vn

COONCIL
OF EUROPE

CONSEIL
L 'EURQPE

2005

The Museum of Byzantine Culture

has been awarded the
Council Europe Museum Pze
for the year 2005

I Il

CALENOAR "VAS PUB LI SHEO '''' ! SUPPORT OF:

Radiant Technologies S.A.

OCTANORM ~

s~

CO PVR IGH T 2004

960-86540-3-3

.....

2005
C

AMULETS
COLLECO

's OF MUSEUM OF

CULTURE

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ach new year as it ces around revives people's desires and hopes for good
health , personal happiness, individual and collective pIsperity in short, a
promising future.
Within this climate of hope, but also of fear of the unknown which seizes people at every
new beginning, we 11ave decided to devote this year's desk-diary to the thee of amulets.
Objects witll mystic properties which are popularly believed to protect their owners
from sickness, misfortune , and all other ills and also to intervene their behalf in the
future , amulets are exemplary of personal piety and devotion. The amulets of Late
Antiquity which was a time OfPIfound cultural and religious Scretis and osmosis
clearly reflect the blending of popular pagan beliefs and Christian symbols; but as
Ch i stiait gradually became established, the old symbols evolved fUther and acquied
a new, Christian significance.
TlHough the pages of this desk-dia, then , guided by Panagiotis Kambanis's
fascinating and detailed introduction , thee parades the 'asena l ' of a u ets with whIch
the people of the past equipped themselves to help them to contend witll the ti as and
tbu!atins that life had in store for them, to COnfInt the unknown , to bring the
good luck.

Anastasia Tourta
Dect

of tlle MlIseuIn B yzal1til1e C ultu e

2005

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2005

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ontinuing the sixth yea ug the tadt publishing a desk-da

a theme connected with Byzantine 01' Postbyzantine cutue , the 2005 deskda the Museum ofByzantine Cu tue and the Feds ofthe use eset
amulets fOm the useum ' s collections.

C
OU

colleague, the achaelgst Panagiotis Kambanis, outlines the subject his

enlightening tduct , discussing the symbolism and the Sead of the magical W ld
am ulets thei ea est beginnings, which wee undeed by the age-old
and hope. He taces thei jUe fOm paganism to thei C h sta
etamhs s, initially with the atac powe of the coss, people's faith thei
healing etes, the vaus uses and fms of the coss , and the sanctifying powe of
the eulogiai fOm the vaus lgm shes , with special efeece to the shrine of
Thessaloniki's own patron saint, Demetrios.
emotions

fea

The pages

this

been said tl1at

'

cosses , cuciform

diary are adorned with a wide variety of cosses ,

wh ich

it has aptly

image is as eloquent as this simple geometlcal shape' apotOpaic

enkolpia, requa cosses; and also simple enkolpia and au ae

the kind that pilgrims wou ld bring home from the vaus shrines. AlI these were
amulets spiritual and bodily health and well-being.
The Executive Committee of the Feds the useum of Byzantine Culture wishes
its membeS and fellow citizens health and happiness 2005.

Nikos Nikonanos
Professor

m e tus

es d e nt

of Byzantine l ha e lg and s to of n
the Frie nds of th e llsellm Byza ntin e ClIlture

11

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obligamenta, gatuae , suba gatuae, , ,
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(seIatou, amltu, a muetu, amolimentum, raeu ,
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24

countLess plgues Wde1' 1gst l1~e, 101' e1'th iSfill evils, tl~e se is fulL. tlze17ZSelves
diseses C017Ze 17e C011,tull by dy ncl by nig!~t, bgg 1SC!el to 1tls
esiocl, W OT!tS d Dys

d ay

the

T he
f es.
W d

W ld aO und

fOIn

th e InOIne nt we becOlne aware o f ourselves a nd

us, T h e hUIna n p erception , as

is tha t 'good ' is whatevel"

alte n a tes

oth er

wl10

ood a nd evil a re with us

h as evo)ved d own th e ages,

In tes lfe

a nd 'ev j)' is wh ateve r lead s to d eath , As

d a kn ess,

so good and evil e ndlessly su cceed each

with ni ght a nd light with

a state of Inutual d ep end e nce,

e nte W d

T he

of Late An tiquity

va u s cltlles e ce ve d

beyond wh ose

b und a es

co ntI.

W ld aO und

th ea te e l e te

the In as a IniaOCOSIn , a closed

f Ine s s.

having

pOve d In e we ful

tha n th at

e g n

d ecl a e d

th eIn , so tha t the peo ple fell victiIn to a n

th eil" ha nds,

ab ta

Iflic ted

evil wh atevel" suited

C h s ci a nt

a specific n aIne, d esaibed its S h e e of activity, a nd IninLItely outlined th e

follow to attain salvatio n .

te In

p Otec t

its own el"

a nd tl1 e evil eye. T h e 'saaed ' object

fces

which

of eviJ,

ase n al
d e

'a InLIlet' IS a pplied to a ny object whi ch is believed to

consequ entl y to

gave evil

ece ts

th e un e ndin g wal" again st tl1 e

people had th e eg e nts of saints to S U t th e In , wl1ile a vast

e c S In S , and a Inule ts ffe e d th eIn th e p O tec ti o n th ey need ed
life's va u s ti a s .
T he

by hUInan

d efiniti on of evil.

Takin g ad van tage of th e p o)yth eistic lassitude of La te Antiquity,

people 11ad

T h e Inasses

eathl lInts.

