Learning Russian

Professions
Professions can be either masculine ( artist, journalist)

orfeminine (, ). There are also some professions that can
beboth masculine andfeminine, depending on gender of a person you are speaking
about ( manager, designer). Here is the list of some
commonly used professions.
Actor
Actor, artist
Basketball player
Volleyball player
Journalist
Waiter
Singer
Pianist
Sportsman
Tennis player
Football player
=
Boss
Broker
Designer
Diplomat
Director
Doctor
Engineer
Manager
Minister
Operator
Politician
President
Programmer
Psychologist
Secretary
Trader
Chief
Economist
Lawer
Student
Russian names
Gender Endings of a Noun

As you may have noticed, Russian nouns have genders. You can identify gender
ofanoun by its ending. Check out the table below for all possible variants. Please note:
both masculine and feminine nouns can end with the soft sign -. To avoid confusion,
memorize such words and their gender by heart.
Table: Endings of Nouns According to their Gender
(masculine)
A word ends
onaconsonant
-/-
Exceptions
,
,
,
,
,
usually denote
professions
80% of Russian words
, ,
,
, ,
,
(feminine)
(neuter)
(plural)
,
, ,
also some months
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
after consonants
, , , , , ,
only after
,

only after
,

, ,
, ,
, ,
1. These nouns are only in Plural ()

, , , ,
Remember
, ,
2. Some nouns have an unusual Plural form:

,
3. These words have an -a endings in Plural
, , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
Nouns Animate and Inanimate

In the Russian language, all nouns fall into two categories animate and inanimate.
The first unites human beings (including professions and places in society), animals,
birds and fish. All of these words answer the question ? The second category
includes objects which answer the question ?
Animate
Inanimate
Who is it?
What is it?
a human
a table
a dog
a house
a cat
a car
mama
a computer
a friend
juice
a brother
a book
a teacher
a lamp
a director
metro
a student
a ticket
a manager
a lion
a shark
Remember
Names of social groups, like
, ,
are inanimate in Russian.
Countries, Nationalities
and Languages
C
Country
Where from?
His nationality
Her nationality
Their nationality
Spoken language
Language
Australia
Austria
England
()
America, (USA)
Argentina
Belgium
Bulgaria
Germany
Netherlands (Holland)
Greece
Denmark
Spain
Italy
Canada
-
-
China
Korea
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Romania
Serbia
Country
Where from?
His nationality
Her nationality
Their nationality
Spoken language
Language
Turkey
Finland
France
Czech Republic
Switzerland
-
-
-
Sweden
Japan
Personal Endings of Russian Verbs,

Present Tense
In Russian there are generally two types of verbs, and every verb has different endings
depending on the person and number you use. The table below will help you understand
the difference between these two groups.
If the infinitive of the verb ends with - or -, then it falls into group 1.
If the first infinitive form ends with anything else (typical endings are - and -),
then it is part of the group 2.
Personal Endings of Russian Verbs, Present Tense

Group 1
Group 2
Infinitive:
Infinitive:
Adverbs and
Time in the Russian language is described with the help of the adverbs and .
The adverb can mean that:
a process has not started yet;
the desired result has not been achieved so far;
an action which was to have finished at the moment of speech is still going on.
?
.
Do you have a car?
No, not yet.
?
, .
Is Olga resting?
No, she is still working.
?
, .
Does he work?
No, he is still a student.
?
, .
Are you having lunch?
No, not yet. I am working.
The adverb can mean that:

a process has finished;
the result has been achieved;
there is already another action under way at the moment of speech.
?
, !
Do you have a car?
Yes, I have one already!
?
, .
Is Olga resting?
Yes, she is already resting.
?
, .
Is he a student?
No, he is already working.
?
, .
Are you having lunch?
No, I am already working. lunch is over
Whose? ? Possessive
pronouns
The question Whose? has several forms in Russian. Each form depends on the gender
and number of the object ? (masculine), ? (feminine), ? (neuter), ?
(plural for all genders). To answer this question we use possessive pronouns, which also
depend on the gender and number of the object about which you want to speak.
my
your
her
his
our
your
their
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Remember
Pronouns , , are static, they never change their form. Other pronouns change
according to the gender ofthenoun theyre used to describe, and not according togender
oftheperson, whos speaking.
Possessive Pronouns
.
?
.
?
.
?
.
?
?
.
?
.
?
.
?
.
Conjunctions , , ,
Part 1.
Conjunction
Conjunctions in the Russian language are used to connect words in a sentence.
Theconjunction connects the components of a sentence.
Part 2.

-
.
I am reading a book and

thinking
He speaks English and Russian

well.
Its mom and dad.
Conjunction
The conjunction contrasts actions, objects and their characteristics.
Part 3.
,

.

,
.
He reads German poorly,

buthe can speak it well.
This is a small, but interesting

town.
I speak Russian badly,

butIunderstand it well.
Conjunction a
The conjunction is used to give a more accurate description of an object or action,
rather than to contrast them.

,
.

, .
,
.
Moscow is not a small,

butabig city.
My name is not Maria,

butMarina.
Im not from America,

butAustralia.
Where?
This is the most popular question in the Russian language. ? (Where have
you been?), ? (Where is my computer?), ?
(Where is my money?). You can answer questions with using the Prepositional
Case (which can be used to show location).
To put a word in the Prepositional Case, add the ending - to the unchangeable part
ofamasculine singular noun ( , ) or change
theending of a feminine singular noun to - ( ; ).
The prepositions and (in, at and on, at) are used to describe location:
means inside something or inside any building ( , , ),
means a position on a horizontal surface, in the open, or to indicate a process
( onatable, at the market, at a lecture).
General rule
On a horizontal surface
Inside something
Process
How to form Prepositional case

?
, , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Some situations to use either or

Situations to use
Situations to use
Continents, countries, cities,

locations
Directions
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
Institutions, establishments
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
Islands; shores of rivers, lakes,

seas; mountains
, , ,
,
Surfaces and floors
, , ,
, ,
Social groups
, ,
Processes
Inside
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
Remember
, , , ,
,
, , ,
,
There are a few words that never change their ending

/
. I am in metro. (Inside of a system).

. Pavel goes by metro. (He uses a transport system).
( = ). Yesterday we were in the cinema.
. He lost everything in casino.
. Money is in the coat (Inside of it).

. There is a hole at your coat (on a surface of it).
. I am going to the seaside ( = at the seashore).

. A ship is sailing in the sea. (A ship is inside the sea).
Tenses of Verbs
Russian verbs have only 3 tenses past, present and future. It is very easy when
you speak about anything that happened some time ago (even one second ago),
you should use the Past Tense. If youd like to tell about anything that is going
to happen use the Future Tense. The table below will help you understand
how to form different tenses.
To form the Past Tense you only need to know the infinitive form of the verb.
You should also remember that verbs in the Past Tense have only 4 forms:
(masculine), (feminine), (neuter, rarely used) and (plural).
to know, inf.
Some Verbs in Past Tense

group 1
group 2
infinitive:
infinitive:
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
(-,-)
How to Form Different Tenses

(past tense)
(present tense)
(future tense)

(rarely used as it identifies
anon-animated object)
(to work)
+ infinitive
(to eat)
+ infinitive
(to drink)
+ infinitive
Remember
(to be)
Never used

.
2
Adjectives
Russian adjectives agree in gender with the nouns they describe. Adjectives are given
in dictionaries in the masculine singular form .
Dictionary form
Masculine form ( )
Feminine form ( )
beautiful
The following table will give you a general understanding of how Russian Adjectives change
their endings.
Following , ,
Following , , ,
Ending
isunstressed
Ending
isstressed
Ending
isunstressed
Ending
isstressed
Ending
isunstressed
Ending
isstressed
Remember
Antonyms of some commonly used adjectives

()
Colors
Adverbs and Adjectives

In Russian, adverbs answer the question How? ?. They are formed
from adjectives and always end with an -. To form an adverb, replace the ending
of the adjective (its last two letters) with the - ending.
Adjective
Adverb
Remember
Use adverbs only together with related verbs. Adverbs are inflexible.
Adjectives are used together with nouns and agree with nouns in gender
and number.
Noun + ?
Verb + ?
Accusative Case Direct Objects

In almost every sentence there is an active subject and a passive object. The subject
can consist of a noun and a related adjective. The noun answers questions such as ?
? (Who? What?). An adjective that describes the subject and agrees with the noun
answers the question (, , )? (Which?). The subject
is always in the Nominative Case.
A passive object is always in the Accusative Case. An object can also be comprised
of a noun and an adjective. In this case, the noun answers the question ? ?.
An adjective which describes the object answers the question (,
, )? for inanimate objects and (, , )?
for animate objects.
is a subject
is a subject.
.
is an active subject and the verb
form agrees with it. isan object
(object of my love) and,therefore, is used
in Accusative
Part 1.
Table: Nouns in the Accusative Case
Nominative
(ActiveSubject)
Accusative
(Passive Object)
Nominative
(ActiveSubject)
Accusative
(Passive Object)
? (animate subject)
? (animate object)
? (inanimate subject)
? (inanimate object)
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,

,
,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
1
Part 2.
Adjectives in Accusative
/
Nominative
Accusative
Subject (?)
Object (?)
Remember
Inanimate objects, masculine and neuter, do not change their form
inAccusative!
Notice the endings!

Ending of a noun ,
Ending of an adjective ,
Part 3.
Personal pronouns in Accusative

Nominative
?
Accusative
?
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. ?
. .
. .
Part 4.
Table: The demonstative pronoun and its forms: ,

, , in the Accusative Case
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
Part 5.
Verbs, that require the Accusative Case.

to know
to read
to watch
to see
to write
to remember
to understand
to love / to like
to want
to order (in a restaurant)
to buy
to listen
to eat
to drink
Numbers
1
11
20 -
100
12
30 -
200
13
40
300
14
50
400
15
60
500
16
70
600
17
80
700
18
90
800
19
900
1 000
10
Remember
When we use the number 1 (, , ), we match the gender of this number

with the gender of the noun it is modifying:
, , ,
,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
To express complex numbers like 21, 22, etc, first we should name a bigger number
andthen the smaller one
25 ( ) 20 () 5 ().
74 ( ) 70 () 4 ().
169 ( ) 100 () 60 () 9 ()
345
56
478
94
289
300 40 5
50 6
400 70 8
90 4
200 80 9
Nouns Singular in the Genitive ase

The Genitive Case answers the questions ? ? and can be used to express
the absence of somebody or something:
. (I have a dog) . (You dont have a
dog.)
+ object in Genitive
The Genitive Case is used to express the absence of any ingredient. If you wish to order
a pizza without cheese (for example), you should use the preposition (without)
and an object in the genitive:
. .
+ Genitive
+ object in Genitive
.
.
.
.
.
(JPG 234 KB)
Genitive endings vary according to nouns gender
+ ?
(Nominative case)
+ ?
(Genitive case)
Ending: - -, - -, - -
Ending: zero ending -, - -, - -, - -
Remember
. .
. .
. .
. .
Genitive and Tenses

(Past tense)
(Present tense)
(Future tense)
Positive construction
.
Negative construction
Remember
. (double negation + Genitive)

.
Genitive with Prepositions

The Genitive Case answers the questions ? ? and is used generally
to express the absence of somebody or something. However there are some other
situations where the Genitive is required. Always use it with the following prepositions
...
without
excluding,
exept
after
fromto
for
at
from
+ Genitive
(without)
(excluding
exept)
(after)
...
(from...to)
(for)
(at)
(from)
Masculine/Neuter
Feminine
, .
, .
, .
, .
10 .
- 6.
15
.
?
.
?
.
?
.
?
.
Genitive Case Plural

1) Unlike Genitive singular, Genitive Case plural is used to speak about the quantity
of something (5-20, 30,40 100, how much, few,
a lot, not much, not a lot).
2) Just like Genitive singular, it is used to speak about the absence of something
(with the words , , ). Genitive Case Plural is also used after
the prepositions (without), (excluding, exept), (after),
(fromto), (for), (at, in constructions like ), (from).
5200, 20, 25
29 30, 40...100
+ Genitive Plural
.
100
.
There are a lot of rivers in Russia.
There were no computers a hundred

years ago.
It is not raining in Africa during summer.

