B1 – B2.

REVISION SHEET

PRESENT PERFECT

1. Present perfect - form

The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense),
plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular
verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.

Affirmative
Subject to have past participle
She has visited
Negative
Subject to have + not past participle
She hasn't visited
Interrogative
to have subject past participle
Has she visited..?
Interrogative negative
to have + not subject past participle
Hasn't she visited...?

2. Present perfect, function

The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not
specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

 The present perfect is used to describe:

1. Actions started in the past and continuing in the present.

a. They haven't lived here for years.
b. She has worked in the bank for five years.
c. We have had the same car for ten years.
d. Have you played the piano since you were a child?

2. When the time period referred to has not finished.

a. I have worked hard this week.
b. It has rained a lot this year.
c. We haven't seen her today.

3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.

a. They have seen that film six times.
b. It has happened several times already.
c. She has visited them frequently.
d. We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just).

a. Have you just finished work?
b. I have just eaten.
c. We have just seen her.
d. Has he just left?

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5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not known.
a. Someone has eaten my soup!
b. Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
c. She's studied Japanese, Russian and English.

 PRESENT PERFECT + ever, never, already, yet

The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now e.g. Have you ever visited Berlin?

a. 'Ever' is used

a. in questions/ negative Q. e.g. Nobody has ever said that to me before.

Have you ever been to England?
Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food?
b. and in negative statements using the pattern
nothing.......ever, nobody.......ever e.g.
Nothing like this has ever happened to us.
c. 'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... e.g.
It's the first time (that) I've ever eaten snails.
This is the first time I've ever been to England.

b. 'Never' means at no time before now, and is the same as not ..... ever:
I have never visited Berlin

BE CAREFUL! I haven't never been to Italy.

You must not use never and not together: I have never been to Italy.

Position: 'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the main verb (past participle).

c. Already and yet:

Already refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition,
e.g.
a. I've already drunk three coffees this morning. (and you're offering me another one!)
b. Don't write to John, I've already done it.

It is also used in questions:

a. Have you already written to John?
b. Has she finished her homework already?

Position: already can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentence:
a. I have already been to Tokyo.
b. I have been to Tokyo already.

yet is used in negative statements and questions, to mean (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and
including the present. e.g.
a. Have you met Judy yet?
b. I haven't visited the Tate Gallery yet.
Position: Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence.

 Exercises a) Did you ever worked

1. When ________________ the school? b) Have you ever worked
a) have you joined c) Worked you
b) did you joined d) Didn't you have worked
c) did you join 3. That's the best speech ______________
d) have you ever joined a) I never heard
2. ___________________ in England? b) I didn't hear

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 c) I used to hear b) I came back
d) I've ever heard c) I never came back
4. He's the most difficult housemate _____________________ d) I've just come back
a) I never dealt with. 8. Prices ________ in 1995 but then _____ in 1996.
b) I never had to deal with. a) rised falled
c) I've ever had to deal with. b) rose fell
d) I've never had to deal with. c) have risen have fallen
5. ___________________ to him last week. d) rose have fallen
a) I spoke 9. You ____________ to a word ____________
b) I've already spoken a) listened I haven't said
c) I didn't spoke b) didn't listen I say
d) I speaked c) listened saying
6. ______________ a contract last year and it is still valid. d) haven't listened I've said
a) We have signed 10. I can't believe that ________________ the news.
b) We signed a) you haven't read
c) We haven't signed b) you didn't read
d) We have sign c) you don't read
7. _______________ from a business trip to France. d) you read not
a) I come back

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. Present perfect continuous, form

The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements: (a) the present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been), and (b) the
present participle of the main verb (base+ing).

Subject has/have been V+ing

She has been swimming
Affirmative
She has been / She's been running
Negative
She hasn't been running
Interrogative
Has she been running?
Interrogative negative
Hasn't she been running?

2. Present perfect continuous, function

The present perfect continuous refers to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about
something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result,
and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.

Examples:

1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present.

a. She has been waiting for you all day (=and she's still waiting now).

b. I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (=and I still haven't finished it).

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2. Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results/ there is evidence of the actions:

a. She has been cooking since last night (=and the food on the table looks delicious).

b. It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).

3. Verbs without continuous forms

With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the present perfect simple. See list of these verbs under 'Present
Continuous':

 I've wanted to visit China for years.

 She's known Robert since she was a child.
 I've hated that music since I first heard it.
 I've heard a lot about you recently.
 We've understood everything we've heard this morning.

