Kumpulan 6

Ahli kumpulan Abdul rizal bin abdul razak (02dad11f1011) Mohd amizie bin zainal alias (02dad11f1020) Mohamad Zulfadli bin Salehudin (02dad11f1018) Mohd fawwaz bin Muhamad tumiran (02dad11f1002)

Fusible Link
A fusible link is a short piece of insulated lowvoltage cable within an automotive wiring harness that is designed to protect the harness in applications where a fuse is unsuitable. In an extreme current overload situation, the conductor within the link is melted while the ensuing flame and spark is contained within the link's insulation.

ratings for fusible links

Fusible links are not rated in amps like fuses because each installation is unique and designed to meet specific circuit protection requirements.

size replacement fusible link

The automotive service industry recommends using the same gauge and length as the blown fusible link after the cause of failure is corrected.

Electrical Fuses
A fuse is a device designed to protect an electrical system against damage. It protects against overheating, which can cause fires, and overloading, which can damage electronic components. Its primary function is to limit amperage. This is accomplished by either creating a section of higher resistance, or a section with a lower melting point than the rest of the electrical system. Using fuses ensures that the fuse fails before anything else.

Standard Blade Fuses

The standard blade fuse is the most commonly used type of fuse for automotive purposes. These fuses are made to burn out at a specific amperage. Different companies manufacture fuses for different amperage ratings, but they can be found ranging from 1 to 40 amps. You are most likely to find these fuses under the dashboard of your car controlling the interior electrical circuits of your car. A simple measurement will tell you if you have a standard blade type fuse because it will be roughly 19 by 5 by 18 mm. This is only an approximation since all manufacturers vary slightly. However all fuses are significantly different in size. The fuses are transparent or translucent in order to allow you to see whether or not the fusible section is burned or not. They are recognizable by two blades that are designed to plug into the fuse panel.

Mini Blade Fuses

Mini blade fuses are a variation on the standard blade fuse. They look nearly identical to the standard blade fuses, but are obviously smaller. These fuses are generally not manufactured with the same variety as a standard fuse, but you might encounter them ranging from 2 to 30 amps. The purpose on the mini blade fuse is simply to fit more fuses into a smaller fuse box. A simple measurement should show the fuse to be about 11 by 4 by 16 mm.

Color Codes
B - Black color wire BR - Brown color wire DRK GRN - Dark green color wire G - Green color wire L - Blue color wire LG - Light green color wire O - Orange color wire P - Pink color wire R - Red color wire SB - Sky blue color wire V - Violet color wire W - White color wire Y - Yellow color wire YEL/BLK - Yellow color wire with a thin black stripe

symbol
bateri Batery Capacitor Circuit breaker Coil Coil / Solenoid Connector / Splice Crystal Resonator Diode Diode

- Fuse - Fusible Link - Ground - Heating Element - Horn / Speaker - LED - Light - Motor - Resistor

Wires and connections Component

Wire

Circuit Symbol

Function of Component
To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another. A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as shown on the right. In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not connected. I prefer the 'bridge' symbol shown on the right because the simple crossing on the left may be misread as a join where you have forgotten to add a 'blob'!

Wires joined

Wires not joined

Power Supplies

Component

Circuit Symbol

Function of Component
Supplies electrical energy. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together. Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).

Cell

Battery

DC supply

Supplies electrical energy. DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction.

Supplies electrical energy. AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction. A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value. Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical connection between the coils. A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but for mains electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth.

AC supply

Fuse

Transformer

Earth (Ground)

Relay Wiring Diagram

A relay is typically used to control a component that draws high amperage. The relay allows full power to the component without needing a switch that can carry the amps. The switch only controls the relay. The relay then provides a direct connection to the battery. It should be noted that either the power(86) or ground(85) in the relay control circuit can be switched. In the case of a horn, the horn button would be used to switch the ground lead(85) and power(86) would be provided directly from the fuse box. This is a typical wiring diagram for a standard relay installed for headlights, horn, fuel pump, electric fan, etc. If the relay has a 5th terminal, it is not used.

Switches
Switches come in a variety of shapes and sizes and are pretty straight forward to wire, but problems may arise with multi-pole multi-contact switches. In schematics switches are always drawn in the OFF position. Switches can be non-locking, i.e. a single button that when pressed makes contact only as long as the switch is pressed, then breaks the circuit when the button is released. These switches are called "push-to-make", see left image. You can also buy switches that work the opposite way, i.e. push-to-break, an example is shown on the right.

 Many switches are latching, their state changes permanently depending on the position of the button or lever. Common varieties are toggle switches, slide switches etc. The common on/off switch has a single contact arm and one conatct or position, this is known as single-pole singlesingle throw or SPST. A switch with a single contact arm and two postions ( 3 contacts ) is called a Single Pole Double Throw SPDT switch, see left image. Often a circuit is required with two sets of contacts. These switches are called Double Pole Double Throw switches (see right image).

Circuit diagrams
The layout of electrical circuits and their components are shown as diagrams made up of symbols and connecting lines. Being able to read a circuit diagram is important when trying to trace and correct a fault in an electrical system. Not all circuit diagrams use the same symbols or the same numbering system so refer to the manufacturer's service manual for specific details on how to read a particular circuit diagram. This is a typical example of how a circuit diagram for a vehicle lighting system might be constructed.

1. This is the park and tail light circuit.

2. To this circuit we add the circuit for the headlights and dipped lights.

3. Now we include the stop light circuit.

4. Then we add the reversing light circuit.

5. And the indicator or turn signal circuits.

6. The completed circuit diagram represents all the wiring for the external lighting of a motor vehicle. Other circuits such as ignition, charging & starting circuits can be constructed in a similar way and added to provide a complete vehicle wiring system.

Wiring Diagrams
WIRING DIAGRAMS contains all wiring diagrams not included in STARTING & CHARGING SYSTEMS and ACCESSORIES & EQUIPMENT. This includes: Data Link Connectors, Ground Distribution, Power Distribution, Engine Performance, Electric Cooling Fans, Anti-Lock Brakes, Electronic Suspension and Electronic Steering wiring diagrams. The Data Link Connectors wiring diagrams show the circuits by which the various on-board computers exchange information, and the diagnostic connectors used for diagnosis and their location. The Ground Distribution wiring diagrams show all vehicle ground points, their location, and the components common to those ground points. The Power Distribution wiring diagrams show the power feed circuits and the components common to those power feeds. Wiring diagrams used to support the information in ACCESSORIES & EQUIPMENT are drawn in a "top-down" format. The diagrams are drawn with the power source at the top of the diagram and the ground point at the bottom of the diagram. Component locations are identified on the wiring diagrams. Any wires that do not connect directly to a component are identified on the diagram to indicate where they go.

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