1

...................................................................................................................13
........................................................................................................................................ 13
......................................................................................................................... 15

..........................................................................................................19
............................................................................................................................................... 19
.......................................................................................................................... 20

..........................................................................................................25
..................................................................................................................................... 25

.....................................................................................................................................................26
......................................................................................................................................29
..................................................................................................................................... 30

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.................................................................................................................................. 39
................................................................................................................................ 39

...................................................................................................................................................43
...................................................................................................................................................43
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............................................................................................................................................49
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...................................................................................................................................................52
.........................................................................................................................................................53
................................................................................................................................... 54

...................................................................................................................................................56
...................................................................................................................................................56
.................................................................................................................................................56
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...................................................................................................................................................60
.........................................................................................................................................61
..............................................................................................................................................61

..............................................................................................................................................62
................................................................................................................................ 63

...................................................................................................................................................64
...................................................................................................................................................64
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...................................................................................................................................................68
.........................................................................................................................................68
..............................................................................................................................................70
..............................................................................................................................................71
.............................................................................................................................. 73

..............................................................................................................................................73
.................................................................................................................................................75
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............................................................................................................................................ 78

.................................................................................................................................................79
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...................................................................................................................................................87
.........................................................................................................................................88

....................................................................................................... 89

......................................................................................................92

........................................................................................................................... 92

.....................................................................................................................................................95
.............................................................................................................. 102

if ....................................................................................................................................... 103

if/else ............................................................................................................................... 104

if/elif/else ........................................................................................................................ 105

............................................................................................................................107

while ................................................................................................................................ 108

for .................................................................................................................................... 110

break ................................................................................................................................ 111

continue........................................................................................................................... 112

pass .................................................................................................................................. 113

while/else ........................................................................................................................ 114

for/else ............................................................................................................................ 116

................................................................................................................. 117

............................................................................................................................. 119

......................................................................................................................... 119

.............................................................................................................. 122

................................................................................................................. 127

return ............................................................................................................................... 129

............................................................................................................. 130
................................................................................................................ 131
.................................................................................................................... 132
.................................................................................................................... 135

................................................................................................................ 136

...................................................................................... 138
.............................................................................................................................. 140

.................................................................................................................................................140
..........................................................................................................................................141


.......................................................................................................142
...................................................................................................................................................143
.......................................................................................................................................................145

........................................................................................................................ 153

............................................................................................................................. 158
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................................................................................................. 163

............................................................................................ 165

.................................................................................................................................... 166
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............................................................................................................................ 173
.......................................................................................................................................... 175

.............................................................................................................................. 185
................................................................................................................ 195
............................................................................................................................ 202
............................................................................................ 210

.................................................................................................... 217
int ...................................................................................................................................... 219
float ................................................................................................................................... 221
bool ................................................................................................................................... 223
str ...................................................................................................................................... 224
tuple .................................................................................................................................. 229
list ...................................................................................................................................... 231
dict..................................................................................................................................... 236
set ...................................................................................................................................... 240

..................................................................................................................... 244
.................................................................................................................... 244
......................................................................................................... 245

 10

............................................................................................ 247

........................................................................................................................ 251
..................................................................................................................... 251

...................................................................................... 253

................................................................................................................... 256
................................................................................................................. 256

................................................................................................... 258
.................................................................................................... 258

try/except ........................................................................................................................ 260

try/except/else ................................................................................................................ 265

try/except/finally ............................................................................................................. 266

try/except/else/finally ..................................................................................................... 266

raise ................................................................................................................................. 267

assert ............................................................................................................................... 268

...................................................................................... 268

 11

...................................................................................... 271

............................................................................................................................ 271

................................................................................................................................... 272

................................................................................................... 276

................................................................................................................. 283
.................................................................................................................... 286
............................................................................................................................... 287

......................................................................................................................292
............................................................................................................296
................................................................................................................................299
.......................................................................................................................................301

......................................................................................................................... 304

__dict__ ............................................................................................................................305
__doc__ ............................................................................................................................307
__slots__ ...........................................................................................................................308

......................................................................................................................... 309
. ....................................................................................................................... 311

 12

................................................................................................................................... 313
.......................................................................................................................... 315
..................................................................................................................................... 316
.............................................................................................................................. 318

............................................................................................................................... 319
.............................................................................................................. 321

.....................................................................................................................................................321
.................................................................................................................................................325

with.............................................................................................. 326

.....................................................................................................................................................326
with .............................................................................................................................................................328
with/as ........................................................................................................................................................331

............................................................................................... 333
......................................................................................... 336

 13

 14

= -

(algorithm)


(execute)

 15

Python

Python
Python 3

www.python.org Windows IDLE

(IDE) Python
IDLE Start > All Programs > Python 3 > IDLE

 16

Python File > New Window

Python 3

IDLE

IDLE
Notepad

 17

= 1000
= 900

= -

print("
", )

test.py (run) F5

 18

(interpreter)

Python

(statement)

 19

(data)

Python

(memory)
Python
1000

Python (minimal)

1000

Python

(object) 1000 1000

1000

 20

= 1000

1000
= 1000
(=) Python

(bind) (identifier)

1000

1000

_
(space)

(keyword) Python

 21

False
None
True
and
as
assert
break

class
continue
def
del
elif
else
except

finally
for
from
global
if
import
in

is
lambda
nonlocal
not
or
pass
raise

return
try
while
with
yield

NUMBER, Number, number

1000

1000

= 1000
print()
print(

)

(prompt window )

 22

print

print Python
print

= 1000
=
print()
print()

=



1000

1000

 23

= 1000
= 2000
print()

1000
= 2000
2000 1000

(garbage collection)

2000
2000
1000 1000

1000 2000

1000
2000

 24

1000 2000
2000

1000 2000

= 1000
=
= 2000
print()
print()

1000
= 2000
2000 1000

1000

2000

 25

Python

(type)

(integer)

= 1000
= 900
print()

print()

= 1000
1000

= 900
900

 26

Python 3

(arithmetic operation)
(operator) +, -, *, /, //, %, **

= 1000
= 900

print( + )
print( - )

print( * )
print( / )

print( // )

print( % )
print( ** )

 27

(addition)
+


+

(expression)

(operand) (+)

Python (=)

Python

+

(subtraction)
-

(multiplication)
*

 28

(division)
/

Python

(floor division)
//

(modulus)
%

(exponentiation)
**

**

 29

(operator precedence)

= 1000
= 900

= 300

print( + * )

+
*

(+) (*)
Python

 30

Python

= 1000
= 900

= 300

print(( + ) * )

(

+
) *


+

 31

(floating-point number)

= 1000.75
= 900.33
print()

print()

= 1000.75

1000.75

= 900.33
900.33

= 100.75
= 90.33

print( + )
print( - )

print( * )
print( / )

print( // )

 32

print( % )
print( ** )

= 100
= 90.33

print( + )
print( - )

print( * )
print( / )

print( // )

print( % )
print( ** )

(Boolean) True False

= True
= False
print()

 33

print()

= True
True
= False
False

(logical operation)

and, or, not

= True
= False
print( and )
print( or )
print(not )
print(not )

and
and
False

 34

and
True

False

or
or
True
or
True

False

not
not

False
not

True False False

True

not
not

True
False

= 176
= 0.0

 35

print(
and )
print(
or )
print(not
)
print(not )

and
and



(equivalent) True

True

or
or

True

not
not

True
False

not
not

False
True

 36

(comparison operation)

==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

= 176
= 23.31

print(
== )
print(
!= )
print(
> )
print(
< )

print(
>= )
print(
<= )

==
==


False


== Python

True

False

 37

!=
!=


True

>
>


True

<
<


False

>=
>=


True

<=
<=


False

 38

(identification)

is is not

= 176
= 23.31

print(
is )

print(
is )

print(
is not )

is

is

False

is

is

True

 39

is not
is not

True

176

23.31

None

= None
print()

= None

 40

(string)

= "
Python "

print()

= "

Python "
Python

' '

= ""
= ''
print()

print()

= "

"
" " ""
= '

'
' ' ''

 41

= '


"

"
'

print()

= '

"

'
"

" "

''' ''' """ """

= """

"""

= '''

'''

print()
print()

""" """
''' '''

