg]
af/]df ljZn]if0f ubf{ of] s'/f k'li6 x'g cfpFb5 . x'gt cGoqsf
cfGbf]ngsf] z+v3f]if ug]{ g]kfnL sf+u|];, ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{ / ;+o'Qm /fli6«o
hgcfGbf]ng ;ldlt x'g\ . ltgLx?n] @)$^ kmfu'g & ut] hgcfGbf]ng
172
;'? ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . t/ kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{x?n] bnx?sf] cu'jfOdf

x'g nfu]sf] hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{] 3f]lift ldlt cufj}
cfGbf]ngsf] cfuf] ;NsfO lbP . o;/L ljBfyL{x? ;+o'Qm 3f]if0ffnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Gbe{df Ps sbd cufl8 g}] b]lvP .
@)$^ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut]sf lbg k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf]
hog]kfn rf}/df gj cfuGt's ljBfyL{x?sf] :jfutsf nflu Pp6f
sfo{qmd /flvPsf] lyof] . t/ Tof] sfo{qmd oyfy{df hgcfGbf]ngs}
tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ul/Psf] lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; :j lj o'sf]
cfof]hgfdf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 / ;Dk"0f{ jfdkGyL ljBfyL{ ;Ë7gx?nfO{
;+o'Qm ?kn] ;xefuL agfpb} cfof]hgf ul/Psf] pQm sfo{qmddf cfufdL
hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ ljBfyL{ ;+u7gx?n] dg, jrg / sd{n] ;xof]u ug]{
k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf lyP . ;f] sfo{qmddf k~rfotL zf;sx?n]
bdgsf/L gLlt ckgfpF5g eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 Psflaxfg} b]lv SofDk;sf]
d'nu]6df t}gfy ul/Psf ;of}+ b+uf k|x/Lx?sf] pkl:yltn] hgfO ;s]sf]
lyof] . o;/L bdg x'G5 eGg] k|i6 x'Fbf x'Fb} klg ljBfyL{x?n] lg/+s'z
zf;gsf lj?4 d'sfanf ug]{ dg;fosf ;fy ;f] sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf
u/]sf lyP . k|x/L;Fusf] d'7e]8df h:tf] ;'s} kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug'{
k/]klg kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{x? cfGbf]ngaf6 ljrlng ePgg\ . ;}of}+sf]
;+Vofdf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ kqmfp u/L r}gsf] ;f; km]g{ vf]Hg] k~rfotL
;QfnfO{ kqmfp x'gaf6 hf]luPsf ljBfyL{x?sf] ;lqmotfsf sf/0fn]
lrlGtt kf¥of] . g]tf egfpFbf s]xL ljBfyL{x?nfO{ kqmfp u/] kl5 oftgf
/ kqmfpsf] 8/n] cGo ljBfyL{x? cfGbf]ngaf6 ljrlnt eO knfog
x'g]5g\ eGg] ;Ttfl;gx?sf] ;f]r lyof] . t/ ljBfyL{x?sf] zlQmnfO{
zf;s ju{n] plrt cfFsng ug{ ;s]g .
CfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fg klZrddf~rn If]qsf] If]qLo SofDk;sf] ?kdf
:yflkt k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df ljBfyL{x?sf] /fhg}lts ultljlw hf/L g}
173
/xof] . o;af6 t;]{/ k|x/Lx?sf] Ps hTyf kmfu'g $ ut] SofDk;df