(Literally In summer in Africa there
are no rains).
This building was built without nails.
How to form Genitive plural

Nominative singular
Masculine
Genitive plural
The word ends on a hard consonant (/, /, , , /, /, , , , ) -

, , , ,
, , ,
,
The word ends on - -

,
The word ends on -, -, -, -, - -

, , , , ,
.
Neuter
, , , ,
,
The word ends on -, -, -, -, - -

,
The word ends on - drop the ending

, ,
Feminine
, ,
The word ends on -/- drop the ending

, , , ,
, , , ,
The word ends on -, -, -, - -

, , ,
, , ,
The word ends on -, -, -, - -

, ,
, ,
The word ends on - -

,
Remember
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
Nom. S.
,
Gen. Pl.
.
2
Nouns in the Instrumental Case

Instrumental Case answers questions ? ? and, it is easy to guess, is used to
express the concept of an instrument.
Nom. Sing.
Verb
Instr. Sing.
.
Konstantin writes with a pencil.
Nom. Sing.
Verb
Instr. Sing.
.
Egor Petrovich eats his salad with a fork.
Instrumental is often used with preposition c to indicate that subject does anything
together with an object.
Nom. Sing.
Verb
Instr. Sing.
.
Natalia went to the theatre with her brother.
Nom. Sing.
Verb
Instr. Sing.
.
Alexander drinks coffee with milk.
Part I.
Nouns in the Instrumental Case. Singular
? ?
Nominative
? C ?
Instrumental
Remember
Masculine words that end with a vowel

(, , etc) will change their
endings as their feminine counterparts
do ( , ).
zero ending -/
- -,- -
There are no animate neuter

gender nouns.
- -, - -
Part II. Nouns in the Instrumental Case. Plural

To form Instrumental Plural well start with the Nominative Singular form. Note that
neuter nouns have same endings in the Instrumental Case as masculine ones.
? ?
Nominative
? C ?
Instrumental
hard ending -

- -
Remember
Irregular endings

? ?
Nominative
? C ?
Instrumental

-, - -

- / - -
Remember
Irregular endings

Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive verbs in Russian have the suffix . How to form them and what they mean
are explained below
1. The subject performing an action is simultaneously the object of the action: ,
, . Such verbs are formed from verbs which require
an object in the Accusative Case
+ ?
+ ?
+ ?
. .
. .
. .
2. A number of actively participating subjects are affected by each others actions:

, , . Such reflexive verbs require an object
in the Instrumental Case while they are formed from verbs requiring objects
in the Accusative Case
+ ? + ?;
+ ? + ?;
+ ? + ?
. .
. .
. .
3. The subject performs an action in its own interest: , . Such

reflexive verbs are formed from verbs which require an object in the Accusative Case
+ ? ? + ?
+ ? ? + ?
. .
. .
4. The subjects action belongs to his or her sphere of interest: ,

, . Such reflexive verbs require an object in the Instrumental
Case and are formed from verbs which require an object in the Accusative Case
+ ? ? ?
+ ? ? + ? ?
+ ? ? + ? ?
. .
. .
.
.
Conjugation of Reflexive Verbs

(?) to be interested in smth.

/
(? ?) to be occupied with smth.

/
Reflexive Verbs in the Past Tense

to be interested in smth
to go in for smth.
Dative Case
Part 1.
Nouns and Adjectives

This case is used when you are going to speak about indirect objects and answer
the question ? ? (Whom? and What?). For example, in the sentence
Pavel gives Lena a present Pavel is the subject, a present is the direct object
and Anna is the indirect object. In Russian this sentence will sound like
.
Nom. S.
Verb
Acc. sing.
Dat. S.
Most popular verbs used withtheDative Case

?
Verb
Dative Sing.
Accusative Sing.
Endings and personal pronouns in Dative

Nom.
Remember
Dat.
Zero Ending -, - -

- - ,- -, - -
Masculine words that end with

a vowel (, , etc) will
change their endings like feminine
nouns do (, )
,
- -, - -

- -, - -

In case of - ending in Nom.Pl.:

use - ending after soft
consonants, use - after all hard
ones: ,

Part 2.
Constructions I like/ dont like/ need to/ have

to/ allowed to/ not allowed to do something,
Personal pronouns in Dative
If youd like to say that your physician didnt allow you to drink vodka,
youhavetousethe Dative Case in Russian.
/
like / do not like
Dative +
need to / do not need to
allowed to / not allowed to
Dative
Verb
Predicative
Acc. Sing.
Dative
Predicative Verb Acc. Sing.
Anton has to hurry.
Vladimir likes to ride a bicycle.
Also, if you are cold/ hot/ sad/ feel bad/ feel good, you use similar constructions.
Dative
Adverb
Dative
Adverb
I feel cold!
I am bored.
Nom.
Dat.
/ / /
/ + Infinitive
(? - adverb) , ,
, , ,
Part 3.
Dative with words of movement. Preposition .

+ Dative
?
To whom are you going tonight?
Im going to the doctor.
?
.
? ( / )
To whom are you going to visit in the

summer?
Im going to visit a friend.
Prepositional Case
This is the final, 6th case in the Russian language. The prepositional answers
the questions ? ? (which mean About whom? About what?)
and is mostly used with the prepositions or ( if following word starts
with a vowel) about. Other prepositions of this case are in, at, on, at.
Examples with the preposition

( if following word starts with a vowel):
.
Mama thinks about her son.

.
Ivan Petrovich writes a note about
his work.
?
What are you talking about?
?
Whom are you thinking about?
This preposition is always used to express ones feelings, object of speech, dreams,
thoughts, etc. Here are some verbs that are used together with the Prepositional Case
to think
to talk
to tell
to dream
to write
to argue
The prepositions and are used to express position of something
Part 1.
Nouns in the Prepositional Case

Singular
Feminine
? ? - Nominative
? ? - Prepositional

- -
Remember
Masculine

- zero ending -
Neuter

- / - -
Remember
Plural
? ?
NominativeSingular
? ?
Prepositional Plural
- / - zero ending -

- -
Remember!
There are some words that form Prepositional
plural from Nominative plural

soft endings - / - -

- -
Words that exist only in Plural form
(, )
any ending -
Part 2.
Personal Pronouns in the Prepositional Case

?
Declension in all cases

Part 1.
Nouns and Adjectives
1.1 Declension of Nouns and Adjectives: Masculine and Neuter
Nominative
-, -, - + -
-, - + -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? ?
(adjectives)
Genitive
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
? ? ?
(both)
-, - + -, -

Prepositions
, , , ,
, , , , ,
-, - + -, -
Dative
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
Prepositions
Accusative
-, - + -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
Person / Animate noun
? ? ?
(adjectives)
? ? (both)
Prepositions

Object / Inanimate noun
-, -, - + -

Accusative
-, - + -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
Person / Animate noun
? ? ?
(adjectives)
? ? (both)
Prepositions

Object / Inanimate noun
-, -, - + -

-, - + -, -
Instrumental
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
Prepositions
, , , , ,
,
Prepositional
Questions
-, - + -
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
? ? (adjectives)
Prepositions
, ,
/ (If the following
noun starts with a vowel)

1.2 Declension of Nouns and Adjectives: Feminine
Nominative
-, - + -, -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
Genitive
-, - + -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
? (both)
Prepositions
, , , ,
, , , , ,
Dative
-, - + -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
Prepositions
Accusative
-, - + -, -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? ?
(adjectives)
? (both)
Prepositions
Instrumental
-, - + -, -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
Prepositions
, , , , ,
,
Prepositional
-, - + -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
? ? (both)
Prepositions
, ,
/ (If the following

1.3 Declension of Nouns and Adjectives: Plural
Nominative
-, - + -, -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
Genitive
-, - + -, -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
? (both)
Prepositions
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, -,
Dative
-, - + -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
Prepositions
,
Persons / Animate nouns
Accusative
- - + -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? ?
(adjectives)
? ? (both)
Prepositions

Objects / Inanimate nouns
-, - + -, -, -
Instrumental
-, - + -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
Prepositions
, , , , ,
,
Prepositional
-, - + -, -
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
? ? (both)
Prepositions
, ,
/ (If the following

2.2 Feminine
Nominative
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (adjectives)
Genitive
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? ? (both)
Prepositions
, , , ,
, , , , ,
Dative
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (both)
Prepositions
Accusative
Questions
? ? (nouns)
?
? ? (both)
Prepositions
Instrumental
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? (both)
Prepositions
, , , , ,
,
Prepositional
Questions
? ? (nouns)
?
? ? (both)
Prepositions
, ,
/ (If the following

2.3 Plural
Nominative
Questions
- -
? ? (nouns)
?
Genitive
Questions
? ? (nouns)
?
? (both)
Prepositions
, , , ,
, , , , ,
Dative
Questions
? ? (nouns)
?
Prepositions
Accusative
Questions
Person / Animate
? ? (nouns)
? ?
? ? (both)
Object / Inanimate
Prepositions
Instrumental
Questions
? ? (nouns)
?
Prepositions
, , , , ,
,
Prepositional
Questions
? ? (nouns)
?
? ? (both)
Prepositions
, ,
/ (If the following

Part 3.
Personal Pronouns
Nominative
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
Questions
? ?
Genitive
Questions
? ?
?
Prepositions
, , , ,
, , , , ,
Dative
Questions
? ?
Prepositions
Accusative
Questions
? ? (nouns)
Prepositions
Instrumental
Questions
? ?
Prepositions
, , , , ,
,
Prepositional
Questions
? ? (nouns)
? ? (adjectives)
Prepositions
, ,
/ (If the following

Part 4.
Declension of the word in all genders and numbers
Nominative
Questions
? ? ?
?
Genitive
Questions
? ? ?
?
Prepositions
, , , ,
, , , , ,
Dative
Questions
? ?
?
?
Prepositions
Accusative
Questions
? (?
object)
Person /
Animate
noun
Person /
Animate
noun
? ?
? (? object)
Prepositions
Object /
Inanimate
noun
Object /
Inanimate
noun
Instrumental
Questions
? ? ?
?
Prepositions
, , , , ,
,
Prepositional
Questions
? ? ?
?
Prepositions
, ,
/ (If the following
Aspects of Russian Verbs

Imperfective and Perfective
The Russian verb has 3 tenses and 2 aspects. Aspects describe different qualities
ofanaction it is either acting (the process of doing something - Imperfective)
ortheresult of an action (after someone has finished doing something - Perfective).
Using theImperfective/Perfective depends only on the intention of the speaker
to emphasize different aspects of action in his orher speech.
process
R e s u lt
I will be drawing a picture tomorrow.
Tomorrow Ill draw a picture.

It means
,
.
I am going to draw tomorrow, but
there isnoguarantee that Ill finish my
picture thatday.
.
I will finish the picture tomorrow.
Thats why the Perfective can be used only in the Past or Future tense, since
the result can beeither reached in past, or it will be reached in future. Russians use
the Imperfective forthePresent tense, since the present is in progress.
If you require emphasizing in your speech a necessity of fulfillment or a desire to finish
anaction and achieve a result use the Perfective.
Examples:
!
!

If you need to say that the process of doing something is necessary and important,
then use the Imperfective!
Examples:
!
.
.
Table of difference between two aspects

Imperfective
1. Process
.
Perfective
1. Result

.

!
2. Regularity of doing something

.
.
2. Something is done (or is going

tobe done) only once

!

, .
3. Simultaneity of different actions

,
.
3. Sequence of actions
,

.
The Perfective aspect of Russian verbs is formed from the Imperfective by using
different prefixes and suffixes
Imperfective
Perfective
Prefixes
to watch
to listen to
to play
to work
to go for a walk
to breakfast
to lunch
to dinner
to call
to give (as a present)
to dance
to eat
to drink
to draw
to write
to read
to pay
Suffixes
-to finish
to study
to answer, to reply
to meet
to show
to tell
-a
a
The verb is shortened
to buy
to start
to give
Other verbs
to speak
to take
Aspects of verbs denote tenses

The Perfective can be used only in the Past or Future tense, since the result can
bereached only in past, and there is still a chance that there will be a result in future.
Also please note that verbs in the Perfective aspect in the Future tense change persons
as verbs in the Imperfective aspect in the Present tense.
Imperfective
Perfective
1. Past tense
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
2. Present tense

/

There is no perfect form

3. Future tense

Directions and Places

There are three main questions in Russian: ?
(which means Where are we going to drink beer?), ? (Where have
you been?), ? (Where do you know it from?). You should
know the answers andthecorrect grammar.
The Accusative answers the question ?, use the Prepositional to answer ?,
andtheGenitive for ?.
If you need to mention a person in your answer, use the following cases:
? (= ?) Dative, ? (= ?) and ? (= )
Genitive.
Constructions to speak about directions and places

?
Where to?
Where?
Where from?
Accusative
Prepositional
Genitive
()
? to whom?
? whose (place)
at?
? Whose
(place) from?
Remember some commonly-used words

- home
at home
from home
here (direction to)
here (place)
from here
there (direction to)
there (place)
from there
to the right
on the right
from the right
to the left
on the left
from the left
up (direction to)
up (place)
from a higher place
down (direction to)
down (place)
from a lower place
Verbs of Motion
We use two general types of verbs to talk about motion in Russian. For our purposes we
will call them groups and . It is convenient to use them because whoever
you are speaking with understands at once what time and direction you are talking
about and how often you move that way. It is better to learn these verbs in pairs.
Main Russian verbs of motion

to go
to go
to fly
(on foot)
(by any type of wheeled

transport by bicycle, car,
train, etc.)
(or to move by any sort of air

transport by plane, aerostat,
rocket, etc.)
to swim, to sail
to run
(or to move by any sort of ship

transport)
(also related to sports

jogging, marathon, etc.)
There are three pairs of optional verbs that do not mean motion themselves but are used
together with main verbs of motion.
o carry something in ones

hands
to carry with any sort

ofvehicle
to drive
(is used together with

and)
(is used together with

and )
(a car, a bicycle, a plane

any sort of vehicle)
Table: Meanings of verbs of motion

group
group
One time (only this moment)
Many times (action is repeated)
now, today, yesterday,

tomorrow
regularly, every day,

often, permanently,
rarely, never.
.
Im going to work now
.
I go to work every day.
.
Tonight we are going to the theatre.
.
We go to the theatre every Saturday.
.
Mother is going to the store.
.
Mother goes to the store on weekends.
.
The boat is sailing to the island.
5 .
The boat has sailed to this island for 5 years
already.
. There
. To and from
?
.
,
.
I went to the swimming pool in the morning
(there), andthen came back home (from there).
, , , , , ,
1.
2.
Where are you going?

