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ln n kt khi v trong ca s.
- bn ha
bn ha hay kh nng chu tc dng ha hc ca mi trng nh
thc n hay nc ung, chanh hay dm, nc mm, nc ra v nhiu
loi khc na.
- bn nn nhit thng
bn nn ca sn phm phn nh mc kt khi hay mt cng
nh nh gi c quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ra sn phm . Tuy nhin
sn phm c cng mt nh nhau nhng bn nn c th khc nhau
do cu trc cng nh loi lin kt khc nhau.
- xp, ht nc
Tt c cc vt liu gm u c xp, ht nc.Nhn chung xp
cng ln, ht nc cng ln th khi lng th tch vt liu gm cng
thp. Qua xp, ht nc v khi lng th tch ca vt liu, ngi
ta c th nh gi, kim tra v iu chnh cng ngh sn xut.
- Cng un
V nguyn tc ngi ta cng c th th nghim theo tiu chun song
cng gm xp x bng 1/3 cng nn. Ch trong nhng trng
hp c bit ngi ta mi tin hnh o gi tr ny.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s tnh cht khc nh: cng chng bo mn,
dn in, gin n nhit, dn in b mt, in th xuyn thng.
1.4- ng dng ca gm s
Phm vi ng dng vt liu gm s rt rng v rt ln. Hu nh tt cc
ngnh cng nghip u dng n gm s di nhiu dng khc nhau
nh:
- Cng nghip xy dng
- Cng nghip luyn kim,cng nghip in
- Cng nghip in t
- Cng nghip sn xut vt liu xy dng..
nh lng
Ch to phi liu
To hnh do, rt
Khun
thch cao
Sy, sa sn phm mc
Men, cht
Trang tr,trng men
Nung
mu
Bt
Cht in gii
Cn phi liu
Nghin bi
Sng rung
Kh st
t
B cha
Bm
Thnh hnh
Nc
cc loi bt
Cc loi ph
gia
Nc
Cn phi liu
Nghin bi
Sng rung
B cha
Bm-lc p
Luyn Kh
Kho
Bm kh st
t
Luyn chn
khng
B cha
Thnh hnh
Thch cao bao gm thch cao thin nhin, anhydric thin nhin v cc
ph phm ca cng ngh ha hc.
1.4.1-Thch cao thin nhin
Trng lng ring l 2,2-2,4
Thnh phn ha hc
CaO = 32,56%
SO3 = 46,51%
H2O = 20.93%
Tinh th thch cao hnh nng tr, l loi trm tch thng ln t
st, ct, v cc hp cht hu c c mu xm en v trng c.
1.4.2-Anhydric thin nhin ( CaSO4 )
Thnh phn ha ca anhydric
CaO = 41,19%
SO3 = 58,8%
Trng lng ring t 2,2-3,1,qung anhydric thng c mu trng.
1.4.3-Nung thch cao
Khi nung thch cao (CaSO4.2H2O) s mt nc,mc mt nc ca
thch cao ph thuc vo nhit , thi gianv p sut hi nc bo ha.
Nung thch cao nhit khc nhau s cho nhng sn phm khc nhau:
- 1000C CaSO4.2H2O phn hy nhanh chng thnh CaSO4.0,5H2O
CaSO4.2H2O = CaSO4.0.5H2O + 1,5H2O
Hi nc thot ra si bt nhanh lm cho thch cao si, bt thc
cao lc ny linh ng nh cht lng . CaSO 4.0,5H2O c 2 dng th hnh
l
tinh th v mt s ch s khc.
- CaSO4.0,5H2O ng rn v ninh kt chm cng c hc cao
- CaSO4.0,5H2O ng rn v ninh kt nhanh , cng c hc thp.
- Khi nng nhit ln 2000c qu trnh mt nc cng nhanh v CaSO 4
c tnh ha tan trong nc.
- Tip tc nng nhit ln 3000c lng CaSO4 cng nhiu v chuyn
thnh CaSO4 khng ha tan trong nc.
- n 4500c v 4700c sn phm hon ton l anhydric(CaSO4) khng
dng trn xoay nh : chu hoa bn, cc loi bt ,chn ung nc.
