MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS
Third Edition
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. e!ol"
Le#ture Notes$
J. !alt Oler
Te%as Te#h &ni'ersit(
CHAPTER
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Shearing Stresses in
Beams and Thin-
Walled Members
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Shearing Stresses in Beams and
Thin-Walled Members
Introduction
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element
Example 6.01
Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam
Shearing Stresses

Further Discussion of the Distriution of Stresses in a ...
Sample !rolem 6."
#ongitudinal Shear on a Beam Element of $ritrar% Shape
Example 6.0&
Shearing Stresses in 'hin()alled *emers
!lastic Deformations
Sample !rolem 6.+
,ns%mmetric #oading of 'hin()alled *emers
Example 6.0-
Example 6.06
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Introduction
( )
( ) 0 0
0
0 0

x z xz z
x y xy y
xy xz x x x
y M dA F
dA z M V dA F
dA z y M dA F



.
Distriution of normal and shearing
stresses satisfies
.
'rans/erse loading applied to a eam
results in normal and shearing stresses in
trans/erse sections.
.
)hen shearing stresses are exerted on the
/ertical faces of an element0 e1ual stresses
must e exerted on the horizontal faces
.
#ongitudinal shearing stresses must exist
in an% memer su2ected to trans/erse
loading.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Shear on the Horizontal ace o! a Beam Element
.
3onsider prismatic eam
.
For e1uilirium of eam element
( )

+
A
C D
A
D D x
dA y
I
M M
H
dA H F 0
x V x
dx
dM
M M
dA y Q
C D
A

.
4ote0
flow shear
I
VQ
x
H
q
x
I
VQ
H

.
Sustituting0
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Shear on the Horizontal ace o! a Beam Element
flow shear
I
VQ
x
H
q

.
Shear flo50
.
5here
section cross full of moment second
ao/e area of moment first
6
"
1

+A A
A
dA y I
y
dA y Q
.
Same result found for lo5er area
H H
Q Q
q
I
Q V
x
H
q

axis neutral to
respect h moment 5it first
0
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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E"am#le $%&'
$ eam is made of three plan7s0
nailed together. 8no5ing that the
spacing et5een nails is "- mm and
that the /ertical shear in the eam is
V 9 -00 40 determine the shear force
in each nail.
S:#,'I:4;
.
Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flo5 q on the
lo5er surface of the upper plan7.
.
3alculate the corresponding shear
force in each nail.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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E"am#le $%&'
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
& 6
"
+
1"
1
+
1"
1
+ 6
m 10 "0 . 16
< m 060 . 0 m 100 . 0 m 0"0 . 0
m 0"0 . 0 m 100 . 0 = "
m 100 . 0 m 0"0 . 0
m 10 1"0
m 060 . 0 m 100 . 0 m 0"0 . 0

+
+

I
y A Q
S:#,'I:4;
.
Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flo5 q on the
lo5er surface of the upper plan7.
m
4
+>0&
m 10 16."0
? m 10 1"0 ?@ 4 -00 @
& 6 (
+ 6

I
VQ
q
.
3alculate the corresponding shear
force in each nail for a nail spacing
of "- mm.
m N q F +>0& ?@ m 0"- . 0 @ ? m 0"- . 0 @
4 6 . A" F
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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(etermination o! the Shearing Stress in a Beam
.
'he average shearing stress on the horizontal
face of the element is otained % di/iding the
shearing force on the element % the area of
the face.
It
VQ
x t
x
I
VQ
A
x q
A
H
ave

.
:n the upper and lo5er surfaces of the eam0
%x
9 0. It follo5s that
x%
9 0 on the upper and
lo5er edges of the trans/erse sections.
.
If the 5idth of the eam is comparale or large
relati/e to its depth0 the shearing stresses at D
1

and D
"
are significantl% higher than at D.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Shearing Stresses
xy
in 3ommon '%pes of Beams
.
For a narro5 rectangular eam0
A
V
c
y
A
V
Ib
VQ
xy
"
+
1
"
+
max
"
"

,
_

.
For $merican Standard @S(eam?
and 5ide(flange @)(eam?
eams
web
ave
A
V
It
VQ

max

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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urther (iscussion o! the (istribution o!
Stresses in a )arro* Rectangular Beam