 Exercises d) have went

1. I'm very hungry. I______________________ all day. 6. How's your Mum? I ______________________ her for ages.
a) didn't eat a) had seen
b) haven't ate b) haven't seen
c) haven’t eaten c) haven't been seeing
d) have been eating d) didn't see
2. Their new kitchen looks fantastic. They ________ completely 7. You're covered in paint! What __________ you __________?
________ it. a) have done
a) have been/ redecorating b) were doing
b) have/ redecorated c) did do
c) already/ redecorated d) have been doing
d) didn't / redecorated 8. She’s gone to the doctor's. She ______________________ too
3. Our kitchen’s a mess. We____________________ any cleaning well lately.
for weeks. a) hasn't felt
a) didn't do b) hasn't been feeling
b) haven't been doing c) has felt
c) have done d) doesn't feel
d) haven't done 9. Where have you been? I______________________ for ages.
4. I think they are dating. They______________ a lot of each a) have waited
other recently. b) waited
a) had seen c) was waiting
b) haven't been seeing d) have been waiting
c) have been seeing 10. I have to write an essay. I___________________ about half of
d) have seen it so far.
5. We've discovered this great café and we__________________ a) have written
there a lot. b) have been writing
a) have been going c) wrote
b) have gone d) have to write
c) are going

IF AND THE CONDITIONAL

1. The 'zero' conditional, where the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present:

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'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple present simple present
If you heat ice it melts.
If it rains you get wet

In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are often used to refer to general truths.

2. The Type 1 conditional, where the tense in the 'if clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple
future

'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

If + simple present Simple future
If it rains you will get wet
If you don't hurry we will miss the train.

In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable
result.

3. The Type 2 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present
conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

If + simple past Present conditional

If it rained you would get wet
If you went to bed earlier you wouldn't be so tired.

In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an
unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result.

 Exercises b. don't call again.

1. If I lose my job now I ... 8. If farmers in developing countries were given a decent
a. would start a business of my own. price for their produce ...
b. will take a long holiday and apply for a new job later. a. they would be able to build a better future for their family,
2. If he calls me 'lazy' again I ... community and country.
a. won't ever help him again if he's in trouble. b. they will be able to build a better future for their family,
b. go and tell his parents. community and country.
3. Philippa won't ever speak to me again if ... 9. If Belgium won the European Soccer Championship in the
a. I let her down now. year 2000 ...
b. I would let her down now. a. the world will be amazed.
4. If the demand increases prices ... b. the world would be amazed.
a. rise. 10. Consumers would be much better off if ...
b. will rise. a. accurate product information would be printed on the
5. Our dog Gelert will start licking you if ... packaging.
a. you pat him on the back. b. accurate product information were printed on the
b. you will give it a cuddle. packaging.
6. Don't be offended. If Jane is annoyed she ... 11. The children would be in a much better shape if they ...
a. will start yelling at people. a. would take my bike to go to school.
b. starts yelling at people. b. took my bike to go to school.
7. If Jeremy doesn't answer the phone this time I ... 12. If I had a lot of money I ...
a. won't call again. a. bought myself a flashy MGf.

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b. would buy myself a flashy MGf. a. she knows about John's past.
13. Helen would be very upset if ... b. she knew about John's past.

THE PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the
person or object that performs the action.

e.g. The house was built in 1654: We are interested in the house, not the builder.

In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence. Sometimes we use the
passive voice because we don't know or cannot express who or what performed the action:

e.g. Every year people are killed on our roads.

If we want to say who or what performs the action, we use the preposition by:

e.g. "A Hard Day's Night" was written by the Beatles

PASSIVE TENSES AND ACTIVE EQUIVALENTS

Notice that the tense of the verb to be in the passive voice is the same as the tense of the main verb in the active voice.

Example: to keep

TENSE / VERB FORM ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Simple present keeps is kept
Present continuous is keeping is being kept

Simple past kept was kept

Past continuous was keeping was being kept
Present perfect have kept have been kept
Past perfect had kept had been kept
future will keep will be kept
Conditional present would keep would be kept
Conditional past would have kept would have been kept
present infinitive to keep to be kept
perfect infinitive to have kept to have been kept
present participle/gerund keeping being kept
perfect participle having kept having been kept

Example sentences:

Active: ……………………………………. Active: They are repairing the road.

Passive: The butter is kept in the fridge. Passive: …………………………………………….

Active: They stole the painting. Active: …………………………………………….

Passive: ……………………………………………. Passive: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

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 New Grammar Point  THE PASSIVE VOICE - GET / HAVE SOMETHING DONE
1. This construction is passive in meaning. It may describe situations where we want someone else to do something for us.