Im going to the swimming pool.
?
.
Where are you going?
We are going to see our grandmother.
, , , , , ,
.
Last night we went to see our grandmother with
mybrother. (it is obvious that we came back)
.
We went to Samara last weekend. (round trip)
?
.
Where is this plane flying?
It is flying toSamara.
3.
At the moment of motion something else

was (or is) happening
In a sense of to be able to do
, .
When I was walking in the park, I was thinking
about my vacation. (Iwas walking and thinking
at the same time)
.
5.
Our little son cannot walk yet. Hes only 5months
old.
,
.
When she was going by metro she met her friend.
!
My wife cannot swim at all!
,
.
When he was flying home from a business trip
my brother met a pretty girl.
, .
I can drive, but I dont like it.
Table: Meanings of verbs of motion

group
, , , , , ,
4.
group
, , , , , ,
With verbs (to love),

(to like)
.
I like walking in the park.
,
.
He does not like to take the metro, thats why
hebought acar.
.
This girl likes swimming.
Table: Verbs of motion and tenses

group
, , , , , ,
group
, , , , ,
,
Past tense
Usually is used only in the sense of one-time action
and simultaneously with other process
Used in the sense of regular, repeated action.
Present tense
Used in the sense of one-time action, happening
at the moment of speech.
Used in the sense of regular, repeated action.
Future tense
Used with prefix (see lesson 32)
Used in the sense of Im planning to do this

regularly or I surely will be able to do that
2 .
,
.
,
.
3
Table: Conjugation of verbs of motion in Present and Past tenses
Present tense

/

Past tense
Present tense

/

Past tense

Verbs of Motion with the Prefix

-
Part 1.
Verbs of motion with the prefix -, tenses

andaspects
The prefix - can be added to all verbs of motion. The resulting verbs are perfective
in aspect and thus can only be used in the Past and Future Tenses.
Past tense
?

.
Where is Ivan?
He left for university.
Dad left for work an hour ago.
In the evening the friends

headed to a bar for some beer.
Tonight Im going to the

theatre with my sister.
We are going to the seaside

insummer.
Tomorrow he is flying home.

,

.
He walked around the room for

a few minutes and sat down on
the sofa.
We flew for a short while

andlanded.
He took a short drive around

thecity and realized that now
heknows the place quite well.
Future tense
Past tense
Future tense

.
Ill go shopping for a while
andcome back.

,
, ?
Mum, can dad and I go for a
short drive in the new car?
Anyone willing to go for

a short helicopter ride?
Part 2.
- + verbs from the group - meanings

Verbs from the group with the prefix - can have the following meanings:
1. Absolute beginning of motion, direction or purpose not specified
(themotion comes after a static condition).
2. Beginning of a new stage of motion (there has already been some
motion before).
3. Action as intention, desire or a supposition in the Future Tense.
1.
.
He stood up and left.

.
We went to a caf after work.
I left home and went to the

bank to take some money out
of my account.
2.
3.
,

.

,
.
We were stuck in a traffic

jam andthen started moving
slowly.
I was jogging and then got

tired and started walking.
I was walking in the city for a

long time, and then went to the
theatre.

,
.
I will not go to work tomorrow;

Iwill go to see a doctor.
He will fly to America in a

month.

.
We will go to our country
house onthe weekend.
3.
Part 3.

,
.
I will not go to work tomorrow;

Iwill go to see a doctor.
He will fly to America in a

month.

.
We will go to our country
house onthe weekend.
- + verbs from the group - meanings

Verbs from the group with the prefix - can have the following meanings:
1. The action lasted a short while.
2. The action is not very significant.
1.
2.
-

.
He walked about the room

forawhile and then sat down.
We drove around in the new

car forjust a short while.
The bird flew above the field

for a while.
I want to do a little shopping.
We will run at the stadium

forawhile.
I`d like to swim in the pool

a little bit.
Summary Table: Meanings of verbs of motion

with the prefix -
+ verbs from the
group
+ verbs from the

group
, , , ,
, , , ,
Meaning
1. Absolute beginning of motion, direction
orpurpose notspecified (the motion
comes after astatic condition).
1. The action lasted a short while.
2. Beginning of a new stage of motion (there

has already been some motion before).
2. The action is not very significant.
3. Action as intention, desire

or a supposition intheFuture Tense.
Remember
Verbs of motion with prefixes have one peculiarity: the Present Tense usually requires a verb
from the group, as they show that the action is taking place right now. Verbs from the
group are used in the Past Tense in the meaning of a completed action orinthe Future Tense
in the meaning of potential result.
, . -
, .
Are you saying youve seen a lot? I have traveled around the world more than you.
.
.
The captain has sailed all the oceans and seas. He is an old sea dog.
Part 4.
Table: Conjugation of mostly used verbs

fromthe group with the prefix -
group
group
group
group
Present tense

/

Past tense
Present tense

/

Past tense

Verbs of motion with the prefixes

-, -
The Russian language has special prefixes which, if added to verbs of motion, denote
direction and thus help people understand each other correctly.
Part 1.
Prefix -
The prefix - denotes movement to the inner part of an object. The key point here is
that somebody or something moves from the outside to the inside. Verbs with the prefix
- answer the question ? (Where?)
I am going into the office now.
You are going into the metro.
We are going into

the restaurant.
Table & examples: Meanings of groups of verbs f motion withprefixes

- and-
Remember
Verbs of motion with prefixes have one peculiarity: the Present Tense usually requires a verb from the group,
as they show that the action is taking place right now. Verbs from the group are used in the Past Tense in the
meaning of a completed action orinthe Future Tense in the meaning of potential result.
group
group
Past Tense
Meaning: Result of an action. Used frequently.
Optional meaning: two actions are taking place

or took place simultaneously.
, .
, .
, .
Present Tense
Meaning: A process. Used frequently.
_____________
.
.
Future Tense
Optional meaning: two actions are/will be taking
place simultaneously.
Meaning: potential, predictable result. Used

frequently.
5 .
-.
Part 2.
,
.
Prefix -
The prefix - denotes movement directed from the inside to the outside. The pattern
is usually used to emphasize the fact that somebody or something has left some place.
Verbs with the prefix - answer the questions ? ?
(From where? where?)
I am going out of the office

now.
You are going out of the metro.
We are going out

of the restaurant.
2
Table & examples: Meanings of groups of verbs ofmotion

with prefixes - and-
Remember
Verbs of motion with prefixes have one peculiarity: the Present Tense usually requires a verb
from the group, as they show that the action is taking place right now. Verbs from
the group are used in the Past Tense to show a completed action or in the Future Tense
to indicate a potential result.
group
group
Past Tense
Meaning: Result of an action. Used frequently.

or took place simultaneously.
5 .
, .
?
.
,
.
Present tense
Meaning: A process. Used frequently.
_____________
.
.
! !
Future tense
Meaning: potential, predictable result.
Used frequently.

place simultaneously
5 .
,
.
30 .
,
.
Part 3.
Table: Conjugation of mostly used verbs of motion

withprefixes - and -
-
group
group
group
group
Present Tense

/

Past Tense
Present Tense

/

Past Tense
Present Tense
The verbs and

arenotcommonly used.
Past Tense

Part 4.
Prefixes and nouns

Besides verbs, these prefixes can also be added to nouns. The resulting words also
denote direction
(entrance)
(exit)
(vehicle entrance)
(vehicle exit)
_____________
(a zone of aircraft departure)
Remember
The prefixes - and - denote a very precise change of position within a limited space
and specify whether it is directed inside or outside

- and -
Part 1.
Prefix -
The prefix - denotes arrival somewhere, at some place. The key point here
isthepresence of a person or object in the given place. Verbs with the prefix answer the questions ? ? (Where? From where?).
.
The plane arrived.
We arrived at the meeting at6oclock.

(We are now atthemeeting in an arranged
place.)
Mother arrived home from work.

(Mother was at work, butnow sheisat home.)
A new colleague has come to us from America.

(He used to work inAmerica, but now he works
with us.)
The plane arrived attheairport on time.

(Theplane is at the airport now.)
Table & Examples: Meanings of groups of verbs ofmotion

with the prefix -
Remember
Verbs of motion with prefixes have one peculiarity: the Present Tense usually requires a verb from
the group, as they show that the action is taking place right now. Verbs from the
group are used in the Past Tense to show a completed action or in the Future Tense to indicate
a potential result.
group
group
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
Past Tense
Meaning: result of an action. Used frequently.
Optional meaning: The regularity or periodicity

ofanaction in past. Used with the words ,
, , etc.
Present Tense
Meanings: 1. A process. Used frequently.
2. The regularity or periodicity of an
action inpresent. Usewith the words
, , ,
etc.
_____________________________
.
.
.

.
Future Tense
frequently.

ofanaction in future.

, .

, .
Part 2.
Prefix -
The prefix - denotes departure from some place. The key point here is the absence of
a person or object in the given place and its relocation to another place. Verbs withthe
prefix - answer the questions ? ? (Where? From where?).
.
The plane departed.
Father left for work inthemorning.

(Father isnot athome, he has gone to work.)
Mother arrived home from work.

(Mother was at work, butnow sheisat home.)
12 .
The plane departed at 12 noon. (The plane isnot

at the airport now, it is flying to another city.)
Our friend has gone onabusiness trip.

(Ourfriend isnot with us now, heisinanother
city.)
Table & Examples: Meanings of groups ofverbs

of motion with the prefix -
Remember
Verbs of motion with prefixes have one peculiarity: the Present Tense usually requires a verb from
the group, as they show that the action is taking place right now. Verbs from the
group are used in the Past Tense to show a completed action or in the Future Tense to indicate
a potential result.
group
group
Past Tense

ofanaction in past. Used with the words ,
, , etc.
Present Tense
Meanings: 1. A process. Used frequently.
2. The regularity or periodicity of an
action inpresent. Usedwith the words
, , ,
etc.
_____________________________
.
.
, .
Future Tense
frequently.

ofanaction in future.
5 .

, .
, .
,
.
Part 3.
Conjugation
Remember
The prefixes - and - denote a non-specific change of position of a person or object, usually
within a large space or long distances, while pointing only at the presence or absence ofsomebody
or something in the given place at the moment of speech.
group
group
group
group
Present Tense

/

Pasnt tense
Present Tense

/

Pasnt tense

Present Tense

/

Pasnt tense
Present Tense

/

Pasnt tense


and
Verbs of motion with the prefixes - and - denote a local change of position
within a limited space: getting closer or moving away.
Part 1.
Prefix -
The prefix - is used in the Russian language to denote somebodys approach
toanobject from a short distance. Verbs with the prefix - answer the questions
? ? (Where, to whom?).
.
The cat came up to the ball.
,

.
Meaning: I was in the same

room where the computer was,
I approached the computer and
switched iton.
Meaning: The car was not far

from the office, then it came
even closer and finally stopped.
Meaning: I woke up when

the plane was approaching
Shanghai.
Table: Meanings of groups of verbs

and indifferent tenses
Remember
Verbs of motion with prefixes have one peculiarity: the Present Tense usually requires a verb fromthe group,
as they show that the action is taking place right now. Verbs from the group areused in the Past Tense to show
a completed action or in the Future Tense to indicate a potential result.
group
group
Past tense
Meaning: a process of motion that took place

inthepast.
.
ortook place simultaneously.
,
.
Present tense
Meaning: a process. Used frequently.
_____________
Future tense
Usedfrequently.