+ Nguyn l hot ng ca my nh sau :
Phi liu do c nm thnh phi t, nm vo khun thch cao
(5). Cho mot quay truyn ng cho trc (8) v b thch cao (6) quay
trn lm cho khun (5) quay theo. H cu dao (2) xung dao bn s nn
t vo thnh khun. Phi tha c ct b bng dao bin v vng ra
ngoi, nhc cu dao ln, ly khun (5) ra ta c sn phm m pha
trong lng l hnh ca dao bn (4) v pha ngoi sn phm l hnh dng
ca khun (5). Thch cao s ht m v sn phm s kh, bong ra khi
khun ly ra ta c sn phm c m khong 20% 22%. Cho sn
phm vo phng sy v chuyn i co cng on tip theo.
+To hnh bng my bn tua c nhng yu im sau:
-D thao tc
-Vn u t thp gi thnh h.
+Tuy vy c nhng nhc im l: Kt cu ca sn phm khng u, lc
nn yu, m thnh hnh cao, nn sn phm d b bin dng.
+ khc phc nhng nhc im trn ngi ta thng dng cc loi
my p ln vi nhiu kiu dng khc nhau nh loi hai b quay ngc
chiu vi tc khc nhau, loi hai u nn, loi u nn c gia nhit
b- phng php dng my p loi hai u nn
dt = dx;
t=
t=
.x2; x =
=A.
c - Sa t v gn sn phm
-Sn phm sau khi thot khi khun cn c bo qun m
ng u khong t 15% - 17%, chuyn sn phm ln bn xoay ( hoc
my sa ) nh cn ri dng dao chuyn dng ct gt cc ba via d tha
iu chnh hnh dng sn phm theo mong mun.
1.5.3 - Sy v sa kh sn phm gm s.
a- sy sn phm
Trong qu trnh to dng sn phm chng ta thm vo phi liu
mt lng nc kh ln nh to hnh do l 25%. sn phm
cng tip tc cc cng on sau nh sa, trng men v vn chuyn
gia cc cng on khc nhau ta phi tin hnh sy sn phm.
Khi sy hi nc s thot ra, phn hi nc b mt s bc hi
nhanh, phn nc gia sn phm s kh bc hi v phi di chuyn
gia ra b mt, do s c s chnh lch v m v s co rt sn
phm s b chnh lch, gy lc nn lm nt sn phm. Mt khc do nhit
sy v p lc hi nc pha trong s ln lm n sn phm nu ch
sy khng hp l.
Vn ch yu ca k thut sy l m bo cht lng sn phm
nhng phi tm ra bin php k thut rt ngn thi gian sy, gim vn
u t thit b, gim din tch sy, tng nng sut, h gi thnh sn phm.
Quy trnh sy sn phm c tin hnh qua cc giai on sau:
+Giai on I: t nng sn phm.
Giai on ny hm m ca kh sy 90%.
+Giai on II: Giai on thot m nhit ca ng lc sy gi 50 0c,
gim hm m ca khng kh sy xung cn 75% v gi khng i cho
n cui giai on II. giai on ny nhit gi 45 0c thi gian sy
giai on ny khong 10h.
giai on II sn phm co nhiu, nu khng khng ch c cc thng
s k thut mt cch chnh xc s xy ra co rt khng u, lm cho sn
phm b nt hoc mo. Sn phm ngng co khi m trn b mt bng
hp ph ca xng t( tc l m cn bng ca xng mc tip
xc vi khng kh c m tng i =100%).
- Bn vi nhit cao.
- Khng tan hoc ha tan rt t vo men khi men nng chy.
- p ng cc yu cu trn ngi ta thng pha thm vo mu
di men t st v cao lanh do.
c- Mu trong men
Mu trong men v men mu l cc tinh th mu khc nhau phn tn
u trong men, loi mu ny khng tham gia phn ng khi men chy
nhit cao. V vy mu trong men thng thng l cc tinh th mu
bn vng.
Mu trong men c nghin mn v pha vi cc cht keo v gi
l mu v trong men, nu pha vo men sng s tr thnh men mu
1.6.2 - Men gm s
Men l mt lp thy tinh c chiu dy 0.15- 0.4mm ph ln b mt
gm s, lp thy tinh ny hnh thnh trong qu trnh nung, lm cho b
mt sn phm nhn bng, tng cng c hc, tng ben ha ca sn
phm.
Men gm s rt phc tp v nhiu mu sc phong ph, men c th
nung nhit 700oC v c loi nung 1450oC. Men c loi dng
nguyn liu t ( men sng) v c loi dng ha cht nu chy ( men
frit ).