k|j]z u/L ;of} ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lu/ˆtf/ u¥of] . hgcfGbf]ng ;'? x'g
cufj} cfGbf]ngsf nflu ljBfyL{x?n] u/]sf] tof/Laf6 zf;s ju{
ltlNdnfPsf] lyof] . kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{ dfly tfgfzfxx?n] u/]sf] bdgsf]
k|ltsf/ :j?k l;Ëf] kf]v/f hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ ;zQm ?kdf
p7\of] . kf]v/fdf cfGbf]ng rl{s{g] 8/n] e]l6Psf ;a} /fhg}lts kf6L{sf
g]tfx?nfO{ kqmfp u/L /fhbDkQL kf]v/f kf]v/f a;]sf] a]nf kf]v/fdf
s'g} klg k|sf/sf] k~rfot lj/f]wL /fhg}lts ultljlw gxf]; eg]/
k~rx?n] bdgsf/L pkfo ckgfPsf lyP . :j]R5frf/L ;Qfsf] To;
k|sf/sf] rfxgfnfO{ kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{x?n] r'gf}lt lbP . kmfu'g ! / $
ut]sf] kf]v/]nL ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+3if{ ufyfn] 3f]lift ldlt k"j{ g}
hgcfGbf]ng ;'? eO o;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nof] .
kf]v/fsf] k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; dfq geO{ jg lj1fg cWoog
;+:yfg, klZrdf~rn OlGhlgol/Ë cWoog ;+:yfg, lrlsT;fzf:q
cWoog ;+:yfg / kf]v/f ax'd'vL SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x?n] cfGbf]ngdf
;lqmo e"ldsf v]n] . klZrdf~rn OlGhlgol/Ë SofDk;sfsf ljBfyL{x?n]
tfgfzfxL k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] lj?4 cfˆgf] SofDk;df sfnf] em08f
uf8]kl5 /fhfåf/f pb\3f6g ul/g] sfo{qmd /x]sf] klZrddf~rn
OlGhlgolË SofDk;sf] ejg pb\3f6g sfo{qmd PsfPs /2 ul/of] . To;}
u/L jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgsf ljBfyL{x?n] cfGbf]ngdf b]vfPsf]
;lqmotf / cem a9L s[ofsnfksf]] ;DefjgfnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ g} ;f]xL
SofDk;df /ftsf] ;dodf SofDk;sf] d'nu]6 nufot ;a} af6fx? aGb
u/L SofDk;leq 5fqfjf;, k|fª\u0f / k|zf;lgs ejg leq /x]sf ;Dk"0f{
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ Ps} rf]l6 lu/ˆtf/ ul/of] . k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;sf]
36gfdf ax';+Vos ljBfyL{x? SofDk;sf] klZrdL efuaf6 efUg ;kmn
174
ePsf sf/0f ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{nfO{ kqmfp ug{ g;s]sf]n] jg lj1fg

cWoog ;+:yfg of] pkfo ckgfOPsf] lyof] .
o:tf] lsl;dn] bf]xf]/f] x:tIf]k ug{' gk/f]; elg k|x/L hTyfn] d'n
u]6 g} aGb u/L SofDk;nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]/L SofDk; leqsf ;a}
ljBfyL{nfO{ kqm]sf] lyof] . o;af6 s] k|dfl0ft x'G5 eg] k~rfotL zf;s
ju{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fgdf ;a} eGbf a9L ljBfyL{x? ;Fu g} tl;{Psf]
lyof] . oL sf/0fx?n] ubf{ @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf kf]v/]nL
ljBfyL{x?sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] k|li6g cfpF5 .
o;/L ljBfyL{ nufot ;dfhsf cGo ;a} af}l4s Pjd\ k]zfut
ju{x? tyf g]kfnL hgtfsf] alnbfgsf] sf/0f ;kmn ePsf] g]kfnsf]
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] Psflt/ tL; jif]{ k~rfotL tfgfzfxL
zf;gsf] cGTo u¥of] eg] csf]{lt/ ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] Aoa:yf eof] .
tTkZrft b]zsf] /fhgLltdf dfcf]jfbL lab|f]xsf] sf/0f b'/ufdL kl/jt{g
b]vfk¥of] . dfcf]jfbL lab|f]xn] b]zdf ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] cGTo /
;fdGtjfbL Aoa:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L u0ftGq :yfkgfsf] nfuL dfu{
k|;:t u¥of] . b]zsf ;a} tyfslyt k"/ftgkGyL bn / ltgsf
g]tfx?nfO{ cfˆgf] k"/fgf] qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g lj/f]wL c8fgsf afjh'b
u0ftGqsf] kIfdf pleg afWo x'g] :yLlt ;[hgf eof] . kl/0ffdtM ;a}
/fhg}lts bnx? u0ftGqsf]nfuL sl6a4 eP .
@
;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rL
l/kf]{6, /fhgLlts k|:tfj, cfXjfg kq, k|ltj]bg, lj/f]w kq, 3f]if0ff kq,
OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn, dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$&, sf7df8f}+M
cGt/ffli6«o dfgj clwsf/ jftfj/0f tyf ljsf; k|lti7fg, @)%!.
…hgcfGbf]ngsf] af6f]df cfhsf] g]kfn, Úg]kfnL sf+u|]; s]Gb|Lo sf=;=sf]
j}7s åf/f kfl/t k|:tfjx? sf7df8f}+ k|rf/ ljefu k|ltjlGwt
g]kfnL sf+u]|; @)$^ dfu{ @ .
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /fhgLlts k|:tfj @)$^ .
g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;ogsf] cfXjfg .
g]= sf= /fli6«o ;Dd]ng @)$^, kf6L{ut l/kf]{6Ú, &. !).)$^ .
dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$&, cfof]usf] 7x/ /fo, ljleGg
JolQmx? tyf bnsf] lgj]bg k|ltj]bg .
/fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] lglDt ;+o'Qm cfXjfg kq @)$^ df3 @& .
;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] 3f]if0ff kq Ú, ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{ g]kfn @)$^ .
;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ng sf] gLlt / sfo{qmd ;DalGw jStJo @)$^
>L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 aS;]sf 3f]if0ff,
;Daf]wg tyf ;Gb]zx? -@)@*–#*_ v08 ! sf7df8f}+ M;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu, lj=;++ @)%# .
qo k|fWofkssf] avf{:tuL lj?4 g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3sf] lj/f]w kq .
g]kfnLdf n]lvPsf ljBfjfl/lw tyf :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq

