تصميم قواعد البيانات

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ١٦٢  
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ، 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬???‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 H

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬EDatabase Management Information SystemFDBMS‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
WEHardwareF‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WESoftwareF‫ א‬J ٢
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 KLinux, Unix, WindowsK…‫א‬
Oracle, ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
KKKKSybase, DB2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬‫ א‬E
 ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 F ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ‫هـ‬
K‫א‬KKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
E
 ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬ F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J 
WE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
KEDBMSF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
KEDBMSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
KEDBMSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ J ٣
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
،KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 W J ٢
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥

 
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KH

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Codd‫א‬١٩٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ERelationsFETablesF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬،EF‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ERecords or TupleF ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EDomainFEAttributesF‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPrimary KeyF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 KERelational DatabaseF‫א‬

 ‫א‬EStudentF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Student‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬St _No‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬Dept_Code‫ א‬J
J ٢٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EGpaF‫א‬ J
K١٠J ٠١
Gpa‫א‬W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Dept_Code‫א‬K٥KK١
K‫א‬
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J
W‫א‬‫א‬
Student
St _No St _Name Gpa Birth_Date Dept_Code
J ٠١J ٢٠٠١ Sami ٣{٧٥ ١٩٨١J ٠١J ٠١ Comp
١٠
J ٠٢J ٢٠٠١ Khalid ٣{٥ ١٩٨٢J ١٠J ١٠ Math
٩٩
J ٠١J ٢٠٠٠ Ali ٤{٢ ١٩٨٠J ٠٨J ١٢ Comp
١٠١

- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬WESuper KeyF‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
St_No
St_No, St _Name
St_No ,dept_code
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬WECandidate KeyF‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KENullF‫א‬
St_No, St _Name
St_No 
KSt_No،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEPrimary KeyF‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K St_NoK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J 
Customer _id‫א‬‫א‬
E>‫؟‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
Customer _id Customer name tel Address
WEForeign KeyF‫א‬‫א‬J 

EStudentF‫א‬ EDept_CodeF‫א‬EUniqueF
 EDepartmentF‫א‬EForeign KeyF
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١W١F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Person 1 1 Passport

- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١WNNW١F‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
Student n 1 Department

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEN:NF K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
  
 K

Student n n Class
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
 W J ١
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 EN :NF‫א‬‫א‬
E NW١F‫א‬
 EN :NF

- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 H
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Entity ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KRelationship (ER)Diagram

 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﻨﺰل‬


- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
EObjectsF
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬EEntity SetF
 ‫א‬
 EEntityF ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Patient Student
‫ﻣﺮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ WEAttributesF‫א‬‫א‬
KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
Stu_address Stu_name Stu_major
Student

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ WEDomainF‫א‬
٣٠‫א‬‫א‬،
   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬KE٣{٥F
 ٥KK٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬K ٢٢‫א‬‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Eprimary keyF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
Car_model
Car_year
car
Car_Code
 ‫א‬
 WSimple and Composite Attributes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F

  ‫א‬KKE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fname Init Lname
Name
Student
 WSingle-Valued or Multiple-Valued Attributes‫א‬J 

‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 F
‫א‬ ‫א‬K  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Car_Col or
car

- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 WEDerived AttributesF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
ِAge
Student

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WERelationshipsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEKKKK،،،F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEN:NFEN :1F‫א‬E١W١F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
N N
Enroll Class
Student
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  

  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Name
No Employee
Relationship
D_Name
Dependent B_date
 : ESupertype and SubtypeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

SupertypeE
 F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Account 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
EOverdraft AmountF‫א‬ECurrent AccountF‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K   ‫א‬
 KEInterest RateF‫א‬‫א‬
KEISAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  

:ERecursiveF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
F ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEER Diagram‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦

- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
 WJ ١
KEntity‫ א‬
 KAttribute‫ א‬
KRelationship‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K3NF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 : EData AnomaliesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠3NF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 H

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .EThird Normal Form 3NFF‫א‬
 : EData AnomaliesF‫א‬‫א‬
Employee_department
Empno Ename Job Salary Deptno Dname Loc
101 Sami clerk 3000 10 Accounting Riyadh
205 Khalid manager 2500 10 Accounting Riyadh
303 Ali salesman 1200 20 Sales Jeddah
502 Saeed salesman 2100 20 Sales Jeddah
601 Salem clerk 1000 30 Operation Dmmam
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
٢٠‫א‬ELocF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Riyadh Jeddah
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬٣٠٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٣‫א‬Jeddah ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬٣٠‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬٣٠‫א‬٦٠٦‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
WEFunctional Dependency FD F‫א‬‫א‬

 EF EF‫א‬‫א‬
A B
KBAA‫א‬‫א‬ B

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEAnomaliesF
W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W
FD1 : Empno Ename
FD2 : Empno Deptno
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 FD1 : Empno Ename,Deptno
 FD :Functional Dependency
‫א‬‫א‬
Functional F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDependency FD
EX‫א‬YFFXY‫א‬WReflexive ‫ א‬J ١
YX
 1- X ⊇ Y : X ÆY
XZ  YX‫א‬WAugmentation‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٢
YZ 
 2- { XÆ Y} ╞ XZÆYZ
 ZY YX‫א‬WTransitive‫א‬ J ٣
KZX

 3- {XÆ Y ,YÆZ} ╞ XÆZ
 ZX Y X‫א‬WUnion‫א‬ J ٤
KYZX
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 4- {XÆ Y ,XÆZ} ╞ XÆYZ

‫א‬ Decomposition‫א‬ J ٥
 5- {XÆ YZ } ╞ XÆY , X Æ Z
‫א‬ Pseudotransitive ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 6- {XÆ Y , WYÆZ } ╞ WXÆY
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬╞
 :EFirst Normal Form 1NF F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF

 WEmployee‫א‬‫א‬١
No Name Adresse
Fname Mid Lname city Street House no
100 Ali Salem musa Riyadh Immam saud 210
120 Saeed Eisa Ali Riyadh King Fahad 202
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1NF, ‫א‬‫א‬
 
No Fname Mid Lname city Street House no
100 Ali Salem musa Riyadh Immam 210
saud
120 Saeed Eisa Ali Riyadh King Fahad 202
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1NF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬HOURS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PROJECTS
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
NO Name Project_Code Hours Deptno Dname

210 Ali P1,p2,p3 12,20,40 10,20,20 Research, Operation,
Operation
201 Salem P1,p3 30,15 10,20 Research Operation
305 Ali P2,p3 40,20 20,20 Operation, Operation


 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬Deptno‫א‬Hours‫א‬Project_Code‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
210 Ali P1 12 10 Research
210 Ali p2 20 20 Operation
201 salem P1 30 10 Research
201 salem p3 15 20 Operation
305 Ali P2 40 20 Operation
 ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬EPrimary KeyF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
FD 1 :No Æ Name
 K‫א‬‫א‬
FD 2 : Project_CodeÆ Deptno
K‫א‬
FD 3 : Deptno ÆDname
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬Ali
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
P1‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
FD 4 :No, Project_CodeÆ name
FD 5 :No, Project_CodeÆ Deptno
FD 6 :No, Project_CodeÆ Hours
FD 7 : Deptno ÆDname
 FD 8 :No, Project_CodeÆ Name ,Hours, Deptno, Dname
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FD1,FD2FD4,FD5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FD5 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 KE1NFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:ESecond Normal Form 2NF F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
A
C
B

