KINEMATICS USING VECTOR ANALYSIS

Standard Competency
Analyzes the nature phenomenon and its regularity within the scope of particles Mechanics

Base Competency
Analyzes linier, circular and parabolic motions using vector analysis

Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, all students should be able to: 1 2 3 4 5 Analyzes the quantity of displacement, velocity and acceleration on linier motion using vector analysis Applies the vector analysis of position, displacement, velocity and acceleration vectors on linier motion equations Calculates the velocity from positions function Calculates the acceleration from velocitys function Determines the position from the function of velocity and acceleration

[1] John D Cutnell dan Kenneth W. Johnson (2002). Physics 5th Ed with Compliments. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. [2] Sunardi dan Etsa Indra Irawan (2007). Fisika Bilingual SMA/MA untuk SMA/MA Kelas XI. CV Yrama Widya

References

All objects motions are described in terms of - position (x) and displacement (r), - velocity (v) and - acceleration (a) Where all the descriptions are considered occur in Cartesian or xy-coordinate. The discussion is categorize as follows - 1 Dimensional motion or LINIER MOTION: object moves on either x-axis or y-axis - 2 Dimensional motion or PLANE MOTION: object moves on xy-axis - 3 Dimensional motion or SPACE MOTION: object moves on xyz-axis In describing motion, Physics is using Vector Analysis and some basic Calculus (differential and integrals concept)

Motion Description: Position and Displacement

A particle position within Cartesian coordinate describes as
r r = xi + y j

or

r = xi + yj
r

In general term it writing as r = ( x i y j)

y ry
r r

r r
i,j

vector position: vector that describes a position of a particle in Cartesian coord unit vector: vector that describes unit scale of an axis

j x i rx

rx , ry vector component: projection of a vector position on x and y-axis r r = x i + y j description a vector position on a plane (xy-plane)

Vector position is a vector that describe the position of a particle. It has vector components in x and y-direction and written as r = r x + ry The value of vector position is written as

r =

x2 + y2

This value is a magnitude of vector position r based on vector components Please note, the typing of vector position in bold, r is similar to the symbol of r r in vector notation, r .

When a symbol is typed in italic format, such r, it indicates that the symbol is a scalar quantity. Otherwise, when it typed in bold format, such r, it indicates that the symbol is a vector quantity.

Vector Displacement
arbitrary

y
r r1

r r r r = r2 r1

Consider a particle that moves randomly in arbitrary path on xyplane. The term of vector displacement is the difference of vector positions where in unit vector is r vector displacement is vector difference of r2 and r1

r r2

j x i

r r r r = r2 r1

= ( x2 i + y2 j) ( x1 i + y1 j) = ( x2 x1 ) i + (y2 y1 ) j = x i + y j

Re-writing the equation r = xi + yj where r = rfinal rinitial x = xfinal xinitial y = yfinal yinitial

or or or

r = r2 r1 x = x2 x1 r = y2 y1

The value of vector displacement is similar to the value of vector position, i.e.,

r =

x 2 + y 2

Motion Description: Velocity

Velocity is another motion description which indicate how fast or how slow is the object moves. It is very common in our daily life term, where usually describes how fast an object moves.

v
vy

If an object moves in an arbitrary plane (xycoordinate) then the direction is given as

vx

tan =

vy vx

Velocity Vector The position vector r is a vector that goes from the origin of the coordinate system to a given point in the system. The change in position r (delta-r) is the difference between the start point (r1) to end point (r2). We define the average velocity (vav) as: vav = (r2 - r1) / (t2 - t1) = r / t or

r r r v = t

Taking the limit as t approaches 0, we achieve the instantaneous velocity v. In calculus terms, this is the derivative of r with respect to t, or dr/dt which is written as

r r dr v = dt
If r = at
n

r dr = a n t n 1 then dt

As the difference in time reduces, the start and end points move closer together. Since the direction of r is the same direction as v, it becomes clear that the instantaneous velocity vector at every point along the path is tangent to the path. Description of particles velocity onn Cartesian coordinate is described using calculus r r r r r dr d( x i + y j) r r r2 r1 = v = v = = dt dt t t2 t1 dx dy = i+ j dt dt = v x i + vy j Velocity Components The useful trait of vector quantities is that they can be broken up into their component vectors. The derivative of a vector is the sum of its component derivatives, therefore:

vx =

vy

dx dt dy = dt

The magnitude of the velocity vector is given by the Pythagorean Theorem in the form:
2 2 v = v = vx + vy