Th ey need ed punishIn e nts th at went beyo nd

auth t,

with in visible

the towns a nd cities need ed SOlne kind of bLIgbeal" to

T h e punishIn e nt Ineted out by God

beings, so th ose

the

a sh ad ow

lay tl1e sphere ofth e unknown , the

gath e e d J a ge nLIInb es

keep theIn und el"

ese Inbl es

of ae S ,
to withsta nd

e e l

evil a nd

ba nefu) inflLIe nces, ph ysica) a nd Ine nta) Ina)adies,

the 'Inagical' iInage is an object with

powel" eIna na tin g f In th e ln ystica), lnagical we S it co ntain s, WhiC)1

its sh ap e, its InediUln , its col , its in saiptio n .

we,

a e d e te In e d

by

T he naIne give n to a n a Inule t Inay be d e ve d fO In its sh ape lnediun1 (JaInina

tte ata , beve, a nnLI)LI s) ; its in saiption (ch a ac te es) ; th e way it is (JigaInina,
obli gaIn e nta ,

l ga tu ae ,

s ub a ll ga tu ae ;

a nd

G ee k

e a ta ,

e a InIn a ta,

25

eateata) ,

w h eth e

(kadh ak ); 01'
aevum ,

pOtect

and

heata , hees

small objects
FO

as jewee, such as

tl1e

fist cetu es

egus ev met

little about egus

egs

fee

with o ut

was

tual ,

pendants, pins,

Ch st a ea,

of the

whicl1 is usually to
also used the

Chst a,

baceets ,

and necklaces.

the 'magical

date to between the

hu a

actce

thd

fist aeaace

the

at some point,

dffeet

val

sece

fee

said

fOm

ve

othel"

the

whose
sts

eg

Magic

to bOITOW

amu et-makeS

the

maufactue

ae

and

of amu lets is

Coptc

Egypt and

special books which explain

of all aspects of human life.

fOm

egus

gs

becae

the

two fundamental

emssbe

fbdden

Late Antiquity
the

lie

of ehsto Although they

while magic was the

it selected those

they used ,

an endeavoul" to gain access to

AD. These

eg

that

the.

between

influences. Being

cutues ,

employed

cetu

is lost

appOac hln g SUeatua fces ,

been a kind of

tuals

of magic and

emotions, feal" and hope

dffeetated

dcte. Chst

ce fOm Gaeco-Rma

which

and the fifth

of magic

its

pOtective mage

of the

about the

a',

cotema

able to bOITOW many elements

J ewish , and pagan elements

found

The

tems

faith .

mCcos

we' 1fmat

the COITect

beast

the Classical past-especially its

its tual than

flweS wee

so his

'divine

othel"

Geeks

The ancient

ngs ,

e aaet

betag thei

tl1e inexhaustible
mingled

the

amolitum , amu letum, amolimentum,

was not yet 'a thing of tl1e past' The adaptation of Chstat to its

gods

01' Sce

from illness

01'

eikones, agalmata, theies eikones, tychaion , and tyche to designate

people

Use (sevatoum ,

its

( ll )

the neck (suspensiones

Geek h akte , amte, atetks),

weae

the

aOund

egs

way,

thee

eeseted

wee

eas

of

has always

a medley of

and the occult sciences of

elements and gods that

seved

its chosen

Use. age t

the

dctes

The

and

tuals

maufactue

influence the
nebulous

of amu lets is

uvese

Wd

of magical knowledge may be egaded simply as eflectng

of othel" egs , which had been dstoted tasmss.

by

of agc ,

mateal

whee

26

eflect

the

ecet

by the magic which seeks to

means. One

mtat

positive and negative

of cosmic sympathy, which means

amu lets

fmed

seth g lk e

that the

uvese

ae

absolute

'action and
is

concept

eete

tems,

eact

with divine

appOach

and

dak

and

the
is the

t11e

ce

uvese '

fces.

The main

source of theiI" poweI" is the sun and the staS, which influence both animate and
inanimate atue and ge 1ife and death. fce of this kind can be eea1ed
aus ways. If the magician knows how these forces operate and how handle them,
then he she can a1so change them thOugh the power of know1ege.
CCOdg to the 1aw of sympathy, the at is identified with the who1e. tooth, an ea,
a little salia 01' sweat eresets an ete es. The law states that ee object
contains the essence ofthe who1e which be1ongs. e es is linked by association
with his 01' her eates: by acting an indiidual , you act ee membe of his
he fami1y The 1aw a1so 1inks people and anima1s. CCdg the anthOpol og i st
ace Mauss, the ancient Geeks belieed they could cure diseases of the eyes by
transfening to suffeers a 1ad ' s sight. They bOught the 1ad contact with stones,
whic11 wee to be used as amu1ets, and then they b1inded , the belief that, once cut off
fOm its source, its sense of sight would pass into the stones, and fOm them into the
weares of the amu1ets .
The matea1 fOm which an amu1et was made was selected with geat cae and always
accordance with sympathetic magic. Because its co 1 ou resemb1ed that of the sun, gold
was the most highly ed mateal. Si1e and haematite wee the meta1s of choice for
amulets intended to preent haemonhage: si1e because its c10U, when usted,
esembes that of a woman's mestua1 flow; and haematite because, as an oxide of ,
etas its ed 'blood' beneath its lu stUS b1ack surface. T11e use of bOnze was
associated with the Testment Solomon, because King Solomon msed a11 the
demons bOnze bane1s. Chstas belieed that the Ue sound ofbOnze being stuck
was the oice of a good demon who dOe ei l demons away This was why, as Jo11n
Chrysostom te11s us, they used 1ittle be11s of bOnze, known as tintinnabu1a, to protect
young children. Lead, 'destuctbe' and 'etea1 ' , was chief1y used to make amu1ets [
the dead. Of the semecus stones, demons feaed jaspe aboe a11, galactite healed
wounds, magnetite CUed arthtc pain , and jet eased chdbt1. Of the plants, peony
gae pOtection fOm epi1epsy, the ei 1 eye, srcel, and fee , whi1e c1 0er Oot
dOe away the female demon Gello, Wl10 caused the death of ewb babies.
One amulet beaS the inocation. 'Holy nr~es nd symbols nd teTTible ChTcteTs, pTotectthe
weTeT our divine power-s Irol1~ ll dnger-s '
27

we e

'Ch aracters'
tl1 eil"

m ea nin g, theil"

vcabL1l a

lan gL1 ages,

was m ad e
[

sp ecial sy mbols tl1 a t CO L1ld

saaed a nd som etim es

be

re nd e e d

pho ne ticall y, bL1t 11ad

ed e mt ve e t es .

p Ove n a nce,

of ele m e n ts of vari ed

fag m e nts

insta nce, COHL1ptlOns of the na m es of god s a nd d e m o n s, a nd

s tn gs

Som e ele me nts co n slsted of

cOlTesp o nd to a no te e mitted by each

Thi s sp ecial
of

al

f e gn

plHases.

