Chapter XII: The Chi-Square Test

Chapter Outline
12.1 Rationale for the Chi-Square Test 12.2 The Basics of a Chi-Square Test 12.3 Types of Chi-Square Tests 12.4 Test of Independence Between Two Variables 12.5 Test of Homogeneity 12.6 Test of Significance of the Difference Between Two Proportions

Chapter Outline
12.7 Two-by-Two Contingency Tables 12.8 McNemars Test for Correlated Proportions 12.9 Measures of Strength of Association 12.10 Limitations in the Use of Chi-Square

Rationale for the Chi-Square Test

-square tests Various Variouschi chi-square teststo todeal dealwith withcases casesinvolving involvingfrequency frequencydata: data:
Enumeration Enumerationdata data Categorical Categoricaldata data Qualitative Qualitativedata data Contingency Contingencytable table

The Basics of A Chi-Square Test

-square test The Thechi chi-square testcompares comparesthe theobserved observedfrequencies frequencieswith withthe theexpected expected frequencies: frequencies: 2

(O E ) E

The Basics of A Chi-Square Test

-square value ual The Thechi chi-square valuecan canoccur occureasily easilyby bychance chanceor orwhether whetherit itis isan anunus unusual event eventthat thatis isunlikely unlikelyto tooccur occurby bychance chance

The Basics of A Chi-Square Test

The Basics of A Chi-Square Test

Types of Chi-Square Test

-square tests Chi Chi-square teststo todetermine determinethe thefollowing: following:
Whether Whetherthe thetwo twovariables variablesare areindependent independent Whether Whethervarious varioussubgroups subgroupsare arehomogeneous homogeneous Whether Whetherthere thereis isaasignificant significantdifference differencein inthe theproportions proportionsin inthe thesubclasses subclasses among amongthe thesubgroups subgroups

Test of Independence between Two Variables

The Theprobability probabilitymultiplication multiplicationrule rulestates statesthat thatthe theprobability probabilityof oftwo two independent independentevents eventsA Aand andB Bis: is:

P (A B ) = P (A)P (B )

Test of Independence between Two Variables

P ( A) P ( B ) = ( = 0 . 2092

4 ,198 6 ,170 )( ) 11,127 11,127

E11 = 11,127 * 0 . 2092 = 2327 . 8

Test of Independence between Two Variables

(O E ) 2 = 338 . 7 ~ E

2 ( c 1 )( r 1 )

2 3

Test of Homogeneity

E11 = (

5 ,924 7 , 285 )( )(10 , 768 ) = 4007 . 8 10 , 768 10 , 768

2 ( c 1 )( r 1 )

(O E ) 2 = 146 . 3 ~ E

2 9

Test of Homogeneity

(O E ) 2 = 146 . 3 ~ E

2 ( c 1 )( r 1 )

2 9

Test of Significance of the Difference Between Two Proportions

E 11

( 32 )( 57 ) = ; 103

(O E ) 2 = 1 . 99 ~ E

2 1

McNemars Test for Correlated Proportions

-square tests A Achi chi-square testsfor forthe thesituation situationwhen whensamples samplesare arenot notindependent: independent:
Matched Matched Before -and-after design Before-and-after design

b+c b+c ;V (a ) = 2 4 b+c 2 (b ) 2 2 = b+c 4 (b c ) 2 = = 6 . 76 b+c E (a ) =

Measures of Strength of Association

Measure Measureof ofthe thestrength strengthof ofan anassociation associationbetween betweentwo twovariables: variables:
Relative Relativerisk risk(RR) (RR) Odds Oddsratio ratio(OR) (OR)

incidence RR = incidence a /( a + b ) = c /( c + d )

rate among rate among

exposed unexposed

Measures of Strength of Association

a /( a + b ) c /( c + d ) 25 / 35 = = 3 .3 14 / 65 RR =

Measures of Strength of Association

OR

ad bc ( 60 )( 32 ) = = 2 .6 ( 82 )( 9 ) =

Limitation in the Use of Chi-Square

-square tests Conditions Conditionsfor forapproximation approximationof ofthe thechi chi-square testsis isadequate: adequate:
No Noexpected expectedfrequency frequencyshould shouldbe beless lessthan than11 Not Notmore morethan than20% 20%of ofthe thecells cellsshould shouldhave havean anexpected expectedfrequency frequencyof ofless less than than55 Fisher s exact Fishers exacttest test

-square tests When Whenconditions conditionsfor forapproximation approximationof ofthe thechi chi-square testsis isnot notheld: held:

Pr(

a , b , c , d ) =

( a + b )! ( c + d )! ( a + c )! ( b + d )! n!a!b!c!d !