The direction of v is oriented theta degrees counter-clockwise from the x-component, and can be calculated from the following equation:

tan =

vy vx

Motion Description: Acceleration

Various changes in a particles motion may produce an acceleration. When an acceleration is build, it brings consequences, i.e., * The magnitude of the velocity vector may change * The direction of the velocity vector may change (even if the magnitude remains constant) * Both may change simultaneously

v=0 for an i t t

Acceleration Vector Acceleration is the change of velocity over a given period of time. Similar to the analysis above, we find that it's v/t. The limit of this as t approaches 0 yields the derivative of v with respect to t. In terms of components, the acceleration vector can be written as:

ax =

ay =

dv x dt dv y

or

ax =

dt

ay =

d2x dt 2 d 2y

dt 2

The magnitude and angle of the net acceleration vector are calculated with components in a fashion similar to those for velocity. Description of particles acceleration on Cartesian coordinate is described using calculus
r r r r v v2 v1 a= = t t2 t1

r r dv d(v x i + v y j) a= = dt dt dv y dv x = i+ j dt dt = ax i + ay j

Due to
ax = d dx d 2 x = dt dt dt 2
d ay = dt dy d 2y = 2 dt dt

Then

r d2x d 2y i j a= + dt 2 dt 2

If x and y component of a is perpendicular, then

r a= a =

ax + ay

If their components made an angle of , then

tan =

ay ax

Example [1] Consider a particle in a Cartesian coordinate (xycoordinate) where is initially positioned on P1 (4, 1) was then moved to P2 (8, 2) within 1 second. Finds (a) initial and final of vector position, (b) its vector displacement and its value (c) its average velocity and its value Known variables: initial position: P1 (4, 1) final position: P2 (8, 2) time elapsed: t = 1 s Asked: (a) (b) (c) Answer r1 and r2 r r and r

v and v

(a) r1 = 4i j r2 = 8 i + 2 j

(b) r = 4i + 3j

r r r (c) v = t = 4i + 3 j v = 5 units

r = 42 + 32 = 5 units

Example [2] A particle moves on a circular track r = 2t + t3 with r in meter and t in second. Calculate the velocity of particle when (a) t = 0, (b) t = 2s Known variables: r = 2t + t3 t = 0 s t = 2 s Asked: (a) vo (b) v2 Answer r dr 2t + t 3 = v = dt dt = 2 + 3t 2

(a) vo = 2 + 3t2 = 2 m/s (b) v2 = 2 + 3t2 = 14 m/s

Example [3] Given velocity components at time t, i.e., vx = 2t and vy = (t2 + 4) where t is in second and v is in m/s. Determine its average acceleration between t = 1 s and t = 2 s along with its direction. Answer

v x = 2t v y = (t 2 + 4)
ax = ay =

v x = 2(1) v y = (1)2 + 4

v x = 2(2) v y = (2)2 + 4

v x v x 2 v x 1 4 2 = = 2 m/s2 = 1 t t2 t1 v y t = v y2 v y 1 t2 t1 = 85 = 3 m/s2 1

average vector acceleration : r a = ax i + ax j = (2 m/s2 ) i + (3 m/s2 ) j

magnitude : a=
2 2 ax + ay

direction :

a = 22 + 32 = 3,6 m/s2 a 3 tan = y = = 56,3o 2 ax

Exercises [1] A particle moves from point A (1,0) to point B (5,4) on xyplane. Write down the displacement vector from A to B and determine its value [2] A tennis ball moves on xy-plane. The coordinat position of point X and Y of the ball is describe by an equation such that x = 18t and y = 4t 5t2 and a relevant constant. Write down an equation for vector position r with respect to time t using unit vector i and j. [3] Position of a particle due to time change on xy-plane was described by vector position r(t) = (at2 + bt)i + (ct + d)j with a, b, c, and d are constants of similar units. Determine its displacement vector between t = 1 second and t = 2 seconds, and define the value of its displacement. [4] Position of a particle describes by an equation such as r = 2t 5t2 with r in meter and t in second. Determine (a) the initial velocity of particle (b) the velocity of particle at t = 2 seconds (c) its maximum distance that can be reached by the particle in positive direction [5] An object moves with velocity of 20 m/s by the direction of 210o counter clockwise related to x-axis. Determine the-x and y components of such velocity.

Motion Description Using Differential Concept

Consider a motion of two men (blue and red clothes as shown on the picture). They both on xy-plane, where the blue clothe man is walking and the red clothe man is running. The dotted line showed their real motion and short bold line showed instant and short range motion. The relevance of motion on xy-plane or Cartesian coordinate with linier line as follows - in textbook format, distance denote as d or s - in Cartesian coordinate, distance denote as x if the motion lies on horizontal line or x-axis and denotes as y if it lies on vertical line or y-axis In general, any linier motion is described by equation distance = velocity x time

s = v.t

or

x = v. t

(1)

For motion with small path or short distance and refer as instant distance, the equation modify as instant (distance) = instant (velocity x time)
x = (v. t ) (1a)

instant velocity means that it has constant velocity

x = v. t

(1b)

Consider if the distance of motion become shorter and shorter and even in very tiny distance where it can be realized. This condition refers as infinity small path.
dx = v. dt or v = dx dt (1c)

Term dx dt

refer as the rate of change of position

v =

dx dt

(read as) velocity is the differential of position over the time (mean) rate of change of position is equal to velocity

The differential concept indeed is very accurate way to describe a very tiny or even infinity path. Similar to equation (1c), we will define differential term of acceleration with respect to velocity. Recall that v = vo + at. If vo = 0, then

v = a.t
Form a =

v = a.t

dv = a dt

dv dt

is similar to term velocity in differential way.