of vowe ls: a nd as each vowel was believed to

eS ec t ve

plan et as

tace d

its

bt

(th e so-called

'mL1sic ofthe h eave nly S h e es' ) , som e h ave sL1pposed th at th e whole fo rm ed a so n g which
es t-CL1m-m ag ca n decte d dL1in g

th e

have bee n a ea ted by ch a nce,

of sOlne

imtl e

tl1 e

th e

ce e m n

Som e o f t11 ese elem e nts mL1 st

of th e mOlne nt,

f ml ess

of th e

mL1mbling

a eatLJre, wh o, since h e was acting illicitly a nd cla ndestin ely, was obliged

to accompa ny hi s actio ns with

hases

rn agician s,

m eve ,

a a n i acs

wh o believed tl1em selves

a nd th o L1 g ht th ey

a ae nt

as is

co ld co n ve se

m tal s,

o nly tl1ey, of all

th at

w e e

be in co nsta nt toL1ch with th e

with god s a nd with d em o ns

L1nd e s tod .

So m e of th ese

tom e nte d

fro m th e h allL1cina tio ns tha t

th e S .

L1nintelligible to

we e

S L1 e n aa W ld
occ lt

an

Be tha t as it m ay, th e

the m ,

ton g L1e th a t

m e s ta n ge

a nd

n co me h e n sibl e

theil" gibb e ish sOL1nded to din a folk , th e m e it aeae d to be

c h a ge d

we fl

with th at

flL1 x which

On e sphere tha t allowed

ilit ve

a ml e t-Wte S

minds always imagin e exists.

plenty of scop e was the

C Uin g

of illnesses. 'Js

tle clld lg? d

cet

you observe tle rngc, wlo places strg'e chaTacters r'ud the ecks /
seekg help /rorn what is useless d v,' W ites Basil th e G ea t , T h e

babes

con cept of illness IS easily

to be

effec ti e

it is

ve

gaS ed , ega dl ess

S L1 e n a al f ces,

ph ysicia n of

p atients wh o m con ventio n al

seal-stone against colic as follows:

erect

stce, strglg' [,

sealston e tl1e

e rese ntati n

colic, the divine

w ad

28

ofte n a t th e

L1gn g

seem s

pOmpte d

o f th e ph ysicia ns

pl1 ysicia ns of Late An tiqL1ity, sL1c11 as Gale n a nd Alexa nd el" of a l es,

e s n al

who was the

a ml e t

easily acce p ted . T h e ineffecti ve ness o f m edi cal scie nce

p eople to seek the 11elp of

t h e m se es . G eat

of la ng L1age, a nd if a sp ecific

L1S L1 es

have
of

YOL1',

m e

e m e di es

CO L1ld

ecOlm e nd e d

th e L1se of a mL1lets

h elp . Alexa nd el" d esaibes a sp ecial

'gve '12 ecle ste

/ Herakles,

tle ste

e a kl es

JL1stini an ,

by

set

gold

is L1sL1all y

thee e n gae d

rig,

the lkeess
d wear .'

e n c cl e d

this kind of

by th e insaiptio n.

'D e a t,

kappas, d e n o tin g the d e m o n of colic.

off d ys p ep sia and stom ach-ach e, Gale n me ntio ns a n

a ml e t

of g ee n j as p el"

egaed

seet

with a

with a lion's head

weag

aed Cw.

This is

ChnoIbis ,

an

ancient Egyptian sun-god, who Late Antiquity becaIe one of the thiny-six gods who
e the twelve hoIses of the zodiac, specifically the one coTesponding to the stomach.
The

ades ,

teatse

magic and medicine , contains the advice that if one

egaes

a phoenix a stone it will be a e wef amlllet. Amlllets with eesetats

of bds ae llsually inscibed vvith the Wd 'pepte' , an meate meaning 'digest', and
esmab

helped to soothe the stomach. Ofthe maces the New Testament, the one
most closely connected with magic is the mace of the woman who was healed of an issLIe
l

of blood.
amI lets

the sixth and seventh

of haematite

nImbe

combated with a
identified

Testan~e'nt

meaning

beag

this

ed

day Owing to its

'amI let

fett

Fascini

beag

mace.

eesetat

ae

always

accaed

esembace

of Venus',

to the

hIman V Ilva ,

of the magical

uesa tes

also

eesets

fOm

the

Wd

abaskanta

the

'hysteTa' ,

ehstoc

to the

eset

moneta, also known

of the

ItenIs

the act of

physical

also

aeaS

by the

Caea

weS

eSUes

facilitates and

' aefisc - Geek

the shell

used

of Medusa, who was

it continued throughollt the Middle Ages to the

atakes

as effectively as

pOblems

pOblems wee

Female

The gynaecological function of shells passed

The shell as

(es uect)

of this

with the seven-headed female demon who

Sol01non. These amu lets

' tes'

woman with gynaecological

eesetat

of amu lets

Gaeco-Ra Wd , vhee

as the

cetues

and

faUS

Stua ebth

btl1.

' pOboskania - wee a ets

that gave

pOtection fOm

the evil eye. The age-old belief tl1e evil eye (baskania) is

cutues

of hsto e gs have sollght to teet the phenomenon of

aCCdace with the eas available to tl1em. The Ch st a C hLlCh

and
the evil eye

initially

foInd

all

eds
n

egaded

as a

supestition

Late , hwee, attbuted

which

dect ejected

faith

divine

pOyidence.

it to the inf1uence ofthe baneflll glance ofthe devil. 'Listen

allentively to them ancl how tley account 101" t/ze evil cl1nong people, becuse t!ze devil was envious
I T01n tlze beginning and waged WaT 071, !'711kd.' The 'nC!-suf!eng eye' was one of the
c est t fs apotOpai c

of the demons who

eye

01 es.

the hands of the

appea i

the

amLIlets against bewitchment. Phthonos

'

is one

estnet Slm.