,
.
Part 2.
Prefix -
The prefix - denotes moving a short distance away from a person or an object. Verbs
with the prefix - answer the questions ? ? ?, ?
(From where, from whom where, to whom?).
.
The cat walked a little bit away from the ball.
Meaning: The window and the table

are in the same room.The person
stood at the window a short time
ago, now he is standing at the table.
Meaning: I cant have you standing

beside me, so move away.
Meaning: The bus moved away

from the bus stop.
Table: Meanings of groups of verbs

and in different tenses
Remember
as they show that the action is taking place right now. Verbs from the group are used in the Past Tense to show
group
group
Past tense

inthepast.

, ,
.
Present tense
_____________
Future tense
Usedfrequently.

10 .
,
.
Part 3.
Conjugation
group
group
group
group
Present tense

/

Past tense
Present tense

/

Past tense
Present tense

/

Past tense

Present tense

/

Past tense
Present tense

/

Past tense

Verbs of motion with the Prefixes

- and -
The Russian language has special prefixes which, if added to verbs of motion, denote
direction and thus help people understand each other correctly.
Part 1.
Prefix -
The prefix - denotes movement along, past something, or through something,
sometimes covering long distances. Occasionally the time taken to cover the distance
may also be specified. Verbs with the prefix - answer the questions ?,
? / ? (Where? To whom? Along what? Past what?).
.
The cat walked by the ball.
I am passing along the office.
You are passing along the

metro.
He walked past me without

noticing me.
Table: Meanings of groups of verbs of motion

and
Remember
Verbs of motion with prefixes have one peculiarity: the Present Tense usually requires averb fromthe group,
as they show that the action is taking place right now. Verbs from the group are used in the Past Tense
in the meaning of a completed action orinthe Future Tense inthemeaning of potential result.
group
group
Past Tense

,
.
Present Tense
_____________
Future Tense
Usedfrequently.

5 .
,
.
Part 2.
Prefix -
The prefix - denotes relocation of a person or object from one place toanother.
It may also denote movement across something or diagonal movement. Verbswith
the prefix - answer the questions ? ? (From where? Where?).
.
The cat is crossing the street.
Im crossing the street (going

from one side to another).
You pass into second year

ofUniversity.
Were going from the kitchen

into the living room.
Table: Meanings ofgroups of verbs of motion

and
Remember
a completed action orinthe Future Tense to indicate a potential result.
group
group
Past Tense

5 .
,
.
Present Tense
_____________
Future Tense
Usedfrequently.

5 .
,
.
Part 3.

withprefixes - and -
-
group
group
group
group
Present Tense

/

Past Tense
Present Tense

/

Past Tense
Present Tense

/

Past Tense


-, ()-
Verbs of motion with the prefixes - and ()- denote relocation of a person
orobject within a limited space.
Part 1.
Prefix -
The prefix - denotes movement of a person or transport behind an object
orapersons short stay somewhere. Verbs with the prefix - answer the questions
? ? (Where? To whom?).
.
The bird flew into the nest.
,
.
Meaning: Stopped by for

ashort visit. Came over.
Meaning: Its not about an

intentional trip to the store, but
rather about a request to drop
in there on the way home.
Meaning:
tomove around, from
oneplace to another.

Remember
group
group
Past tense

inthepast
.
, .
Present tense
_____________
Future tense
Usedfrequently.

, .
Part 2.
Prefix ()-
The prefix ()- denotes movement of a person or transport around an object
orvisiting all similar places with some purpose. Verbs with the prefix () answer
the questions ? ? (What? Whom?).
.
The car moved round the puddle.
Meaning: The car bypassed

some object - moving around.
Meaning: Go around
thecourtyard or along
it`sperimeter without entering
the courtyard.
Meaning: Here the verb

implies that we
went into all stores and looked
for a present in each and every
one of them.

Remember
group
group
Past tense

inthepast
.
, .
Present tense
_____________
,
.
Future tense
Usedfrequently.

,
.
Part 3.

withprefixes - and ()-
group
group
() group
group
Present tense

/

Past tense
Present tense

/

Past tense

Present tense

/

Past tense
Present tense

/

Past tense

Verbs of motion with the prefix

-
Verbs of motion with the prefix - denote relocation of a person or object
within a fairly large space: coming near, reaching an object or goal.
Part 1.
Meaning of the prefix -

The prefix - denotes approaching an object which was not far away originally.
Verbs with the prefix - answer the questions ? ? (Reached what?
Reached whom?) and are often used together with the preposition - after them.
.
The cat reached the ball and sat.
He walked to the subway

andstopped. (He reached
thesubway).
We got to our station andwent

out. (We reached our station).
The athlete ran to the finish

line first. (He reached it).

Remember
group
group
Past tense

,
.
Present tense
Meaning: a process that is taking place right now
orregularly. Used frequently.
_____________
Future tense
Usedfrequently.

,
.
Part 2.
Conjugation
group
group
group
group
Present tense

/

Past tense
Present tense

/

Past tense
Present tense

/

Past tense

Verbs of motion with the

Prefixes - - (-)
andthepostfix -
Verbs of motion with the prefixes - and - denote relocation of a person or object
within a large space: coming near or going away.
Part 1.
Prefix - + postfix -
The prefix - and the postfix - denote the process of different subjects or objects
approaching one place or goal when used with a verb in the plural. Verbs with the prefix
- and the postfix - answer the questions ? ? (Where? To whom?).
.
The birds fre flocking to the island.
The guests were gathering for

the birthday party atourhome.
The delegates were gathering

for the conference.
The birds flocked to the lake.

Remember
group
group
Past tense

, .
Present tense
_____________
Future tense
Usedfrequently.

,
.
Part 2.
Prefix - (-) + postfix -

The prefix - (-) denotes the process of subjects or objects going far away
from one person or object when used with a verb in the plural. Verbs with the prefix
- (-) answer the questions ? ? ? (From where?
From whom where?)
.
The birds are flying away from the island.
The guests went back to their

homes when it was well past
midnight.
After the meeting, the friends

parted their ways.
The birds scattered (away)

from the lake.

Remember
group
group
Past tense

, .
Present tense
_____________
Future tense
Usedfrequently.

,
.
Part 3.
Conjugation
Remember
As verbs of motion with the prefixes - and - (-) and the postfix - denote motion
of more than one person or subject, they are used only in Plural forms.
group
group
group
group
Present tense

Past tense
Present tense

Past tense
Present tense

Past tense
Present tense

Past tense

Verbs of Motion with prefixes

Prefix
Meaning
Verbs
Question
Prep.
Example
1. Beginning
of motion perfective
aspect.
? ?
, ,
1. .
2. A little bit, for a short

while, insignificantly
imperfective aspect.
Where? Towhom?
2.
.
3. .
? ?
Where? Across what?
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
Moution to the inner part

of something
Motion from theinside

to the outside
Coming near tosomething
? ?
Where? Towhom?
? ?
From where?
From whom?
, ,
1. .
, ,
1. .
2.
.
2.
.
3.
.
? ?
Where? Towhom?
1.
.
2.
.
3. , !

.
Going away from

something
? ?
Fromwhere?
From whom?
1. !
2.
.
Reaching an object
? ?
Reached what?
Reached whom?
1.
.
2.
.
3. 2 .
()-
Motion to the inner part

of something forashort
while, movement round
thecorner of an object
orbuilding
Motion around something
? ?
? ?
Where?
Towhom?
1. !
2.
.
Behind what?
What for?
3. .
? ?
1.
.
What? Whom?
2. ,

.
3.
!
Motion past something,

parallel tosomething
?
?
? ?
Through what?
Along what?
What? Whom?
,
,
? ?
?
What? Whom?
Across what?
Motion from one object

to another
1. , ,
!
2.
.
3.
!
1.
!
2.
.
3.

.
Somebodys presence
inthe given place
? ?
Where? Towhom?
, ,
1.
.
2.
.
3. .
Somebodys absence
inthe given place
- + -
()+ -
Motion of two and more

persons/objects towards
each other
Motion of two and more

persons/objects
in the direction, opposite
to each other
? ?
From where?
From whom?
, ,
1. .
? ?
1.
.
From where? where to?
? ?
From whom? whom to?
2.
.
2.
.
To what? On what?
3.
.
? ?
1. .
, ,
From where? where to? ,
? ?
From whom? whom to?
2.
.
3.

.
Constructions of purpose
andreason
There are two popular Russian questions: ? (What did you do
itfor?) and ? (Why did you do it?).
Part 1.
Question ? and two ways to answer it

? means for what purpose. To answer a question with ? one can use
theconstruction + Infinitive (when there is just one person who is the only
active doer).
( ,)
.
(
,)
-.
( ,)

.
Another way to answer a question with ? is the construction + Past

(when there areseveral people each of whom is an active doer).
(
,)
(
,)

.
( ,)

.
Table: The word in the complex sentences,

denoting purposes
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Table: Difference between constructions with the words

and
1.
2.
3.
,
22 .
,
22 .
The mother told her son to come back

home at 10 p.m.
The mother said that her son had come back

home at 10 p.m.
,
.
He told you many times not to buy

chocolate.
He said many times that you did not buy

chocolate.
,

.
,

.
My sister told me to go and see grandma

in hospital.
My sister said that I must go and see grandma

in hospital.
= desire, request, order
= reality, fact
Part 2.
Question ? and how to answer it

means for what reason. Questions introduced with ?
can be answered with the help of the construction .
( ).
Part 3.

?

.

?

.
Summary table
1.
? purpose
? reason
?
,
-.
?
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
?
+ Infinitive
?
+ attitude
tothesubject of conversation
2.
3.
(doing something for oneself)
Conditional sentences
with
, ,
-. ,
.
In the Russian language, constructions with are used to express real conditions.
Verbs in such constructions are usually used in the present and future tenses.
,
.
,
.
indicates that the action has not taken place and so the result differs from
the one weexpected. Verbs in such constructions are usually used in the past tense.
,

.

,
.
But you cannot drive so I will not let you take my car.
But she did not come so the conversation did not take
place.
Table: Meanings of and
1.
2.
= real condition
, = unreal condition
,
.
,
.
The student did not prepare for the exams
sohefailed them.
,
.
,
.
The weather was awful yesterday so we did not go
out, but we wanted to so much!
,
.
,
.
You are working slowly and so the work is behind
schedule.
= when
= request
, .
,
!
Meaning: Listen to me and everything will be fine!
,
!
,
!
Meaning: I ask you to point out any problems!
, .
.
3.
= already
, .
,
?
, .
Replacing constructions, containing

with question words ,
, ,
In complex sentences the word can be replaced with , , ,
. Itisdone to make the information contained in the sentence more specific
and also reduce the number ofwords in it. It should be noted that the meaning remains
unchanged.
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
Prepositions used to denote time

reference
In the Russian language, time reference can be expressed in various ways. One of them
iswith the help of the following prepositions: , , , , , ,
. These prepositions do not only differ grammatically, but also in their approach
to the process.
ase
Meaning
Example
Genitive
a) An action preceding the current

momentprocess.
1.
.
b) The amount of time left before

something.
2.
.
3. 5 .
4. 15 .
Instrumental
Accusative
+
(the preposition
goes after themain
word)
An action taking place immediately

before an important process;
thepreposition denotes a short period
oftime between these processes.
1.
.
An action that took place earlier;

thepreposition denotes the amount
of time that has passed after
anaccomplished action.
1. .
2. !
3.
!
2. .
3. ?
Genitive
A process immediately following

theaction being described.
1. .
2.
.
3. .
Accusative
The amount of time one should wait

before the next action can be taken.
1. !
2.
.
3. !
!
Accusative
a) a period of time.
b) the amount of time needed
to accomplish an action.
Accusative
1.
!
2. !
b) usually used with perfective verbs.
3.
!
A term, usually used with verbs

ofmotion (, etc).
1.
!
2. .
3. .
Prepositions to denote time frames:

... ..., ... ...,
... ...
To set time limits for a process or action, the following Russian constructions can be
used: ... , ... ... , ... ... . These constructions differ slightly in their
meaning. Thefollowing table explains the difference.
Table & examples: Meanings of prepositions denoting time

frames
Prepositions
Cases
... ...
+ Genitive
+ Accusative
Explanation
A date or a month,
a time limit
forsomething.
Examples
1. .
2.
.
3.
.
... ...
+ Genitive
+ Genitive
1. Time of day/
operating hours.
1.
.
2 Beginning
endofaprocess
2.
.
3. .
4. ,
.
... ...
+ Genitive
1. Idioms.
1. .
+ Genitive
2 An action recurring
during a period
oftime
2.
.
3.
.
4. .
Speaking about time. Conjugation

of some cardinal and ordinal numerals
Use cardinal numerals when you speak about time or age and ordinal numerals
when you speak about dates.
The Great Patriotic War in the USSR

lasted from June 22nd, 1941, 3:30 a.m.
until May 9th, 1945, 1:00 a.m. Moscow
time.

