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Al3+,Cr3+: thm t t dd kim vo s thy kt ta (M(OH)3) sinh ra, sau kt ta tan dn khi
cho dd kim d Al3+,Cr3+ (do M(OH)3 lng tnh)
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3
Cr(OH)3 + OH- [Cr(OH)4]-
Fe3+: thuc th c trng l dd cha ion thioxianat SCN-, n to vi Fe3+ ion phc c mu mu:
Fe3+ + 3SCN- Fe(SCN)3
Hoc dng dd kim NaOH, KOH, hoc NH3 kt ta mu nu (Fe(OH)3) Fe3+
Ni2+: mui Ni2+ u c mu xanh l cy, tc dng vi NaOH, KOH to Ni(OH)2 mu xanh lc, ko
tan trong dd kim d, nhng tan trong dd NH3 to thnh ion phc mu xanh:
Ni2+ + OH- Ni(OH)2
Ni(OH)2 + 6NH3 [Ni(NH3)6](OH)2
SO42-: thuc th c trng l BaCl2 trong mi trng axit (HCl hay HNO3) long, d
Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4
Cn c mi trng H+ long, d v cc anion nh: CO32-, SO32-, PO43-, HPO42- cng to kt ta trng
vi Ba2+, nhng cc kt ta u tan trong mt axit long, d. Ring BaSO4 khng tan.
CO32-: khi axit ha dd cha anion CO32- bng cc dd axit mnh (HCl, H2SO4 long) th CO2 s c
gii phng v gy si bt kh mnh. Nu dng dng c c bit ng lng d nc vi trong, ta
s thy s to thnh kt ta trng CaCO3 lm vn c dd nc vi trong :
CO32- + 2H+ H2O + CO2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
Cl2: mu vng lc, nng hn khng kh, mi hc, c, t tan trong H2O
Dng giy tm hn hp KI v h tinh bt thm t nhn ra kh Cl2 (hoc Ozon):
2KI + Cl2 2KCl + I2
I2 to vi h tinh bt 1 hn hp mu xanh tm (lm giy chuyn sang mu xanh tm)
NH3: khng mu, nh hn khng kh, tan nhiu trong H2O, c mi khai c trng. Do NH3 tan
nhiu trong nc to dd bazo yu nn nhn bit kh NH3 bng giy qu tm thm t nc ct, nu
qu tm ha xanh + mi khai c NH3