Chng 12: 2.3.1.

KHUCH I

Nhng vn chung

a Nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i Mt ng dng quan trng nht ca tranzito l s dng n trong cc mng lm tng cng in p hay dng in ca tn hiu (m thng gi l mch khuch i). Thc cht khuych i l mt qu trnh bin i nng lng ca ngun cung cp 1 chiu (khng cha ng thng tin) c bin i thnh dng nng lng xoay chiu (c quy lut bin i mng thng tin cn thit).Ni cch khc, y l mt qu trnh gia cng x l thng tin dng analog. Hnh 2.57 a ra cu trc nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i.Phn t c bn l phn t iu khin (tranzito) c in tr thay i theo s iu khin ca in p hay dng in t ti cc iu khin baz ca n, qua iu khin quy lut bin i dng in ca mch ra bao gm tranzito v in tr RC v ti li ra v d ly gia 2 cc colect v emit, ngi ta nhn c mt in p bin thin cng quy lut vi tn hiu vo nhng ln c tng ln nhiu ln. n gin, gi thit in p vo cc iu khin c dng hnh sin. T s hnh 2.57, ta thy rng dng in v in p mch ra (t l vi dng in v in p tn hiu vo) cn phi coi nh l tng cc thnh phn xoay chiu (dng in v in p) trn nn ca thnh phn mt chiu IO v UO (h.2.57). Phi m bo sao cho bin thnh phn xoay chiu khng vt qu thnh phn mt chiu, ngha l I0 Im v U0 Um. Nu iu kin khng c tho mn th dng in mch ra trong tng khong thi gian nht nh s bng khng v s lm mo tn hiu dng ra.

Hnh 2.57: Nguyn l xy dng tng khuch i m bo cng tc cho tng khuch i mch ra ca n phi c thnh phn dng mt chiu I0 v in p mt chiu U0. Tng t, mch vo, ngoi ngun tn hiu cn khuch i, ngi ta t thm in p mt chiu UV0 (hay l dng in mt chiu Ivo). Thnh phn dng in v in p mt chiu xc nh ch tnh ca tng khuch i. Tham s ca ch tnh theo mch vo (Ivo, Uvo) v theo mch ra (Io, Uo) c trng cho trng thi ban u ca s khi khng c tn hiu vo. b Cc ch tiu v tham s c bn ca mt tng khuch i nh gi cht lng ca 1 tng khuych i, ngi ta nh ngha cc ch tiu v tham s c bn sau: H s khuch i K= i lng u ra / i lng u vo Ni chung v tng khuch i c cha cc phn t in khng nn K l mt s phc: K= K exp(j k ) Phn mun K th hin quan h v cng (bin ) gia cc i lng u ra v u vo, phn gc th hin dch pha gia chng v nhn pha k chung
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ln ca K ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hiu vo. Nu biu v k din K = f1( ) ta nhn c ng cong gi l c tnh bin - tn s ca tng khuch i. ng biu din k =f2( ) c gi l c tnh pha - tn s ca n. Thng ngi ta tnh K theo n v logarit gi l n v exiben (dB)

K (dB) = 20lg K (2-103) Khi ghp lin tip n tng khuch i vi cc h s khuch i tng ng l k1kn th h s khuch i tng cng ca b khuch i xc nh bi: K= k1,k2,,kn Hay K (dB) = (dB) + + (dB) (2-104) k1 kn

Hnh 2.58: c tuyn bin - tn s v pha ca tng khuch i c tnh bin ca tng khuch i l ng biu din quan h Ura =f3(Uvo) ly mt tn s c nh ca di tn s tn hiu Uvo. Dng in hnh ca K = f1( ) v Ura = f3(Uvo) i vi mt b khuch i in p tn s thp cho trn hnh 2.58: Tr khng li vo v li ra ca tng khuch i c nh ngha: U U Zvo= vao Zra =; ra Ivao I ra Ni chung chng l cc i lng (2-105)

phc : Z= R + jX Mo khng ng thng do tnh cht phi tuyn cc phn t nh tranzito gy ra th hin trong thnh phn tn s u ra l tn s l (khng c mt u vo). Khi Uvo ch c thnh phn tn s , Ura ni chung c cc thnh phn n (n = 0,1,2)