, .
Cardinal numeral + time/age
two oclock
three oclock
from three to five

(oclock)
from six to seven

(oclock)
Conjugation of the cardinal

, masculine and feminine
Masculine
Feminine
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Conjugation of the cardinal

, masculine and feminine
Masculine
Feminine
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Accusative
Instrumental
Instrumental
Prepositional
Prepositional
Conjugation of cardinal numerals (520, 30)

5
13
20
30
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional
Remember
If you use complex cardinals like 21, 22, 23 etc., you should change
endings for both of the numerals.
Ordinal numeral + month
May 1st
February 16th
April 3rd-5th
September 20th-25th
Ordinal numerals change like adjectives.
Conjugation of ordinal numerals (neuter)

1
13
22
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional
Remember
If you use complex ordinals like 22, 34, 126 etc., you should change the ending
only of the last digit.
2
Constructions of time
/, /
, /
To explain time and a process taking place earlier, the following constructions
can beused intheRussian language: /.
We have not gone on vacation to the sea for many

years.
We had a meeting not long ago.
The duration of the process and the amount of time needed to accomplish
it are specified withthehelp of / / / .
He has not called me for a long time.
It took Grandmother just a short while to find

the keys.

.
Our father has gone on a long business trip
totheNorth.
?
,
.
Where is Pavel?
He has gone out for a short while and will be back
soon.
Table & examples: Different constructions of time

(a long time ago)
(not long ago)
.
.
,
.
(a lengthy process)
(a process going on for a short while)
, .

2.
(a long, drawn-out process)
(a process that takes just a little time)
, ,
!
,
10.
Difference between ,
and
Difference between , and
When we talk about identical professions or actions we use . Please note
that there are two subjects in one sentence.
,
( )!
My mother is a diplomat, and my younger brother

isalso a diplomat.
My father loves fishing, I love it too!
When talking about a number of processes or actions going on simultaneously

we use . Note that there is only one subject.

,

.
I like reading detective stories and watching action

movies and playing online games.
His apartment is his office at the same time.
When we talk about people being alike, about their similar actions, or about actions
taking place regularly, as always, we use .
,
.
He became construction worker like his father.
We went to the pub as we usually do on Fridays.
Table & examples: Meanings of the words ,

and and their place inasentence.
1.
2.
Two subjects, same profession
One subject, different

occupations
Alike, like another person,

identical
,
.
,
-.
,

.
Two subjects, same actions
One subject, different actions
As usual, as always
,
.
,

.
8 ,
.
Difference between
and -
When the situation is favorable for solving a problem or there is someone who helps
us solve aproblem, we use + , .
I became such a wonderful and successful person

thanks to my parents.
Due to excellent weather we had an opportunity

o walk in the park longer.
If there is something or someone a condition, a situation, a person standing

in the way ofourplans, we use the construction - + , .
-
!
!
-
,
.
This is because of you we are late for the

performance! You dressed up too long!
Planes could not take off because of the snowfall,

andwe had to stay in the airport for the night.
Table of difference between and -

+ Dative
- + Genitive
positive condition
negative condition
- .
- .
Comparative. The construction

omparative constructions are used to compare objects and phenomena.
,
.
,
.
,
.
This house is taller than that

one.
This bag is more expensive

thanthat one.
This wine is stronger

thanthatone.
In some cases, the construction , is used to show how one object

or phenomenon depends upon another.
,
.
,
.
The more a person works, the more tired

he or she gets.
The faster a car is, the more expensive it is.
Table: Types of comparative forms

Adjective/Adverb
1.
2.
3.
4.
Comparative
to form comparative use a stem +
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
- - - -
/
/
/
Other types
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
exceptions
/
/
Table: Use of comparative forms

+ Nominative
Genitive
, -.
-.
, .
, .
, .
.
2
Superlative forms
The superlative form of comparison is used to describe an object or phenomenon
and the speakers attitude to them. The form can be simple or complex.
This is the most wonderful day of my life!
This is the excellent present!
Table: Formation of superlative forms

c///
suffixes -/ -
+original adjective
Remember

Imperative forms
Russian verbs have a form which orders a person to do something. People use
it to ask, demand, order, instruct, or hint at a desirable action to be carried out by
someone else. The form can also beused to show an action which should not be carried
out here or now. Imperative forms can refer to one person or several people .
The form is also a polite form of address.
,
!
, !
Victor, dont smoke here!
Part I.
Friends, dont leave!
,
-!
Gentlemen, please enter
the conference-room.
Table: Formation of the Imperative

Infinitive
1st person
Imperative
Imperative
Verbs of Group I(--)
Verbs of Group II(-not -)
Remember
Part II. Table: Usage of Imperfective and Perfective Imperatives

1.
Imperfective Imperative
Perfective Imperative
process
result
, !
,
!
, ,
.
2.
, ,
!
should be done regularly
should be done this once
?
.
,
.
,

!
3.
,
?
+ Imperfective Imperative
(something should not be done) =
prohibition
+ Perfective Imperative
(a warning not to do something)
,
. !
!
,
!

!

!
?
,
!
Undesirable or Impossible actions:

+ Imperative forms
Imperative forms can be used with the particle thus describing an action
asundesirable or impossible. Occasionally the form is used to denote prohibition
(interchangeable with the construction + imperfective Infinitive).
.
Do not burn a fire in the woods.
Do not read this book!
Do not watch this movie!
Do not walk so late!
Table: Different situations when + Imperative

can be used:
1.
+ Imperfective Imperative
(something should not be done) = prohibition
+ Perfective Imperative
(a warning not to do something)
, .
!
!
, !
!
2.
!
? ,
!
+ infinitive = + Imperative
. = !
. =
.
, . =
!
3.
in the meaning of if you do not want it,

do not do it
.
, .
, .
!
.
, .
Constructions of possibility
+ Infinitive
Depending on the situation, we can use the constructions + Imperfective
Infinitive and + Perfective Infinitive. As usual, the choice depends
on what you intend to say and what where your focus lies the process or the result.
.
I can write.
.
I cannot write.
,
.
He is still very sick and cannot walk
The teacher said that we may leave now.
,
,
!
Everyone may be mistaken.
Be careful, this is a hard task, you can make

amistake.
Table: Usage of + Infinitive constructions.

1.
+ /
.
, .
, .
2.
+ /
(one is allowed not to do it).
,
.
, .
, .
,
.
, .
!
+ / (unable).
.
.
.
Particles -, -,
-, -
We cannot always say directly who we saw yesterday night or what present we have
bought for our mother. For such cases the Russian language has special particles which
express various degrees of indefiniteness. The particle - means I know who/what
this is, but I do not want to say it.
- !
?
!
-
! !
The particle - (-) means I do not care who/what this is. I only care
about the result of the action.
- ?
, , .
-
!
?
.
The particle - means I am not sure who/what that was. I have forgotten.
- ,
, !
- ,
.
Table: Meanings of the particles -, -,

-, - with question words
-
- (-)
I know, but I will not tell you.
It does not matter who, what,

where, from where, how many
or how much
I do not remember, I am not sure
- ?
, .
.
?
, - ,
-!
?
!
, ,
?
-,
,
-
, .
,
...
.
?
, - .
?
!
?
-, .
- !
,
?
, .
. .
, .
- .
?
. ,
..
?
-. ,
?
-,
?
.
. .
.
?
, .
-, .
-///
/// -
///-
?
-. ,
, ,
- = it does not
matter how
///-
- = I do not know how
- = badly, so-so
?
-, ,
. .
-.
.
- .
,
?
-,
? !
, - .

, .
?
. .
?
, ,
- .
.
Active and Passive verbs

In the Russian language, many processes can be expressed from the standpoint ofboth
the active subject and the passive object. Much depends on the situation. Active verbal
constructions are used in everyday speech. Passive constructions often occur in business
communication and formal styles of speech.
. = .
. = .
. = .
Sometimes active constructions occur in situations where the subject is absent.
, !
!
Table: Usage of + Infinitive constructions.
1.
2.
Active
Passive
subject + verb
object + reflective verb (+) + subject

(Instumental)
subject + reflective verb ( + )

, !
.
.
11 .
3 .
Active and Passive verbs in the

Past Tense
Active and passive constructions of Russian verbs may be used in the Past Tense
aswell. As in the Present Tense, these constructions differ in the presence or absence of
an active subject and the way past forms are built.
. = .
. = .
. = .
It should be noted that in a passive construction the active subject appears

intheInstrumental Case. The form of the verb and of the passive verb refer
tothe object the action is directed at.
. = .
. = .
. = .
How to form Passive constructions in the Past Tense
verb +
verb +
verb +
verb +
Table: Active and Passive verbal constructions inthePast

Tense
Active
Passive
I -.
- I.
..
.

.. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Constructions with the particles

and
The Russian language has the negative particles and which differ in their
meaning. The particle with a verb, as you already know, is used to express denial
or reluctance:

?
, .
I do not want to eat!
I will not do this!
Did you watch this movie?

No, I didnt.
The particle with other parts of speech denotes indefiniteness and uncertainty
We came across each other a few times.
He told us about that a few times already.
The particle is used with both verbs and other parts of speech to express full denial
of an action, process, or subject.
?
, .
Never call me on the phone!
Where have you been?

Nowhere, I was at home.
?
.
?
,
Whom did you speak to?

To nobody.
What are you doing here?

Nothing, we are resting.
Table: Usage and meanings of the particles

and
1.
2.
(indefinite quantity, amount, place, direction)
(denial)
= several times, many times.
+ = never
= more than one, many
= zero, nothing; at all
.
.
. =
.
3.
+ = never
a) long ago (literary style)
.
b) no time, busy
, , .
, .
4.
+ = Youre welcome! No worries!
+ = never
! .
!
.
5.
+ Infinitive
, !
,
.
, !
, , ?
I will not do this!
We came across each other

a few times.
Never call me on the phone!
Constructions of time
with the words and
The Russian language has a lot of ways to express time. One of them is constructions
using the words and . These constructions are synonims if you can replace
both of them with the construction , .

,
.
When I was watching TV, my
mother was cooking supper.

,
.
When we were talking, the
director came.
,

When it was raining, I was
reading anewspaper.
,
,
.
When (while) I was watching
TV, my mother was cooking
supper.
,
,
.
While we were talking,
the director came.
,
,
.
While it was raining, I was
reading anewspaper.

,
.
While I was watching TV, my
mother was cooking supper

,
.
While we were talking, the
director came.
,
.
While it was raining, I was
reading anewspaper.
But in some cases they are used differently. can be used in complex sentences
with the following patterns: result + result, beginning of an action + another action.
,
.
,
.
We left the bar when it closed.

result +
result)
I will call you when I finish work.

result +
result
Constructions with are only used in situations process + process

or process + end of an action.
, .
, .
While you were sleeping, I was reading a book.

- process + - process
While you were sleeping, I finished reading

the book.
process +
end of an action
Summary table
1.
full simultaneity
full simultaneity
actions go on simultaneously
actions go on and end simultaneously
, 7.
,
.
, .
2.
3.
, .
partial simultaneity
full simultaneity
one action starts or ends while another one is going on
one action is completed while another one is going on
, .
, .
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
result + result
,
.
,
.
2
But in some cases they are used differently. can be used in complex sentences
with the following patterns: result + result, beginning of an action + another action.
,
.
,
.
We left the bar when it closed.

result +
result)
I will call you when I finish work.

result +
result
Constructions with are only used in situations process + process

or process + end of an action.
, .
, .
While you were sleeping, I was reading a book.