 42

Tab, Backspace, Enter

= """\t
\n\t
"""

print()

= """
\t
\n
\t
"""

\t (Tab) \n

\t \n

\b

Backspace

\r

Enter

\"

"

\'

'

\b

\
R r

= R"

c:\n\"

 43

print()

"
= R"
c:\n\

\n

R \n

(concatenation)

= "\t"

= " "
print( + )

(repetition)

 44

= "\t"
print( * 3)

* 3

(container)

(element)
(index)

-1
Python P, y, t, h, o, n 5
P n
-1 -6

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

 45

(sequence)

(indexing)

[ ]

= ""
print([5])

print([-3])
print(
[0])

[5]
5

[-3]
-3

0
[0]

 46

(slicing)

[:] [::]

= " "
print([3:30])
print([:30])
print([3:])
print([:])
print([3:30:2])

[3:30]

3 29

[:30]

0 29

[3:]

3

 47

[:]


[3:30:2]

3 29

[:]

-1

[:]

0 -1

[:]

[:]

[::]

-1 -1

 48

= ""

= ""
print( and )
print( or )
print(not )

print(not )

= ""

(space)

and

and
False

or
or

False

 49

not
not

False

True

not
not

True

False

= " "

= " "
print( == )
print( != )
print( > )
print( < )
print( >= )
print( <= )

 50

==

False

!=

True

>

True

(lexicographically)

 51

<

False

>=

True

<=

False

= ""

= "
"

print( is )

print( is not )

 52

is


False

is not

True

(membership)

in not in

= ""
= ""

print( in )

print( not in )

in
in

 53

True

not in
not in

False

(comment)

= ""
= ""

print( in ) #

 54

(tuple)

0 -1

= (100, 1.5, '', True)

print()

= (100, 1.5, '

', True)

100

1.5

True

 55

= 100, 1.5, '', True

print()

= 100, 1.5, '

', True

= (1000,)
= (1000)
print()
print()

= (1000,)

= (1000)

 56

= (100, 1.5, "", True)
= (200, 3.14, False)

print( + )

= (100, 1.5, "", True)
print(
* 3)

* 3

3

 57

= ()
= (100, 1.5, "", True)
print( and )
print( or )
print(not )
print(not )

and

and

False

or

or

False

not
not

False

True

 58

not
not

True

False

= (200, 0.35, 20, 73)

= (100, 1.5, 400, 3.14)

print( == )
print( != )
print( > )
print( < )

print( >= )
print( <= )

 59

==


False

!=


True

>


True

<


False

>=


True

 60

<=


False

= (200, 0.35, 20, 73)
= 73

print( in
)

print( not in )

in


True

not in

False

 61

= (200, 0.35, 20, 73)

= (100, 1.5, 400, 3.14)

print( is )

print( is not )

is


False

is not


True

= (200, 0.35, 20, 73)
print([2])

 62

[2]

2

= (100, 10.5, " ", True, 200, "", False)
print(
[1:7])
print(
[1:])
print([:7])
print([:])

print(
[1:7:2])

[1:7]

1 6

[1:]
1

[:7]
6

 63

[:]


[1:7:2]


1 6

(list)

-1

= [100, 10.5, "", True]
print(
)

= [100, 10.5, "

", True]

100

1.5

True

 64

= [100, 10.5, "", True]
= [200, False, 3.14]

print( + )

= [100, 10.5, "", True]

print( * 3)

* 3
3

= [100, 10.5, "", True]

 65

= [ ]
print(
and )
print( or )
print(not )
print(not )

and

and
True

or

or
True

not
not

True

False

not
not

False

True

 66

= [100, 10.5, 300, 0.33]
= [200, 0.5, 50 ]

print( == )
print( != )
print( > )
print( < )

print( >= )
print( <= )

==

False

 67

!=

False

>

False

<

True

>=

False

<=

True

 68

= [100, 1.5, " ", True]
= " "

print( in
)

print( not in
)

in

True

not in



False

= [100, 1.5, " ", True]
=

= [100, 1.5, " ", True]

print( is )

 69

print( is )

print( is not )

is


True

is


False

is not


True

 70

= [100, 1.5, "", True]
print([-2])

[-2] = " "

print(
)

[-2]
-2

[-2] = ""
-2

Python

(mutable)
(immutable)

 71

= [100, 1.5, "", True, 200, 3.5, " ", ""]

print([1:7])
print(
[1:])
print(
[:7])
print([:])

print([1:7:2])

[1:7]

1 6

[1:]

[:7]

0 6

[:]

 72

[1:7:2]

1 6

= [100, 1.5, "", True, 200, 3.5, " ", ""]

[1:7] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
print(
)

[1:7] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

1 6 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

= [100, 1.5, "", True, 200, 3.5, " ", ""]

[1:7] = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
print()

[1:7] = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

 73

(dictionary)

= {"":" ", "":"", " ":35, "":""}

print()

= {"":"", "

":"", "":35, "":""}

(item)

: (key)
(value)

= {"":" ", "":"", " ":35, "":""}

print( [""])
print([" "])

 74

["

"]
"

"

[""]

""

= {"":" ", "":"", " ":35, "":""}

[""] = ""
print()

["

"] = ""
"

"

= {"":" ", "":"", " ":35, "":""}

[""] = ""
print( )

 75

[" "] = " "

= {"":" ", "":"", " ":35, "":""}

= { }

print( and )
print( or )
print(not )

print(not )

and

and

True

or

or

True

 76

not
not

True

False

not
not

False

True

= {"":" ", "":"", " ":35, "":""}

= {"":" ", "":"", " ":35, "":""}

print( == )
print( != )

==

True

 77

!=

False

== !=

= {"":" ", "":"", " ":35, "":""}

= {"":" ", "":"", " ":35, "":""}

print( is )

print( is not )

is

False

is not

 78

True

= {"":" ", "":"", " ":35, "":""}

= ""

print( in )

print( not in )

in

True

not in

False

 79

(set)

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}
print(

= {"" , "", "", "" , "", "" , ""}

(differentiation)

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}
= {" ", ""}

 80

print()

(union)

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}
= {2009, 2008}

|
print( )

 81

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}

= {2009, 2008, " ", ""}
=

|
print( )

 82

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", "", "" }
= ["" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", "", "" ]
print(

)
print( )

= {"" , "", "", "" , "", "" , "", "" }

= ["" , "", "", "" , "", "" , "", "" ]

(intersection)

&

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}

 83

= {2009, 2008, " ", ""}
=

&
print( )

&

(symmetric difference)

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}

= {2009, 2008, " ", ""}
=

^
print( )

 84

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}
= set()

print(

and )
print(

or )
print(not

)
print(not )

= set()

set()
{} {}

and
and

True

or
or

True

 85

not
not

True

False

not
not

False

True

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}
= {" ", "" }

print(

== )
print(

!= )
print(

> )
print(

< )

print(

>= )
print(

<= )

 86

==

False

!=

True

>

(superset)
True

<

(subset)
False

 87

>=

True

<=

False

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}
= ""

print( in

print( not in

 88

in

True

not in

False

= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}
= {"" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", ""}
print(

is )

print(

is not )

is

False

 89

is not

True

= ("" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", "")

= ["
", "", ""]

= {"":" ", " ":"", " ":35, "":""}

= {100, 1.754, 16}

= (
, )

, ,

= [
, ]

, ,

= {1:
3:, 4: }

, 2:,
= {

}
print()

print()
print( )
print()

 90

)
= (
, ,

]
= [
, ,

}
= {1:
, 3: , 4:

, 2:

1, 2, 3, 4
= {

= ("" , "", " ", "", " ", " ", "")

 91

= ["
", "", ""]

= {"":" ", " ":"", " ":35, "":""}

= {100, 1.754, 16}

= (
, )

, ,

= [
, ]

, ,

= {1:
3: , 4: }

, 2:,
print([1][-1])

print([2][" "])
print( [3][" "])
print([1][-1])

-1 1

print([2][""])

2
print([3][""])

 92

Python

(assignment statement) =





= 1000
print( )

= 1000
1000


, , = 1000, 900, 100
print()

print()

print( )

