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 C{yteik dy Ldephkyy
odh Hktpdfetdy Hkadpd3Yk`{db Yjktyd Ktejd ]gfetej Fe`kpdfGfkb Ehoe D{h{ffdb
‖
 C{yeik ey bk lepy |ep{k gl ygiedf ehye{eghy
„ "Pdqfy& 45143 9%Cejd dod ykgpdha lefy{l udha }dfeha `kp}khadp{b oe jdhidb lefydld }gfeej ead odydqdpyd kpdjbep& gpdha e{ dodfdb Cgbh Pdqfy "4504.0==0%( Nkfdf{eykpdhajdedh dpejkf udha jkn{oedh nkn{hidj odfdn
 D _bkgpu gl C{yeik
"4514%&Pdqfy nkn`dqd jkbeo{}dh `dp{ jk odfdn fe`kpdfeynk& ykjdfea{y odfdn lefydld }gfeej "Pe}ykeh& 45513 451: Junfeijd& 0==?3 <1.2: Peibdpoygh& 0==;%( Hdn{hoknejedh& nkyje ed nkn`dhajejdh jkn`dfe fe`kpdfeynk& yk}kpe djdh jed febdhdhe& fe`kpdfeynkhud dodfdb fe`kpdfeynk udha `kp`kod( Jdpkhd e{& {h{j nkn`kodjdh& adadydhhud jkpd} oeyk`{ fe`kpdfeynk kadfedpedh(Ykkfdb
ndykp}ekik
.hud e{& Pdqfy nkp{n{yjdh {fdha kgpehud odfdn
]gfeeidf Fe`kpdfeyn
"4559%&
_bk Fdq gl ]kg}fky
"4555%& odh
 C{yeik dy Ldephkyy
 "0==4%& nkyje dpa{nkh odydphud kd} ydnd( Jdpud.jdpud Pdqfy& jb{y{yhud
 D_bkgpu gl C{yeik
&
 
ydhadfdb jdud odh nknefeje `dhudj fd}eydh( Jdpkhd e{& {feydhehe djdh nkn`ddye oepe }dod dy}kj j{hie odpe adadydh Pdqfy& ude{ yjkyd pehajdynkhakhde kgpe jkdoefdhhud& ‖
 c{yeik dy ldephkyy
„& en}fejdyehud kpbdod} hkpdfedyhkadpd& odh `k`kpd}d jpeej kpbdod} hkpdfedy e{ odfdn jghkjy afg`dfeydyehkgfe`kpdf(
Cgbh Pdqfy3 Yjktyd @egapdley
Cgbh @gpofku Pdqfy oefdbepjdh odh nkhod}d }khoeoejdh odydp odhnkhkhadb oe @dfengpk& Ndpufdho& DY( Odfdn o{d db{h `kp{p{.{p{& o{d gpdhadoejhud nkhehaadf jdpkhd nkhokped oelkped odh }hk{nghed( ]kpeyeqd pdaey ehe `dpdhajdfe nkn`{d Pdqfy ydhad ydodp nkhakhde jkykqkhdha.qkhdhadh hdye`odh }kpeyeqd dfdnedb‟bdf& udha yk}kpe djdh jed febd hdhe& nknefeje }kpdh `kydp odfdn kgpe jkdoefdhhud( Bdf fdeh udha `dpdhajdfe nkha{djdh }khadp{b ehe dodfdb }khadfdndhhud opdndeyhud ydd ]kpdha O{hed EE udha nkhuk`d`jdh ed jkbefdhadhendh Jpeyedhe& nkyje yk`kf{nhud ed ykn}d nkn}kpen`dhajdh {h{j nkhcdoe }khokd "Peibdpoygh& 0==;: Qkhdp 0==2%(
٤
 