C C  B A,B ‫א‬‫א‬CCA,B 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KB‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  

210 Ali P1 12 10 Research
201 Salem P1 30 10 Research
201 Salem p3 15 20 Operation
305 Ali P2 40 20 Operation

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬،،
 ‫؟‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
FD 1 :No Æ Name
FD 2 : Project_CodeÆ Deptno,Dname
FD 3 :No, Project_CodeÆ name ,deptno, hours
‫א‬‫א‬NameNo No, Project_Code‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬ DnamedeptnoProject_Code
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J ١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ J ٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  

NO Project_Code Hours NO Name
210 P1 12 210 Ali
210 p2 20 210 Ali
210 p3 40 210 Ali
201 P1 30 201 salem
201 p3 15 201 salem
305 P2 40 305 Ali
305 p3 20 305 Ali
Project_Code Deptno Dname

P1 10 Research
p2 20 Operation
p3 20 Operation

WEThird Normal Form 3NF F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
B
A
C

C B A 
  ‫א‬‫א‬C,BC,B A 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KB‫א‬‫א‬ C
 K
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 FD 1 :No Æ Name
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
FD 1 :No, Project_CodeÆ hours
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
FD 1 : Project_CodeÆ Deptno,Dname
FD 2 : Deptno Æ Dname
 Deptno
 ‫א‬DeptnoDnameProject_Code ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬Dname
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EDeptnoF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

NO Project_Code Hours NO Name

210 P1 12 210 Ali
210 p2 20 210 Ali
210 p3 40 210 Ali
201 P1 30 201 Salem
201 p3 15 201 Salem
305 P2 40 305 Ali
305 p3 20 305 Ali
Project_Code Deptno Deptno Dname

- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
P1 10 10 Research
p2 20 20 Operation
p3 20
‫א‬3NF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
K‫א‬ EData AnomaliesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬EFunctional Dependency FD F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
W  K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Course Sec_ Dept Credit Course Ins_id Semeste Year Date Room No_of
_No No _Hours Level r _No _
stu
 ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬   ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬   ‫ א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 H

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  

 E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
    E‫א‬ ‫א‬ F‫א‬    ‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
W
‫א‬ Relation (R)‫א‬ Entity (E) J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ، 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Employee
Eno Fname Mid Lname sex Birthdate Salary

 KEF‫א‬

Department
Deptno Dname Location
‫א‬EF‫א‬
 KEQueryF‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  


Project
Pnumber Pname Plocation
W Weak Entity‫א‬
 Relation (R)‫א‬ EWeak EntityF
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Dependent
Eno Name Sex Birthdate Relationship
 
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
E ١W١F ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬       W‫א‬ 
‫א‬E NWNFE NW١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E١W١F‫א‬‫א‬J ١
      ‫א‬    E ١W١F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EMgrF ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
Department
Deptno Dname Location Mgr Startdate
EN: 1F‫א‬ J ٢
     EF   EN:1F  ‫א‬  
KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENF‫א‬
1 N

Employee
Eno Fname Mid Lname sex Birthdate Salary Mgr
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    EMgrF     ‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F‫א‬
N
1
Employee
Eno Fname Mid Lname sex Birthdate Salary Mgr Deptno
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDeptnoF ‫א‬
 E‫א‬
Project
Pnumber Pname Plocation Deptno
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    EDeptnoF     ‫א‬  
 KE‫א‬F
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 EN:NFJ ٣
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      EN:NF     
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N N


Works_for
Eno Pnumber Hours
 (‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬F
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬  
 ISAESuper Type F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESubtypeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬ J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S_Employee

H_Employee
Eno Salary
Eno Hour_Rate 
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KN:N‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Super F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESubtypeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KISAEType
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤


 K‫א‬‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KPLSQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
PLSQL ‫א‬‫א‬
 PLSQL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Datatypes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  -
 H -

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W
Programming Language FSQL‫א‬‫؟‬PL/SQL
‫א‬‫א‬OracleEStructured Query Language
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬SQL
 KKKK‫א‬
،Modules‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KPL/SQL
 ،Modules‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Database Server‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Source ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬KP-Code ‫א‬Compile‫א‬Code
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAnonymous Block  K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬‫א‬،SubprogramsWNamed Block K٢
Function, Procedure, Trigger, W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KPackage
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 KNested Blocks‫א‬‫א‬
 W (Blocks)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬(Block) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Declarative E‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECursors F‫א‬‫א‬،(Block)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(Block) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SQLExecutable:‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
  E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(Block) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PLSQL
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬WEExceptionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DECLARE  Æ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
BEGIN Æ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
SQL  Æ SQL 
PLSQL  Æ PLSQL
EXCEPTION ‫א‬
 Æ
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
END; ‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WPLSQL(Block) 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K٣
E‫א‬‫א‬F%ROWTYPE %Type‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PLSQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PLSQL (Block)  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE;F
identifier [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT NULL] [:= DEFAULT | expression ] ;
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  

‫א‬‫א‬ Identifier
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ CONSTANT
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬CONSTANT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ datatype
NOT NULL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، NOT NULL
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،  PLSQL expression
EF‫א‬

 W
Declare
v_name VARCHAR2(10) ; ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
v_date DATE ; 
v_id NUMBER(2) NOT NULL 
:=10 ;
 ١٠‫א‬‫א‬
NULL
V_comm CONSTANT NUMBER 
:=120;
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
BEGIN
……
END;
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KSQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
(Block) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
K(Block) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K٣٠‫א‬ J
KSQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _, #,$ J
 CONSTANTNOT NULL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KDEFUALT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬:=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Identifier := expression ;
W
v_name :=’Ali’ ; v _name Ali ‫א‬‫א‬
net_sal := v_sal –v_sal*.08;  net_sal ‫א‬
SELECT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 J
SELECT ename
INTO v_name
FROM emp
WHERE empno = 7788;
‫א‬ ename  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 v_name
ename ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W Datatypes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WScalar Datatype ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ size‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VARCHAR2(size)
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Byte ٣٢{٦٧٦K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  size‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ CHAR[(SIZE)]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Byte٣٢{٦٧٦١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Precision‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  NUMBER
(precision,scale)
‫א‬‫א‬scale
EF‫א‬‫א‬ DATE
٩٩٩٩‫א‬٤٧١٢‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ size‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ LONG
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Byte٣٢{٦٧٠K‫א‬
Byte٢{١٤٧{٤٨٣{٦٤٧LONG‫א‬
K‫א‬ EBinaryF‫א‬‫א‬ LONG RAW
TRUE,FLASE‫א‬‫א‬ BOOLEAN
 ‫א‬ BINARY_INTEGER
٢{١٤٧{٤٨٣{٦٤٧J ٢{١٤٧{٤٨٣{٦٤٧
 ٢{١٤٧{٤٨٣{٦٤٧J ٢{١٤٧{٤٨٣{٦٤٧‫א‬ PLS_INTEGR
BINARY_INTEGERNUMBER
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W
v_job  VARCHAR2(9);
v_count BINARY_INTEGER := 0;
v_total_sal NUMBER(9,2) := 0;
v_orderdate DATE := SYSDATE + 7;
c_tax_rate CONSTANT NUMBER(3,2) := 8.25;
v_valid BOOLEAN NOT NULL := TRUE;
 ‫א‬%TYPE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