 93

,
, = 1000, 900, 100 , ,
1000, 900, 100
, ,
1000, 900, 100 (, , )
(1000, 900, 100) , , = 1000, 900, 100
( , , ) = (1000, 900, 100)
, , = 1000, 900, 100

[, , ] = [1000, 900, 100]
(
, , ) = [30, 15, 10]

[ , , ] = (" ", "", 35)

print()
print()

print( )

[
,
, ] = [1000, 900, 100]
[
,
, ] [1000, 900,
100]

 94

) = [30, 15, 10]

(
, ,
) [30, 15, 10]
(
, ,
[, , ] = ("", "", 35)
[, , ] ("", "", 35)

= 173.5
= 200

, = ,

print(
)
print()

, = ,





= = = 1000
print()
print()

print( )

 95

= = = 1000
1000

1000

Python
= 1000
= + 1
print()

1
=
+ 1

1000

1000
1001

 96

(augmented assignment)

= 1000
+= 1
print()

+= 1
1

(+)

= 1000

 97

+= 2
-= 2
*= 2
/= 2
//= 2
%= 2
**= 2

+= 2
2

-= 2
2

*= 2
2

/= 2
2

//= 2
2

%= 2

2

 98

**= 2

2


= ""

+= "\t"
print(
)
*= 3

print()

\t"
+= "



*= 3


3


= (100, 1.5, " ")
+= (50, 4, True)
print()
*= 3
print()

+= (50, 4, True)

 99

*= 3


3


= [100, 1.5, " "]
+= [50, 4, True]
print()
*= 3
print()

+= [50, 4, True]



*= 3


3

= [100, 1.5, " "]
= + [50, 4, True]
print()

 100

= * 3
print()

= + [50, 4, True]



= * 3


3


= {100, 1.5, " "}
-= {50, 4, True}
print()

|= {50, 4, True}
print()

&= {50, 4, True}

print()

^= {50, 4, True}
print()

-= {50, 4, True}

{50, 4, True}

 101

|= {50, 4, True}

{50, 4, True}
&= {50, 4, True}

{50, 4, True}
^= {50, 4, True}

{50, 4, True}

= {100, 1.5, " "}

= - {50, 4, True}
print()

= | {50, 4, True}
print()

= & {50, 4, True}

print()

= ^ {50, 4, True}
print()

=
- {50, 4, True}

{50, 4, True}

 102

=
| {50, 4, True}

{50, 4, True}
=
& {50, 4, True}

{50, 4, True}
=
^ {50, 4, True}

{50, 4, True}

= 150
= 23

= 15
=
* *
print()

* *

 103

if
if


True True
= 1000
= 900

if > :

= -

print( )

if
if

>
:

>
True

1000

900
>
True

(:)

True

if

(block)
if

if

if

True

 104

True

= 900
= 900

if > :

= -

print( )

if
if

>
:

>
True

900 900

>
False

if

if/else
if/else


if

else True
True

False False

if

else

= 1000

 105

= 900

if > :

= -

print( )
else :

print("

")

print("
")

if
if

>
:

else
>

True
else :
else

if

else
>

False
1000 900

>
True

if

else

if/elif/else
if/elif/else


if
elif

if elif

True True

 106

True True

else
a = 15
b = 15
if a < b :
print("a b")
print("

if ")

elif a == b :

print("a b")

print("

elif ")

elif a < b < 100 :

print("a < b < 100")

print("

elif ")

else :

print("
True ")

print("

else ")

if a < b :

a < b True
if a == b :

a == b True
if a < b < 100 :

a < b < 100 True

 107

else :

True
a 15 b 15 a == b
True

elif

elif

if/elif/else

if/else
= 1000
= 900

= "" if ( - > 0) else ""

print()

= " " if (
-
> 0) else ""

(
-
> 0) True

 108

1000 900
( - > 0) True

while
while

True True

a=0
while a < 10 :
print("

while ", a + 1)
print(" a ", a)
a += 1
print()
while a < 10 :

a < 10 True
a 0
a < 10 True

while

 109

a 1

while
a < 10

True

while

a < 10
True a 10

while 10 a

10
a += 1 a

1 a 10
a < 10 False

while

while

while
True

True

while
a=0
while a < 10 :

print("

while ", a + 1)
print(" a ", a)
print()

 110

infinite loop

while a

a < 10 True

while

a < 10

False

for
for

for

= [100, 1.5, " ", True]

= 0
for in :

print(" ", , "",

)
+= 1

for in :

for

 111

for

for 4

for

for

= {"":" ", " ":"", " ":35, "":""}

for in :

print(" ", , "", [])

for in :
for

for

break
break


while for

= {"":" ", " ":"", " ":35, "":""}

b=0
for in :
b += 1
if b == 3 :

 112

break
print(" ", , "", )

while True :
b += 1

print("b ",
b)

if b == 10 :
break

break


for

b 3

b 3

for

break


while b

10

continue
continue


while

for

= [100, 1.5, " ", True, 200, ""]

b=0
for in :
b += 1
if b == 4 :
continue

print(" ", b -1, " ",

)

while b < 10 :
b += 1

 113

if b == 7 :
continue
print("b ",
b)

continue


for

b 4 b 4

continue

for

continue


while

b 7 b 7

continue

while

pass
pass

print("

")

if True :
pass

print("

")

pass

if

pass

 114

while/else
while/else


while
True True

break

else

while
break

else

a=0
while a < 10 :
print("a ", a)
a += 1
if a == 11 :
break
else :

print("

while
break ")

while a < 10 :
while

a < 10 False
break
else :
else

while

break

 115

while

break

else

else

while
while

False False

a=0

while a > 10 :
print("a ", a)
a += 1
if a == 11 :
break
else :

print("

while
break ")

while a > 10 :
while

a > 10 False
break
else :
else

while

break

while
a > 10 False

 116

a 0 a > 10 False

while

else

for/else
for/else

for

break

else

for
break

else
= [100, 1.5, " ", True]
b=0
for in :

print(" ", b, "",

)
b += 1

if == 11 :

break
else :

print("

for
break ")

for in :
for

for

 117

else :
else

for
break

for
break

else

while for

(loop)

= [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

= [1.5, 2.33, 3.17, 4.32]

= 0

for x in :

print(" ", , "", x)

= 0

for y in :

print("\t ", , "",

y)
+= 1

+= 1

 118

:
for x in
for
:
for y in
for

for

for

1
1*4

 119

(function)

def () :
= 1000
= 900

= -

print( )

def () :
def

def

def

def

(function header)

(function body)

Python

 120

def

= 1000

= 900
= -

print()

def () :
= 1000
= 900

= -

print( )

= 1.33

 121

print( )

= 1.33

1.33

def () :
= 1000
= 900

= -

print( )

= =
print( )
print()

print( )

= =

 122

= 1000
= 900
= -

print()

def () :
= 1000
= 900

= -

print( )
()

()

(calling a

 123

function)

def () :
= 1000
= 900

= -

print( )
()
()
()

 124

def () :
= 1000
= 900

= -

print( )

= =
()

()
()

()

()

()

 125

def () :
= 1000
= 900

= -

print( )

def () :

print(" ")
()

()

()


()

def () :

 126

print(" ")
()

def () :

= -

print( )
= 1000
= 900

()

()

=

-

 127

()

def (, ) :
= -

 128

print(" ",
)
(1000, 900)
def (

,
) :

(parameter)

(1000, 900)
1000 900

1000 900

(argument)

 129

1000

900

def (, ) :
(1000, 900) =

= -

print(, )

return
return



def (, ) :
= -

return

= (1000, 900)
print( )

return
return

 130

= (1000, 900)

1000 900

100

return

None

def (, ) :
= -

= (1000, 900)
print( )

= (1000, 900)

return

None

(positional argument)

 131

def (, ) :
= -

print(" ",
)
(1000, 900)

(1000, 900)
1000
900

(keyword argument)

def (, ) :
= -

print(" ",
)
(=900, =1000)

 132

1000)
(
=900,
=
900
1000

(default argument)

def (=0, =0) :

= -

print(" ",
)
()

(1000)

(=900)
(1000, 900)

 133

def (

=0,
=0) :

()

(1000)

0

(
=900)

0
(1000, 900)

 134

def (
=0,
=0) :

=0
=0

def (=0, =0) :