- process + - process
While you were sleeping, I finished reading

the book.
process +
end of an action
Summary table
1.
full simultaneity
full simultaneity
actions go on simultaneously
actions go on and end simultaneously
, 7.
,
.
, .
2.
3.
, .
partial simultaneity
full simultaneity
one action starts or ends while another one is going on
one action is completed while another one is going on
, .
, .
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
result + result
,
.
,
.
3
Forming passive present

and past participles
Part 1.
Passive present participle

Passive present participles can only be formed using imperfective verbs.The choice
of the correct ending for the participle depends on the group the verb belongs
to (see table). Passive participles can be replaced with the following constructions
with . Just like in all constructions with Passive, the subject is in
Instrumental Case.
,
.
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
Constructions with passive participles are normally used in formal and business writing
and seldom occur in everyday speech.
Table: Forming passive present participles using

imperfective verbs
group 1
Infinitive
1rd person plural
Active participle
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
Remember
(-, -, -)
(-, -, -)
group 2
- (-, -, -)
- (-, -, -)
Part 2.
Passive past participle

Passive past participles can only be formed using perfective verbs, as they imply
result and completion. The choice of the correct ending for the participle depends
on the group the verb belongs to (see table). Passive participles can be replaced with
constructions using . Just like in all constructions with Passive, the subject is
in Instrumental Case.
,
,
.
,
, .
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
, .
,
,
.
Table: Forming passive past participles using perfective verbs

group 1
Perfective
infinitive
Past Tense,
singular
Passive past participle
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
group 2
Remember
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, , -)
-- (-, , -)
Forming active present andpast

participles
The Russian verb has a number of forms. One of them is the participle.
It can be active, present or past.
Part 1.
Forming active present participles

The active present participle can only be formed using an imperfective verb, since,
as we know, verbs in the Present Tense can only express a process. A participle
can easily be replaced with the construction + verb.
, .
,
.
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
As you can see from these examples, active participles can have gender and number
forms which depend on the main noun (the doer). As the participle is a mixed form
of the verb and the adjective, it can be active or passive, present or past as well as the
verb. Also it changes in persons, numbers, genders and cases as the adjective does.
The participle agrees in all these variables with a related noun.
Table: Forming active present participles using

imperfective verbs
Group 1
Infinitive
3rd person plural
Active participle
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
--- (-, -, -)
Infinitive
3rd person plural
Active participle
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
--- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
Group 2
Remember
Active present participles, formed from the verbs of motion
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
Part 2.
Forming active past participles

An active past participle can be formed using either an imperfective or perfective verb.
The choice depends on what you intend to say. An easy way to check whether
the choice is correct is to replace the participle with the construction + verb
in the Past Tense.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
There is no difference between forming participles derived from imperfective

or perfective verbs.
Table: Forming active past participles

Infinitive
3rd person plural
Active participle
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
-- (-, -, -)
--- (-, -, -)
--- (-, -, -)
Remember
Active present participles, formed from the verbs of motion
Forming adverbial participles using

perfective and imperfective verbs
Part 1.
What is an adverbial participle?

An adverbial participle is another form of the verb which is used to express
an additional action going on alongside the main action. An adverbial participle
can either denote a process or the result of a completed action. Thus it can be formed
using both imperfective and perfective verbs. Luckily, adverbial participles
are an unchangeable form of the verb.
Part 2.
Adverbial participles denoting process

An adverbial participle formed using an imperfective verb denotes a process,
an incomplete action.
, .
, .
, .
In order to check whether you are using an adverbial participle correctly, you can
replace it with an imperfective verb and add either the conjunction or which
in this case are used to imply simultaneity of actions.
,
.
,
.

,

.
,
.
Table: Forming adverbial participles using imperfective

verbs
Infinitive
Present Tense, 3rd

person plural
Verbs from groups
Adverbial participle
denoting process
and
-/-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Remember
-
-
Reflexive verbs
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Remember
--/-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Part 3.
Adverbial participles denoting result

Adverbial participles formed using perfective verbs denote a result, a completed action.
, .
,
.
, .
In order to check whether you are using an adverbial participle correctly, you can
replace it with a perfective verb and add the constructions ,
or which imply that actions take place consecutively.

,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.

,
.

,
.

,
.

,
.
Table: Adverbial participles formed using perfective

verbs
Infinitive
Past Tense, 1st

person singular
Verbs from groups
Adverbial participle
denoting result
and
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reflexive verbs
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Remember
Short form of adjectives

Russian adjectives have full and short forms. Adjectives are most often encountered
in the full form. The short form is derived from the full one and is used to add emotional
coloring to a phrase. Like the full form, the short one has gender and number forms but
rarely has forms for case.
In sentences, short forms usually occur alongside words such as , , ,
which highlight the speakers attitude to the subject being discussed.
! ?
- . !
,
!
Table: Forming of short forms of adjectives

Gender, number
Full form
Short form
masculine
feminine
neuter
plural
? -
? -
? -
? -
?
? -
? -
? -
Remember
Verbs of motion /,
/, /
The Russian language has many verbs of motion. Some of them can be called basic,
the others can be called dependent. You already know about the basic verbs
/, /, / etc. from Lesson 31. Now we will
concentrate on dependent verbs of motion. They are called dependent as they can
only be used together with the verbs / etc. Even if the actual basic verb
is not used in a sentence, its meaning is always implied by the context.
Part 1.
Verbs of motion /
These verbs go together with /. means to go on foot and hold
something.
The choice between the form (corresponds with ) and the form
(corresponds with ) depends on the direction (one way, outbound/round trip)
as well as regularity and repetition of action (one time/multiple times).
.
.
.
.
.
Personal, number and tense forms of the verbs

and
Present Tense

/

Past Tense

Part 2.
Verbs of Motion /
These verbs can only be used with /. means to go in a vehicle
with baggage.
(corresponds with ) depends on the direction (one way, outbound/round trip)
as well as regularity and repetition of action (one time/multiple times).
.
.

.
.
2

and
Present Tense

/

Past Tense

Part 3.
Verbs of Motion /
The verbs / can mean:
to drive a vehicle
to guide someone/a group of people to a place
to deliver a lecture, to host an event, to be an emcee, to chair a meeting

,
.
.
? ?
, .
.
.
!
.
.

.

and
Present Tense

/

Past Tense

Verbs of Motion /
, /
The Russian language has many verbs of motion. Some of them fall into the basic
category; the others can be called dependent. The verbs / and
/ belong to the second group.
Part 1.
Verbs of motion /
These verbs can only go together with /. means to go on foot
and carry something heavy with effort, to drag something heavy.
(corresponds with ) depends on the direction (one way, outbound/round trip) as
well as regularity and repetition of action (one time/multiple times).
.
?
,
!
, !
!
Table: Personal, number and tense forms of the verbs

and
Present Tense

/

Past Tense

Part 2.
Verbs of motion /
These verbs mean to roll a round object on the ground.
The choice between the forms and depends on the direction (one way,
outbound/round trip) as well as regularity and repetition of action (one time/multiple
times).
.
.
, ,
.
.
Table: Personal, number and tense forms of the verbs

and
Present Tense

/

Past Tense

Verbs of Motion: Figurative Meanings

In addition to their direct meanings ( . .
.), Russian verbs of motion can also have figurative meanings which reflect
the kind of attitude Russians have towards space-and-time relations.
Look at the table below and try to find equivalents in English.
Table: Figurative meaning of motion verbs

Verb
Figurative meaning
Examples
1. Time
1. .
2. Process
2. . .
3. Clothes
3. !
Time
Time
1. (hard life)
1. ,
.
2. //
(to say stupid things)
2. ! , , !
3. !
1. Clothes
1. , .
2. Accessories
2. .
3. Last name
3. .
(to have good luck

in something)
!
, !
.
(behavior)

.
,
.
()
(to go crazy)
! 30,
!
!
1. onversation, discussion
2. Automobile
3. Relationship ( ?)
1. ,
.
2. , ,
?
3.
.
1. Grief, difficulties
2. About a person, who is very
annoying
3. Conversation, meeting

.
.

!
,
.
1. Windows, doors, balcony
2. To marry (speaking about

a woman)
,
!
.
3 , !
(= deceive)
: ,
,
.
Constructions of Occurrence
Part 1.
General Constructions of Occurrence

If we want to say that someone has something, it can be expressed in different ways.
It all depends on the level of command of the Russian language as well as the situation.
The most popular construction is .
.
.
.
.
.
The construction / is used to speak about customs,

traditions, and rituals.
.

.

, , .
The construction / is used in business communication

and formal styles of speech. These constructions are usually used with such words as
, , , , .
.
.
.
A similar construction is also used officially and in academic styles

of speech. It differs from the previous one in that it expresses a more subjective
viewpoint. It is commonly used with such words as , .
, .
.
The construction is used officially and in print media.

The construction is commonly used to describe the character/appearance/properties
of a person or an object and collocates with such words as , ,
, , , , , .
!
.
The construction is used officially and is used with words

such as , , .
.
.
, .
Table & examples: Different constructions of time

() (, ?)
.
.
?
() () () + , ,
: .
.
.
(, ) / (, ) + , ,
, ,
.
.
(, ) () + ,
.
!
() () + , , ,
, ,
.
.
Part 2.
Other Constructions of Occurrence

If we want to say that someone has something it can be expressed in different ways.
It all depends on the level of command of the Russian language as well as the situation.
The construction / (,,) denotes that an object
or phenomenon is widely spread on the given territory.
.
.
The construction denotes that an object or phenomenon

dominates on the given territory.
, .
- ,
.
The construction / denotes that someone or something

is currently in some place.
.
.
The constructions and are synonymous

and denote the habitat of an animal.
.
.
.
The construction denotes that something stays somewhere

for a long period of time.
.
.
.
Table: Other Constructions of Occurrence

(-, -, -) + () =
.
.
+ () =
.
.
+ () =
.
.
+ () =
.
.
+ () =
.
.
+ ()
.
.
+ ()
.
.
.
Constructions of Creation
and Emergence
Constructions of this type commonly contain a verb in the past tense as they denote
a completed action and its result.
The constructions differ in usage.
The construction is used together with words such as ,
, , .
.
.
The construction is usually used together with words such

as , , .
I -.
.
The construction (, , ) is combined with an object and goes

together with words such as , , .
.
XXI .
The construction (, , ) is used to characterize an object or

phenomenon and is usually combined with an adjective as an attribute.
.

.
The construction (-, -, -) / is widely used

in speech and goes together with many words.
, !
.
.
Table: Constructions of Creation and Emergence

() / ()
.
.
() ()
I - .
.
() (-,-,-) ()
20- .
.
() (, )
.
10 , .
90- .
(, ) (-,-,-) (, )
.
.
.
Constructions of Sufficiency
Constructions of this type are used to show that someone has all he or she needs
or, on the contrary, lacks something.
The construction // the infinitives are
(Imperfective), and (Perfective)is used in the past, present, and
future tenses and denotes that the speaker has enough of something.
Please note the cases that go together with these verbs:
Dative + /, / + the object in the Genitive
100
,
.
The constructions ? // + ?/? are used

to denote something really expressive in the sentences like those below.
!
!
!
.
.
.

.
1
The construction is synonymous with /

/, but is more formal. The word is an adverb
and should be used as any other adverb. If it is used together with a verb, it means that
the action was complete or it was done to the required limit. Please note the cases
that go together with the adverb :
Dative + + the object in the Genitive.
?
, .
, , .
?
, .
. .
Table: Constructions of Sufficiency

///
///
/ / /
, ?
500 .
, .
, .
, .
= past, = present, = future

,
.
,
.
, , .
,
.
+ infinitive
(use to denote something expressive)
/ + + + past
(usually in idioms)
! !
, !
! !
, !
!
Remember
, ! = ; .
!
2
, , .
a , .
. .
+ Infinitive
+ Infinitive
! !
,
.
Nominative + +Adjective/Adverb/Verb
Nominative + +Adjective/Adverb/
Verb
, .
,
.
Constructions of Sufficiency
Constructions of this type are used to show that someone has all he or she needs
or, on the contrary, lacks something.
The construction // the infinitives are
(Imperfective), and (Perfective)is used in the past, present, and
future tenses and denotes that the speaker has enough of something.
Please note the cases that go together with these verbs:
Dative + /, / + the object in the Genitive
100
,
.
The constructions ? // + ?/? are used

to denote something really expressive in the sentences like those below.
!
!
!
.
.
.

.
1
The construction is synonymous with /

/, but is more formal. The word is an adverb
and should be used as any other adverb. If it is used together with a verb, it means that
the action was complete or it was done to the required limit. Please note the cases
that go together with the adverb :
Dative + + the object in the Genitive.
?
, .
, , .
?
, .
. .
Table: Constructions of Sufficiency

///
///
/ / /
, ?
500 .
, .
, .
, .
= past, = present, = future

,
.
,
.
, , .
,
.
+ infinitive
(use to denote something expressive)
/ + + + past
(usually in idioms)
! !
, !
! !
, !
!
Remember
, ! = ; .
!
2
, , .
a , .
. .
+ Infinitive
+ Infinitive
! !
,
.
Nominative + +Adjective/Adverb/Verb
Nominative + +Adjective/Adverb/
Verb
, .
,
.
Vebal Nouns
Part 1.
Verbal nouns + Genitive Case

Nouns with the ending -, - most often show a process and require a noun
in the Genitive Case.
.
.
.
Nouns with the ending -() are derived from verbs with the suffix --, most
often denote a developing action and require a noun in the Genitive Case.
.
.
.
Nouns without an ending are usually masculine. Such nouns are formed by dropping
the suffixes and endings of verbs. They usually denote an action and require a noun in
the Genitive Case.
.
.
.
Table: Formation of verbal nouns used with nouns in the Genitive

Case
word stem + - (-)
word stem + -
without postfixes
Part 2.
Verbal nouns + Dative, Accusative, Instrumental,

Prepositional Cases
Nouns with the ending -, - most often denote a process and a mental action
and may require a noun in the Dative, Accusative, Instrumental or Prepositional Case.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Nouns with the ending - most often denote a developing action and require a noun
in the Dative, Accusative, Instrumental or Prepositional Case.
.
.
.
Nouns without an ending are usually masculine. Such nouns are formed by dropping
the suffixes and endings of verbs. They most often denote a process and a mental action
and require a noun in the Dative, Accusative, Instrumental or Prepositional Case.
.
.
Table: Formation of verbal nouns used with nouns in the Dative,

Accusative, Instrumental, Prepositional Cases.
+ -/-
+ -
without postfixes
( ?)
( ?)
( ?)
( ?)
( ? ?)
( ?)
( ?)
(?)
( ?)
( ?)
( ?)
(? ?)
( ?)
( ?)
Constructions with the Verbs ,
Part 1.
Constructions with the verb

In the Russian language, the construction + Instrumental is used to show
what a person used to be in the past or speak about his ambitions and intentions.
That is why the construction is only used in the past and future tenses.
.
, .
, .
.
The construction + Infinitive is used to denote the Future Tense.