v_enameemp.ename%TYPE; 
emp‫א‬ ename‫א‬‫א‬ v_ename‫א‬
v_balanceNUMBER(7,2);
  v_bqlqnce‫א‬
v_min_balancev_balance%TYPE := 10;
K١٠‫א‬‫א‬ v_balance‫א‬‫א‬ v_min_balance‫א‬
 WBOOLEAN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KTRUE , FLASE, NULL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 AND,OR ,NOT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KFALSE TRUE(A<B)
W
V_Sal1 NUMBER: =1000 ;
V_Sal2 NUMBER: =2500 ;
Valid BOOLEAN:= (V_Sal1 >
V_Sal2);
‫א‬V_SAL1 > V_SAL2 Valid‫א‬
KTRUE Valid‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TRUE ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 WComposite Datatype ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢


‫א‬  RECORDS ‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMP_REC ‫א‬ W
EMP_REC
ID NAME SALARY

١٠١ ALI 3000

‫א‬TABLES  ‫א‬‫א‬J 
F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
WLOB Datatype ( Large Objectas) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WBind Variables ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
(Block) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESQL* PlusF‫א‬(Block)‫א‬
 K(Block) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
SQL > VARIABLE Emp_Sal  Emp_Sal
NUMBER
 EHostF‫א‬NUMBER
SQL > VARIABLE emp_name  Emp_ Name 
varchar2(20)
٢٠VARCHAR2(2)
K EHostF‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Block)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E:F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Block) ‫א‬
: Emp_Name:= ‘AHMED’;
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
PRINT ‫א‬‫א‬SQL* Plus‫א‬

SQL> PRINT Emp_ Name
 :‫א‬‫א‬
PUT_LINE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Block)  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬DBMS_OUTPUT‫א‬‫א‬
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Well Come to PLSQL Programming’);
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S
 QL >SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
 K(Block) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
ACCEPT p_annual_sal PROMPT ' Please enter the annual salary '
Declare
V_sal NUMBER(9,2) :=&p_annual_sal ;
BEGIN
V_sal :=V_sal /12;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Monthly Salary is '||TO_CHAR(V_sal));
END;
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
‫؟‬‫א‬PLSQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
1- DECLARE
VI_ID NUMBER (4);
2- DECLARE
v_x ,v_y ,v_z VARACHAR2(10);
3- DECLARE
V_Date DATE NOT NULL;
4- DECLARE
V_valid BOOLEAN :=1;
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
1- V_days := v_date-SYSDATE;
2- V_sender := USER||’ :’|| TO_CHAR(V_DEPTNO);
3- v_sum := $100 + $3000;
4- V_days:=v_date-SYSDATE;
5- v_flage := TRUE;
6- v_n1 := v_n2 > ( 2 * v_n3);
7- v_value := NULL;
K‫א‬MY PLSQL WORKS PLSQL(Block) ‫ א‬K٣

G_MESSAGE
--------------------------------
My PL/SQL Block Works
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
V-CHRPLSQL (Block)  K٤

’42 is the answer’
‫א‬V-CHRV_NUM 
 Kp6q4.sqlBlock‫א‬SQL * Plus ‫א‬‫א‬
SQL> PRINT g_char
G_CHAR
----------------------
42 is the answer
SQL> PRINT g_num
G_NUM
----------
42
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
KEBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 H -

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
،PLSQL EBlockF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 (Block),‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PLSQL  ESyntax F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬     E  ،‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬    PLSQL ‫א‬ 
‫א‬KKKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬J
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬٣٠‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 KJ
K(Block) ‫א‬ ‫א‬J
 W
v_name varchr2(20);
xyx number;
birth_date date;
 W
1no number ;
Dept%id number(2);
Select varchar2(10);
 W Literal Values ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬Date‫א‬Character‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KE‘ ‘F
v_name:=’ali’;
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Numbers‫א‬‫א‬J
v_id :=201;
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 WOperations‫ א‬K٣
 K ENOT,**F‫א‬‫א‬J
 EJ ،HF‫א‬‫ א‬J
 EL،*F‫א‬‫א‬J
 KE =,>,<,<=, <=, IS NULL, LIKE, BETWEEN, IN F‫א‬J
 EAND OR F‫א‬‫א‬J J
 WComments ‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E--F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K
‫א‬E*/ F‫א‬‫א‬E/* F‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
…..
V_name varchar2(20) ;-- this variable used to hold the employee name
Begin
/* this code is used to read
The employee salary and calculate the annual salary
And print the annual salary
*/
…….
End ;
 K  Using Functions ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W SQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
(ROUND ,TRUNC, SQRT ….FNumber Functions‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
v_sal:= ROUND(v_sal,2) ;
ECONCAT, INITCAP, LOWER,…FCharacter Functions‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

SELECT INITCAP (enam) INTO v_name
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
FROM emp
WHERE empno =7788;
(ADD_MONTHS, MONTHS_BETWEEN,… ) Date   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J

Functions
Num_months := MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,v_date);
‫א‬‫א‬ SQL ‫א‬ J

Decode J
 EMIN, MAX, AVG, ….. FGroup Functions J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
TO_CHAR ◄ CHARACTER ‫א‬J 
 KTO_NUMBER◄  NUMBER ‫א‬J 
 K TO_DATE◄  DATE ‫א‬J

ENested Blocks F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬EBlockF
‫א‬‫א‬EBlockF،ENested BlockF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
...
x BINARY_INTEGER;
BEGIN ‫ ﻣﺠﺎل‬x
...
DECLARE
y NUMBER;
BEGIN
... ‫ ﻣﺠﺎل‬y
END;
...
END;


- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 x   ‫א‬EBlockF‫א‬   x   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (Block) ‫א‬
‫א‬(Blocks) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y K(Block) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬(Block) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Block) ‫א‬

...
x BINARY_INTEGER;
BEGIN
...
DECLARE
X NUMBER;
BEGIN
... ‫ داﺧﻞ هﺬﻩ‬X ‫أي اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
END; ‫( ﻳﻜﻮن ل‬Block) ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬
...
END;
 
DECLARE
v_sal NUMBER(7,2) := 60000;
v_comm NUMBER(7,2) := v_sal * .20;
v_message VARCHAR2(255) := ' eligible for commission';
BEGIN
DECLARE
NUMBER(7,2) := 50000; v_sal
NUMBER(7,2) := 0; v_comm
NUMBER(7,2) := v_sal + v_comm; v_total_comp
BEGIN
v_message := 'CLERK not' || v_message;
END;
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
v_message := 'SALESMAN'||v_message;
END;
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ESub BlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ v_messageJ
 ‫א‬EBlockF‫א‬v_total_compJ
 ESubBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬v_comm J
 ‫א‬EBlockF‫א‬ v_comm J
‫א‬EBlockF‫א‬ v_messageJ J

