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1. 2.
FUNDAMENTALS OF CUTTING
Fig 20.3 Schematic illustration of a twodimensional cutting process,also called orthogonal cutting.Note that the tool shape and its angles,depth of cut,to,and the cutting speed are all independent variables.
INTRODUCTION :
surface of the work piece by producing chips cutting tool removes a layer of material as it moves to the left
Turning operation : the work piece is rotated an a Cutting off: Cutting tool moves radially inwards
and separated the right piece from the back of the blank. of material from the surface of the work piece
Fig 20.4 (a) Schematic illustration of the basic mechanism of chip formation in metal cutting. (b) Velocity diagram in the cutting zone.
Vc V Vs
TYPES OF CHIPS
Continuous Built up edge Serrated or segmented Discontinuous
Fig20.5 Basic types of chips and their photomicrographs produced in metal cutting (a) continuous ship with a narrow,straight primary shear zone; (b) secondary shear zone at the chip tool interface;(c) continuous chip with large primary shear zone; (d) continuous chip with built-up-edge;(e) segmented or nonhomogeneous chip and (f) discontinuous chips
CONTINUOUS CHIPS
Fig :20.6 (a) Hardness distribution in the cutting zone for 3115 steel.Note that some regions in the built-up edge are as mach as three times harder than the bulk metal (c) Surface finish on 1018 steel in face milling
Continuous chips
Continuous chips are usually formed at high rake
angles and/or high cutting speeds. A good surface finish is generally produced. continuous chips are not always desirable, particularly in automated machine tools,
tend to get tangled around the tool operation has to be stopped to clear away the chips.
workpiece that are gradually deposited on the tool. breaks up the chip
DISCONTINUOUS CHIPS
Discontinuous chips consist of segments that
may be firmly or loosely attached to each other
SERRATED CHIPS
Figure :20.5e Segmented chips or nonhomogeneous chips
CHIP BREAKERS
Long continuous chip are
undesirable
CHIP BREAKERS
Fig:Various chips produced in turning: a)tightly curled chip b)chip hits workpiece and breaks c)continuous chip moving away from workpiece;and d)chip hits tool shank and breaks off
Fig: a) cutting with an oblique tool b) Top view showing the inclination angle, i. c) Types of chips produced with different inclination
Fig: a)right hand cutting tool.Although these tools have traditionally been produced from solids tool-steel bars,they have been largely replaced by carbide or other inserts of various shapes and sizes,as shownin b).The vcarious angles on these tools and their effects on machining are described
TEMPERATURE IN CUTTING
Fig:Percentage of the heat generated in cutting going into the workpiece,tool,and chip,as a function of cutting speed.
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS
Fig:Temperatures developed in turning 52100 steel: a) flank temperature distribution;and b)tool-chip interface temperature distribution
2. 3.
Crater wear:It occurs on the rake face of the tool. Chipping :Breaking away of a small piece from the cutting edge of the tool .
Fig (a) Flank and crater wear in a cutting tool.tool moves to the left. (b) View of the rake of a turning tool,showing nose radius R and crater wear pattern on the rake face of the tool c)View of the flank face of a turning tool,sowing the average flank wear land VB and the depth-of-cut line (wear notch)
Fig (a) Schematic illustrations of types of wear observed on various types of cutting tools .(b) Schematic illustrations of catastrophic tool failures.A study of the types and mechanism of tool wear and failure is essential to the development of better tool materials