TheTeloTe 11 poweT is 171,'lled

am et-comseS,

tl1ese

am clled P!zt!zenot!z, cst t!ze evil

by the engraved image t!ze mch-s'ufeng eye '
Wds wee coeted to

an image. The

29

e n v ou s

a mulets d e pict th e

a e t

eye surro und ed by a

thea te g

of

beasts a nd

s tu e ts .

o ne of the m agical a , we

ead

abo ut 'an ?nuLet to guard

spectres, fr01n eve1Y 1nalacly ancl misfoTtune, inscribecl upon

e c s W tte

of

we e

o ne

th e

fi s t

thin sheets of m etal

kinds of aInulets

h ac te es te fllin

th e J ewish

th e

Oll e d

body fi11 de1nons, f rom

Lef of golcl silver tin.' ae S

up a nd

C h s t a " ld ,

th e left

a m

tadt

e tte , w h e e

co ntInued to be u sed , som etilnes

Chnsti anity The

fOm

C hUc h

tll e

th e

obstacle to
f ges

o pposed p aga n

e g u s

a nd so me times within th e

cu s ton s fI ln

co n sciou sn ess ofth e p eople who

n e"v e g .

ae a fa d

a ppOac h

to

is huIn a n

na tLle

wha t th ey d o

easil y be abolish ed simply by

ad ca

cling

wh at is

kno w

fbdd g ,

but

m e ta m o ph os i s .

Chnsti a n
the

the ln , like tlle use of a Inule ts, co ntinued , because th ey h ad

ofth e

we e e th e

the Penta teu ch

the 11ead .

The p aga n o n gin of amulets p osed

w e e

do

e bos on

no ne th eless

son e

of

th o u sand s of eaS bee n a

being called up o n to accept the

fa m a ,

s ta t ;

T h ey

to wh at o n e lS u sed to . People

ud e s ta d .

cu stom cann o t

wh en hum a n thinkin g

ud e ges

ch a n ge .

the

ea ce tu es f C h s t a t ,

a mulets with the

a p o tOp a i c we

sy mbol a nd a mulet is attes ted as

!e C1SS

of C1rst was Ieralclecl

Symbols as a n acti ve
cha nge, but

t e

to

h e ' h s toi ca

iInp o ta n ce

ea

the

C hUc h

of the

coss .

initially fta te d th e 'm agical'

The u se of th e

e a n s

of th e corresp o nd e nce

as an

a p o t O p ai c

prefig'urecl by cet generts '

th e so ul.

th e sam e . Symbols a e

S itu a W d

m o me nt'

coss

'~ d

as ap ostolic tim es .

ese n ce n e e d sa ea fO m

fun ctio n

ad apted indi vidual

Son e

that is infinitely
of th e

b e t~I ee n

h e a ea a ce

f ces

that

c h e

tll a n the closed

ea C hUc h

th e symbols of

stock of hum a n symbols. F CIHisti a ns, th e i sYlnbols

eea e d th e saced the f m of cos mi c h thms.

30

co ntinuing the

l1

for sig 1. YOUT ld, !

11 18), wide h ac te es co nta inin g p assages

his

Cd e S

sm all

wOTCls 1 your leaTt d YO'UT s-L, d bcL

tlzey may be as fi"tLets betwee YOUT eyes' ( D e uteO non y

t!e1n

in se te d to

(to thapho th ). Followin g th e Bible to th e

God comma nds: 'Therefore s!LL ye Lay 'up t/ese

p a t

t!e

p Oj ec t

h sto ca

W d

Fa th e S ecog n se d

C h s t a t

we e e e te

m ay

a nd tll e

of

the

u e sa

with lnessages a nd

As a cosm ological symbol, th e coss is a fund amental sha pe th at is fo und alread y

prehistoric tim es . It represents tlle m ost basic, uni versall y accepted di VIsio n of the vvorld
to the fo ur p oints the compass. the ap ocyph al Acts St Andre '~I , ,~I e read tllat
th e ve ti cal bar the CSS CIHISt connects the most pIfo und and esoteri c Witll th e
most high and s ubl e, because its l o ,~e r end po ints d ,~ wa d s to th e U nd e rvo rld and
th e upper e nd , up,~a rd s to th e dI vin e Logos, to Christ hi sel f; wll ile tll e 110ri zo ntal bar
supports th e co mo and kee ps Cll aOS at bay T he Chri stian CSS uni tes the symboli 1 0
death and sa cif ce with tl1 at etern allife and re d e ti .
T he cosses tlat ~I e re used as enkolpla a ul e ts b e t~Iee n th e ffth ancl seventh
centuri es were mad e of precio us e tal s - gold and sil ver - but a l alloys of copper
Cast n do Llble moulds sto ne clay, th e cosses we re relatively s all and had a
coherent loop at th e to by ,~I hi c I1 tlley co uld be susp ended fI m a cll ain. co m n
d ecorati ve motif consIsted e ngraved co ncentnc circles ~I ith a d ot th e centre (s tylised
eyes to avert th e evil eye).
C I sses

vvere widely used as obJects of ve nerati on after the nintll century, ~I ith th e e nd
Iconoclas m . Th ey al took tlle form c Llcfo rm reliquari es a d e two cast

pieces hinged above and b e l o ~I , leaving a space betwee n tlle relics, and they ~ e e
decorated ~I ith sce nes fIm th e lfe of CIHiSt. 11is third Anth e tc , Patriarch
Nik e phols attests tl1 at Christla ns used to wear relics ofth e T ru e Cross th eir breast as
a ul e ts for pItec ti o n a nd ph yslcal a nd mentalll ealth . Acco rding' to S t] e e, by th e
mid-fo Llth ce ntury frag e ts of the Tu e C I SS had alreacly spreacl all over the world
Llsed as a l e ts by the fa ithfLll. ] o hn C I1ss t wri tes. ' T/zs , on !ic! t/e
!l bocly diecl c lVas i11paled, ! is j'lg-!l ove1" by one ' / A11d 11 jJeojJle, ta!{i'ng
s11lalL jJiece oj ' an,e/ encLosing' il goLcLand, 11le11, lVOl1len aIi!re, hang'ing il abou,t t/e1" 'n ec!s,
e11beLLs! l!ernseLves, yel lle tvood is sYl1lboLoj C011,de11lnalion Cl17,e/ jJ7S!l1el1l.'
Th e p ectoral reliquar y cosses we e id e n tif e d for m an y years ~ l1 the e m e toes
'oV hich pilg rims brou g!1t bac k fro m th e H oly La nd the sixth and seventh centuries.
stud y of th e historica! so Llrces, however , and archaeological d ata to reveal th at mass
pIdLcti o n of tl1 ese cosses began the earl y ninth century the t e the icono phi! e
reaction th at fo ll o~I e d the frs t peri od Iconoclas m. PI du cti o n reached its p eak
betwee n the tenth and twe!fth centuries, after ,~ hi c h it gTadu all y d eclinecl. T he worksho ps
and