,
_

"
"
1
"
+
c
y
A

xy

I
xy
x
+
.
3onsider a narro5 rectangular cantile/er eam
su2ected to load at its free end;
.
Shearing stresses are independent of the distance
from the point of application of the load.
.
4ormal strains and normal stresses are unaffected
% the shearing stresses.
.
From Saint(BenantCs principle0 effects of the load
application mode are negligile except in immediate
/icinit% of load application points.
.
StressDstrain de/iations for distriuted loads are
negligile for t%pical eam sections of interest.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Sam#le Problem $%+
$ timer eam is to support the three
concentrated loads sho5n. 8no5ing
that for the grade of timer used0
psi 1"0 psi 1E00
all all

determine the minimum re1uired depth
d of the eam.
S:#,'I:4;
.
De/elop shear and ending moment
diagrams. Identif% the maximums.
.
Determine the eam depth ased on
allo5ale normal stress.
.
Determine the eam depth ased on
allo5ale shear stress.
.
Fe1uired eam depth is e1ual to the
larger of the t5o depths found.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Sam#le Problem $%+
S:#,'I:4;
De/elop shear and ending moment
diagrams. Identif% the maximums.
in 7ip A0 ft 7ip - . >
7ips +
max
max

M
V
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Sam#le Problem $%+
( )
( )
"
"
6
1
"
6
1
+
1"
1
in. -E++ . 0
in. - . +
d
d
d b
c
I
!
d b I

.
Determine the eam depth ased on allo5ale
normal stress.
( )
in. "6 . A
in. -E++ . 0
in. l 10 A0
psi 1E00
"
+
max

d
d
!
M
all

.
Determine the eam depth ased on allo5ale
shear stress.
( )
in. >1 . 10
in. +.-
l +000
"
+
psi 1"0
"
+
max

d
d
A
V
all

.
Fe1uired eam depth is e1ual to the larger of the t5o.
in. >1 . 10 d
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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,ongitudinal Shear on a Beam Element
o! Arbitrar- Sha#e
.
)e ha/e examined the distriution of
the /ertical components
xy
on a
trans/erse section of a eam. )e
no5 5ish to consider the horizontal
components
xz
of the stresses.
.
3onsider prismatic eam 5ith an
element defined % the cur/ed surface
3DDC3C.
( )

+
a
dA H F
C D x
0
.
Except for the differences in
integration areas0 this is the same
result otained efore 5hich led to
I
VQ
x
H
q x
I
VQ
H

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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E"am#le $%&.
$ s1uare ox eam is constructed from
four plan7s as sho5n. 8no5ing that the
spacing et5een nails is 1.- in. and the
eam is su2ected to a /ertical shear of
magnitude V 9 600 l0 determine the
shearing force in each nail.
S:#,'I:4;
.
Determine the shear force per unit
length along each edge of the upper
plan7.
.
Based on the spacing et5een nails0
determine the shear force in each
nail.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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E"am#le $%&.
For the upper plan70
( ) ( ) ( )
+
in "" . &
. in E>- . 1 . in + in. >- . 0

y A Q
For the o/erall eam cross(section0
( ) ( )
&
+
1"
1
+
1"
1
in &" . ">
in + in - . &

I
S:#,'I:4;
.
Determine the shear force per unit
length along each edge of the upper
plan7.
( ) ( )
length unit per force edge
in
l
1- . &6
"
in
l
+ . A"
in ">.&"
in "" . & l 600
&
+

q
f
I
VQ
q
.
Based on the spacing et5een nails0
determine the shear force in each
nail.
( ) in >- . 1
in
l
1- . &6

,
_

f F
l E . E0 F
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members
.
3onsider a segment of a 5ide(flange
eam su2ected to the /ertical shear V.
.
'he longitudinal shear force on the
element is
x
I
VQ
H
It
VQ
x t
H
xz zx

.
'he corresponding shear stress is
.
4:'E;
0
xy

0
xz

in the flanges
in the 5e
.
!re/iousl% found a similar expression
for the shearing stress in the 5e
It
VQ
xy