clwsf/L, l8nf/fh, /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngdf g]=lj=;+=sf] e"ldsf -@)$^–
@)$&_, lq=lj= /fhgLltzf:q s]lGb|o ljefudf sLlt{k'/df k|:t't
ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)%* .
sfsL{, 1fgaxfb'/, g]kfnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf af}l4s ju{sf] e"ldsf,
lq=lj= df;fzf;+ df k|:t't ck|sflzt ljBfjfl/lw zf]wkq, @)%(
176
l3ld/], ef]nfgfy, @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf df]/ª\ / sf7df8f}+sf]

tn' gfTds cWoog, lq=lj= /fhgLltzf:q s]lGb|o ljefu sLlt{k'/df
k|:t't ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)%! .
bfxfn, lx/fdl0f, @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngdf emfkf lhNnfsf] e"ldsf,
lq=lj= /fhgLltzf:q s]lGb|o ljefu sLlt{k'/df k|:t't ck|sflzt
:gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)%# .
lg/f}nf, s'df/L, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] tof/L sf/0f / k|d'v
pknJwLx?, lq=lj= Oltxf; s]lGb|o ljefu sLlt{k'/df k|:t't
ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq,@)^) .
lg/f}nf, k]zn s'df/, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;f]nv ' D' a'
lhNnfsf] e"ldsf, lq=lj= Oltxf; s]lGb|o ljefu sLlt{k'/df k|:t't
ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)$* .
kf]v/]n, xl/x/, @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf g]=sf=sf] e"ldsf, lq=lj=
/fhgLltzf:q s]lGb|o s]lGb|o ljefu sLlt{k'/df k|:t't ck|sflzt
:gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)%@ .
k|;fO{, o1/fh, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs hgcfGbf]ng @)$^, lq=lj=
/fhgLltzf:q s]lGb|o ljefudf k|:t't ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/
;f]wkq, .
a:g]t, ld/f, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^df dlxnfju{sf] e"ldsf, lq=lj=
Oltxf; s]lGb|o ljefudf k|:t't ck|sflzt ;f]wkq, @)%# .
dxtf], ;f]d/fh, @)$^ sf] g]kfnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf lrtjgsf] e"ldsf,
lq=lj= Oltxf; s]lGb|o ljefu sLlt{k'/df k|:t't ck|sflzt
:gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)$* .
zdf{, x'dgfy, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ df :ofª\hfsf] e"ldsf, lq=lj=
Oltxf; ljefu k[YjL gf/fo0f SofDk; kf]v/fdf k|:t't ck|sflzt
:gftsf]Q/ ;f]wkq, @)^! .
177
Ph. D. Thesis in English

Ojha, Meena, ‘The Role of Students in the Evolution of
Democratic Polity in Nepal 1940-1990,’ Ph. D. thesis
submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social
Sciences, Tibhuvan University, 2000.
Books in English
Baral, Lok Raj, Nepal Problems of Governance, Delhi:
Konark Publications, 1993.
Baral, Lok Raj, Nepal’s Politics of Referendum A Study of
Group, Personalities and Trends, New Delhi: Vikas
Publishing House, 1983.
Brown, T. Louis, The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal – A
Political History, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul:
1996.
Burghart, Richard, ‘Political Culture of Panchayat
Democracy’, in Michael Hutt (ed.), Nepal in Nineties –
Versions of the Past Vision of Future, Bombay: Oxford
University Press, 1994.
Hachhethu, Krishna, Party Building in Nepal Organization,
Leadership and People: A Comparative Study of the
Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal
(UML), Kathmandu: Mandala Boook Point, 2002.
Hoffman, Mark S., (ed.), The World Almanac, New York:
World Almanac, 1991.
178
Hoftun, Martin, William Reaper and John Whelpton, People,