= -

print(" ",
)
(=1000, =900)
def (

=0,
=0) :

(
=1000,
=900)

 135

(unpacking argument)

= [1000, 900]

def (=0, =0) :

= -

print(" ", )
(*)

(*)

(*)

= {"":1000, "":900}

def (=0, =0) :

= -

 136

print(" ",
)
(**)

(**
)

(**)

(collecting arguments)

def ( *) :
print()

( 1000, 900)
def ( *) :

 137

(*)

( 1000, 900)

def ( **) :
print()

( =1000, =900)
def ( **

) :

(**)

(
=1000,
=900)

 138

def ( , *, **) :
print( )
print()
print()
(100, 1000, 900, =1000, =900)
def ( , *, **

) :

 139

Python

(100, 1000, 900,

=1000,
=900)

Python

= [2000, 1500]
= {"":1000, "":900}

def (, ,
, =0, =0) :
print()

print( )

print(
)
print()
print()

 140

(10000, *, **)

( 10000, *, **
)
10000 *
**

Python

(scope)

(global scope)

= [2000, 1500]

def (=0, =0) :

= -

print(" ",
)
(*)

 141

= [2000, 1500]

(local scope)

def (=0, =0) :
= [2000, 1500]
= [0]
= [1]

= -

print(" ",
)
()

= [2000, 1500]

 142

(nested scope)

(enclosing scope)

def ()
:

= [2000, 1500]

print("
",

)
def
() :

= {"":1000, "":900}

print("
", )

()
()

= [2000, 1500]

= {"
":1000, "
":900}

 143

def () :
= 1000
= 900

= -

return

= ()
print()

= ()

(build-in scope)

(build-in object)

 144

 145

Python

 146

= ""
def () :

= "

def () :

"

= "
"

print(" ", )

print("
", )

print("
",
)

()
()

print("

", )

print("

", )

 147

print("

",


)

= ""
def () :

= "

print(
)
def () :

"

= "
"

()
()

print()

 148

print(


)

print()

object = 1000

print(" object ",

object)

def () :

object = True
print("
object ",
object)

def () :

object = ""
print("
object ", object)

()
()

object = 1000
object
object = True
object

 149

object =
object

object

print("

, object)

object "

object

Python object

print("

object ", object)

object

Python object

print("

object ", object)

object

Python object

 150

global

object = 1000

object1 = [210, False, " "]

def () :

global object
object = True
def () :
global object1
object1 = ""
()

()

print(" object
", object)

print(" object1 ",

object1)
global object
global object

global object1
global object1

 151

global

object = [210, False, " "]
def () :

object[0] = True
def () :

object[1] = ""

()
()

print(" object
", object)
object[0] = True
object

0
object[1] = ""
object

 152

nonlocal
def () :

object = 1000
def () :

nonlocal object
object = ""

()

print(" object ",

object)
()
nonlocal object
nonlocal object

def (, ) :
= -

return

def (, ) :

= + + (=, =)

print()

 153

(1000, 900)

(
=
,
=
)

Python

(built-in function)

abs()
abs()->

a = -136

 154

print("

a ", abs(a))

divmod()
divmod(, ) -> (, )

a = 10.5
b = 3.14
print(divmod(a, b))

input()
input([prompt])->

= input(" ")
print()

len()
len()->

= [100, 1.5, " ", True]

= {"":" ", " ":35, "":""}

print(len())
print(len())

 155

max()
max()->
max(a, b, c)->

= [100, 1.5, 3.14, 1000]

= {"":" ", " ":35, "":""}

print(max())
print(max())
print(max(1, 0.5, 15))

min()
min()->
min(a, b, c)->

= [100, 1.5, 3.14, 1000]

= {"":" ", " ":35, "":""}

print(min())
print(min())
print(min(1, 0.5, 15))

pow()

 156

pow(, )->

**
print(pow(3, 3))

print()
print(, , )

print(100, " ", True)

round()
round()->

= 1000.33
print(round())

sorted()
sorted()->

= [100, 0.5, 1.34, 200]

= {"c":100, "b":"Python", "a":True}

 157

print(sorted())

print(sorted())

sum()
sum()->


= (100, 0.5, 1.34, 200)

= {1:100, 2:"Python", 3:True}

print(sum())

print(sum())

 158

(class)

class () :
= 3.14

def (,
, ) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
class ( ) :
class

 159

(class

attribute)

(method) (data attribute)

= 3.14

def (,
, ) :
=
*

print( , )

class () :
= 3.14

def (,
, ) :

 160

=
*

print(" ",
)
help()
help()

class () :
= 3.14

def (,
, ) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
= 1000
print()

= 1000

1000

 161

class () :
= 3.14

def (,
, ) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
surface = area =
print(surface)
print(area)
print()
surface = area =
surface area

(calling a class)

class () :
= 3.14

def (,
, ) :
=
*

 162

print(" ",
)
= ()
print()

= ( )

print(

)

(instance)

(instantiation)

class () :
= 3.14

def (,
, ) :
=
*

print(" ",
)

 163

= ()
= ()

= ()
print()
print()

print()

= ( )

= ( )

= ( )

class () :
= 3.14

def (,
, ) :

 164

=
*

print(" ",
)
= ()
print(.)
print(.)

. (, 25, 5)
. (25, 5)
print(. )

print(.)

.

(, 25, 5)

25 5

.

(25, 5)

 165

, ) :
def (
S = * * 3.14

", S)
print("

= [25, 5]

class () :
= 3.14

def (,
, ) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
. =
.
=

help()

 166

.

=

.
=

(constructor) __init__ ( _
init) Python

__init__

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

print("")

def (,
, ) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
= ()

 167

def __init__() :
__init__

= ( )
__init__

n + 1

 168

self

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

print("")

def (,
, ) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
= ()

. (25, 5)
def __init__() :

def

(,
, ) :

 169

= ( )

.
(25, 5)

25 5

 170

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

print("")

def (,
, ) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
= ()

. (, 25, 5)
. (True, 25, 5)

.
(, 25, 5)

25 5

.
(True, 25, 5)
True
25 5

 171

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

print("")

def (,
, ) :
=
*

return

def (,
, ) :
print(" ", .)

print(" ",
, ))
. (
= ()

.(25, 5)

.
(
, )

 172

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(,
, ) :

.(
, )

def (,
, ) :
=
*

return

def (,
, ) :
print(" ", .)

print(" ",
, ))
. (
= (25, 5)
def __init__(,

, ) :

 173

= ( 25, 5)

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(,
, ) :

.(
, )

def (,
, ) :
=
*

return

def (,
, ) :
print(" ", .)

print(" ",
, ))
. (
= (25, 5)
print(.)

 174

print(" ", .)

print(. )

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(,
, ) :

.(
, )

def (,
, ) :
=
*

return

def (,
, ) :
print(" ", .)

print(" ",
, ))
. (
. = 3.1415

print("
",
.)

 175

. = 3.1415

3.14 3.1415

Python

 176

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

print("")

def (,
, ) :
=
*

return

= ()

.
= 25
. = 5

print(.
)
print(.)

.
25
= 25

. = 5
5

print(.

)

print(.)

 177

(instance attribute)

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(,
, ) :
.
=

. =

def (,
, ) :
=
*

return

= (25, 5)
print(.
)
print(.)

.


=

 178

. =


= ( 25, 5)

25
5

__init__

class () :

 179

= 3.14

def __init__(,
, ) :
.
=

. =

def
) :
(,
.
=

def (,
, ) :
=
*

return

= (25, 5)

.
(50)
. = 10

print(.
)
print(.)

.


=


.
(50)
50

50

 180

. = 10

10

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(, ) :
. =

def (,
, ) :
=
*

return

= (3.1415)

= (3.141592)
print(.)
print(.)

= 3.14

 181

def __init__(, ) :

. =


= ( 3.1415)

3.1415
3.1415

. =

3.1415

 182

. =

3.1415

= ( 3.141592)

. =

3.141592

 183

3.1415

3.141592

print(.)

Python

print(.)

Python

3.14

 184

3.1415

3.141592

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

print("")

def (,
, ) :
=
*

return

= ()
. = 3.1415
print(.)
print(.)