vi cc bin tng ng l Unm lc h s mo khng ng thng do tng khuch i gy ra c nh gi l: 1 (U2 + 2 + ... + U2 ) 2 U 2m 3m nm = U % (2-106) 1m Trn y nu mt s ch tiu quan trng nht ca 1 tng hay (mt b khuch i gm nhiu tng). Cn c vo cc ch tiu ny, ngi ta c th phn loi cc b khuch i vi cc tn gi v c im khc nhau. V d theo h s K c b khuch i in p (vi yu cu c bn l c Kumax, Zvo >> Zngun v Zra<< Zti, b khuch i cng sut (Kpmax,Zvo Zngun, Zra Zti ) hay b khuch i dng in (vi Kimax,Zvo << Zngun, Zra >> Zti ). Cng c th phn loi theo dng c tnh K = f1( ), t c cc b khuch i 1 chiu, khuch i tn s thp, b khuch i tn s cao , b khuch i chn lc tn s hoc theo cc phng php ghp tng c Cc ch lm vic c bn ca mt tng khuch i phn t khuch i (tranzito) lm vic bnh thng, tin cy mt ch xc nh cn hai iu kin c bn: Xc lp cho cc in cc baz, colect v emit ca n nhng in p 1 chiu c nh, gi l phn cc tnh cho phn t khuch i. iu ny t c nh cc phng php phn cc kiu dng hay kiu nh p nh trnh by phn 2.2.3 khi ni ti tranzito. n nh ch tnh c xc lp trong qu trnh lm vic, ch ca phn t khuch i ch hon ton ph thuc vo in p iu khin a ti li vo. iu ny thng c thc hin nh cc phng php hi tip m thch hp (s ni ti phn tip sau).
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 Khi tho mn hai iu kin trn, im lm vic tnh ca tranzito s c nh 1 v tr trn h c tuyn ra xc nh c bng cch sau: T hnh v 2.57 c phng trnh in p cho mch ra lc Uvo =0 l: UCeo= IcoRc= Ec Khi IcEc Uvo 0 (2-107) UCE +

(2-108) Phng trnh (2-107) cho ta xc nh 1

ng thng trn h c tuyn ra ca tranzito gi l ng ti 1 chiu ca tng khuch i. Phng trnh (2-108) cho xc nh ng thng th hai gi l ng ti xoay chiu c tuyn ra ng ca tng khuych i (h.2.59). im lm vic tnh P xc nh bi cc ta (Ico UCEO) hay (UCEO, UBEO) ty theo v tr ca P trn ng thng ti, ngi ta phn bit cc ch lm vic khc nhau ca mt tng khuch i nh sau:

 Nu P nm khong gia hai im M v N, trong M v N l nhng giao im ca ng thng ti vi cc ng c tuyn ra tnh ng vi cc ch ti hn ca tranzito UBEmax (hay IBmax) v UBE = 0 (hay IB = 0) trn hnh 2.59, ta ni tng khuch i lm vic ch A. Ch ny c hai c im c bn l: vng lm vic gy ra mo nh nht v hiu qu bin i nng lng ca tng khuch i l thp nht. ECC/ Rc//Rt IC mA IB ma x

M IC 0

IB 0 IB =0A N UCE V

UC0

EC C

Hnh 2.59: c tuyn ra ng (ng ti xoay chiu) ca tng khuch i (EC) v cch xc nh im lm vic tnh P Khi P dch dn v pha im N, tng khuch i s chuyn dn sang ch AB v lc P trng vi N, ta ni tng khuch i lm vic ch B. c im ch yu ca ch B l c mo ln (do mt phn tn hiu mch ra b ct lc mch vo dng IB 0) v hiu sut bin i nng lng ca tng tng i cao (v dng tnh nh). khi P nm ngoi N v ln cn di M, ta ni tng khuch i lm vic ch kha vi hai trng thi ti hn phn bit ca tranzito: m bo ha (lc P nm gn M) hay kha dng (lc P
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nm di N). Ch ny thng s dng cc mch xung d - Hi tip trong cc tng khuch i Hi tip l thc hin vic truyn tn hiu t u ra v u vo b khuch i. Thc hin hi tip trong b khuch i s ci thin hu ht cc ch tiu cht lng ca n v lm cho b khuch i c mt s tnh cht c bit. Di y ta s phn tch nhng quy lut chung thc hin hi tip trong b khuch i. iu ny cng c bit cn thit khi thit k b khuch i bng IC tuyn tnh. Hnh 2.60 l s cu trc b khuch i c hi tip. Mch hi tip c h s truyn t , ch r mi quan h gia tham s (in p, dng in) ca tn hiu ra

mch vi tham s (in p, dng in) li vo ca n (trong trng hp hnh 2.61 chnh l li ra ca b khuch i).