Politics and Ideology – Democracy and Soial Change in
Nepal, Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, 1999.
Hsu, Immanuel C.Y., The Rise and Fall of Modern China,
New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Lipset, Seymour M., ‘Students and Politics in Comparative
Perspective’, in Philip G. Altbach. (ed.), The Student
Revolution – A Global Analysis, Bombay: Lalvani
Publising house, 1970.
Mahat, Ram Sharan, In Defence of Democracy, New Delhi:
Adroit Publishers, 2005.
Paramanand, The Nepali Congress Since its Inception, Delhi:
B. R. Publications, 1982.
Reaper, William and Martin Hoftun, Spring Awakening – An
Account of the 1990 Revolution, New Delhi: Viking,
1992.
Rose, Leo E. and Bhuwan Lal Joshi, Democratic Innovation
in Nepal, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960.
Scott, Robert E, Student Political Activision in Latin
America, in Philip G. Altbach, The Student Revolution: A
Global Analysis, Bombay: Lalvani Publising house, 1970.
Shaha, Rishikesh, Politics in Nepal 1980-1991: Referendum,
Stalemate and Triumph of of People Power, New Delhi:
Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 1993.
179
Stephen, Michael, Class, State and Struggle in Nepali

Writings 1989-1995, New Delhi: Manohar Publishers,
1996.
Thapa, Shanker, Peasant Insurgence in Nepal, Bhaktapur:
Nirmala KC, 2000.
Tsutomu Ono, “Student Protest in Japan” Jackson H. Bailey
(ed.), Listening to Japan: A Japanese Anthology, New
York: Praeger Publisher, 1973.
Papuskaram, Sergei, The Emergence of Modern Russia,
London: Hart, Reinhart and Winston, 1966.
Articles in English
Altbach, Philip G., ‘The Transformation of the Indian
Student Movement’, Asian Survey, 1966.
Andrews, Julio A., ‘Stgrengthenmg Democracy Through
Women's Political Participation’, The Asia Foundation
Emerging Issues in Asia- Panel III, P. G. 2 www.asia
foundation.org/pdf/pt–emergz.pdf.
Arun Kumar, R., Seventy Years of Organised Student
Movement’, People's Democracy Vol. XXX, No. 36
September 03, 2006, www.pd.cpim.org/2006/0903/
09032006–arunn%20kumar. htm .
Arundale, George S., ‘Indian Students and Politics’, Adyar
Pamphlets, No. 44, Madras: Theosophical Publishing
House, www.theorsophical.ca/ Indianstudents politics
gsa.htm.
180
Cohen, Robert, ‘The American Student Movement of the

1930s’, www.newdeal. feri.org/students/
Longo, Nicholas V. and Ross P. Meyer “College Students
and Politics: A Literature Review” Circle Working Paper
up May 2006: www.civicyouth.org.
Thapa, Shanker, ‘Beginning of Peasant Movement in Nepal’,
Tribhuvan University Journal, Vol. XIX No. 2, Dec
1996.
g]kfnL efiffsf k':ts / n]vx?

clwsf/L, ;"o{dl0f, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M e+"l8k'/f0f
k|sfzg, @)%( .
clwsf/L, ;"o{dl0f, g]kfndf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, gofF
lbNnLM lg/fnf klAns]zG;, @)%% .
clwsf/L, x]d/fh, cfhsf] g]kfn–k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] cGj]if0ffTds
/ cg';GwfgfTds Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M rGb|snf clwsf/L, @)%* .
cfrfo{, hof/fh, obg' fy vgfn hLjgL / ljrf/, nlntk"/M ;femf
k|sfzg, @)%( .
cfrfo{, g/xl/, ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnf / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf rf/
bzs, efu !, sf7df8f}+M ;DjT;/ k|sfzg, @)%# .
pkfWofo, uf]ljGb k|;fb, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs Oltxf; ;Gbe{,
sf7df8f}+M /Tg k':ts e08f/, @)%$ .
lsof]sf] cf]u'/f, hgtf hfu]sf] a]nf hgcfGbf]ng @)$^ sf] Oltxf;,
g]kfnL cg' , df]xg, /Ltf / ljzdfof d}gfnL, nlntk"/M lxdfn
lstfa, @))$ .
181
s]=;L=, ;'/]Gb|, g]kfndf sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M

ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, @)%^ .
s]=;L=, ;'/]Gb|, g]kfndf sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, efu @,
sf7df8f}+}M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, @)^) .
uf}td, /fh]z, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf g]kfn k|hfkl/ifbsf]
e"ldsf, sf7df8f}+M /Tg k':ts e08f/, lj=;++ @)$^ .
uf}td, /fh]z, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng / g]kfnL sfFu|];, >L/fd
>]i7 sf7df8f}+, @)%%.
lu/L, k|lbk, g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;, jf/f0f;LM t?0f k|sfzg,
;g\ !(&$ .
u'Ktf/f}lgof/, pd]z s'df/, hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmflGtsf/L Oltxf;,
sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fli6«o ;dfh ;]jf kl/ifb, @)%^ .
l3ld/], >L/fd, ljBfyL{ ju{ / k|hftGq kg' :yfkgfsf] ;+3if{ Ps ;+lIfKt
cWoog, sf7df8f}+M >LdtL sdnf l3ld/] , @)%* .
rfln;], k'ik/fh, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^M ;QfkIfsf] k|ltjfb / k|lt/f]w,
sf8df8f}M pbo a'S;, @)%( .
rfln;], k'ik/fh, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf eQmk"/sf] e"ldsf,
sf7df8f+}M s] Pn pbo, @)%! .
hf]zL, /fdxl/, -;Dkf=_, @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng ljZjsf] cfFlv
‰ofnaf6, dn+ujfM hf]zL ‰of, @)%# .
8f+uL, zLj s'df/, ;ª\3if{sf ;f7L jif{ g]kfnL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf]
uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M ;/:jtL kf]v/]n, @)^$ .
9sfn, 3g]Gb| k'?if, hgcfGbf]ng @)$^, nlntk"/M e'k]Gb| k'?if 9sfn,
@)$( .
b]jsf]6f, u|Lid axfb'/, g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts bk{0f, sf7df8f}+M w'j| a=
b]jsf]6f, @)#& .
182
b]jsf]6f, u|Lid axfb'/, g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts bk{0f–hgdt ;+u|x /

To;kl5_, sf7df8f}+M pd]z axfb'/ b]asf]6f, @)#( .
b]jfg, uf]kfn, nf]stflGqs ;|i6fsf :j/x? P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h, w/fgM
nf]stflGqs ;|i6fx?sf] ;+o'Qm, @)^@ .
g]kfn, lszf]/, hgdt ;+u|x b]vL hgcfGbf]ng;Dd g]kfnL
kqsf/Ltfsf] ljsf; / k|efj, sf7df08f}+M Joj;foLs kqsf/Ltf
k|lti7fg, lj=;+= @)%& .
kf08], ljGbf, cfhsf oj' f ljBfyL{, ef]lnsf ;Ifd hgzltm, sf7df8f}M
g]kfn 6]«8 o'lgog dxf;+3, @)^# .
kf08], x'dfsfGt, cf;s ' f cIf/x?, kf]v/fM g]=k|f=;+3 k[YjL gf/fo0f
SofDk; PsfO{ ;ldlt, @)$& .
kf7s, czf]ss''df/, hgcfGbf]ng / ;+ljwfg;ef g} lsg ?, sf7df8f}+M
k|sfzs cg''Nn]Vo, @)^) .
k'iknfn, g]kfndf sDol' gi6 cfGbf]ngsf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M
k'iknfn :d[lt k|lti7fg, @)%# .
kf}8]n, /fdrGb|, k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 – g]kfnL
t?0fx?sf] ;+3if{ ufyf, g]=lj=;+3 klZrfdf~rn ;dGjo ;ldlt,
@)%) .
k|wfg, e'jgnfn, g]kfnsf] hgqmflGt @))&, sf7df8f}+M ?d' k|sfzg,
@)$& .
e§/fO{, lzj k|;fb, …;/:jtLsf] dlGb/df k|x/LnfO{ k/]8 v]nfPkl5
xlNnbf] /x]5 zlQmsf] uh'/ klgÚ, uf]/vfkq, lj=;++ @)$& kmfu'g &
dfgGw/, lq/Tg / lg/Ghg zdf{, cfwl' gs g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;
-@))& –@)!(_, sf7df8f}+ g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|,
lj=;++ @)%# .
183
ld>, l8NnL/fd, g]kfnL sfFu|]; / k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng, tgxF'M zld{nf