Pdqfy nkhukfkydejdh ]b(O.hud oe ]pehikgh& oe ndhd ed kp}khadp{b gfkb Hgpndh Ndfigfn& ydfdb ykgpdha n{peo Qeakhykeh( @dpdhajdfe odpehudfdb ednkqdpeye jkkhaadhdh kpfe`d odfdn y}kj{fdye nkdleyej( Ykfdhc{hud& }dod 45;0.9ed nkhcdoe
L{f`peab Lkffgq
oe Grlgpo& oe ndhd ed `kpc{n}d B(F(D( Bdp odhEydedb @kpfeh& o{d gpdha }knejep kphdnd odfdn lefydld b{j{n odh }gfeej( ]gyeyedjdoknej Pdqfy oedqdfe oe Igphkff odh NE_( Jkn{oedh }dod 45<0 ed nkhadcdp oeBdp|dpo odh nkhcdoe }pglkygp oe ydhd }dod 4515 "Peibdpoygh& 0==;: Qkhdp 0==2%(
 C{yteik dy Ldephkyy
3 Yjktyd Jkdoefdh Fe`kpdfeynk Kadfetdpedh
Nkh{p{ Junfeijd "0==?3 <1.5%& adadydh Pdqfy nknefeje o{d dpe }kheha(
]kpdnd
& dpe }kheha beygpey( Oedfdb gpdha }kpdnd udha nkhukoedjdh dfkphdel udha nknkidbjdh jk`{h{dh dhdpd {efedpedheynk oe yd{ }ebdj& odh d}d udhaoeyk`{ Pdqfy eh{eyegheynk oe }ebdj fdeh(
Jko{d
& ykidpd y{`ydhel kgpehudnkhikpnehjdh }kpjkn`dhadh yeahelejdh odfdn lefydld }gfeej(Pdqfy ykhoepe nkndha nkhadqdfe `{j{hud okhadh nkhajghpdyjdh o{d }knejepdh lefydld }gfeej udha ognehdh oe ndydhud( Oe yd{ yeye& {efedpedheynkoejpeej jdpkhd jkpd} `kpkhdhadh okhadh eh{eye jed nkhakhde jkdoefdh( O{djk`kpddh }gjgj kpbdod} dfepdh ehe dodfdb3 "4% jghyk}yehud khdha jkykdpddhudha eodj nkndode odh "0% ed eodj nknefeje kgpe `daedh udha
 ldep 
(
4
Oe yeye fdeh& `kp`dade jpeej kpbdod} {efedpedheynk‟oeyk`{ Pdqfy eh{eyegheynk‟oedhodegfkb }f{pdfedy hefde.hefde odydpedb& udha eodj jgbkpkh odh n{hajeh ydfeha `kpkhdhadh& nkhakhde jdy{y.jdy{y jb{y{y( Ykfdeh e{& ed c{ad eodj nknefejenkgok udha kjy}feye odh d{pdh }pegpedy dhdpd `kp`dade hefde odfdn jdy{y.jdy{yoefkndey(Okhadh fddp oknejedhfdb Pdqfy nkp{n{yjdh kgpehud( Ed bkhodj kd} `kpyked }dod eh{eye.eh{eye odydpedb jed nkhakhde jkdoefdh hdn{h c{ad bkhodj nkhukoedjdh kgpe udha kjy}feye& jgbkpkh& odh oefkhajd}e d{pdh }pegpedy(_kgpe jkdoefdh Pdqfy& udha ed yk`{
 c{yeik dy ldephkyy
& oep{n{yjdhhudodfdn }pehye} `kpej{3
4
[efedpedheynk& nkyje odfdn `kh{j jfdyejhud& kfdb oe`eidpdjdh odfdn oeyj{ye yk`kf{nhud(Jdpkhd e{& {feydh ehe eodj djdh nkha{pdehud fdae( [h{j }khadhdp pehajdy hdn{h i{j{} nkndodekhdha dfepdh ehe okhadh `kp`dade |dpedh jghkn}gpkphud& febd Junfeijd "0==?% `d` 0(
٠
 
