Unites States Army Fm 20-3-30 August 1999 - Part02

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Chapter6

High-Value

Targets

Thepurposeofthreatdoctrineisforenemyforcestolocate,target,anddestroydeeptargets,therebydegradingfriendlycapabilitieswhileaddingoffensivemomentumtoattackingenemyforces.EnemycommandersfocustheirmostsophisticatedsensorsinsearchofHVTs.Byattackingthesetargets,enemyforceshopetodenyadequateC2,combatsupport,orresupplyoperationstoforwardfriendlyforcesthroughoutthebattlespace.Therefore,properlyemployingCCDatkeyfixedinstallations,suchascommandposts(CPs)andArmyaviationsites(AASs),isessentialtosurvivalonabattlefield.HVTsfallintotwogeneralclassifications-fixedinstallations

(SectionID

andrelocatableunits

(SectionIID.

Forinformationoncamouflagingmedicalfacilities,see

AvvendixF.

SECTIONI

-

CCDPLANNING

PLANS

6-1.NosinglesolutionexistsforenhancingthesurvivabilityofHVTswithCCD(exceptforlarge-areasmokescreens).ThecharacteristicsofmanysuchtargetsareuniqueandrequirethecreativeapplicationofCCDprinciplesandtechniques.Therefore,theCCDplanningprocesspresentedinthissectionisnotintendedtoimposearegimenthatmustbefollowedatallcosts.Rather,itsuggestsalogicalsequencethathasprovensuccessfulovertime.Infact,thestepsoutlinedbelowoftenleadtocreativeCCDsolutionssimplybecausetheyallowdesignerstoconsiderthemanyoptions,benefits,andpitfallsofCCDemployment.NoCCDplaniswrongifitachievestheintendedsignature-managementgoalsanddoesnotimpairmissionaccomplishment.6-2.Eachcommandershoulddevelophisunit'sCCDplanbasedonanawareness,ifnotacomprehensiveassessment,ofthedetectableEMsignaturesemittedbyHVTsunderhiscommand.Heshouldevaluatethesesignaturesbyconsideringtheenemy'sexpectedRSTAcapabilities(airborneandground-based),knowledgeofthetargetarea,andweapons-on-targetcapability.

OBJECTIVE

6-3.ACCDplanincreasestargetsurvivabilitywithinthelimitsofavailableresources.Thedesignproceduremustsystematicallydeterminewhichfeaturesofagiventargetareconspicuous,whythosefeaturesareconspicuous,andhowCCDprinciplesand

techniquescanbesteliminateorreducetargetsignatures.CCDshoulddecreasetheeffectivenessofenemyattacksbyinterferingwithitstarget-acquisitionprocess,whichinturnincreasestargetsurvivability.

PLANNINGPROCESS

6-4.ThestepsoutlinedbelowprovideguidancefordesigningCCDplansforHVTs.ThedetailedplanningapproachisapplicableinanysituationwhereCCDemploymentisnecessary,butmoresowhentheplansincludeHVTs.

Step

1.Identifythethreat.Identifytheprincipalthreatsensors,weapon-deliveryplatforms,andlikelydirectionsofattack.

Step

2.Identifycriticalfacilities.IdentifycriticalHVTs.Includethosethatarecriticalfromanoperationalstandpointandthosethatmayprovidereferencepoints(cues)foranattackonmorelucrativetargets.

Step

3.Evaluatefacilities.OncethecriticalHVTsareidentified,focuseffortsonidentifyingthetargetfeaturesthatmightbeconspicuoustoanenemyRSTA.Considermultispectral(visual,thermal,NIR,radar)signaturesinthisassessment.Thesevenrecognitionfactors

(Chavter

3)areanexcellentframeworkforconductingthisassessment.Includeareviewofareamaps,siteplans,photographs,andaerialimagesofthetargetarea.