 185

. = 3.1415

(inheritance)

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

print(" ")

def () :

 186

print("")
class () :
def (,
=0, =0) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
class () :

(superclass)
(subclass)

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

 187

print(" ")
def () :
print("")

class () :
def (,
=0, =0) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
= ()
print( .)

. ()
.()

= ()

__init__

print(.)

 188

.
()

. ()

 189

...

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

print(" ")

def () :
print("")

class () :
def (,
=0, =0) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
class ( ) :

def (

, , ) :
= * / 2

print("
",

)
class () :

 190

class () :

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

print(" ")

def () :
print("")

class () :

 191

def (,
=0, =0) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
class (
) :

def (

, , ) :
= * / 2

print("", )
= ()

.(25,
5)

. (25, 5)
print(.)

= ()

__init__

. (25, 5)

 192

.
(25, 5)

 193

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__() :

print(" ")

def () :
print("")

class () :
def (,
=0, =0) :
=
*

print(" ",
)
class (
) :

def (, , ) :
= * / 2

print("
",

)
= ()

.(25, 5)

.(

, 25, 5)

 194

. (25, 5)

. (, 25, 5)

 195

. (25, 5)

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(, *)
:

 196

.
=

def () :
print("")

class () :
def __init__(,
, ) :
.
=

. =
def () :

= .
* .

print(" ",
)
class (
) :

def __init__(, , ) :
. =

. =
def () :

= . * . / 2

print("", )

= (25,
5)

= (25, 5)
.
()

.()

 197

= (25, 5)

25 5

__init__

= (25, 5)

25 5

__init__

. ()

 198

. ()

(override)
(overriding method)

(overridden method)

 199

(polymorphism)
(OOP)

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

class () :
def __init__(,
, ) :
super().__init__(
, )

def () :

= super().()

= [0]
* [1]

return

class ( ) :

 200

def __init__(, , ) :
super().__init__(, )

def () :

= super().() / 2

print("
",

)
= (25, 5)
.
()

super().__init__(
, )

= super(). ()

)
super().__init__(,

 201

= super(). () / 2

= (25, 5)









.
()

 202

(multiple inheritance)

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

class () :
= 3.1415

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

 203

class (
, ) :

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

= .[0]
* .[1]
*6

print("
",

)
def () :

* .[1]
* .[2]

= .[0]

print("

", )

class (
, ) :

 204

 205

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

class () :
= 3.1415

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

class (
, ) :

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

 206

def () :

= .[0]
* .[1]
*6

print("", )
def () :

* .[1]
* .[2]

= .[0]

print("

", )

5, 10)
= (25,

.
()

.()

print(.)

, 5, 10)
= (25

__init__

.
()

 207

.()

print(.)

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

class () :

 208

= 3.1415

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

class (, ) :

def __init__(,
, , ) :
super().__init__(
, )

.__init__(,
, , )
def () :

= super().()

=
[0] *
[1] * 6

print("
",

)
def () :

= super().()

* [1]
* [2]

= [0]

print("

", )

5, 10)
= (25,

.
()

.()

 209

super().__init__(
, )

)
.__init__(,
, ,

= super(). ()

= super().()

, 5, 10)
= (25

 210

. ()

.()

(diamond shape)

class () :
pi = 180

 211

def (, ) :
print()

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

class () :
pi = 3.1415

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

class (
, ) :

def __init__(,
, , ) :
.__init__(,
, )

.__init__(,
, , )
def () :

= .()

=
[0] *
[1] * 6

 212

print("
",

)
def () :

= .()

* [1]
* [2]

= [0]

print("

", )

 213

 214

class () :
pi = 180

def (, ) :
print()

class () :
= 3.14

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

class () :
pi = 3.1415

def __init__(, *)
:

.
=

def () :

return .

class (
, ) :

def __init__(,
, , ) :
.__init__(,
, )

 215

.__init__(,
, , )
def () :

= .()

=
[0] *
[1] * 6

print("
",

)
def () :

= .()

* [1]
* [2]

= [0]

print("

", )

= (25, 5, 10)
.
()

.()

print(.pi)

, 5, 10)
= (25

__init__

.
()

 216

.()

print(.
pi) pi

pi

pi

 217

(built-in type)

= 1000
= 800.5
= True

= ""

= (100, 1.33, "", True)

= [2.5, 300, "", False]
= {"":1000, "":900}
= {3.5, True, ""}
print(type())

print(type())
print(type())
print(type())

print(type())

 218

print(type())
print(type( ))
print(type())

print(type(

))

int
print(type(

))

float
print(type())

bool

print(type())

str

print(type())

tuple

 219

print(type())

list
print(type())

list
print(type())

dict

))
print(type(

set

int
int

int
= int(1000)
= int(800.5)
print()

 220

print()

= int(1000) int
1000

= int(800.5) int
800

int

int

(convert)

int

= int(1000.33)
= int("800")
print()

print()

= int(1000.33) int 1000.33

1000

= int("800") int "800"

800

 221

int

int
help(int)
help(int)
int

int _

float

float float

= float(1000.33)
= float(800)
print()

print()

 222

= float(1000.33) float
1000.33

= float(800) float
800.0

float

float
= float(1000)
= float("800")
print()

print()

= float(1000) float
1000 1000.0

= float("800") float "800"

800.0
float
help(float)
help(float)
float

 223

int float
_

bool
bool
bool

print(bool(0))
print(bool(1.5))
print(bool("
Python"))

print(bool([ ]))

print(bool(0))

bool

0
print(bool(1.5))

bool

1.5
print(bool("

Python"))

bool "
Python"

 224

print(bool([ ]))

bool

False

True

bool

str
str

" " ' '

str

= str("")
print()

")
= str("
str

 225

str

str
str

= str(1000)
= str(800.33)
print()

print()

= str(1000) str
1000 1000

= str(800.33) str
800.33 800.33
str

_
_ _

capitalize()

 226

= str("python")

=
.capitalize()
print()

=
.capitalize() capitalize

str

center()

= str("python")

= .center(60, "~")
print()

= .center(60, "~") center

str
~

count()

= str(" ")

= .count("")

 227

print()

= .count("") count

str
format()

= str("{0} {}")

=
.format("", =1000)
print()

=
",
=1000) format
.format("

{0} {}

index()

= str(" ")

= .index(" ")
print()

 228

= .index("")
index

join()


= str("")
= .join(["
",
" Python"])
print()

= .join(["
", " Python"]) join

Python

replace()

= str("")

"")
= .replace("",
print()

", "") replace

= .replace("

 229

upper()

=str("programming in python")
= .upper()
print()

= .upper() upper

tuple
tuple
tuple

= tuple("Python")

= tuple([100, 1.5, True])

= tuple({'A':100, 'B':1.5, 'C':True})

= tuple({100, False, 200})

print()

print()

print()
print()

 230

= tuple("Python") tuple
Python
= tuple([100, 1.5, True]) tuple
[100, 1.5, True]
= tuple({'A':100, 'B':1.5, 'C':True}) tuple

{'A':100, 'B':1.5, 'C':True}

= tuple({100, False, 200}) tuple

{100, False, 200}
tuple

count()

= (100, 1.5, " ", 100, '')

= .count(100)
print( )

= .count(100) count

100

index(..)