  EProgramming GuidelinesF‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K     
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E Case conventionF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

SELECT, INSERT  SQL
DECLARE ,BEGIN, END  ‫א‬‫א‬
v_sal, id, g_sal  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
emp, dept, ename  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
v_empno, v_sal v_name variables‫א‬‫א‬
c_sal , c_tax c_name ‫א‬‫א‬
emp_cursor, Name_cursor cursors ‫א‬‫א‬
e_too_many e_name exception‫א‬‫א‬
p_empno p_name ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
substitute variables 
g_sal g_name global‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
BEGIN BEGIN
IF x=0 THEN IF x=0 THEN y:=1; ELSE y:=2; END IF;
y:=1; END;
ELSE
y:=2;
END IF;
END;

- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
 J ١
DECLARE
v_weight number(3):=600;
v_message VARCHAR2(255):='Product 10012';
BEGIN
/* SUB BLOCK ‫א‬‫א‬‫* א‬/
DECLARE
v_weight number(3):=1;
v_message VARCHAR2(255):='Product 11001';
v_new_loc VARCHAR2(50):= 'Europe ';
BEGIN
v_weight := v_weight +1;
v_new_loc:= 'Western '|| v_new_loc;
END;
v_weight := v_weight +1;
 v_message := v_message || 'is in Stock ';
 v_new_loc:= 'Western '|| v_new_loc;
END ;
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KESub Block F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬v_weight  J 
 KESub Block F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬v_new_loc J 
 KEmain Block F‫א‬‫א‬v_weight  J 
 KEmain Block F‫א‬‫א‬v_message J 
 KEmain Block F‫א‬‫א‬v_new_locJ 

‫א‬  EBlockF J ٢
    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬

 
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
Please enter the first number : 2

Please Enter The Second Number :4
G_RESULT
-----------------------
4.5
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   EBlockF     J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬     K ‫א‬  
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 KE 0.15١٥‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
KENVL‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Please enter the salary amount: 50000

Please enter the bonus percentage: 10
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
G_TOTAL
----------
55000

- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
Oracle ‫א‬
Oracle‫א‬
٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Oracle‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEBlockF‫א‬‫א‬Oracle ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
EBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Transactions‫א‬‫א‬
 SQL CursorSQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠Oracle‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  -
 H -

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Oracle‫א‬  ١٦٢  

 PL/SQL SQL‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ETransactionF      PL/SQL      ‫א‬
،Block ‫א‬ ‫א‬  COMMIT, SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
CREATE TABLE,   Block‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DDL 
 KGRANT, REVOKE DCLALTER TABLE

 Select Statement ‫א‬

SELECT select_list
{variable_name[, variable_name]... INTO
| record_name}
table FROM
condition; WHERE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ select_list
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
record_nameVariablesSelect_ListK INTO
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ variable_name
select_list‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ record_name
‫א‬‫א‬ table
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ condition
Exception ‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Oracle‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W
DECLARE
v_deptno NUMBER(2);
v_loc VARCHAR2(15);
BEGIN
SELECT deptno, loc

INTO v_deptno, v_loc
FROM dept
WHERE dname = 'SALES';
END;

‫א‬'SALES'‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬v_locv_deptno‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE;F‫א‬ J
KINTO‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K%TYPE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
v_deptno dept.deptno%TPYPE;
v_loc dept.loc%TPYPE;
K‫א‬‫א‬WHERE J
‫א‬‫א‬ Group Function ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KPLSQL‫א‬‫א‬Group Function‫א‬

- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Oracle‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
DECLARE
v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE;
v_deptno NUMBER NOT NULL := 10;
BEGIN
SELECT SUM(sal) -- group function
INTO v_sum_sal
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = v_deptno;
END;
 Control Transaction‫א‬DML‫א‬‫א‬
Data ManipulationDML‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬WINSERT‫א‬ E١
BEGIN
INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename, job, deptno)
VALUES (empno_sequence.NEXTVAL, 'HARDING', 'CLERK', 10);
END;
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WUPDATE‫א‬ E٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WHERE
K ‫א‬
:=‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
DECLARE
v_sal_increase emp.sal%TYPE := 2000;
BEGIN
UPDATE emp
SET sal = sal + v_sal_increase
WHERE job = 'ANALYST';
END;
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Oracle‫א‬  ١٦٢  
K‫א‬WDELETE‫א‬ E٣
K ‫א‬
DECLARE
v_deptno emp.deptno%TYPE := 10;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM emp
END;
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬     ‫א‬ WHERE ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ord‫א‬ordid‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ordid
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WHERE ordid = ordid ;
‫א‬‫א‬ 601‫א‬ ordid‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ordid
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DECLARE
orderdate ord.orderdate%TYPE;
shipdate ord.shipdate%TYPE;
ordid ord.ordid%TYPE := 601;
BEGIN
SELECT orderdate, shipdate
INTO orderdate, shipdate
FROM ord
WHERE ordid = ordid;
END;
SQL> /
DECLARE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01422: exact fetch returns more than requested
number of rows
ORA-06512: at line 6
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Oracle‫א‬  ١٦٢  

 WControl Transaction‫א‬
‫א‬E،،F‫א‬WTransaction
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ Transaction‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬COMMITJ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROLLBACKJ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SAVEPOINT J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
COMMIT [WORK];
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;
ROLLBACK [WORK];
ROLLBACK [WORK] TO [SAVEPOINT] savepoint_name;
 SQL Cursor SQL‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ Cursor ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ESQL CURSORS F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KSQL‫א‬‫א‬ SQL%ROWCOUNTJ ١
 KSQL‫א‬ETRUEF SQL%FOUNDJ ٢
 KSQL‫א‬ETRUEF SQL%NOTFOUNDJ ٣
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Oracle‫א‬  ١٦٢  
SQL CURSORS K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ETRUEF  SQL%ISOPEN J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FALSE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
1 SQL> VARIABLE rows_deleted VARCHAR2(30)
2 DECLARE
3 v_ordid NUMBER := 605;
4 BEGIN
5 DELETE FROM item
6 WHERE ordid = v_ordid;
7 :rows_deleted := (SQL%ROWCOUNT ||' rows deleted.');
8 END;
9 /
10 SQL >PRINT rows_deleted

    SQL*Plus    rows_deleted ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
605orderitem‫א‬‫א‬EBlockF
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ SQL%ROWCOUNT‫א‬‫א‬ ٧‫א‬
Krows_deleted‫א‬ ' rows deleted.' ||‫א‬‫א‬،
 KSQL*Plus‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Oracle‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
 WEBlockF‫א‬J ١
 KDEPT ‫א‬J
 KSQL*Plus‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
Kp8q1.sql ‫א‬J
G_MAX_DEPTNO
------------
40
‫א‬ DEPT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٢
 W‫א‬ . p8q2.sql 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬SQL*PlusSubstitution Variable ‫א‬J
 K location NULLJ
 KEBlockF‫א‬J
Please enter the department name: EDUCATION

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- -------------
50 EDUCATION
 DEPTK location ‫א‬EBlockF‫א‬J ٣
W‫א‬K . p8q3.sql ‫א‬
 K‫א‬SQL*PlusSubstitution Variable ‫א‬J
Klocation ‫א‬SQL*PlusSubstitution Variable ‫א‬J
Please enter the department number: 50
Please enter the department location: HOUSTON
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Oracle‫א‬  ١٦٢  
K‫א‬‫א‬J
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
50 EDUCATION HOUSTON
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EBlockF‫א‬ J ٤

W‫א‬K . p8q4.sql 
 K‫א‬SQL*PlusSubstitution Variable ‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
KPlease enter the department number: 50
G_RESULT
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1 row(s) deleted.
 ‫؟‬‫א‬J
G_RESULT
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0 row(s) deleted.