we e

31

th at ma nllfactured them we e scatter ed all over th e Byzantine me and we e not

co nnected with s p ecif c s h es . T he e qu a es w e e meant to contain va u s holy e cs,
no t just fag e ts of the Tu e C I SS. Ac h aeo l ogi cal fnd s indicate th at equ a aosses
of this typ e we e by people of both sexes and all ages, life as the gave. Aftel"
th e eleventh ce tu theil" co ga h cal e et1 was inaeased , so, a at flm the
u sual co Inpositio ns of the C u c f a nd the V g a g, th ey also b e
e ese tat s of saIIts. l this e d the saints' Il e was to give pltec ti o n flm all
fo rn s of evil. Theil" e cs , as also objects belongin g to th em, we e placed n s id e the
e qu a n es , owin g to the belief that the S U e a tua powel" of th e saints could be
ta s fe e d th l u gh contact wlth the bod y of th e believel"
J ohn C hss t m tells us that, a a t fl m the a oss, m any
gos pel-books as aInulets. 'Do you see h wnen nd c!ldren,
G els bo'ut ! nec!{s nd ca t!e11 round everywhere, w!erever

C h s t a s

also used tin y

s powerlul 11ulet, hng
t!e go?' It was cUITent

S a

to use ecclesias tical texts as amulets fOl" healin g and p l tec tio n , and also to ead
passages fl m theln as incantatio ns. l f Uth-ce tu Antioch , John C hss tom tells us,
bln ze coins of Alexandel" the Gea t we e tied to the head and the legs and feet as amulets
off headaches and p alns the lo""el" limbs. ' W!t ca sy bout those who use
zncanttions nd pendnts nd bind bronze coins A lexnder Mcedon rouncl t!er !ed nd
legs?' l time, these coins we e e aced by konstantinata, which we e coins d epictin g
Constantin e the Gea t and his m th e , St H elena, holding the a oss (he Constntinin
[coin] !elS w! wers
ll wer upon ! brest vert ll the evils ! 11 ssil
t!en ' ). CCO d g to the ta dt , when St H elena fo und the Tu e CISS , she sawed it
two and left one piece J e u sale In and took the othel" to Consta ntinople. She d e e d
that the sawdu st be mingled with gold and she min ted coins flm the es ut g m tue .
to

wad

'A17,d ! ! t!e C!urc! is pledge, nd protects like Se1'vnt nd gurdin,'

\ tes Symeo n ofTh essalo niki .
T he ge e a te m enkolpio n ( ecto a ) is fe qu e t used instead of the m e s p ecifc
ph ylakton (a mulet) and e fe S to an y lund , ec ta gua , polygo nal object w i1 c l1 was
hun g al und the neck. Enkolpia we e d eCO a te d witl1 auspicious and p l tec ti ve symbols
and with lmages and a h s m s ae S, and they d e ve d theil" powel" eithel" fl m
holy e cs which they co ntained fl m theil" co n ga h cal subjects.

32

C h s t a n lte a tue,

co nfeSS S

of th e

o th e Wd s

\<vhich the

C h s t a n

confessed

\~' ld

h ad

te m

tll e

a t '

fa ith wh o , by

th e i

fa ith

e nte e d

(fO m

m a tl1 S,

s uffe n g to tue

Ch s t , pOc l aimin g

with tll e

cOln g

of th e

'witn ess') d esig n a tes th e

a nd d eath ,

'b e

witness',

'

th e n ew esch atological sta te

L d

to

a nd th e esta blIslling o f hi s

C hLlC h .
Geg

bodies aLolIe Izave tlze sne jJOlVeT as tlzeiT

Saintl)I sls, eitlzer lVIzen loucIzed 01' lVIzen Teve1'ecl, l dTOjJS of bLood ancl sl1laLl symboIs of [lIze
boclies] sIffenng aTe as effectve as lhe bodles tlzel1lseLves ' T h e n ease th e e n e a t n of
o f Nyssa says of tll e

at S' e l cs

to

ta n s mt

m a t S : l lei

was du e to th e belief tha t tll e

e l cs , n

a nd of the m selves, h ad th e

salvati o n a nd blessin g to a n ytllin g tha t cam e

to

co ntact with

p owe

tl e .

Ma n y C Ues a e a ttbute d to tll e 'blessin g' (e ul ogia) o f saints [ th e g ea t l gm ag'e

hn es,

S e n

SUCll as St Me n as, St J o hn the T11 eologia n , St

D e m e t s. l

un ge ,

th e

St

tlli co ntext, a e ulog ia is a n ythin g whch b ea S th e sa nctifJ in g p o \<ve o f a

saint becal1 se it o n ce be lo n ged to tll a t saint

'

\<vas o n ce

co ntact witll his

h e J" bod y,

An ythin g co uld be a e l ogi a. wa te , fOm the la mp bUnn g fO nt oftll e saint's tomb ,

bea d ,

a h a fm th e saint's h ead b ea d , ea th eve n du st fO m th e saInt's pl ace o f

bU al
ad e

ascesis. Eulogia I \ve e ta n S te d ' kept m aSS - dl1 ce d a mpullae, uSl1 all y

of clay bl1t also o f s l e , lead , glass, sto n e , whi ch \ve e also th e m selves te m e d

e ul ogIa i. An o tll e kind o f e ul ogIa ~' as th e pilgTIm to ke ns, whi cll w e e ve ll c l es of

san ctifYIng p o \~' e Ue l by V ltu e of th e m ate al [ whi ch th ey we e ad e ' th e
eese nta t n

sta mped tl e . The m ost co m n a e t of l g m to ke ns is th ose

associa ted with St Sy m eo n th e Stylite the un ge , by whi ch , aCC dn g to his vita, 'tIze

jJossessed lVeTe c[ean,secl ancl tlze SlCI{ lVeTe cel .' T h e co nte n ts
~' e e

tll e sl1b ta n ce of th e e ulogIai

Ll sed fO th e l h ealin g \<e S, whil e th e ece tac l e th e sta mp ed mes \vas

used as a n

a ul e t '

e nko lpio n .