It reads as acceleration is the differential of velocity over the time and means that rate of change of velocity is equal to acceleration.

In term of double rate of change, the differential of velocity over the time can be re-write as
dx d dt a= dt d2x dt 2

Acceleration is double differential of position. In other way around, it could be conclude that

Differentiating position could yielding velocity

Differentiating velocity could yielding acceleration

Most Important Differential Rules

y = xn dy = n.x n 1 dx x = a.t n ; a : constant dx = a.n.t n 1 dt

Example [1] A vector position of particle describes as r r = (2t 2 + 4) i + (2t 3 + 4t ) j

where t is in second and r in meter. Determine (a) its instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s, and (b) the magnitude and direction of (a) Answer

r r = x i+y j

x = 2t 2 + 4 y = 2t 3 + 5t

r r = (2t 2 + 4) i + (2t 3 + 4t ) j

(a) v x =

dx d = (2t 2 + 4) = 4t m/s dt dt dy d vy = = (2t 3 + 5t ) = (6t + 5) m/s dt dt

r v = v x i + v y j = (4t ) i + (6t 2 + 5) j r if t = 2 s v = 8 i + 29 j

(b) magnitude :
2 2 v = vx + vy

v = 82 + 292 = 30,08

m/s

Integral: Opposed to Differential Concept

When both sides of differential form of position dx = v dt being integralled, it can be found that

dx = v dt

x = v dt

This is the integral form of position. Related to the concept of differential of motion, position of an object could be traced back by perform integral operation on velocity. As for reminder, integral is the way to turned back a differential equation into its original equation Simillary, dv = a dt when integralling on both sides gives

dv = a dt

v =

a dt

In a short diagram,

Integralling velocity yields position

original equation

x = v.t
similar to its original equation

differentialled

dx = v.dt
integralled

x = v.t + C

yielded

x = v.dt

Integralling acceleration yields velocity

original equation

v = a. t

differentialled

dv = a. dt
integralled

similar to its original equation

v = a. t + C

yielded

v = a. dt

Most Important Integral Rules

x2

Eq. Function: Solution:

y =

ax

y = y =

a y = x n +1 + C n +1

x1

dx
x2

1 x n 1 n +1 x1

Example [1] A particle moves on xy-plane at initial position (2,4) m. Their velocity components are v x = 5t and v y = (4 + 3t 2 ) Determine (a) the equation of its position and (b) its position at t = 3 s

Answer (a) Initial position (2,4) means xo = 2m and yo = 4 m

x = xo + v x dt
0 t

y = y o + v y dt
0

= 2 + 5t dt
0

=4+

(4 + 3t ) dt
2 0

= 2 + 5 12 t = 2 + 2,5 t

2 2

) )m

= 4 + 4t + 3 13 t 3 = 4 + 4t + t 3 m

r Vector position of the particle is r = x i + y j r r = (2 + 2,5t 2 ) i + (4 + 4t + t 3 ) j

(b) Particles position at t = 3 s r r = 2 + 2,5t 2 i + 4 + 4t + t 3 j = (24,5) i + (43) j

) (

Example [2] An object moves from rest with acceleration of

r a = (6t 2 4) i + 6 j

Determine objects velocity at t = 4 s

r Answer r r v = v o + a dt r vo = 0

=0+

[(6t 4) i + 6 j] dt
t =4s

r v = (6 2 42 4.4) i + 6.4 j

= (6 2 t 2 4t ) i + 6t j = 32 i + 24 j

value of its velocity is (object' s vel) :

2 2 v = vx + vy

v = 322 + 242 = 40

m/s

Integral as an area beneath the curve v ( t) x(t)

to

The curve path which is known as displacement is defined as

x(t ) =

v t

From the figure, displacement sample t is not appropriate for the curve path, i.e, it is not depicted the real path of the curve therefore we could pick an infinity small displacement. Mathematics provide the infinity situation by adding limit.
x(t ) =

lim v t
t 0

v ( t)

x(t)

to

In limit form, v tends to be constant where the value is v. Form lim is simplify by the symbol of integral (means: summation of infinity small parts). The equation is then end up as t x(t ) = v dt
to

It can then be concluded that the integration of area under the curve (path) which is likely the integration of velocity will provide the whole objects distance which represented by the function of x(t).

Exercises [1] An object is throwing out to xy-plane such as its vector velocity was described as v = 50 m/s i + (100 m/s 10 m/s2 t)j, The positive direction of y-axis to be vertical direction. At t = 0, the object is on its origin (0, 0). (a) determine the vector position of object as a function of time (b) its position when t = 2 s (c) the maximum height that can be reach by the object

[2] Determine the particles position as a function of time if the particle velocity is (a) v = 2t + 6t2

(b) v x = 3t

+ 5t

v y = sin 5t
(c) v = 4ti + 3j The particle is initially at its origin (0, 0) [3] An object is moving on xy-plane with vector velocity of v = { (3 3t2)i + 2tj } m/s Determine the value of its diplacement of the object between t = 1 s and t = 2 s.