. ‫א‬‫א‬J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣

W‫א‬‫א‬
  -
 H -

W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
W
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   EBlockF  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٨‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٠٠ ‫א‬ ٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KIF Statement ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  IF  
 K‫א‬
IF condition THEN
statements;
 END IF;
Ali  v_ename‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ v_sal٣٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

. v_sal :=  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬     True  ‫א‬  
False‫א‬Aliv_ename‫א‬‫א‬3500
 W END IF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬v_sal := 3500;‫א‬
….
IF v_ename = ‘Ali’ THEN
v_sal := 3500;
END IF;
…….
: IF THEN ELSE ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IF THEN ELSE
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  

IF CONDITION1 THEN
Statement1;
ELSE
Statement2.
END IF;
IF v_deptno = 10 THEN
UPDATE emp
SET sal = sal * 1.10
ELSE
UPDATE emp
END IF;
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،٪١٠‫א‬
K٪٨‫א‬
IF CONDITION1 THEN
Statement1;
ELSE
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
IF CONDITION2 THEN
Statement2;
END IF;
END IF;
IF v_deptno = 10 THEN
UPDATE emp
ELSE
IF v_job = ‘SALESMAN’ THEN
UPDATE emp
WHERE job = v_job;
END IF;
‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،٪١٠‫א‬
 K٪٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SALESMAN 

WIFTHEN ELSIF ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IF THEN ELSIF
   (ELSIF) ‫א‬ ‫א‬    IF  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 IF IF IF
KESLE‫א‬
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
IF CONDITION1 THEN
Statement1;
ELSIF CONDITION2 THEN
Statement2;
ELSIF CONDITION3 THEN
Statement3;
.
.
.
ELSE
StatementN;
END IF;
IF v_grade >100 OR v_grade < 0 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Invalid Grade ’);
ELSEF v_grade >= 90 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘A’);
ELSIF v_grade >= 80 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘B’);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘C’);
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘D’);
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘F’);
END IF;
٠‫א‬‫א‬v_grade‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
A ١٠٠٩٠
B ٨٩٨٠
C ٧٩٧٠
D ٦٩٦٠
F ٥٩J ٠
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IF 
‫א‬‫א‬IF
 W‫א‬
 IS NULL ‫א‬NULL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
IF v_name IS NULL THEN
…
….
 END IF
 KNULL ‫א‬NULL J 
v_sal := 3000;
 v_comm ;v_ annual_salary := 12 * v_sal +
v_ ‫א‬NULL ‫א‬‫א‬ v_comm‫א‬
 KNULLannual_salary
 K‫א‬NULL NULL ‫א‬J
…
v_job := NULL;
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
v_name:=’AHMED’;
v_info:= v_name || ‘ is ‘ || v_job ;
….
v_jobAHMED is v_info‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
AND ,OR , NOT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
IF v_sal > 3000 AND v_job = ‘SALESMAN’ OR v_deptno = 10 THEN

…..
END IF ;
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AND TRUE FLASE NULL
TRUE TRUE FLASE NULL
FLASE FLASE FLASE FLASE
NULL NULL FLASE NULL
OR TRUE FLASE NULL

TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
FLASE TRUE FLASE NULL
NULL TRUE NULL NULL
NOT
TRUE FLASE
FLASE TRUE
NULL TRUE
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
;  v_reorder_flag ANDv_reorder_flag v_flag :=
W‫א‬‫א‬v_flag 

v_reorder_flag v_reorder_flag v_flag
TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE FALSE
NULL TRUE NULL
NULL FALSE FALSE
KLoops ‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  PL /SQL  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬PL /SQLK‫א‬‫א‬
 KBasic Loop‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KFOR‫א‬‫א‬ J
KWHILE ‫א‬‫א‬ J
KNested LOOPS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
:Basic Loop ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، End Loop‫א‬‫א‬ Loop ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬   E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Exit
 K End Loop‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  

LOOP Æ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
statement1; Æ
... 
 F‫א‬
EXIT [WHEN Æ
 E‫א‬‫א‬
condition];
‫א‬‫א‬
Æ
END LOOP;
 
DECLARE
item.ordid%TYPE := 601; v_ordid

NUMBER(2) := 1; v_counter
BEGIN
LOOP
INSERT INTO item(ordid, itemid)

VALUES(v_ordid, v_counter);
v_counter := v_counter + 1;
EXIT WHEN v_counter > 10;
END LOOP;
END;
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬‫א‬ item items ١٠‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٠v_counter‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 J 
DECLARE
v_counter NUMBER :=0;
BEGIN
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('v_counter = '||v_counter);
v_counter:=v_counter+1;
END LOOP;
END ;
 J 
DECLARE
BEGIN
LOOP
v_counter:=v_counter-1;
END LOOP;
END ;
 J 
DECLARE
BEGIN
LOOP
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
For counter in [REVERSE] Æ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Lower_bound .. upper_pound
LOOP
‫א‬‫א‬
statement1; Æ
statement2;
... ‫א‬‫א‬
END LOOP; Æ
END LOOP;
END ;

‫א‬٧ J 
‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬١ J 
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬Loop 
 J 
 J 
 J 
: FOR ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ FOR‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKK،١٥،‫א‬١٠‫א‬
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬Lower_bound ‫א‬‫א‬J Counter