 231

= (100, 1.5, " ", 100, '')

= .index('')
print()

= .index('
' ) index

list
list
list

= list("Python")

= list((100, 1.5, True))

= list({'A':100, 'B':1.5, 'C':True})

= list({100, False, 200})

print()

print()

print()

print()

 232

= list("Python") list
Python
= list((100, 1.5, True)) list
(100, 1.5, True)
= list({'A':100, 'B':1.5, 'C':True}) list

{'A':100, 'B':1.5, 'C':True}

= list({100, False, 200}) list

{100, False, 200}
list

append()

= list([100, True, " ", 3.5])

.append("")
print()

.append("
") append
""

count()

 233

= list([100, True, " ", 3.5, 100])

= .count(100)
print( )

= .count(100) count

100

extend()

= list([100, True, " ", 3.5, 100])

.extend(["", "", False])
print()

.extend(["
", "
", False]) extend

index()

= list([100, True, " ", 3.5, 100])

 234

= .index(" ")
print()

= .index(" ") index

insert()

= list([100, True, " ", 3.5, 100])

.insert(2, "")
print()

.insert(2, "
") insert
2

pop()

= list([100, True, " ", 3.5, 100])

= .pop(2)
print( )
print()

 235

= .pop(2) pop
2

remove()

= list([100, True, " ", 3.5, 100])

.remove(" ")
print()

.remove(" ") remove

reverse()

= list([100, True, " ", 3.5])

.reverse()
print()

.reverse() reverse

sort()

 236

= list([100, 76, 23, 3.5])

.sort()
print()

.sort() sort

dict

dict

dict

= dict({"":1000, "":900, " ":100})

= dict([("", 1000), ("", 900), (" ", 100)])

= dict(=1000, =900, =100)
print( )

print( )

print( )

= dict({"
":1000, "
":900, " ":100})
dict

 237

= dict([("
" , 1000), ("
", 900), (" ", 100)])
dict

= dict(
=1000,
=900, =100)
dict
dict

dict
dict

clear()

= dict({"":1000, "":900, " ":100})

.clear()
print()

. clear() clear

copy()

 238

= dict({"":1000, "":900, " ":100})

= .copy()
print()
print()

=
.copy() copy

get()

= dict({"":1000, "":900, " ":100})

= .get(" ")
print()

=
.get(" ") get

pop()

= dict({"":1000, "":900, " ":100})

= .pop(" ")
print()

 239

=
.pop(" ") pop

popitem()

= dict({"":1000, "":900, " ":100})

= .popitem()
print()

=
.popitem() popitem

update()

= dict({"":1000, "":900, " ":100})

.update({"":2000, "":800, " ":1200, " ":50})

print()

. update({"
" :2000, "
":800, " ":1200, " ":50})
update

 240

set
set
set set

= set({1000, 900, 100})

= set({"":1000, "":900, " ":100})

= set([1000, 900, 100])
= set((1000, 900, 100))
print()

print()

print()
print()

= set({1000, 900, 100})

set
= set({"

":1000, "
":900, " ":100})
set

 241

= set([1000, 900, 100])

set

= set((1000, 900, 100))

set

set

add()

= set({1000, 900, 100})

.add(" ")
print()

.add(" ") add

clear()

= set({1000, 900, 100})

 242

.clear()
print(
)

.clear() clear

copy()

= set({1000, 900, 100})

= .copy()
print()
print()

=
.copy() copy

discard()

= set({1000, 900, 100})

.discard(100)
print(
)

.discard(100) discard
100

 243

pop()

= set({1000, 900, 100})

= .pop()
print( )

.pop() pop
=

remove()

= set({1000, 900, 100})
.remove(900)
print(
)

.remove(900) remove

900

 244

Python module

module
Python

Python
.py module

pi = 3.14

) :
def (

S = * * pi

return S
class () :

def __init__() :

print(" ")

def () :

 245

print("")
def () :
print("")

khmer.py Python
khmer

Python
Python

khmer

import

import khmer

 246

import khmer
import khmer

khmer

khmer

.pyc

khmer

khmer

khmer khmer.pyc khmer.py

(module attribute)

import khmer
help(khmer)
help(khmer)

khmer

 247

import khmer
print(khmer.pi)

print(khmer.(15))

= khmer.()

print()

print(khmer.pi)
pi

khmer

print(khmer.

(15))

khmer

= khmer.()

khmer

from khmer import pi

from khmer import

from khmer import

 248

print(pi)

print((15))
= ()
print()

from khmer import pi

from/import pi

khmer

from khmer import

from/import

khmer
from khmer import
from/import

khmer

from/import

from/import

from/import*

from khmer import*
print(pi)

print((15))
= ()
print()

 249

from khmer import*

from/import*

khmer

from/import from/import*

from khmer import*
import khmer
pi = ""
print(khmer.pi)

" pi khmer
pi = "

print(khmer.pi)

pi

khmer

pi

pi khmer

pi

khmer
pi

 250

import khmer as
= .()
print()

import khmer as khmer

= .()

khmer

from khmer import pi as

print()
from khmer import pi as
from/import/as pi

 251

(package)

__init__.py

__init__.py

Python

Python

KhmerPython

# geometry
= 3.14

def
( ) :
return * 2

class () :
def () :

 252

print("")
def () :
print("")

geometry.py
geometry
# equation
def
() :

print("
")

class ()
:

def () :

print("
")

def (
) :

print("
")

equation.py
equation
# __init__
# __init__

__init__.py
__init__

 253

geometry, equqtion, __init__

geometry, equation, __init__

KhmerPython
KhmerPython

__init__

__init__

import KhmerPython.equation
KhmerPython.equation.
()

import KhmerPython.equation equation

KhmerPython

 254

KhmerPython.equation.()

equation KhmerPython

from KhmerPython import equation

equation.
()

from KhmerPython import equation equation

KhmerPython

equation.
()

equation

from KhmerPython.equation import*

()

= ()

.()
.()

from KhmerPython.equation import*

equation KhmerPython

 255

import KhmerPython.equation as

()

= .
()

.
()

.()

import KhmerPython.equation as
equation

KhmerPython
.

()
equation

from KhmerPython.equation import

as line

line()
from KhmerPython.equation import
as line

equation KhmerPython
line

line() line

 256

(standard library)

200

Python

www.python.org

Python

import KhmerPython.equation
import sys
print(sys.path)
print(sys.path) path sys

 257

path

path

path
path

import KhmerPython.equation
import sys
print(sys.path)
sys.path.append("c:\\")
print(sys.path)
sys.path.append("c:\\") c:\

path

 258

(exception)

Python SyntaxError

print(""
prin("
" print

SyntaxError

print
SyntaxError

 259

SyntaxError

BaseException
+-- SystemExit
+-- KeyboardInterrupt
+-- GeneratorExit
+-- Exception
+-- StopIteration
+-- ArithmeticError
|
+-- FloatingPointError
|
+-- OverflowError
|
+-- ZeroDivisionError
+-- AssertionError
+-- AttributeError
+-- BufferError
+-- EnvironmentError
|
+-- IOError
|
+-- OSError
|
+-- WindowsError (Windows)
|
+-- VMSError (VMS)
+-- EOFError
+-- ImportError
+-- LookupError
|
+-- IndexError
|
+-- KeyError
+-- MemoryError
+-- NameError
|
+-- UnboundLocalError
+-- ReferenceError
+-- RuntimeError
|
+-- NotImplementedError
+-- SyntaxError
|
+-- IndentationError
|
+-- TabError
+-- SystemError
+-- TypeError
+-- ValueError
|
+-- UnicodeError
|
+-- UnicodeDecodeError
|
+-- UnicodeEncodeError
|
+-- UnicodeTranslateError
+-- Warning

 260

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--

DeprecationWarning
PendingDeprecationWarning
RuntimeWarning
SyntaxWarning
UserWarning
FutureWarning
ImportWarning
UnicodeWarning
BytesWarning

try/except
try/except


try

except

try

try :
5/0
except :
print("

")
try :

except :

try

try 5/0

5 0


except

 261

try/except


except

except
try :
5/0

print("

try ")

except :

print("

")

print("

except ")
print("

")

print("

")

except

5/0

try/except (catching

exception)

except


try/except

 262

try :
5/0

print("

try ")

except ArithmeticError :

print("

")

print("

except ")

except ArithmeticError :

try ArithmeticError
ArithmeticError

try :
5/0

print("

try ")

except ArithmeticError as :

print("

")

print("

except ")

 263

:
except ArithmeticError as

ArithmeticError

try :
5/0

print("

try ")

except (ArithmeticError, NameError) :

print("

")

print("

except ")

except (ArithmeticError, NameError) :

ArithmeticError NameError

try :
5/0

print("

try ")

except (ArithmeticError, NameError) as :

print("

")

print("

except ")

 264

:
except (ArithmeticError, NameError) as

ArithmeticError NameError

except
except

try :
5/0

print("

try ")

except (ArithmeticError, NameError) as :

print("

")

print("

except ")

except MemoryError as :

print(" MemoryError

")

:
except (ArithmeticError, NameError) as

ArithmeticError NameError

:
except MemoryError as

MemoryError

 265

try/except/else
try/except/else


try

except

try

except


else

try :
5/2

print("

try ")

except :

print("