ld>, @)$% .
ld>, afnrGb,| emfkf cfGbf]ngb]lv Pdfn] ljefhg ;Dd, sf7df8f}+M
;'gf}nf] ljxfgL cleofg, @)%* .
/]UdL, kb\dz/0f, g]kfnL sf+u|]; kf6L{sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro, kf]v/fM lhNnf
sfo{;ldlt sf:sL, lj=;+ @)!( .
/]UdL, /fh]Gb|, g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng / lrtjg, e/tk"/M ls/0f
k|sfzg, @)$* .
n'O6]n, o'j/fh, cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:ylt / cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf /fli6«o
hgcfGbf]ng –ljj/0f / ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}+M lbks/fh kGt, lj=;++
@)$& .
jh|frfo{, rGb|dfg, @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng Ps d"Nof+sg, sLlt{k"/M
hgr]tgf k|sfzg, @)%# .
;'j]bL, emns, ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] cfwf/ ztfAbL, Kff]v/fM ;'j]bL
k|sfzg, @)$* .
;'j]bL, /]jtL/d0f, lgi7fsf ;u/dfyf nf]sgfos u0f]zdfg l;+x, emfkfM
a;'wf ;'j]bL, @)%% .
zdf{, u0f]z/fh -;Dkf=_, jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] cfTdfj[QfGt, nlntk"/M
hubDaf k|sfzg, @)%% .
zdf{, >L eb|, hot' ;+:s[td\ cfGbf]ng Ps ;+:d/0f, g]kfnM n]vs
:jod\, @)%$ .
zdf{, 9'l08/fh, kfln{ofd]G6 / ;Nnfxfsf/ ;ef, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn
Ps]8]dL, @)!^ .
lzjfsf]6L, gf/fo0f k|;fb, hgcfGbf]ng / zxLbx?, :yfg pNn]v
gePsf], eLid s8l/of, @)$& .
184
>]i7, k|]dgf/fo0f, P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng, sf7df8f}+M /Tg ku:ts

e08f/, @)$& .
g]kfnL / c+u|]hL kqklqsf

cGt/f{li6o« d~r, jif{ ^, k'0ff{Í %@, cÍ $%, sf7df8f}+ .
uf]/vfkq, lj=;+= kf}if !! .
uf]/vfkq , @)$^ kmfu'g # .
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ kmfu'g @( .
uf]/vfkq, lj=;++ @)$^ kmfu'g ( .
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ kmfu'g !) .
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ kmfu'g !! .
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ kmfu'g !* .
uf]/vfkq, @)$^–r}q ! .
uf]/vfkq, @)$^– r}q $ .
uf]/vfkq, @)$^ r}q @% .
uf]/vfkq, @)$& kmfu'g & .
hgcfGbf]ng an' ]l6g, @)$^ r}q $ .
lemNsf], k"0ff{Í !$, @)$&
b}lgs l;4fy{, @)$^ r}q !# .
dN" ofÍg ljrf/ cGt/lqmof – !)M#, r}q–j}zfv @)$*–$( .
;fKtflxs ljd{z, @)$^ kf}if @! .
;fKtflxs ljdz{ @)$^ r}q @$ ut] .
df5fkR' 5]« , k[=gf=SofDk; :jljo' d'vkq @)^! .
ou' ;Dafb, @)$^ r}q @# .
The Statesman, 5th Feb. 1990.
185
Web sites consulted

www.pd.cpim.org/2006/0903/09032006–arunn%20kumar.
htm.
www.theorsophical.ca/Indianstudents politics gsa.htm.
www.newdeal.feri.org/students/
www.civicyouth.org.
www.asiafoundation.org/pdf/pt–emergz.pdf.

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hgcfGbf] n gsf ;Dk" 0 f{ zxLbx?df

@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df Ps dxTjk"0f{

To;}u/L] ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]

k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, ledsfnL kf6g

jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg kf]v/f SofDk;, xl/of] vs{

OlGhlgol/ª\u cWoog ;+:yfg klZrdf~rn SofDk;, nfdfrf}/

lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg kf]v/f SofDk;, /fd3f6

kf]v/f ax'd'vL SofDk;, gofF ahf/

e}/xg] /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngaf6 ck|efljt /xL k9fO ;~rfng ug]{ eGb}

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