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬reverse ‫א‬‫א‬Fupper_pound
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J REVERSE
‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J Lower_cound
F ‫א‬ J
KE
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J upper_cound
F ‫א‬J
KE
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..5 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('i= '||i);
END LOOP;
END;
SQL> /
i= 1
i= 2
i= 3
i= 4
i= 5
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Block ‫א‬
DECLARE
v_lower number:=1;
v_upper number:=5;
BEGIN
FOR i IN v_lower.. v_upper LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('i= '||i);
END LOOP;
END;
SQL> /
i= 1
i= 2
i= 3
i= 4
i= 5
: WHILE ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  WHILE  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
WHILE (condition) Æ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
statement1; Æ
... ‫א‬‫א‬
END LOOP; Æ
 J 
DECLARE
BEGIN
WHILE (v_counter <= 5) LOOP
END LOOP;
END ;
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬while ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DECLARE
BEGIN
LOOP
END LOOP;
END ;
WHILE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 item
ACCEPT p_new_order PROMPT 'Enter the order number: '
ACCEPT p_items -
PROMPT 'Enter the number of items in this order: '
DECLARE
NUMBER(2) := 1; v_count
BEGIN
WHILE v_count <= &p_items LOOP
INSERT INTO item (ordid, itemid)
VALUES (&p_new_order, v_count);
v_count := v_count + 1;
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
END;
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
: Nested Loops ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     
‫א‬KEWHILE FOR،Basic Loops‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ELabelF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  (Exit)‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ELabelF‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
BEGIN
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ <<Outer_loop>>
LOOP
v_counter := v_counter+1;
EXIT WHEN v_counter>10;
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ <<Inner_loop>>
LOOP
...
EXIT Outer_loop WHEN total_done = 'YES';
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -- Leave both loops
EXIT WHEN inner_done = 'YES';
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -- Leave inner loop only
...
END LOOP Inner_loop;
...
END LOOP Outer_loop;
END;
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
CREATE TABLE messages
VARCHAR2(60)) (results

 KEFOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK٨،٦‫א‬‫א‬١٠KKK١‫א‬J
 KEBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 Kmessages‫א‬J
RESULTS
----------
1
2
3
4
5
7
9
10
 WNULLsalary ‫א‬‫א‬،emp‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

insert into emp
values (8000, 'DOE', 'CLERK', 7698, SYSDATE, NULL,
NULL, 10);
‫א‬‫א‬E PL/SQL BlockF J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Ksubstitution variable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(commission)‫א‬ J 

- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٪١٠ ١٠٠٠
٪١٥ ١٥٠٠J ١٠٠٠
٪٢٠ ١٥٠٠‫א‬
 NULL

 K‫א‬emp‫א‬ J 
‫א‬message E‘The number is odd’Fp6q4.sql‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‘The number is even’F ‫א‬
 KempSTARS  K١
‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠STARS‫א‬*  E PL/SQL BlockF K٢
‫א‬KE**********STARS١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
Kp9q3.sql
 Ksubstitution variable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬ J


- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 3

W‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
 KH -

W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
W
‫א‬
 Block ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KEErrorOracleF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K EBlockF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
: Predefined Oracle Server errors ‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠ 
Oracle FOracle  ERAISEF
 KEServer
: Non-Predefined Oracle server errors ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

K‫א‬oracle
 Oracle ,EBlockF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEOracle Server F
WUser Defined Exceptions‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

EBlockF ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WHEN
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WHEN OTHERS THEN
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WHEN OTHERS
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  

  ‫א‬WHEN‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception1 [OR exception2 . . .] THEN
statement1;
statement2;
...
[WHEN exception3 [OR exception4 . . .] THEN
statement1;
statement2;
. . .]
[WHEN OTHERS THEN
statement1;
statement2;
. . .]
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ 
 KEBlockF
oracle ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬KEOracle Server F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ACCESS_INTO_NULL
initialization
nested collection method  COLLECTION_IS_NULL
Kinitialization  varraytables
‫א‬ CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
 DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX
 INVALID_CURSOR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ LOGIN_DENIED
.Select ‫א‬ NO_DATA_FOUND
‫א‬‫א‬ NOT_LOGGED_ON
‫א‬ PROGRAM_ERROR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ROWTYPE_MISMATCH
PL/SQL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ STORAGE_ERROR
collection method ‫א‬ SUBSCRIPT_BEYOND_COUNT
‫א‬varraytables nested
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TIMEOUR_RESOURCE
Select ‫א‬ TOO_MANY_ROWS
 VALUE_ERROR
‫א‬
‫א‬ ZERO_DEVIDE
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
DECLARE
V_ename emp.ename%Type;
V_empno emp.empno%Type := &p_eno;
Begin
SELECT ename INTO
v_ename
From emp
WHERE empno = v_empno;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Employee Name is ' || v_ename );
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (' Invalid Employee Number ' || v_empno);
END;
‫א‬‫א‬٧٧٧٧،٧٧٨٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧٧٧٧‫א‬
Enter value for p_eno: 7788
Employee Name is SCOTT
SQL> /
Enter value for p_eno: 7777
Invalid Employee Number 7777
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
DECLARE
V_ename emp.ename%Type;
V_job emp.job%Type := upper( '&p_ejob');
Begin
SELECT ename INTO
v_ename
From emp
WHERE job= v_job;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Employee Name is ' || v_ename );
EXCEPTION

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('There is no Job Employee has this '|| V_job
);
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The Job '|| V_job || ' has more than one
Employee ' );
END;
DRIVER ،MANAGER،PRESIDENT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 MANAGER‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDRIVER
Enter value for p_ejob: PRESIDENT
old 3: V_job emp.job%Type := upper( '&p_ejob');

new 3: V_job emp.job%Type := upper( 'PRESIDENT');
Employee Name is KING
SQL> /
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
Enter value for p_ejob: MANAGER
old 3: V_job emp.job%Type := upper( '&p_ejob');

new 3: V_job emp.job%Type := upper( 'MANAGER');
The Job MANAGER has more than one Employee
SQL> /
Enter value for p_ejob: DRIVER
There is no Job Employee has this DRIVER

:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬oracle
oracle,EBlockF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEOracle Server F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:EBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
DECLARE
…..
Exception_name EXCEPTION;
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
‫א‬PRAGMA_EXCEPTION_INIT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
PRAGMA_EXCEPTION_INIT(Exception_name ,error_number);
WEBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬WHEN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W
DECLARE 
EXCEPTION; e_emps_remaining Æ
‫א‬
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT ‫א‬‫א‬

( e_emps_remaining , -2292); Æ
-٢٢٩٢
dept.deptno%TYPE := &p_deptno; v_deptno

BEGIN
DELETE FROM dept
deptno = v_deptno; WHERE
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN e_emps_remaining THEN 
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Cannot remove
‫א‬
dept ' || Æ
TO_CHAR(v_deptno) || '. Employees exist. ');
END;
‫א‬J ٢٢٩٢‫א‬e_emps_remaining‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EBlockF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:EBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
DECLARE
…..
Exception_name EXCEPTION;
EBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 K‫א‬RAISE ‫א‬‫א‬
Begin
….
RAISE Exception_name ;
….
WKEBlockF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
WHEN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
‫א‬ e_invalid_product‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
DECLARE
EXCEPTION;e_invalid_product Æ ‫א‬
BEGIN
product UPDATE
descrip = '&product_description' SET
prodid = &product_number; WHERE
IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN
‫א‬
RAISE e_invalid_product; Æ
 ‫א‬
END IF;
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN e_invalid_product THEN 
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid product Æ
‫א‬
number.');
END;
: SQLERRM ‫ و‬SQLCODE‫א‬‫ א‬-