On e o f th e s t m ta nt l gm age s hn es th e ByzantIn e W ld \vas tllat of t

D e m e t s

of T h essalo niki . Th e

of his

chUch

a nd th e

cb u

co ntaining

11 S

ce n o ta ph ~' e e th e an foci of th e m a t ' S cult, a nd th e f m e was es p ecially assoc a te d

with th e

faga nt l ( m YO n )

fOm

Ound

bas in

tll e

tll a t ex ud ed
t

( k o utO u v i a) , a ul ets , '

f m

hi s

a nd too k it

el cs .

h Ol e

cos tl y little boxes. T h e

T h e fa itllful
with the m

dew

lead

th e

m YO n

a ul ae

ea l es t co nfine d nf n at n

33

about the appearance of myron fro m the saint's bod y is fo und in J ohn Sky!itzes in 1040:
'On one of tlzose days the oc people cl1ze the tOl1lb of the greal l1zarly Demetrios and prayed
night and anointed thel1zselves with tlze myon whiclz el1zergecl from t/ze tomb.' the twe!fth
century, Archblshop Eustathios of T hessa!oniki rep orts th at b!ood , as well as m yron ,
em er ged from the saint' s co ffn. 'Tlze blood of martyrdom wells abunclance and is l1zzngled with
tlze 1nyr01l, addi1lg good to good and spiril'ual wealtIz to wealth.' T he wo r!d over , 'this blood, this
myr01l is sovereign ove1' all the ills of l1zen .' T he m Y ln and the b!ood wer e used to cure pain,
dlspe! sorrow , and hea! m orta! injuries; and they wer e esp ecially p opu!ar with soldiers as
'weapons lo col1lbat llze enemies of Gocl' Many of these so !di es, indeed , wearing these 'upon
tlzeir clzest', saw the s tl n g arrows of the enem y turn back in mid-air and their soft c!othin g,
!ike a we fu! shie!d, rep e! the enemy arrows.

peop!e's minds death is associated with two emotions: the grief of !oss and the fear
which accompanies imminent d eath . Since they had the !as t word the fate of the sou!
after physica! death , the re!igio ns d evised and asserted a vari ety of myths, all of which ,
however, had one thin g in common. they dew a direct link betwee n the soul's
posthumous fate and the way it had had lived its !ife earth. H ave you been a good
a bad e s ? God 's waiting a lund the CO e to ewa rd punish you for what u e
done .
The fn a! phase of the s tu gg! e between good and evi! was played out at the moment
of d eath. swa ln of demons wo u!d hasten to the deathbed in the hop e of winning the
sou! , but we e prevented by its guardian angel. When the sou! !eft the bod y, it had to
trave! th ro ugh the air and stop at certain gateways, w h e e demons examined its action s
ear th and either allowed it to continue, having p aid the appropriate tariff, ca!cu!ated
in te m s of good deed s, 0 1' siezed it the spot. T his CUi u s belief, which m ay p lb ab! y
be tace d to Egypt, seems to be e fl ec te d in St Symeon's ae r [ the salvation of his
m other's so ul. 'Give her, L d , an escort of ange!s to protect h e sou! from the evi! S iits
and the wi!d beasts of the a i , who seek to d evo u all who p ass by , Amu!ets th at served as
'p assp orts' with occu!t passwords fo r the gu ardians of the seven gates; re presentatio ns of
ud e \~' r!d gods fl m the Greek and the Egyptian pantheon , of cupids to escort the sou!
its !o ne!y j U e, and of Christ as the 'f s h e r of sou!s', and a m yri ad of symbo!s fl m
the teaS Ue h u se of C hi s ti a n symbo!ism. all these were intended to he!p the sou! pass

34

painlessly through the narrow gate of death , to elude the shades, and to merge with the
light.
n the Postbyzantine period , during the diffcult years ofOttoman rule, when recourse
to the diine offered the only hope of sa l ation, a uets were more popular than eer
CIsses and box-like reliquaries hung n the chests of the subjugated Christians,
pItecting them fIm all ills. The au ets of the healing saints sas and Damianos
aerted illness, of St Charalambos epidemics, of St Nicholas the diffcultie s faced by
sailors; those of the Vgn a assisted c hdbth , and those of the mta saints
Demets and Gege gae the champions of the Geek nation s tength . few f10wers
fIm the canopied shne carried n the Good Fda pIcession , a cl oe of ga c, a gan
of salt, and coloured beads PItected children from the ei l eye; wllile a tiny cross,
together with some earth from under the altar, chUch candlewax, and incense a c loe,
all sewn n a little ed bag, enS Ued theil" good ftune.
Arnulets may eesent one ofthe cheae, me t a aspects fe l g n, nonetheless
they come undel" the heading of 'useful supplements', athe than 'substitutes' impl ying
a conscious ejectn of all ecedents. As a m of theil" time, amulets ef1ect the
educational l eel and the social stuctues, the suestt ns, the hopes, fea S , deses ,
passions, and asatns of dna people.
Pan agotis Kambans
c h ae ] g st

Mu e of Byza lltille C U]U e

35

 / Jnml1Y

2005
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28
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29

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/ nlol1th fir s t

\veck first

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

\\'ccIlJes(!<Iy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

30

/ sc!< _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

1I]

31

! [<(~)

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ S;:U!1 )' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _'__"__'_____-__'I_"___i__'l__U_-____,,__.___uc_'__U_"_U_1>__",_'_'I_U

/ SlIndd)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

"' .\ ,! [ " lll)5v

... " (1 t1 , 40-50 .

AnIttlet

gl/l/Hl !

AnlLIle ts

l l

&0(1)' j ([en/otI."
in sicle nI eta l

j s/Jer-e."

C ln deS, 4 11 -5l,

cc.

ever;

l()' ll(1 sf-e, sbPrI jJo 1I

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39

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2005
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/ TIIesda)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ \Vec!nesc!ay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

. n , _____________________________
_ __
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\) _\
'm / 1-11lII'scI~\'

K U1

11

/ }<- -da ______________________________I__\_~_o__o__I...:.lo~_...:.:...._

/ Satlll,clax _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ SIIllC!,I}' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
\' oJ [(- ;, . "oJ, 70 .