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members
.
'he /ariation of shear flo5 across the
section depends onl% on the /ariation of
the first moment.
I
VQ
t q
.
For a ox eam0 q gro5s smoothl% from
zero at $ to a maximum at C and C" and
then decreases ac7 to zero at #.
.
'he sense of q in the horizontal
portions of the section ma% e deduced
from the sense in the /ertical portions
or the sense of the shear V.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members
.
For a 5ide(flange eam0 the shear flo5
increases s%mmetricall% from zero at A
and A"0 reaches a maximum at C and the
decreases to zero at # and #".
.
'he continuit% of the /ariation in q and
the merging of q from section ranches
suggests an analog% to fluid flo5.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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. 'he section ecomes full% plastic @y
$
9 0? at
the 5all 5hen
% $
M M &
"
+
. For & G M
$
0 %ield is initiated at ( and (".
For an elastoplastic material0 the half(thic7ness
of the elastic core is found from

,
_

"
"
+
1
1
"
+
c
y
M x
$
$
Plastic (e!ormations
moment elastic maximum
$ $
c
I
M .
Fecall;
. For M ) & * M
$
0 the normal stress does
not exceed the %ield stress an%5here along
the eam.
.
*aximum load 5hich the eam can support is
&
M

max
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Plastic (e!ormations
.
!receding discussion 5as ased on
normal stresses onl%
.
3onsider horizontal shear force on an
element 5ithin the plastic zone0
( ) ( ) 0 dA dA H
$ $ D C

'herefore0 the shear stress is zero in the
plastic zone.
.
Shear load is carried % the elastic
core0
A

by A
y
y
A

$
$
xy

,
_

"
+
" 5here 1
"
+
max
"
"

. $s A" decreases0
max
increases and
ma% exceed
$
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Sam#le Problem $%/
8no5ing that the /ertical shear is -0
7ips in a )10x6E rolled(steel eam0
determine the horizontal shearing
stress in the top flange at the point a.
S:#,'I:4;
.
For the shaded area0
( ) ( ) ( )
+
in AE . 1-
in E1- . & in >>0 . 0 in +1 . &

Q
.
'he shear stress at a0
( ) ( )
( )( ) in >>0 . 0 in +A&
in AE . 1- 7ips -0
&
+

It
VQ

7si 6+ . "
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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0ns-mmetric ,oading o! Thin-Walled Members
.
Beam loaded in a /ertical plane
of s%mmetr% deforms in the
s%mmetr% plane 5ithout
t5isting.
It
VQ
I
My
ave x

.
Beam 5ithout a /ertical plane
of s%mmetr% ends and t5ists
under loading.
It
VQ
I
My
ave x

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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.
)hen the force ! is applied at a distance e to the
left of the 5e centerline0 the memer ends in
a /ertical plane 5ithout t5isting.
0ns-mmetric ,oading o! Thin-Walled Members
.
If the shear load is applied such that the eam
does not t5ist0 then the shear stress distriution
satisfies
F ds q ds q F ds q V
It
VQ
#
D
(
A
D
(
ave

.
F and F" indicate a couple Fh and the need for
the application of a tor1ue as 5ell as the shear
load.
Ve h F
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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E"am#le $%&1
.
Determine the location for the shear center of the
channel section 5ith b 9 & in.0 h 9 6 in.0 and t 9 0.1- in.
I
h F
e
.
5here
I
Vthb
ds
h
st
I
V
ds
I
VQ
ds q F
b b b
&
"
"
0 0 0

( ) h b th
h
bt bt th I I I
fla+ge web
+
1
1
]
1

,
_

+ + +
6
" 1"
1
"
1"
1
"
"
1"
1
"
+ +
.
3omining0
( ) . in & +
. in 6
"
in. &
+
" +

b
h
b
e . in 6 . 1 e
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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E"am#le $%&$
.
Determine the shear stress distriution for
V 9 ".- 7ips.
It
VQ
t
q

.
Shearing stresses in the flanges0
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
7si "" . "
in 6 in & 6 in 6 in 1- . 0
in & 7ips - . " 6
6
6
6 "
" "
"
1"
1

h b th
Vb
h b th
Vhb
s
I
Vh h
st
It
V
It
VQ
(

.
Shearing stress in the 5e0
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
7si 06 . +
in 6 in 6 6 in 6 in 1- . 0 "
in 6 in & & 7ips - . " +
6 "
& +
6
&
"
1"
1
E
1
max

+
+

+
+

+
+

h b th
h b V
t h b th
h b ht V
It
VQ