Step

4.Quantifysignatures.Quantifythemultispectralsignaturesthatareemittedbyhigh-valuefacilities.Basethequantificationonactualsurveysofcriticalfacilities,usingfacsimilesofthreatsensorswhenpossible.SpecifytheEMwavelengthsinwhichtargetsaremostvulnerable,anddevelopsignature-managementpriorities.

Step

5.EstablishCCDgoals.EstablishspecificCCDgoalsforHVTs.Thesegoalsshouldindicatethesignaturereduction(orincrease)desiredandtheresourcesavailableforCCDimplementation.Basethesegoalsontheresultsofsteps1through4.ChangetheCCDgoalsastheplanningprocessdevelopsandreiteratethemaccordingly.

Step

6.Selectmaterialsandtechniques.SelectCCDmaterialsandtechniquesthatbestaccomplishsignature-managementgoalswithinlogistical,maintenance,andresourceconstraints.Expedient,off-the-shelfmaterialsandbattlefieldby-productsarenotidentifiedinthismanual,buttheyarealwaysoptionalCCDmaterials.

Step

7.Organizetheplan.DevelopaCCDplanthatmatchesgoalswithavailablematerials,timeandmanpowerconstraints,andoperationalconsiderations.Ifthegoalsareunobtainable,repeatsteps5and6untilamanageableplanisdeveloped.

Step

8.Executetheplan.OnceafeasibleCCDplanisdeveloped,executeit.Storetemporaryorexpedientmaterialsinconspicuously.Conductdeploymenttrainingonaschedulethatdeniesenemyintelligenceteamstheopportunitytoidentifythe

countermeasuresordevelopmethodstodefeattheCCD.

Step

9.EvaluatetheCCD.ThefinalstepintheCCDplanningprocessistoevaluatethedeployedCCDmaterialsandtechniques.Importantquestionstoaskinthisevaluationincludethefollowing:

.

DoesCCDincreasethesurvivabilityofHVTs?

.

DoesdeployedCCDmeetthesignature-managementgoalsoutlinedintheplan?

.

IsdeployedCCDoperationallycompatiblewiththetreatedtarget(s)?

.

AreCCDmaterialsandtechniquesmaintainablewithinmanpowerandresourceconstraints?SECTIONII

-

FIXEDINSTALLATIONS

CONCEPT

6-5.Fixedinstallations(basecamps,AASs,CPs,warehouses,roadways,pipelines,railways,andotherlines-of-communication[LOC]facilities)providescarce,nearlyirreplaceablefunctionalsupporttogroundmaneuverforces.Thethreattothesefacilitiesisbothground-basedandaerial.TheCCDtechniquesforthetwoattacktypesdonotnecessarilychange,butthedefendermustbeawareoftheoverallimplicationsofhisCCDplan.GROUNDATTACKS6-6.Groundattacksagainstfixedinstallations(enemyoffensives,terroristattacks,andenemyspecial-forceincursions)requireconstantoperationalawarenessbythedefenders.WhilemostCCDtechniquesareconceptuallydesignedtodefendagainstanaerialattack,thesesametechniquescanaffectthetarget-acquisitioncapabilitiesofanenemy'sgroundforcestothebenefitofthedefender.SCSPP,LCSS,andnaturalvegetationprovideCCDagainstagroundattack.6-7.CCDdiscipline(light,noise,spoil)involvesprudentoperationalproceduresthatfriendlytroopsshouldobserveinanytacticalsituation,particularlyinthepresenceofhostilegroundforces.(See

Chavter

5formoreinformation.)AERIALATTACKS6-8.Fixedinstallationsaresusceptibletoaerialattacksbecauseoftheirlongresidencetimeandimmobility.However,fighter-bomberandhelicopteraircrewsfaceuniquetarget-acquisitionproblemsduetotherelativelyshorttimeavailabletolocate,identify,andlockontotargets.Fighter-bomberstypicallytravelathighspeeds,evenduring

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