K Hnh 2.60: S khi b khuch i c hi tip H s khuch i K v h s truyn t ca mch hi tip ni chung l nhng s phc. K = kexpjK = expj Ngha l phi ch n kh nng di pha min tn cao v tn thp do tn ti cc phn t in khng trong mch khuch i cng nh trong mch hi tip nu b khuch i lm vic tn s trung bnh, cn trong mch hi tip khng c thnh phn in khng, th h s K v l nhng s thc. Nu in p ra ca b khuch i l tham s thc hin hi tip th ta c hi tip in p, nu l dng in mch ra th ta c hi tip dng in. C th hi tip hn hp c dng in v in p. Khi in p a v hi tip ni tip vi ngun tn hiu vo th ta c hi tip ni tip. Khi in p hi tip t ti u vo b khuch i song song vi in p ngun tn hiu th c hi tip song song. Hai c im trn xc nh mt loi mch hi tip c th: hi tip in p ni tip hoc song song, hi tip dng in ni tip hoc song song, hi tip hn hp ni tip hoc song song. Hnh 2.61 minh ha mt s th d v nhng mch hi tip ph bin nht trong khuch i. Nu khi hi tip ni tip nh hng n tr s in p vo bn thn b khuch i Uy, th khi hi tip song
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song s nh hng n tr s dng in vo b khuch i. Tc dng ca hi tip c th lm tng khi K + = 2n hoc gim khi K + = (2n+1) vi n l s nguyn dng, tn hiu tng hp u vo b khuch i v tng ng c gi l hi tip dng v hi tip m. Hi tip m cho php ci thin mt s ch tiu ca b khuch i, v th n c dng rt rng ri. nh gi nh hng ca hi tip n cc ch tiu ca b khuch i ta hy xt th d hi tip in p ni tip (h. 2.61a). H s khuch i khi c hi tip

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 K ht = Ur / Uv Uy = Uv Uht + Chia c hai v ca (2ta c: 109) cho Ur Uy Uv U = ht+ Ur Ur Ur 1 1 = ha + y K K ht Uht l h s truyn t ca mch y: = Ur T (2-110) ta tm c K K ht = 1- K n gin vic phn tch ta a vo tr s thc K v K ht = K 1K

(2-109)

(2-110)

hi tip.

(2-111)

(2-112)

Theo (2-112) khi 1> K > 0 th h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip Kht ln hn h s khuch i ca bn thn b khuch i K. chnh l hi tip dng, Uht a ti u vo b khuch i cng pha vi in p vo Uv tc l Uy = Uv + Uht. in p ra ca b khuch i khi c hi tip ng l
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Ur = K(Uv + Uht)) > K Uv v do Kht > K Trng hp K 1 (khi hi tip dng) c trng cho iu kin t kch ca b khuch i. Lc ny u ra b khuch i xut hin mt ph tn s khng ph thuc vo tn hiu u vo. Vi tr s phc K v bt ng thc | K | 1 tng ng vi iu kin t kch mt tn s c nh v tn hiu u ra gn vi dng hnh sin. B khuch i trong trng hp ny lm vic nh mt mch to dao ng hnh sin (xem phn 2.5). K < 0 th Kht = K / (1+ K) < K (2-113) l hi tip m (Uht ngc pha vi Uv) v Uy = Uv - Uht, ngha l h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip m Kht nh hn h s khuch i khi khng hi tip. Khi

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 nh gi n nh h s khuch i khi c hi tip, thc hin vi phn biu thc (2-113) c: dK(1+ K) - dK dK = (2-114) dK ht = (1+ .K (1+ K)2 K)2 K a)

K b)

c) K

Hnh 261: Mt s mch hi tip thng dng a) Hi tip ni tip in p, b) Hi tip dng din, c) Hi tip
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song song in p Bin i (2-114) v ch n (2-113) ta nhn c biu thc c trng cho s thay i tng ng ca h s khuch i.