In this case the verb itself is never used in the Past Tense.
, .
?
Usually the verb is used in constructions denoting Future Tense together

with the Imperfective verbs to emphasize the importance of the process, not the result.
, .
.
.
Part 2.
Constructions with the verb

The construction + Instrumental is used to speak about a persons past or future
job, social status or ambitions. That is why the construction is only used in the past
and future tenses.
, .
.
.
Sometimes the verbs is used together with the infinitive form of a verb.
In this case the verb is synonymic to the verbs / or /
.
( )
!
The constructions ( ) + Instrumental are synonymic

to the verbs () or ().
, ! , ?
, .
Table: The Constructions with the Verbs and
Past Tense

/?
/?

.
Future Tense

/

/?
/?
, .
,
.
+ Infinitive = Future Tense
+ Infinitive = /,
/ + Infinitive
.
(= ( )
.)
Pa[t 1.
Rssia lagage
( Tl1e
l1as
tegiste!'s, styles, and eacl1 of
cl!atac.tetistic \'IO!'ds d syntactic cosh<Ictios.
tl1e eploys
Tl1e consttctios give l\ typical oflitetaty atld acadeic \'II'itig. 11 at'e

alnst neve!' sed in covet'Satio, \'lll<'J'<' tl1ey !' teplaced \ith siplel' cons!J'ttctios.
Lite[a[y d Academic W[itig.

Without Specific Cases
Costructios
used
Tl1e consttctio ... , . t> is s of ..., .

, .
Tl1e consttctio '"ith is sed at tl1e begiig of st d s "snig

soethig ttp".
, .
CostJctios
\vitll - ,
ptocesses, objects, etc..
-, -
etc. !' sed fol' tec.itig
- .
-?
- -, , -, ,
, -, .
Tl1e consttctio '"ith is s of , bttt isliited to

sc.ietific \Vt'itig.
, ,
.
Tl1e consttctio '"ith is also s of ,

, t again is liited to scietific \Vl'iting.
,
.
Tl1e consttctio '"ith
is synony of
Tl1e consttctio '"ith I>

styles.
eatlS
tl1e s as bttt is typical oflitety
,
.
l: Lite1y
and Academic Wl'iting.

any specific cases

..., t> ... = ...,
Constctions
used \Vit.hot
...
n. , . t.:.
, R-.
-, -, -
...
-, , -, , , -,
.11 .
-, , , -, .11 .
, - r?
, i ~>.
Ct'liOBaT eJJHO
~f)'
, , .
, , .
~f =,
)1, R- t..' , )1 20 .
.
t..yne
. )1 ~m
.aJJIO'It'HHe
t'
. .
.1I t..)' .
, .11 .
n..11 .11 , .1I ..
Pa[t 2.
Lite[a[y d Academic W[itig. Cost[uctios used

Togethe[ witl1 the Dative, Geitive, Ist[umetal Cases
The coas!J'tlction i>
somethiag".
+ , ..
1 Dative means "tl1a11ks to soebody/
,
.
The coas!J'tlction + ,
soethiag, as I'eslt of soethiag".
...
1 Genitive
" follo\viag
.
,
.
The coas!J<Jction + ,
... 1 Geiti,e s " 1easoa of soethig".
, .
,
.
The coas!J'tlction 11 + , ... 1 Inst1umeatal means "s of

soethiag, 1easoa of soethig".
.
, ,
.
The coas!J<Jction
p1ocess" .
+ , ... 1 Geitive s "ia
the
...
, ,
The coas!J'tlction + ,
1easoa of soetlliag".
... 1 Geaitive s "s
...
of soetlliag,

.
, .
Lite1y
and Academic Wiiting. Constctions used Togethei \vit.h

t.h e Dative, Genitive, Inst.nental Cases
;J
~t, ...
1 Dative =
.11 .11 :r .
.11 TO)ty, )1 , .
.11 .
+ , ... 1 Geitive
. -, ;1 -
)1 .
+ , ... 1 Geitive = -JJ

n .
, , r .
+ , ... 1 Istletal = - -, -
. ..
. . .
+ , ...
1 Geitive =
.
.
CJJY +, ... 1 Geitive = , -

ar.m.
. . .. r .
Part 3.
Literary and Acadeic Wiitig. Costt11ctios sed

Togetl1er with tl1e Dative, Geitive, Istruetal Cases
The consb:uction + GenitiYe 1 + Ptepositional explains \vhich paits
or elements consltlttte the S\tbject.
~ ~Q~_r. .

.
The co11structton . +
to the costructton , .
, ... 1 Prepositional corresponds
, .
.
The consll"Uction
AccsatiYe c01espods
to
( The constructton
100 .
+ Genitive correspods to the constt1tction
l 1 ___._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
l\t .
l:
Litei"aty a11d Acadeic WI"iti11g. Co11stctio11s used Togetl1e1

with tl1e P1epo sitioal , Accsat.ive, Ge11itive Cases
+
Gettiti"e 1 + Ptepositioal =
, .
: , , . .
t.::t + ~, ... 1 P1epositioal = ~t,

:1 ~<. .
.11 r .
n:1 + Accusati,e
r:uu.
t.:at.:
.,.1.11 >.~1 I .
.'UI~ >.'"I)' .
.II n.'Ui ~m, .
+ Ge11iti,e =
/)//)
: JI JI m.
.~ .II , , .
Declension of Cardinal Numbers

Cardinal numbers are used to show the quantity of something. In most cases the form
of a cardinal number coincides with the word used to represent the number. All cardinal
numbers have case forms.
.
,
.
.
.
The numbers and have gender and case. Below are the forms of the cardinal
number
used with masculine nouns
used with neuter nouns
used with feminine nouns
, ,

, ,

,
,
.
, .
.
Table: Declension of the Cardinal Number

Masculine
Neuter
Feminine
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
person and animate

noun
Accusative
object and
inanimate noun
Instrumental
Prepositional
The cardinal number also has gender and case, but has only two form.
used with masculine and neuter nouns in the plural
used with feminine nouns in the plural
, ,
, ,
, .
.
.
Table: Declension of the cardinal number

Masculine
and neuter
Feminine
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
person and animate noun = Nominative /

object and inanimate noun = Genitive
Instrumental
Prepositional
Now lets have a look at the case forms of other cardinal numbers. The cardinal
numbers and :
.
.
.
Table: Declension of the Cardinal Numbers and
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
person and animate noun
Accusative
object and inanimate noun
Instrumental
Prepositional
Cardinal numbers from 5 to 20 and 30 are declined in the same way as nouns ending
in (, ).
.
.
.
Table: Declension of Cardinal Numbers 520, 30
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional
In compound cardinal numbers both parts are changed.
.
.
.
.
.
Table: Declension of Compound Cardinal Numbers 2039
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional
Declension of Compound Cardinal

Numbers
Some cardinal numbers such as 40 (), 90 () and 100 () have
the following forms:
Table: Declension of the Cardinal Numbers 40, 90 and 100
Nominative =
Accusative
Genitive = Dative =
Instrumental =
Prepositional
In compound cardinal numbers both parts are changed.
.
.
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional
In compound cardinal numbers from 200 to 400 both parts are also changed.
.
.
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional
Telling the Time

There are 24 hours in a day. But in conversation Russians use a 12-hour system.
Whether it is afternoon or night can be told from the context or the situation.
. ( = 13.00)
. ( = 20.00)
. ( = 19.00)
In a formal setting, precise time is usually specified with hours and minutes. In informal
styles, constructions with the words , are more widespread.
. (formal)
. (informal)
. (formal)
() . (informal)
Table: Time of the Day

Formal
Informal
30
6 30 .
.
.
30 .
.
15
6 15 .
15 .
45
6 45 .
45 .
.
.
When telling the time we use constructions with Nominative and Genitive, depending
on the time.
All constructions of time with minutes from 1 to 30 are formed using the following
pattern: minutes in the Nominative Case + the next hour in the Genitive Case.
(8.05, 20.05) = .
(3.20, 15.20) = .
(6.15, 18.15) =
.
All constructions of time with minutes from 30 to 59 are formed using the following
pattern: + minutes (remaining before the next hour begins) in the Genitive
Case + the next hour in the Nominative Case.
(1.40, 13.40) = .
(7.45, 19.45) = .
(10.55, 22.55) = .
Remember that in an informal setting the words , may be dropped.
Table: Time of the Day

minutes (Nominative) +
next hour (Genitive)
hour (Nominative) +
minutes (Nominative)
+ minutes (Genitive) +
next hour (Nominative)
10.05 =
15.25 =
14.40 =
12.10 =
18.15 =
15.15 =
()
22.20 =
16.50 =
13.45 =
18.55 =
18.23 =
22.15 =
9.30 =
16.35 =
Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numbers are used to speak about objects which are placed in order, and dates.
Part 1.
Ordinal numbers, their formation and declension

To make things easier, lets agree that ordinal numbers are very similar to adjectives in
their form. They also have gender, number, and case and answer the questions ?
? ? ?
.
.
.
.
.
.
Table: Ordinal Numbers

(1)
(11)
(20)
(100)
(2)
(12)
(30)
(1000)
(3)
(13)
(40)
(4)
(14)
(50)
(5)
(15)
(60)
(6)
(16)
(70)
(7)
(17)
(80)
(8)
(18)
(90)
(9)
(19)
(10)
, .
.
. (= The matter is not that important.)
The table below will give you the general rule to form and conjugate the Ordinals.
Remember that there are also neuter and plural forms as well as the special thing with
the Accusative Case for the Ordinals that go together with the animate and inanimate
nouns.
Table: Declension of Ordinal Numbers
Part 2.
First
Tenth
Hundredth
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional
Speaking about dates and time. Constructions of time

with ordinal numbers in the Genitive Case
In constructions of time, ordinal numbers are used to specify dates. These are usually
precise dates consisting of day, month, and year (in biographies, schedules). Russians
start with the day, then add the month, and at the end is the year.
. .
(06.06.1799).
(01.05).
Table: Time
? + day, month (Genitive)
5 () .
26 ( ) .
17 () .
29 ( ) .
3 () .
31 ( ) .
1 () .
+ day, month, year (Genitive)

4 () 1982 ( ) .
12 () 1961 ( )
.
20 () 2009 ( ) .
8 () 2008 ( ) .
Complex Constructions of Time

with the Genitive and Prepositional
Cases
In constructions of time, ordinal numbers are used to specify dates. If a date consists
of only a month or a year, constructions with the Prepositional Case are normally used.
.
2014 .
Table: Complex Constructions of Time with the Genitive

and Prepositional Cases
When? + month (Prepositional) + year (Genitive)
2005 ( ) .
2009 ( ) .
.
When? + year (Prepositional)

.
.
2008 ( ) .
2014 ( ) .
When? + century (Prepositional)

-.
.
.
Constructions of Permission,
Prohibition, Recommendation,
Obligation, and Ability
Permission and prohibition can be expressed with the words and .
.
.
The words and are used to express recommendation and obligation.
.
.
.
The words and can also be used to indicate recommendation

and obligation.
.
.
To express ability, one can use and .
, .
, - .
Table: Various ways of expressing permission, prohibition,

recommendation, obligation, and ability
+
()
()
-.
-.
, .
, .
,
.
,
.
()
()
, .
()
()
()
, .
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
Constructions of Ability,
Recommendation, and Various
Degrees of Certainty
Constructions of ability can contain the words (able) or
(unable).
.
,
.
The words (probably) and (improbably) can be used

as synonyms of and to express various degrees
of certainty. The words and are more often used in formal
styles of speech.
,

,

!
, .
,
.
Other ways to express ability and various degrees of certainty are with the constructions
and . These constructions are more often used in
informal styles of speech and in the spoken language.
.
.