1.6.3- Cc tnh nng ca men gm s
a, nht
Men khng c im nng chy xc nh m chuyn i dn t trng thi
do qunh sang trng thi chy lng, do nht cng s thay i theo
khi nhit tng th nht gim v ngc li. nht ca men ph
thuc vo thnh phn ha ca men.V vy khi pha ch men cn tm mt
bi men c khong chy mm rng, ngha l men c nht t thay i,
khi thay i nhit cho men c th nng chy v bm chc vo
xng gm s.
b, Sc cng b mt
Sc cng b mt tc dng ln danh gii ca pha lng theo chiu hng
thu nh b mt. i vi cc hp cht silicat nng chy, sc cng b mt
nm trong khong 300 dyn/cm.
Cc loi nghin
Cn phi liu
Cc loi t lc
Nghin bi
Lc st t
Cc loi oxt mu
Trng men
3. Rn men:
y l c cc vt nt sau khi nung hoc sau mt gian sau khi nung
Nguyn nhn:
- Nguyn nhn ch yu l do h s gin n nhit ca men v ca
xng khng ph hp do h s gin n ln hn xng.
- Do vic hnh thnh lp trung gian gia xng v men.
Khc phc:
+ iu chnh h s gin n nhit ca xng v ca men bng cch thay
i bi phi liu men hoc a them Al2O3, SiO2, v hn ch oxit kim
trong men.
4. S trc men
L hin tng men bt khi xng
Nguyn nhn l do h s gin n ca xng ln hn h s gin n
nhit ca men
5. Co men, mt men
Do v sinh v mt sn phm cha sch, do phun men qu dy .
6. Bt men
Do hnh thnh cc l kh h hnh phu do lm gim tnh thm
m ca men.
Nguyn nhn
+ Do lng kh thot ra khi chy cc hp cht hu c thot cc bon
phn hy cc ha cht trong men v trong xng.
+ Trong men c cha mt lng khng kh ln
I.7 - L NUNG GM S
L con thoi:
Cu to:
li, m bo cc bp c chy u.
ng ca l li nhng khng c ng ht m phi m mt
khong cch theo kinh nghim hi nc thot ra d dng.
5)Nng nhit theo quy trnh
Thi gian nung v tc nng nhit cc giai on ph thuc vo
cc c tnh ca sn phm nh dy, kch thc, hnh dng.sn
phm dy, kch thc ln th thi gian nung phi ko di, c bit l giai
on sy.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh l, p sut gas nn iu chnh chia lm
nhiu bc nh nng theo nhit m bo cho qu trnh nng nhit
hp l, p sut bung nung cng c iu chnh dng dn ln nhm
t hiu qu nhit ti u nhng phi tun th qui trnh nng nhit theo
ng cong nung tha mn cc thng s k thut ca sn phm nung.
Quy trnh nung sn phm:
Ty thuc vo tng loi l , tng chng loi sn phm nung ,tng m l
vn hnh m thi gian nung ca mi m cng nh thi gian nung ca
tng giai on s khc nhau. C th chia quy trnh nung thnh cc giai
on theo s sau :
+, Giai on sy : 25 300 oC .
Sn phm vo l c m khong 2- 3 % c sy kh ti giai
on sy, ti y nc lin kt vt l trong sn phm c thot ra. Nu
giai on ny tc sy nhanh ( hay tc nng nhit nhanh ) th sn
phm mc rt d b nt v do tc khuch tn m t trong lng sn
phm ra b mt khng cn bng vi tc khuch tn m t b mt ra
ngoi mi trng dn n co ngt khng u, sinh ra ng sut .ng
thi cc ht m trong lng vt liu cha thot ra khi b mt nn khi
nhit tng nhanh th p sut ca ht m cng tng nhanh, d gy nn
hin tng n sn phm.
+ Giai on t nng : 300- 950oC
Ti giai on ny, nc ha hc trong cu trc ca sn phm c
thot ra, cc tp cht hu c c chy ht , cui giai on ny mt s
mui cacbonat, sunphat c phn hy thnh cc oxyt tng ng . Giai
on ny c th tng nhanh nhit
+ Giai on hm la : 950 1050o C
Thi gian nng nhit trong giai on ny phi cho ton b
cc phn ng phn hy xy ra hon ton, ng thi cho nhit trong
bung nung cng nh trong sn phm c ng u trc khi vo giai
on nung.
+ Giai on nung : 1050 1220oC