")

print("

except ")

else :

print("
")
try :


except :

try
else :

try

5/2 2.5

try

else

 266

try/except/finally
try/except/finally


try

except

finally

try :
5/2

print("

try ")

except :

print("

")

print("

except ")

finally :

print("

finally :

")

try/except/else/finally
try/except/else/finally


try

except

else

finally

 267

try :
5/2

print("

try ")

except :

print("

")

print("

except ")

else :

print("

")

finally :

print("

")

5/2 2.5

try

else

finally

raise
raise


try :
raise SyntaxError("
")

except SyntaxError as :
print()

raise SyntaxError("
raise
")

SyntaxError

 268

SyntaxError

raise

assert
assert
AssertionError
False
= 800
= 900
try :

assert >

except AssertionError :

print("

AssertionError

")
assert
AssertionError
>

> False
800 900
>
False
AssertionError

 269

class (Exception) :
def __str__() :

return "

"

try :
raise ()

except as :
print()

( Exception) :
class
Exception

Exception



class (Exception) :
def __str__() :

return "

"

try :

 270

raise ()

except Exception as :
print()

:
except Exception as

Exception Exception

Exception
Exception

 271

(advanced feature)

(lambda)

= lambda , : -
print( (1000, 900))

= lambda
lambda
,
:
-

lambda

 272

return

def (, ) :
return -

print( (1000, 900))

= (100, True, lambda , : - )

print()

= (100, True, lambda

,
:
-
)

2

 273

(iterator) iter

= (100, " ", True)

= iter()
print()

= iter() iter
iter

next

= (100, " ", True)

= iter(
)
print(next())
print(next())
print(next())
print(next(
))
print(next())

next

 274

print(next())

next

print(next())

next

print(next())

next

StopIteration

next

iter

next

next

StopIteration

 275

for
for
iter
iter

next

next

next

iter
StopIteration

for
iter next

iter

StopIteration

= (100, " ", True)

for in
:

 276

print()
for in :
for

iter

next

next

(generator function)
yield

def () :

print("
")
yield [0] + 10

print("
")
yield [1] + 10

print("
")

yield [2] + 10

= ([1, 2, 3])
print( )

 277

def ( ) :

yield

= ( [1, 2, 3])

(generator)
next

def () :

print("
")
yield [0] + 10

print("
")
yield [1] + 10

print("
")

yield [2] + 10

= ([1, 2, 3])
print(next( ) )
print(next( ) )
print(next( ) )
print(next( ) )

 278

print(next() )

next

yield
print(next() )

next

yield
print(next() )

next

yield
print(next() )

next

StopIteration



yield

next

 279

yield

yield next

next

StopIteration

yield
return


next
yield
return

yield

yield

next

for

next

StopIteration
def () :

 280

print("
")
yield [0] + 10

print("
")
yield [1] + 10

print("
")

yield [2] + 10

for in ([1, 2, 3]) :

print()

for in ( [1, 2, 3]) :

for

next
next

StopIteration

yield

def () :
yield 1000

 281

yield ""
yield 900

yield " "

yield True
for in () :
print()

for in ( ) :
for

for

for next

(iterable object)

for next

 282

dict

= {"":1000, "":900, " ":25, " ":100}

= .items()

=
.keys()
= .values()
for in :
print()

for in :
print()

for in :
print()

=
.items() items

dict

 283

=
.keys() keys

dict

=
.values() values

dict

(list comprehension)

= [ + 10 for in (1, 2, 3)]
print()

= [ + 10 for in (1, 2, 3)]

[ + 10 for in (1, 2, 3)]

+ 10 for in (1, 2, 3)

+ 10

for

(1, 2, 3)

 284

(1, 2, 3)

+ 10

= [ ]

for in (1, 2, 3) :

. append( + 10)

print()

def () :
return + 10

= [ () for in (1, 2, 3)]

print()

= [( ) for in (1, 2, 3)]

if

 285

def () :
return + 10

= [ () for in (1, 2, 3) if != 2]
print()

= [( ) for in (1, 2, 3) if != 2]


if

(1, 2, 3)

for

def () :
return + 10

def () :

for in (1, 2, 3) :
yield

= [ () for in () if != 2]
print()

= [( ) for in ( ) if != 2]

 286

(generator expression)

= ( + 10 for in [1, 2, 3])
print( )

= ( + 10 for in [1, 2, 3])

( + 10 for in [1, 2, 3])

for
= ( + 10 for in [1, 2, 3])
for in :
print()

for in :
for

 287

for

for

for

(special method)

= 1000
= 900

= -
print( )

 288

= 1000 1000
int

__init__

= 900 900
int

__init__

=

-

__sub__ int

print( ) print

__str__
int

 289

= 1000
= 900

= int.__sub__(, )
= .__str__()
print()

= int.__sub__(

,
)

__sub__ int

= .__str__() __str__
int

class () :

def __init__(, =0) :

. =

 290

def __sub__(, ) :
= ()

. = . - .

return

def __str__() :

return str(.)

= (1000)
= (900)

= -
print( )

def __init__(, =0) :

__init__

def __sub__(
, ) : __sub__

def __str__() : __str__

print

 291

= (1000)


1000

= (900)


900

=

-

__sub__

print( ) print

__str__

 292

__add__(, )
__sub__(, )
__mul__(, )

__truediv__(, )

__floordiv__(, )
__mod__(, )
__pow__(, )

class () :

def __init__(, =0) :

. =

def __add__(, ) :
= ()

. = . + .

return

def __sub__(, ) :
= ()

. = . - .

return

 293

def __mul__(, ) :
= ()

. = . * .

return

def __truediv__(, ) :
= ()

. = . / .

return

def __floordiv__(, ) :
= ()

. = . // .

return

def __mod__(, ) :
= ()

. = . % .

return

def __pow__(, ) :
= ()

. = . ** .

return

def __str__() :

return str(.)

 294

= (1000)
= (900)
print( + )
print( - )

print( * )
print( / )

print( // )

print( % )
print( ** )

print(

+
)

__add__

print(

-
)

__sub__

print(

*
)

__mul__

 295

print(

/
)

__truediv__

print(

//
)

__floordiv__

print(

%
)

__mod__

print(

**
)

__pow__

class () :

def __init__(, =0) :

. =

def __str__() :

 296

return str(.)
= (1000)
= (900)
print( + )

print(

+
)

__add__

__lt__(, )

__le__(, )

__eq__(, )
__ne__(, )
__gt__(, )

__ge__(, )

class () :

def __init__(, =0) :

. =

 297

def __lt__(, ) :

return (. < .)

def __le__(, ) :

return (. > .)

def __eq__(, ) :

return (. == .)

def __ne__(, ) :

return (. != .)

def __gt__(, ) :

return (. > .)

def __ge__(, ) :

return (. >= .)

def __str__() :

return str(.)

= (1000)
= (900)
print( > )
print( < )

print( == )
print( != )

print( >= )

 298

print( <= )
print(

>
)

>
__gt__
print(

<
)

<
__lt__
print(

==
)

==
__eq__
print(

!=
)

!=
__ne__
print(

>=
)

>=
__ge__
print(

<=
)

<=
__le__

 299

__len__()

__getitem__(, )

__setitem__(, , )
__delitem__(, )
__iter__()

__contain__(, )

= {"":1000, "":900, " ":25}
class () :

def __init__(, =0) :

. =

def __len__() :

return len(.)

def __getitem__(, ) :
return .[ ]

def __setitem__(, , ) :
.[ ] =

def __delitem__(, ) :

 300

del .[ ]
def __iter__() :

return iter(.)

def __contains__(, ) :
return ( in .)

def __str__() :

return str(.)

= ()
print(len( ))

print( [""])

[""] = 5000
print( )

del [" "]

print( )

for in :
print()

print(" " in )

))
print(len(

len

__len__

 301

["
print(

"])

__getitem__
["

"] = 5000

__setitem__

[" "]
del
del

__delitem__
:
for in
for

__iter__

)
print(" " in

in
__contains__

 302

__call__()

__getattribute__(, )
__setattr__(, , )
__delattr__(, )
__dir__()

__del__()

class () :

def __init__(, =0) :

. =

def __call__() :

print("
")

def __getattribute__(, ) :

print("
", , "")

def __setattr__(, , ) :

print("
", , "", )

def __delattr__(, ) :

print("
", )

def __dir__() :
return [1, 2, 3]

 303

def __del__() :

print(" ")

= (1000)
()

.
del .
print(dir())
= 2000

= (1000)

. =

__setattr__

. =
__setattr__

( )
__call__

.
__getattribute__

 304

del
del
.