\ Vooclcll ico n

40

'

tll C 11ca ling sa illls Kos tll ,ts a ll (1 Da Illi ,lIlOs,

1 7

c.

) 005

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firs l

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10

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/ MO!1(lay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

11

/ TLIcsday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

12

/ Wedncs(lay _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

13

/ 1S(c _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

14

/ Flda)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

15

Sad c)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

16

/ SLInd<ty _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

6 , 6 ' ' , u 6
l ll , 30 .
g'(/7 IP jJ01 M er/eo II slnn e / /i/IeIIess [ e//es, l1 rl aect s/al1l"e, stIYI IIg/iIIg r / , /I ove / ." l .Iet l l r go!c/ l"iIIg, (1/1( Wp(IT .
AJlllI le l I'cd j ,lspe I" iJO I ec l '1gn il1 SI co li c, 31'(1 c .

43

 / Jnury

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18

/ lesc)' ________________________________ I_\__"_"c_'__""__'_,__\____'_'__,_((_",_,_

",,

19

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20

/ 1U1 sd<)' _____________ _________________ _____u_u____~'_,_Y_

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22

23

/ f jcla _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ s<UI.dd)' _____________________________l_-,__f_)_._u_"__)(J_'_"___.__"_C_l___U_U___I'_(J(_'U

/ SlIndd)' _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
"" , , Il \'

VOEl!'

"[ l111 l1 l , 30-40 ,

44

. l.lla/l' 011 ll' rbOIl //!IP II ec!I , - e Cl'cscc n l 1"0 JJO l ec <lg,lil1St gy " <lecu logica l -b l e ll1 S ancII LI Il,tcy, 3 '(I-4 II \ c.

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25

\, '\,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ __

\VednesclcIy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

27

ll11'sc!<)' ________________________________'__'_"\__"_10_"_'
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28

29

FI'id<I)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

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 / June

2005
'l

27

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28

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29

/ \\'ecInescIa}'______________________________Il_t..:,rr_o_u___'___'_\O____\'___O'_l__O_'"

30

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July

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93

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24

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2005
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25

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,vcck Ihirt y-first

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26

/ esd rt __________________________________'_l-'r___'-,__'__,--,-'_....:__

27

28

/ \vednesda _______________________________"_'_"._\__'__,,__;'__U_"__CC___

/ ThLIrscIa)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

29

30

31

/ Frd :l)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

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103

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2005
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/ TLIesd,.1)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ "Vednesday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

,veek tIlirty-second

/ Monday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

1] / nlOnIh cighI h

/ TllLIrsday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ r' riclay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

S,,1t rda ________________________________~_II'1_-__6_<..:...)(,,_(}~'l_o__~_

'(_"~(=_I)(_;

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-} - , - 1 20 .

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104

l'e l q a cosses e n gl'ae(1 ,,, l

lll C fi g lles o f St Ak in clynos a nd aII

unid e nrif ,t]}l e

sa iIlt, I l th-1 2 tlI CC.

 / August

2005
j

\vee k I Il i rt y-t hir d

/ Tllcsc!a)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

10

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11

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12

13

14

/ m o nIh e i g hIIl

/ Monc!a)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

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[ 'l 6 r mu , 50-60 .

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sa c

Sl

[) C l1 C lI' i OS , 5 11 -6 11

c.

107

Aoro / August

2005
,j 6

15

1] ! , ,

e ig I1II1

\veek

IIlirIy-folrIh

/ Monday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
_ _TH~
__
_ __

16

/ TlIesday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __

17

/ v\'edncsclay _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

18

/ Thurscla)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

19

20

21

/ Frid<l), _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

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.. ,

:\ ()- r m \' n \' , 60 ,

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108

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c LI logia sta Illp

", I1

a I'ep l'ese lll,llio n o f' tl1e ajJostlc I'aLI I ,Ind

CIe\,

6tl1 C,

 / August

2005
j

22

23

c i gh t h

\veek th irt y-fif th

/ MonclcIy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Tuesclcly _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

24

25

26

/ \VeclnesclcIy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ 1uSC!<)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

27

28

l] n n h

/ Fl-jdax _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

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/ Snd;, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

' , \' .\\' ! , .\, , , ...

'l oKJ \' . r-. v m I V , 60-70 . ,

'RereitIe sae[ / [ //)1 / /0 / )'/ boII)', )'0111' /onglle , )' ' /;/)5, )'I nerlt, )' es,
Clay cul ogia Ji'OIl1 LI1C sI1I'in e ' 5 1\1 <::11<15 Egy jJt, 6th-7 t11 C" k t1 0 I 5 Coll ectio tt

111

Aoro / August

2005
'l

29

1 ,ll,

nineth

Iveek II,irt y-s i xt h

/ MOllcl<IY _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

30

/ TtIcsclay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

31

/ \\'eclncsc},I)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Seten!Je1'

/ Tl1LlI"sclcl), _________.__________________________'_'\P_X_"l_,_,I__'_"_"_'U

/ Fl'iclax __________________________________~_.:...(_H_o---.:_(.:..._'u.:...(_,o_

/ SatllCl,Ix _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ StIncll)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
, ..

" " ' / l', / . '

U1!3 u \'

112

'n a!a(5 (

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10

l OU

u u , 1 20- 1 30 ,

IIea!et! {! IIlO,l f (o ,lellI ! / / \ ! ( ',! ,l'l,I,

a lH]JlIlla c \vll; c ll co IIl a ;n c(1 111 )'1'0 11 Il e 5ln;n c 5 D CIl1 e ll';05, 12 11,- ] 3(11 ' ,

2005

/ Septernher

\veek IllirI y-sevenIh

/ tvlollda)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Tuesd"I)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ \Vec!lJesd"ty_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ llll sd" ____________________________,_.,,__.\_\_'\_,"___________"

10

11

1 / monIh nineth

/ Fic!)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

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/ SlInC!d)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

r 'l '[ , I .
5 ", IIlC i CO Il 5 c h l ;s, [, C.