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SQLERRMSQLCODE J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSQLCODE J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SQLERRM J
‫א‬ SQLCODE
‫א‬ ٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ١
NO_DATA_FOUND H١٠٠
ORACLE  
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬
DECLARE
...
EXCEPTION; e_no_rows
EXCEPTION; e_integrity
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (e_integrity, -2292);
BEGIN
FOR c_record IN emp_cursor LOOP

BEGIN
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SELECT ...
UPDATE ...  ‫א‬Sub Block 
IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RAISE e_no_rows;
END IF;  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
EXCEPTION Main Block‫א‬‫א‬
WHEN e_integrity THEN ... ‫א‬
 
WHEN e_no_rows THEN ...
END; ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Main Block
END LOOP; ‫א‬‫א‬

EXCEPTION
‫א‬Main Block ‫א‬
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN . . .
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN . . .  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
END; SQL ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
*Plus
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 WRAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Procedures, F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KEFunctions
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(error_number,message,[TRUE,FLASE]);
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ error_number
J ٢٠٩٩٩J ٢٠٠٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬ message
 Stack.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TRUEK‫א‬ [TRUE,FLASE]
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FLASE
 EDefualtF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
…
BEGIN
….
IF (v_grade > 100 OR v_grade < 0) THEN

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20210,’invlid grade ’);
END IF;
…..
END;
…
EXCEPTION
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20010,’invlid employee number’);
…..
END;
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  
 
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E PL/SQL BlockF J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Kmessage More than one employee with a salary<salary>
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Kmessage No employee with a salary<salary>   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
Kmessage
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
RESULTS
------------------------------------------------------------
SMITH – 800
More than one employee with a salary of 3000
No employee with a salary of 6000
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p8q3.sql‫א‬ J ٢
Kdept
K‫א‬
Please enter the department location: HOUSTON
G_MESSAGE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department 50 is an invalid department
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E PL/SQL BlockF J ٣
K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K(Some other error occurred )
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  

Please enter the salary: 800
G_MESSAGE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
There is/are 1 employee(s) with a salary between 700 and 900

G_MESSAGE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
There is/are 3 employee(s) with a salary between 2900 and 3100

G_MESSAGE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
There is no employee salary between 5900 and 6100
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ١٦٢  
SQL> DESCRIBE emp

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- -------------
--
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(7,2)
COMM NUMBER(7,2)
DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
------ ---------- --------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17/11/81 5000 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01/05/81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09/06/81 2450 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02/04/81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28/09/81 1250 1400 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20/02/81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08/09/81 1500 0 30
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03/12/81 950 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22/02/81 1250 500 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03/12/81 3000 20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17/12/80 800 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09/12/82 3000 20
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12/01/83 1100 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23/01/82 1300 10
SQL> DESCRIBE dept
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------------------- -------- -------------
-----
DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
DNAME VARCHAR2(14)
LOC VARCHAR2(13)
SQL> SELECT * FROM dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ١٦٢  
SQL> DESCRIBE SALGRADE

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- -------------
-------
GRADE NUMBER
LOSAL NUMBER
HISAL NUMBER
SQL> SELECT * FROM SALGRADE;

GRADE LOSAL HISAL
---------- - --------- ----------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
SQL> DESCRIBE ord

Name Null?
Type
----------------------------------------------------- --------
ORDID NOT NULL
NUMBER(4)
ORDERDATE DATE
COMMPLAN
VARCHAR2(1)
CUSTID NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
SHIPDATE
DATE
TOTAL
NUMBER(8,2)
SQL> SELECT * FROM ord;
ORDID ORDERDAT C CUSTID SHIPDATE TOTAL

-------- -------- - ---------- -------- ----------
610 07/01/87 A 101 08/01/87 101.4
611 11/01/87 B 102 11/01/87 45
612 15/01/87 C 104 20/01/87 5860
601 01/05/86 A 106 30/05/86 2.4
602 05/06/86 B 102 20/06/86 56
604 15/06/86 A 106 30/06/86 698
605 14/07/86 A 106 30/07/86 8324
606 14/07/86 A 100 30/07/86 3.4
609 01/08/86 B 100 15/08/86 97.5
607 18/07/86 C 104 18/07/86 5.6
608 25/07/86 C 104 25/07/86 35.2
603 05/06/86 102 05/06/86 224
620 12/03/87 100 12/03/87 4450
613 01/02/87 108 01/02/87 6400
- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ١٦٢  
614 01/02/87 102 05/02/87 23940

616 03/02/87 103 10/02/87 764
619 22/02/87 104 04/02/87 1260
617 05/02/87 105 03/03/87 46370
615 01/02/87 107 06/02/87 710
618 15/02/87 A 102 06/03/87 3510.5
621 15/03/87 A 100 01/01/87 730
SQL> DESCRIBE PRODUCT
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------------------- -------- -------------
----------
PRODID NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
DESCRIP VARCHAR2(30)
SQL> SELECT * FROM PRODUCT ;
PRODID DESCRIP
---------- ------------------------------
100860 ACE TENNIS RACKET I
100861 ACE TENNIS RACKET II
100870 ACE TENNIS BALLS-3 PACK
100871 ACE TENNIS BALLS-6 PACK
100890 ACE TENNIS NET
101860 SP TENNIS RACKET
101863 SP JUNIOR RACKET
102130 RH: "GUIDE TO TENNIS"
200376 SB ENERGY BAR-6 PACK
200380 SB VITA SNACK-6 PACK
SQL> DESCRIBE ITEM
Name Null? Type

-------------------------- -------- ------------
ORDID NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ITEMID NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
PRODID NUMBER(6)
ACTUALPRICE NUMBER(8,2)
QTY NUMBER(8)
ITEMTOT NUMBER(8,2)
SQL> SELECT * FROM ITEM;
ORDID ITEMID PRODID ACTUALPRICE QTY ITEMTOT

------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ---------- ----------
610 3 100890 58 1 58
611 1 100861 45 1 45
612 1 100860 30 100 3000
601 1 200376 2.4 1 2.4
602 1 100870 2.8 20 56
- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ١٦٢  
604 1 100890 58 3 174

604 2 100861 42 2 84
604 3 100860 44 10 440
603 2 100860 56 4 224
610 1 100860 35 1 35
610 2 100870 2.8 3 8.4
613 4 200376 2.2 200 440
614 1 100860 35 444 15540
614 2 100870 2.8 1000 2800
612 2 100861 40.5 20 810
612 3 101863 10 150 1500
620 1 100860 35 10 350
620 2 200376 2.4 1000 2400
620 3 102130 3.4 500 1700
613 1 100871 5.6 100 560
613 2 101860 24 200 4800
613 3 200380 4 150 600
619 3 102130 3.4 100 340
617 1 100860 35 50 1750
617 2 100861 45 100 4500
614 3 100871 5.6 1000 5600
616 1 100861 45 10 450
616 2 100870 2.8 50 140
616 3 100890 58 2 116
616 4 102130 3.4 10 34
616 5 200376 2.4 10 24
619 1 200380 4 100 400
619 2 200376 2.4 100 240
615 1 100861 45 4 180
607 1 100871 5.6 1 5.6
615 2 100870 2.8 100 280
617 3 100870 2.8 500 1400
617 4 100871 5.6 500 2800
617 5 100890 58 500 29000
617 6 101860 24 100 2400
617 7 101863 12.5 200 2500
617 8 102130 3.4 100 340
617 9 200376 2.4 200 480
617 10 200380 4 300 1200
609 2 100870 2.5 5 12.5
609 3 100890 50 1 50
618 1 100860 35 23 805
618 2 100861 45.11 50 2255.5
618 3 100870 45 10 450
621 1 100861 45 10 450
621 2 100870 2.8 100 280
615 3 100871 5 50 250
608 1 101860 24 1 24
608 2 100871 5.6 2 11.2
609 1 100861 35 1 35
606 1 102130 3.4 1 3.4
605 1 100861 45 100 4500
605 2 100870 2.8 500 1400
605 3 100890 58 5 290
605 4 101860 24 50 1200
- ١١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ١٦٢  
605 5 101863 9 100 900