__delattr__

print(dir(

) )

dir

__dir__

= 2000 2000

__del__

help

class () :

def __init__(, =0) :

. =

= (1000)

 305

help()
help() help

(special attribute) _

__dict__
__dict__

class () :

def __init__(, =0) :

. =

= (1000)
print(.__dict__)
print(.__dict__)

print(.__dict__)

__dict__

__dict__

 306

print(

. __dict__)

__dict__

__dict__

__dict__

__dict__

__dict__

class () :
= 2000

def __init__(, =0) :

. =

= (1000)

print(.__dict__[""])
print(.__dict__[""])

print(. __dict__[""])

__dict__

 307

print(

. __dict__[""])

__dict__

__doc__

__doc__

class () :

"""
"""

= 2000

def __init__(, =0) :

. =

= (1000)
print(.__doc__)

"""

"""
__doc__

__doc__

 308

__doc__

def () :

"""
"""

print(" ")
print(.__doc__)

"""
"""

__doc__

__slots__

__slots__

class () :

__slots__ = ["", "", " "]

def __init__(, =0, =0, =0) :

. =

. =

. =

 309

= (1000, 900, 25)

print( .)

print( .)

print( . )
__slots__ = ["
", "
", " "]

__slots__

__slots__

class () :

def __init__(, =0) :

.__ =

def () :
print(.__)

= (1000)
.()
print(.__)

 310

.__ =
__

print(.__)

__

print(

. __)

__

_ (private

attribute)

class () :

def __init__(, =0) :

.__ =

def () :
print(.__)

= (1000)

 311

.()

print(.___)

_)
print(

. __

__

__setattr__ __getattribute__

__setattr__
__getattribute__

 312

property
(property attribute)

class () :

def (, ) :

print("
")
", , "
. =

def () :

print("
", ., "")

return .

def
() :

print("
", ., " ")
del .

= property(
,
,
)
= ()

.
= 1000
.

del .

= property(

,
,
)
property

 313

.
= 1000

1000

del .

(static method)

class () :

 314

def () :

print("")

= staticmethod()
= ()

.()

.()

= staticmethod()

staticmethod

. ()

.()

 315

(class method)

class () :

def () :

print("")

= classmethod()
= ()

.()

.()

= classmethod()

classmethod

 316

. ()

.()

(decorator)

class () :

def

(
) :

= staticmethod(
)

return

(
def

) :

= classmethod(
)

return

 317

def (, ) :
. =

def () :

print(.)

= ()

.
(1000)

.
()

.


(1000)

 318

.()

(abstract superclass)


class () :

def () :
. ()

class () :

def __init__(, , ) :
. =

. =
def () :

print(. - .)

= (1000, 900)
. ()

 319

. ()

def () :

. ()

 320

(recursion)

= 0

def () :
global
+= 1

print("
{0} ".format())
if < 10 :

()

print("
{0}".format())
-= 1

()

()

()

()

 321

= [(1, 2, 3), [4, 5, 6], {"":" ", " ":35, "":""}]

= list()

= [:]
print()
print(
)

print(
)

= list()
list

= [:]

 322

[4, 5, 6]

(1, 2, 3)

{"":"", "":35, "":""}

[

[(1, 2, 3), [4, 5, 6], {"":" ", "":35, "":""}]

]

(shallow

copy)

= [(1, 2, 3), [4, 5, 6], {"":" ", " ":35, "":""}]

= list()

= [:]
[1][1] = True

[2][""] = " "

[2][" "] = 34

 323

print()
print(
)

print(
)

[1][1] = True

1 [4, 5, 6]
1

[4, 5, 6]

[2][""] = ""

{"":"", "":35, "":""} 2

{"":"", "":35, "":""}

[2][""] = 34

{"":"", "":35, "":""} 2

{"":"", "":35, "":""}

 324

= [(1, 2, 3), [4, 5, 6], {"":" ", " ":35, "":""}]

= list()

= [:]
[1] = True

[2] = " "

[2] = 34

print()
print(
)

print(
)

[1] = True

2
[2] = ""

 325

2
[2] = 34

from copy import deepcopy as
= [(1, 2, 3), [4, 5, 6], {"":" ", " ":35, "":""}]

= ()

= ()
print()
print(
)

print(
)

from copy import deepcopy as

deepcopy
copy

copy

()
=

deepcopy copy

 326

()
=

deepcopy copy

[(1, 2, 3), [4, 5, 6], {"":" ", "":35, "":""}]

]

[(1, 2, 3), [4, 5, 6], {"":" ", "":35, "":""}]

]

[(1, 2, 3), [4, 5, 6], {"":" ", "":35, "":""}]

]

deepcopy

(deepcopy)

with

(cotext manager)

__enter__ __exit__

 327

class () :
def __enter__() :

print("
__enter__ ")

def __exit__(, , , ) :
print("
__exit__ ")

print()
print()

print()
= ()
def __enter__() : __enter__

,
,
) :
def __exit__(,

__exit__
= ()

__enter__ __exit__

 328

with

with

with

with __enter__

with __exit__

class () :
def __enter__() :

print("
__enter__ ")

def __exit__(, , , ) :
print("
__exit__ ")

print()
print()

print()
= ()
with :
print("

with ")
with :
with

 329

with

with
class

def
with
__enter__

with __exit__

None

__exit__

with


class () :
def __enter__() :

print("
__enter__ ")

return

def __exit__(, , , ) :
print("
__exit__ ")

print()
print()

print()

 330

= ()
with :
raise SyntaxError()
print("

with ")
raise SyntaxError()
SyntaxError

with

SyntaxError
__exit__

traceback __exit__

__exit__

__exit__ True

class () :
def __enter__() :

print("
__enter__ ")

return

def __exit__(, , , ) :
print("
__exit__ ")

print()

 331

print()

print()

return True

= ()
with :
raise SyntaxError()
print("

with ")
return True True __exit__

with/as

with/as

__enter__
class () :
def __enter__() :

print("
__enter__ ")

return " __enter__ "

def __exit__(, , , ) :
print("
__exit__ ")

print()
print()

 332

print()

return True

= ()
with as :

print("

with ")
print()

with as :
with/as

__enter__

 333

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....................................................... 73

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.......................... 50

 334

................................................. 119

................................... 26

......................................... 318

................................ 43

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................................................ 186

...................................... 27
.................................... 80
.................. 83

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................................ 82

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................................................ 15
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.................................. 312
.............................................. 44

 335

........................................... 73

..................................... 310

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................................... 110

.................................... 246

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...................................... 177

......................................................... 19

............................................... 244

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...................................... 143

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................................................ 86

...................................................... 19

.................................................... 14

............................................... 35

.................................... 70

............................................ 44

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................................... 281
................................... 305

................... 29

 336

Mark Lutz, Learning Python, Sebastopol : OReilly Media, 2007

Tony Gasddis, Starting Out with Python, Boston : Addison Wesley, 2008
Magnus Lie Hetland, Beginning Python : From Novice to Professional, Apress, 2005
Wesley Chun, Core Python Programming, Prentice Hall, 2006
Stef Maruch, Aahz Maruch, Python For Dummies, For Dummies, 2006
Mark Pilgrim, Dive Into Python, Apress, 2004
Michael Dawson, Python Programming for the Absolute Beginner, Course Technology,
2003
Peter C. Norton, Alex Samuel, Dave Aitel, Eric Foster-Johnson, Beginning Python,
Wrox, 2005
Dave Brueck, Stephen Tanner, Python 2.1 Bible, Wiley, 2001
Michael H Goldwasser, David Letscher, Object-Oriented Programming in Python,
Prentice Hall, 2007
Alex Martelli, Anna Ravenscroft, David Ascher, Python Cookbook, OReilly Media,
2005
Alex Martelli, Python in a Nutshell, OReilli Media, 2006
David M. Beazley, Python Essential Reference, Sams, 2006