115

2005

m / Septemher

19

, l,

nil1 et h

\veek tl1irt Y-l1 il1 e tl1

/ Monday _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _

20

/ TlIescIay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

21

/ vVednesday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __

22

/ ll1S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __

23

24

25

/ FIid,I)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Sada)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ SlInday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

-6 , 1 40 .
I3 Il e

an1ul cLic iCO Il [ SL DemeLl"ios . -1 C.

119

m / September

2005
'

26

,]

month t e ttl',

\veck fou rti e th

/ Monclay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

27

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28

/ \IVednesd<:y _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

29

/ TlllIsday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

30

/ F]'iday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

OctobeT

/ Sat.lIda)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Sl1nda)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _'_'U___u_\'__"_:)()___'___
' ~ K o O' '[ 6 ~ K oo K .

Stn a ll

120

brot ze co o IIH~

Il

TWv

vw

Virg ill as tll e ./0)1 oJ /

~flll() SITov '

1 8' .
1 8 l,

c.

 /October

2005

nlO11lh l e nlI,

\v eck f o url y-f ir s l

/ n !<' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

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/ \\'('clnescl;-Iy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Tlls(<l~' -----------------------------------

/ l:',)' _

_ _ ____________________________
-__
\'__,_____\_...;,_".:..._.:...I,__1'

/ S;-tld <l)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ SL111(lax _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __

.\" ~ Ko\' o ll 6 6 lJ , \' nr , 90 l ,

5 111 <1 11 \\'ooclcl1 co l1 111 lI1C - )' L<llld \\'itllliLLle l11 olller-Of-pC<lI'1 ti les I)C<lI'illg < n"jJI'ese llt<lIi ol1 o[llt e Cl'lIcifixioIl , 19111 C,

123

 /October

2005
'

10

11

.]

. l, lll,

\v eek fo urt y-seco nd

/ und:, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ l1es!;. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

12

13

14

/ \\'ec!nesday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Tl\lIrscIay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

15

16

/ };'c! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ S:tla)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

_ _ _ _ _ __

/ Sl1ncla)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
ll l ' KK ~U ll ~Y Ko r , 50 - 60 .
l ,teal sIO!l e

124

1110"1'1

['

111,tkillg

e llk I; ,

5111-6111 C,

 /October

2005
'

17

b Ot]

,,

tenLI,

\veek folIrtY-Lhird

/ nu<)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

18

/ es!<)' _________________________________'_'_"'___U__I"_,_,_'f,_\,_<_j_._~__f_"(;_)\__,_'U

19

/ \\'ednescIay _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

20

/ Tl1sd~l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

21

/ < c!<)'

22

23

11

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ s ,c a:' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Sl\l](!<I;' ___________________________________I'_IK_'c,_'___,_,_/}_":_\'_"_'_"__,

l "\' (\' c "\"[, u[30 1' '' 'lJ n(

5 \'

(; I;lss d'l1LI let

\\' I 1

[ , 40 ,

a ("e licr liol1, s\"l1 lJolising lllC \'igiI;LI1L

g;lc l1g C s ans I"()l1

lllC

1()ces

ore\'il , 'Jl11 C.

127

 /October

2005
,

24

~o 1]

,l,

tenth

\Vcek

foIrty-fourtl,

/ n-)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

25

/ Tllescl<l)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

26

27

28

/ \\'enesda _____________________________~_'l:.:.....:..:..._(_)_~_I..:.T(_'.\_o:....(...:.'I_n...:.___.:.;

/ Tls(I;:)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _"'_(_-'I~)(><;...:.~-,~.

/ r- '(I~' __________________________________EH_,_IK...:.']_I._:o:....ln-.:.,l

29

30

/ Sl1J)(lax _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
6 YK6\nt<, In'\\;'l !3n"" l .'1l

(;OICI cnkolpia

128

flc

[,11'1)' Clll,iSliatl an,1 B)'zalllitte

C cls

 /October

2005
~,,]

31
1

Inonth c leve ntlI

\veek fourty-fifth

/ Monday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

NovPTnhe?-

/ csda __________________ _____ ___________"__'_'_~__'__\o____\_A_n__y__x~_\'

/ \Vedncsc!;:I)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ hllSc! .)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Fla~' --------------------------------

Sac .)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Sttncl<1)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

... < y l OII, . ' { .

Epuep6 u u , 140<; .
A,II(t / ' p/Iko/jJio/l //11' c/ i.s // a p/n/gl', (l1I(t j/er/s //11' 0 5e1/ lnrl ,;rI .

Ellkolpi "

l'c d ste,tite ,\,1. 11

a ('e lie f

('cS UITCC iOIl ss. 1 4l, ' .

133

 / Novenzber

2005

,v ee k f o uty -six tIt

/ esd; ____________ __________________u_"__.:...-___...:.~x~__M_',~x_:.__K_{(_'_..:.:..._~'\

/ v\'edncscJay _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __

10

/ 11usda)' _____________________________'l__'___"_____,_B_'K_E\_.T_o_~_r_p_.:..._')\'

11

12

13

m o l1tI, e Ievc l1th

/ Mondily _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __

/ Fc)' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Sada )' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

/ Sl1J1c!<ty _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
rp6, I 4o .

Lcacl

134

c k li ,,, ill

a il

in sc il)ecl coss,

14tl, c,

 / November

2005

14

' / 1\ '[t)11d "y

/ mont h

eIevetll I,

\vcck four ty-scvcnth

<!>lllO Anrrl.\ou

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15

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"

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36

FARAS

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130

96

NOVB I A .

CALE DA R-ALBUM " 2005-AM U L ETS COLLECTIO S OF M USEUM OF

CU LTU RE " IS PUBLlSHED "F RIE DS OF MUSEUM OF CU LT U RE " AS OF
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PAINTING
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150

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" 2005

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DEBORAH vV H ITE H OUSE,

2004.

.. ,

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1.000 COPI ES OF

CAL ENDAR

CULTURE" \<VE RE PR I

MATERlAL SELECTED AND EDITED

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"2005

PANAGIOTIS

S.A., PRODUCTION :

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COLLECTIONS OF

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DECEMBER,2004.

R E PR OlME

SK I ADARES I S, S.

I S, ART EDITOR:

AS I A LI BE RI ,

S.A. , ENGLISH TRANSLATION : D EBORA H

ZOUMBOU RlKOUD I S, AMBAN I S.

151