605 6 102130 3.4 10 34
612 4 100871 5.5 100 550
619 4 100871 5.6 50 280
SQL> DESCRIBE PRICE
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------------------- -------- -------------
------
PRODID NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
STDPRICE NUMBER(8,2)
MINPRICE NUMBER(8,2)
STARTDATE DATE
ENDDATE DATE
SQL> SELECT * FROM PRICE;
PRODID STDPRICE MINPRICE STARTDAT ENDDATE

---------- ---------- ---------- -------- --------
100871 4.8 3.2 01/01/85 01/12/85
100890 58 46.4 01/01/85
100860 35 28 01/06/86
100860 30 24 01/01/85 31/12/85
100861 45 36 01/06/86
100861 39 31.2 01/01/85 31/12/85
100870 2.8 2.4 01/01/86
100870 2.4 1.9 01/01/85 01/12/85
100871 5.6 4.8 01/01/86
101860 24 18 15/02/85
101863 12.5 9.4 15/02/85
102130 3.4 2.8 18/08/85
200376 2.4 1.75 15/11/86
200380 4 3.2 15/11/86
SQL> DESCRIBE CUSTOMER
Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------------------- -------- -------------
--
CUSTID NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
NAME VARCHAR2(45)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(40)
CITY VARCHAR2(30)
STATE VARCHAR2(2)
ZIP VARCHAR2(9)
AREA NUMBER(3)
PHONE VARCHAR2(9)
REPID NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
CREDITLIMIT NUMBER(9,2)
COMMENTS LONG
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ١٦٢  
CUSTID NAME ADDRESS

-------- --------------------------------------------- ----------------------
-
100 JOCKSPORTS 345 VIEWRIDGE
101 TKB SPORT SHOP 490 BOLI RD.
102 VOLLYRITE 9722 HAMILTON
103 JUST TENNIS HILLVIEW MALL
104 EVERY MOUNTAIN 574 SUYYYYY RD.
105 K + T SPORTS 3476 EL PASEO
106 SHAPE UP 908 SEQUOIA
107 WOMENS SPORTS VALCO VILLAGE
108 NORTH WOODS HEALTH AND FITNESS SUPPLY CENTER 98 LONE PINE WAY
CITY ST ZIP AREA PHONE REPID

CREDITLIMIT
------------------ -- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
-
BELMONT CA 96711 415 598-6609 7844
5000
REDWOOD CITY CA 94061 415 368-1223 7521
10000
BURLINGAME CA 95133 415 644-3341 7654
7000
BURLINGAME CA 97544 415 677-9312 7521
3000
CUPERTINO CA 93301 408 996-2323 7499
10000
SANTA CLARA CA 91003 408 376-9966 7844
5000
PALO ALTO CA 94301 415 364-9777 7521
6000
SUNNYVALE CA 93301 408 967-4398 7499
10000
HIBBING MN 55649 612 566-9123 7844
8000
CUSTID COMMENTS
-------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
100 Very friendly people to work with -- sales rep likes to be called Mike.
101 Rep called 5/8 about change in order - contact shipping.
102 Company doing heavy promotion beginning 10/89. Prepare for large orders during
103 Contact rep about new line of tennis rackets.
104 Customer with high market share (23%) due to aggressive advertising.
105 Tends to order large amounts of merchandise at once. Accounting is considering
106 Support intensive. Orders small amounts (< 800) of merchandise at a time.
107 First sporting goods store geared exclusively towards women. Unusual
Promotional style and very willing to take chances towards new products!
108
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ١٦٢  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٦  K‫א‬‫ א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٦  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٩  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٨  KOracle‫ א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٧  K‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٤  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ١٠٨  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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تصميم قواعد البيانات

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WEForeign KeyF‫א‬‫א‬J 

Stu_address Stu_name Stu_major

 WSingle-Valued or Multiple-Valued Attributes‫א‬J 

 : ESupertype and SubtypeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WEFunctional Dependency FD F‫א‬‫א‬

 4- {XÆ Y ,XÆZ} ╞ XÆYZ

 :EFirst Normal Form 1NF F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

NO Name Project_Code Hours Deptno Dname

Project_Code Deptno Dname

NO Project_Code Hours NO Name

Project_Code Deptno Deptno Dname

‫؟‬EFunctional Dependency FD F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EMgrF ‫א‬

DECLARE  Æ ‫א‬

 WComposite Datatype ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

PRINT ‫א‬‫א‬SQL* Plus‫א‬

2- V_sender := USER||’ :’|| TO_CHAR(V_DEPTNO);

3- v_sum := $100 + $3000;

6- v_n1 := v_n2 > ( 2 * v_n3);

K‫א‬MY PLSQL WORKS PLSQL(Block) ‫ א‬K٣

V-CHRPLSQL (Block)  K٤

SQL> PRINT g_num

ECONCAT, INITCAP, LOWER,…FCharacter Functions‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

(ADD_MONTHS, MONTHS_BETWEEN,… ) Date   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬ SQL ‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Please enter the first number : 2

Please enter the salary amount: 50000

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SELECT deptno, loc

‫א‬‫א‬ Group Function ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 SQL Cursor SQL‫א‬‫א‬

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EBlockF‫א‬ J ٤

Ali  v_ename‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ v_sal٣٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

ELSIF v_grade >= 70 THEN

IF v_sal > 3000 AND v_job = ‘SALESMAN’ OR v_deptno = 10 THEN

OR TRUE FLASE NULL

item.ordid%TYPE := 601; v_ordid

INSERT INTO item(ordid, itemid)

‫א‬‫א‬ item items ١٠‫א‬‫א‬

For counter in [REVERSE] Æ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬Lower_bound ‫א‬‫א‬J Counter

: Nested Loops ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E PL/SQL BlockF J

: Non-Predefined Oracle server errors ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

WUser Defined Exceptions‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

Employee Name is SCOTT

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Invalid Employee Number 7777

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN

Enter value for p_ejob: PRESIDENT

old 3: V_job emp.job%Type := upper( '&p_ejob');

Employee Name is KING

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Enter value for p_ejob: MANAGER

old 3: V_job emp.job%Type := upper( '&p_ejob');

The Job MANAGER has more than one Employee

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

There is no Job Employee has this DRIVER