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dK kt dK / = K K ht 1+ K

(2-115)

T (2-115) ta thy s thay i tng i h s khuch i ca b khuch i khi c hi tip m nh hn (1 + K) ln so vi khi khng hi tip. n nh h s khuch i s tng khi tng su hi tip, v d, gi thit s thay i tng i ca h s khuch i dK/K = 20% v 1 + K = 100 th s thay i tng i h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip l dKht/Kht = 0,2%. Tnh cht ny c bit qu gi trong iu kin h s khuch i thay i do s thay i ca tham s theo nhit (nht l i vi tranzito) v s ha gi ca chng. Nu h s khuch i K ln v hi tip m su th thc t c th loi tr s ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo s thay i cc tham s trong b khuch i. Khi trong mu s ca (2-113) c th b qua 1 v h s khuch i ca n do h s truyn t ca mch hi tip quyt nh: Kht 1/ (2-116a) ngha l thc t khng ph thuc vo K v mi s thay i ca n. V d, K = I04 v = 10-2 th Kht 100 ngha vt l ca vic tng n inh ca h s khuch i c hi tip m l ch khi thay i h s khuch i K th in p hi tip s b thay i dn n thay i in p Uy (h.2.61a) theo hng b li s thay i in p ra b khuch i. (Gi s khi gim K do s thay i tham s b khuch i s lm cho Uht gim v Ur gim (h.2.61a), in p Uy = Uv - Uht tng, dn n tng Ur chnh l ngn cn s gim ca h s khuch i K). Tng n nh ca h s khuch i bng hi tip m c dng rng ri ci thin c tuyn bin tn s (h.2.62) ca b khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung v min tn s thp v cao h s khuch i b gim. Tc dng ca hi tip m min tn s k trn s yu v h s khuch i K nh v s dn n tng h s khuch i bin di tn v m rng di thng ca b khuch i (h.2.62). Hi tip m cng lm gim mo khng ng thng ca tn hiu ra v gim nhiu trong b khuch i.
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K f f ht f

Hnh 2.62: nh hng ca hi tip m n c tuyn bin - tn s Di y ta s kho st nh hng ca hi tip m n in tr vo b khuch i Rv = Uv / Iv Hnh 2.61a thc hin hi tip m ni tip

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Uv = Uy + Uht Mt khc ta c Uht = Uy. V vy Rvht = (1 + K) Uy/Iv = Rv(1 + K) Nh vy, thc hin hi tip m ni tip lm tng in tr vo ca b khuch i ln (1 + K) ln. iu ny rt cn thit khi b khuch i nhn tn hiu t b cm bin c in tr trong ln hoc b khuch i dng tranzito lng cc. Tng t, in tr ra b khuch i l : Rrht = Rr / (1 + K) (2-116b)

ngha l gim i (1 + K) ln. iu ny m bo in p ra b khuch i t ph thuc vo s thay i in tr ti Rt. T nhng phn tch trn, c th rt ra nhng quy lut chung nh hng ca hi tip m n ch tiu b khuch i l: Mi loi hi tip m u lm gim tn hiu trn u vo b khuch i (Uy hay Iy) v do lm gim h s khuch i lm tng n nh ca h s khuch i ca b khuch i.

Hnh 2.63: S cc mch hi lip m a) Hi tip dng in trn RE ; b) Hi tip in p nh thm khu RC
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Ngoi ra, hi tip m ni tip (h.2.61a, b) lm tng in tr vo.

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 Hi tip in p ni tip (h.2.61a) lm n nh in p ra, gim in tr ra Rrht. Cn hi tip dng in ni tip (h.2.61b) lm n nh ng in ra Im tng in tr ra Rrht Hi tip m song song (h.2.61c) lm tng dng in vo v lm gim in tr vo cng nh in tr ra Rrht. Cn ni thm l hi tip dng thng khng dng trong b khuch i nhng n c th xut hin ngoi mun do ghp v in bn trong hay bn ngoi gi l hi tip k sinh qua ngun cung cp chung, qua in cm hoc in dung k sinh gia mch ra v vo ca b khuch i. Hi tip k sinh lm thay i c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i do lm tng h s khuch i cc on ring bit ca di tn hoc thm ch c th lm cho b khuch i b t kch, ngha l xut hin dao ng mt tn s xc nh. loi b hin tng trn c th dng cc b lc thot (mch Rt, C1) dng dy dn bc kim, v b tr cc linh kin hp l. Di y l th d v nhng mch hi tip m thng gp (h.2.63). Mch hnh 2.63 c ni ti phn 2.2.3. Trong mch hnh 2.63b, ta thy nu xt ring bit tng tng th in tr RE1, RE2 u thc hin hi tip m dng ni tip, ging nh trng hp hnh 2.63a. Ta xt thm trng hp mch hi tip t colect ca tranzito T2 v emit ca tranzito T1 qua C v R. Theo nh ngha th y l mch hi tip in p ni tip. Xt v pha ca tn hiu th l mch hi tip m. Nh vy trn in tr RC1 c c hai loi hi tip m dng in v in p. Kt qu l h s khuch i ca ton mch s b gim.

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