.
,
.

()
.
1
The constructions and are also used to

express ability.

, , ,
.
,
.
, .

-
.
The words and are used to express ability as well, but occur less
often than those mentioned above.

.
.
,
.

.
.
To express recommendation, one can use the words and .
Table: Ways of expressing ability, recommendation, and various

degrees of certainty
, .
, .
, - !
, , .
, !
Remember the idiom:

, !

,
?
,
!
, .
, !
!
Remember the idiom:

! = ,
.
,
.
, .
, ,
.
, ?
,
. , .
, ,
.
, .
, , ?
Types of Modality in Russian:

Ways of Expressing Obligation
and Necessity
Constructions of obligation and necessity can contain the words
and .
.
.
Modal constructions with (-, -, -)/ and

(-, -, -)/ can also be used in such situations.
.
.
.
and are also used to express obligation
and necessity.
.
!
Other ways to express obligation and necessity are with the constructions
, , () and () .
!
!
,
.
1
(-,-,-) are also used in the meaning of obligation and necessity.
.
.
Table: Ways of Expressing Obligation and Necessity
,
.
,
.
-, .
()
, !
, ()
,
.
,
.
(//)

.

, .
2
Types of Modality in Russian:

Ways of Expressing Desirability
Sentences describing actions that are desirable or undesirable can contain the modal
constructions , / + Infinitive or
+ Infinitive.
, .
9 11 .
.
/ , and / can also
be used in such situations.
.
, .
.
Other ways to describe actions as desirable or undesirable are with the constructions
, and ,
, ,
.
, .
The construction with ? is used to express the desirability of an action

or an offer.
?
, ! .
Table: Ways of Expressing Desirability
, / + Infinitive
+ Infinitive
, .
,
.
,
.
/,
,
.
,
.
, .
,
.
, .
, ,
.
,
, .
,
.
?
?
?
, ?
Transport
Every kind of transportation has its own specific stopping or parking place.
Table: Transport
Verbs and verbal nouns related to the topic Transport are

(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to stop + where?
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to drive up + to smth.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to reach, arrive at smth.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? ? to arrive, come
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to leave, depart (about a train)
departure of the train
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? to arrive (about a train)
train arrival
( ) to come (about a train, coll.)
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? leave, depart (about a plane)
, departure of the plane
(Imp.) (Perf.) to arrive (about a plane)
arrival of a plane
(Imp.) (Perf.) to land
Words, related to the topic Transport:
. . . .

.

.

.
.

.
,
.
. .
. .
. .
!
-

, ,
c
.
0722
-
.
933
.

.
?
,
.
Transport
Every kind of transportation has its own specific stopping or parking place.
Table: Transport
Verbs and verbal nouns related to the topic Transport are

(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to stop + where?
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to drive up + to smth.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to reach, arrive at smth.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? ? to arrive, come
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to leave, depart (about a train)
departure of the train
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? to arrive (about a train)
train arrival
( ) to come (about a train, coll.)
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? leave, depart (about a plane)
, departure of the plane
(Imp.) (Perf.) to arrive (about a plane)
arrival of a plane
(Imp.) (Perf.) to land
Words, related to the topic Transport:
. . . .

.

.

.
.

.
,
.
. .
. .
. .
!
-

, ,
c
.
0722
-
.
933
.

.
?
,
.
Home. Flat. Rental.

If you are going to stay in Russia for a long while you definitely need to rent a room
or an apartment. We recommend you hire a good and reliable agency for that.
But if you are short of money and feel like you can do it yourself, this topic is for you.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to rent out
owner, landlord
lease, rent
lessor
.
.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to rent

renter
lessee
.
, .
.
Home. Flat. Renovation and Repair

Some observers who have been living in Russia for a while say:
. Indeed, Russians love repairing things themselves. However
sometimes you just have no time or qualifications for some tasks. Thats when
we need specialists to come and do their job. Lets learn some useful words
and phrases on the topic.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to repair
(Imp.) (Perf.) to break
(Imp.) (Perf.) to rennovate
(Imp.) (Perf.) become clogged
(Imp.) (Perf.) to blow out
the pipe is broken
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to call for somebody
/ ( . .) to be electrocuted (a little bit)
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to place, arrange something
(Imp.) (Perf.) to hire a specialist
C locksmith,
metalworker
1. key; 2. wrench
door
(door) lock
tap
pipe
.
, ,
.
C sanitary technician
sink, washbowl
shower
sewage
toilet bowl
clog
bathroom
equipment

,
.
electician
electricity
wires
light
current (n.)
electric bulb
socket
wiring
insulation
cable

,
.
,

.
designer
wallpaper
interior
furniture
- design
project

apartment layout

,

.

-
.
Remember the idioms
Do-it-yourself man, a person

who can repair almost
everything.
Literary golden hands, a very

talented master, a handy person.
Home. Flat. Rental.

If you are going to stay in Russia for a long while you definitely need to rent a room
or an apartment. We recommend you hire a good and reliable agency for that.
But if you are short of money and feel like you can do it yourself, this topic is for you.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to rent out
owner, landlord
lease, rent
lessor
.
.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to rent

renter
lessee
.
, .
.
Home. Flat. Renovation and Repair

Some observers who have been living in Russia for a while say:
. Indeed, Russians love repairing things themselves. However
sometimes you just have no time or qualifications for some tasks. Thats when
we need specialists to come and do their job. Lets learn some useful words
and phrases on the topic.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to repair
(Imp.) (Perf.) to break
(Imp.) (Perf.) to rennovate
(Imp.) (Perf.) become clogged
(Imp.) (Perf.) to blow out
the pipe is broken
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to call for somebody
/ ( . .) to be electrocuted (a little bit)
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? to place, arrange something
(Imp.) (Perf.) to hire a specialist
C locksmith,
metalworker
1. key; 2. wrench
door
(door) lock
tap
pipe
.
, ,
.
C sanitary technician
sink, washbowl
shower
sewage
toilet bowl
clog
bathroom
equipment

,
.
electician
electricity
wires
light
current (n.)
electric bulb
socket
wiring
insulation
cable

,
.
,

.
designer
wallpaper
interior
furniture
- design
project

apartment layout

,

.

-
.
Remember the idioms
Do-it-yourself man, a person

who can repair almost
everything.
Literary golden hands, a very

talented master, a handy person.
Seeing a Doctor
No one likes to be sick. When we do not feel well we often go see a doctor.
And if you are talking to a Russian doctor it is really important to know how to explain
what is wrong. Lets learn some words and phrases to help you get a diagnosis.
pain, ache
illness, sickness, disease
to ache ( .); to be sick ( .)
(Imp.) (Perf.) to beome sick
sick person; diseased organ; (also) patient
health
healthy
(Imp.) (Perf.) to get better, to recover
nausea
inflammation
hemorrhagic disease
tears
( ) fever, high body temperature
dermatitis
edema
cough
to cough
sneezing
to sneeze
= (coll.) bruise
rhinitis
shivering
blocked nose
swelling
conjunctivitis
Some words related to human body.

body
organ
head
eyes
mouth
, tooth, teeth
nose
throat
chest, breast
stomach
belly
back
arm
shoulder
leg
blood
, muscles
Some types of diseases and their main symptoms
stomatitis
appendicitis
allergy
flu
injury
Ways to use the word and its derivatives

+ ? , , , , (, ).
.
.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ?
.
.
? + + ? ? = (, )
, .
.
(?) , ,
, .
, !
, !
(? +)
! ! !
, .
(? +) (+ ?)
.
.
Ways to use the word and its derivatives

(Imp.) (Perf.) = (Imp.) (Perf.)
, !
.
!
, .
=
!
(? +)
. = .
, .
Pharmacy and Isurance Company

In Russia pharmacies sell almost all types of medicinefrom herbs and vitamins
to strong drugs that can be sold only with a prescription from a physician. Lets look
at some words and phrases related to the topic.
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? to take (medicine)
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? to dissolve, dilute
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? to rub
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? to inject
(Imp.) (Perf.) + ? ? to drop (liquid)
to swallow
medicine, drug
tablet, pill
ointment
powder
spray
drops
pill
nasal (adv.)
oral (adv.)
Here are some types of medicine and ways to use them
()
/
/ .
,
()
.
.

//

()
Insurance Company
Medical insurance is something new to Russia. However today many companies
provide health insurance to their employees. Lets see words and phrases related
to the topic.
, insurance policy
medical insurance
insurance company
insurance
() (Imp.) () (Perf.) insure (onself)
insured event
safety
(Perf.) + ? ? secure
Appearance. Face.
Imagine this situation: you have met a very good-looking person and youd like
to share your admiration with your friends. Lets learn some words and phrases that will
help you describe someones face and appearance.
appearance
(, ) pretty
(, ) beautiful
(, ) handsome, attractive
Phrases on the topic.

/ (?) ,
/ (?) ,
/ (?)
Some words to describe a persons face
: , , ,
: , , , , ,
face
eyes
hair
: , , , , , ; -, ; -; : (), (), (), ; ,

: , ,
: , , ,
eyelashes
eyebrows
nose
: , , , ,
: ,
: ,
: , , .
: , ,
: , , , ,
: , ,
: , ,
: ,
mouth
lips
chin
beard
moustache
: ,
, , , ,
Appearance. Figure.
We continue studying words and phrases related to the topic Appearance. This time
well learn vocabulary to describe someones figure.
figure
height
weight
constitution, the condition of a persons body
(Imp.) (Perf.) put on weight
(Imp.) (Perf.) lose weight

/ (?)
/ (?) ? ? ?
/ (?) , ?
Some words to describe a persons figure
, ,
, , /
: , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , ,
Personality
Russian is rich with the words describing personality. Every time you open a fiction
book you will find picturesque phrases full of adjectives related to the topic. Lets learn
some of them.
personality
(?) to have (some sort of) personality

/ (?)
? ?
Here are some words to describe personality

positive features
negative features
Personality. Temperament.
We continue studying words and phrases that describe personality. This time well
speak about a persons temperamentways people react in different situations in life.
The ancient Greek physician Hyppocrates developed a medical theory about human
behavior.
He believed certain human moods, emotions, and behaviors were caused by certain
bodily fluids. Modern psychology moved further, but even today you can hear about
the four types of temperament. In Russia this theory has lots of admirers. Lets learn
some new words on the topic along with some new adjectives that describe the four
temperaments.
sanguine person
choleric person
melancholic person
phlegmatic person

/ (?)
? ?
Some words to describe a persons temperament

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

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Professions

Professions can be either masculine ( artist, journalist)

Gender Endings of a Noun

Table: Endings of Nouns According to their Gender

80% of Russian words

also some months

1. These nouns are only in Plural ()

2. Some nouns have an unusual Plural form:

Nouns Animate and Inanimate

Personal Endings of Russian Verbs,

Personal Endings of Russian Verbs, Present Tense

The adverb can mean that:

I am reading a book and

He speaks English and Russian

Its mom and dad.

He reads German poorly,

This is a small, but interesting

I speak Russian badly,

Moscow is not a small,

My name is not Maria,

Im not from America,

How to form Prepositional case

Some situations to use either or

Continents, countries, cities,

Islands; shores of rivers, lakes,

Surfaces and floors

There are a few words that never change their ending

. I am in metro. (Inside of a system).

( = ). Yesterday we were in the cinema.

. He lost everything in casino.

. Money is in the coat (Inside of it).

. I am going to the seaside ( = at the seashore).

Some Verbs in Past Tense

How to Form Different Tenses

Antonyms of some commonly used adjectives

Adverbs and Adjectives

Accusative Case Direct Objects

Table: Nouns in the Accusative Case

Notice the endings!

Personal pronouns in Accusative

Table: The demonstative pronoun and its forms: ,

Verbs, that require the Accusative Case.

to order (in a restaurant)

When we use the number 1 (, , ), we match the gender of this number

Nouns Singular in the Genitive ase

Genitive endings vary according to nouns gender

Ending: zero ending -, - -, - -, - -

Genitive and Tenses

. (double negation + Genitive)

Genitive with Prepositions

Genitive Case Plural

There are a lot of rivers in Russia.

There were no computers a hundred

It is not raining in Africa during summer.

This building was built without nails.

How to form Genitive plural

The word ends on a hard consonant (/, /, , , /, /, , , , ) -

The word ends on - -

The word ends on -, -, -, -, - -

The word ends on -, -, -, -, - -

The word ends on - drop the ending

The word ends on -/- drop the ending

The word ends on -, -, -, - -

The word ends on -, -, -, - -