Examples: a. I must get / have my hair cut.

b. When are you going to get that window mended?
c. We’re having the house painted.
2. If the verb refers to something negative or unwanted, it has the same meaning as a passive sentence:

d. Jim had his car stolen last night. (= Jim’s car was stolen)
e. They had their roof blown off in the storm. (= Their roof was blown off in the storm)

3. The construction can refer to the completion of an activity, especially if a time expression is used:

f. We'll get the work done as soon as possible.

g. I'll get those letters typed before lunchtime.

In all these sentences, we are more interested in the result of the activity than in the person or object that performs the activity.

4. How to put those sentences into ACTIVE?  HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING

GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING

 New Grammar Point  THE PASSIVE VOICE - 'X' NEEDS DOING

1. In the same way, this construction has a passive meaning. The important thing in our minds is the person or thing that will
experience the action, e.g.

a. The ceiling needs painting (= the ceiling needs to be painted)

b. My hair needs cutting (= my hair needs to be cut)

SUMMER VACATION EXERCISES FOR YOU(s)

FUNCTIONS FILE

1. Offer to show a visitor where the canteen is


2. Ask a friend to drive you to the garage to pick up your car

3. You want to have a break in class. Check it’s OK with the teacher

4. Offer to look after the friend’s child while they are out

5. You have to change an appointment with a client at short notice. Apologize

6. A colleague tells you ‘I’m getting married’. Respond

7. A friend wants to visit you this weekend. Refuse politely

8. You want to know the time of the earliest flight to London. Telephone the airport.

9. On the telephone, you don’t hear a number someone gives you. What do you say?


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10. Offer to repair your friend’s computer.

11. Ask a visitor to wait while you make an urgent call.

12. You arrive late for a meeting. Apologize to your colleagues.

13. A client calls while you are talking to the other clients. Ask colleague to take a call for you.

14. A friend invites you to dinner this evening. Decline and give a reason.

15. A visitor asks you if it’s OK to smoke. Smoking is not allowed in the office.

16. A friend tells you ‘I didn’t pass the exam’. Respond

17. Say goodbye to a foreign visitor who is returning to their country.

18. You are at the end-of-year party. It’s late, say thank and goodbye to the host.

19. Your friend helped you review the lesson for the test. Show appreciation.

20. A client thanks you for helping him with the order. Respond.


GRAMMAR FILE – ACTIVE or PASSIVE

A. Read the review of the story Frankenstein. Complete the correct of the given verbs, using Active or Passive - Past simple or
Present simple.
FRANKENSTEIN

Frankenstein …………….. (write) by Mary Shelley, the wife of the

poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, in 1818.

It …………….. (be) a horror story which …………….. (think) to be the

original science-fiction novel. The story …………….. (tell) through the letters
of a man called Walton, an English explorer. There …………….. (be) Victor
Frankenstein, a student from Geneva, who …………….. (discover) the secret
of life.

He …………….. (collect) bones and bodies of dead people from the

graveyards and …………….. (make) a person which is more monster than
man. People …………….. (be) terrified of it because it is so huge and ugly.
The poor monster …………….. (have) no friends and …………….. (feel) lonely
and depressed, so it …………….. (ask) Frankenstein to make it a wife.

Frankenstein …………….. (refuse) to do so. Then the monster

…………….. (get) angry and …………….. (kill) not only Frankenstein’s brother,
but also his friend, and his bride, Elizabeth. Frankenstein …………….. (be)
heartbbroken and …………….. (decide) to kill the monster. However, he
…………….. (die) while chasing the monster, which then …………….. (kill) itself.

Frankenstein …………….. (be) a fascinating story because the

character of the monster is both sad and frightening at the same time.

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B. One more task and you are free with Active and Passive. Now read the history of Coca-cola, rewrite the passage into
Passive Voice.

Things go better with

Coca-Cola
People enjoy Coca-Cola all over the world.
People sell 1.6 billion gallons every year, in over
160 countries. Dr. John Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia
invented this drink as a health drink on May 8, 1866,
but his partner, Frank Robinson, gave it the name Coca-
Cola. In the first year, they only sold nine drinks a day.
In 1888, a man named Asa Candler bought the
business, and opened the first factory in Dallas, Texas,
in 1895. Today, they still make Coca-Cola there. They
have produced billions of bottles and cans since 1895,
but they have always kept the recipe a secret.
They have made Diet Coke since 1982, and over
the years, the producers have used many creative
advertisements to sell the product. It it sure that people
will drink Coca-Cola far into the twenty-first century.

Write here

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

GRAMMA FILE – USED TO, WHEN, CONDITIONALS

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