‖
]pehye} ]kpdnd
3 yked} gpdha bdp{y nknefeje bdj udha ykdpd ddy jkykf{p{bdhyeykn udha }dfeha f{dy odpe jk`k`dydh odydp udha yky{de okhadh yeyknjk`k`dydh ykp{}d `dae ykn{d gpdha(
]pehye} Jko{d
3 jkeodjykdpddh ygyedf kjghgne bdp{y oed{p ykoknejedh p{}dykbehaad3"d%
 
nkn`kpejdh jk{h{hadh kp`kydp `dae udha }dfeha eodj oe{h{hajdh&yky{de okhadh }pehye} d`{hadh udha doef& odh"`%
 
nkn`{jd cd`ddh.cd`ddh odh }gyeye.}gyeye `daed ykn{d oe `dqdb jghoeyejkykdpddh jkykn}ddh udha
 ldep 
(
 D{pdh ]pegpedy ]kpdnd
"]pegpedy Jk`k`dydh%3 }pehye} jkdoefdh bdp{yoe{p{jdh odfdn kpe` fkjyejdf odh jdpkhd e{ jk`k`dydh bdhud od}d oe`ddyeokne jk`k`dydh e{ ykhoepe(Z(((^
 D{pdh ]pegpedy Jko{d
"]pegpedy Jkdoefdh ddy Kleyekhye odh Jkykcdbkpddh%3
 
 }pehye} jkdoefdh udha jko{d ykidpd fkjyejdf fk`eb }kheha jken`dha }pehye}kleyekhye odh ndjyendfeydye c{nfdb gdf jk{h{hadh: odh jkykn}ddh udha
 ldep 
fk`eb }kheha jken`dha }pehye} }kp`koddh(Z(((^
]pehye} [n{n
3 ykn{d `dpdha.`dpdha ygyedf {dnd "
ygiedf }pendpu aggoy
%‟ jk`k`dydh odh jkykn}ddh& }khod}ddh odh jkykcdbkpddh& odh odydp.odydp jkbgpnddh.oepe‟bdp{y oeoeype`{yejdh ykidpd ykdpd jki{dfe cejd oeype`{ye udhadj ykdpd kpbdod} ydfdb yd{ dd{ ykn{d `dpdha.`dpdha ehe nkha{h{hajdhudha }dfeha eodj oe{h{hajdh(„ "Pdqfy& 45143 9=0.9%(
Ykf{p{b kgpe Pdqfy oeodydpjdh }dod }dhodhadh Jdhedh nkhakhdejkykdpddh ndh{yed okhadh nkn}kpfdj{jdhhud yk`dade {c{dh }dod oepehud ykhoepeodh `{jdh ykjdodp yk`dade ydpdhd( Nkndha& ydfdb yd{ eh{eye odydp jed dodfdb `dbqd ykn{d ndh{yed ykdpd( Okhadh nkhadj{e jkykdpddh ehe& jed bdp{y c{adnkhadj{e ead bdf3 "4% jkykdpddh ndh{yed ykidpd ngpdf& "0% gghgne ndh{yed& odh"9% dhaa{ha cdqd` ndh{yed ddy }efebdh odh ehodjdhhud( Hdhe djdh jed febd `dadendhd b{`{hadh jkead bdf ehe okhadh }pehye} jkdoefdh Pdqfy ykjdfea{y }kp`koddh odh jpeejhud kpbdod} {efedpedheynk odh jghyk}ye {n{n nkhakhdejkykdpddh jkykn}ddh(Pdqfy nkhdqdpjdh `k`kpd}d dpa{nkh {h{j nkhg}dha kgpe jkdoefdhhud(Nkh{p{ Junfeijd "0==?3 19%& udha }dfeha nkhdpej dodfdb dpa{nkh jkykdpddhjkykn}ddh eh{eel odh jghpdj be}gkey odfdn }gyeye dydfe( Ykfdeh e{& Pdqfy c{adnkhuk`{ jpekped.jpekped nehgp yk}kpe }{`feyedy "oejkhdf f{dy odh n{odboed}fejdyejdh% odh yd`efedy "yd`ef odh oekpend ndyudpdjd okhadh }kndjyddhjgnenkh yknehendf n{hajeh‟dpa{nkh ehefdb udha oejkn`dhajdh fk`eb cd{bodfdn
]gfeeidf Fe`kpdfeyn
% "Junfeijd& 0==?3 400 id( hg( 0%(
٩
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