Nn gia c

BAI GIANG A. Pr. Dr CHAU NGOCAN

AT YEU
Theo QP 45-78 BUN la at loai set giai oan au hnh thanh, c tao ra nh
tram tch cau truc trong nc khi co cac qua trnh vi sinh vat va, ket cau t
nhien, co o am vt qua gii han long va he so rong vt qua cac gia tr
sau:

bun a cat khi e > 0,9;
bun a set khi e > 1;
bun set khi e> 1,5
SET Nhan dang tai cong trng Sc chu nen
mot truc, q
unc

kN/m
2

RAT MEM an ca nam tay vao at de dang < 25
MEM an ca ngon cai vao at de dang 25 50
DEO an ca ngon cai vao at can co lc 50 100
CNG an manh ngon cai lam lom at 100 200
RAT CNG an manh bang mong ngon cai e dau 200 400
RAN kho e dau tren at bang cach an
manh ngon cai
> 400
CAT (tin cay) SET (khong tin cay lam)
N (SPT) N (SPT)
< 2 RAT MEM
0 - 4 RAT RI 2 4 MEM
4 10 RI 4 8 DEO
10 30 CHAT TB 8 15 CNG
30 50 CHAT 15 30 RAT CNG
> 50 RAT CHAT > 30 RAN
Nn gia c
Cn xc nh r cc thng s kim tra sau:
su v phm vi gia c (m nn b mt hoc
nn cht su bng cc ct, cc xi mng t...
hoc bng phng php ho hc);
Ch s cht, bn, m un bin dng
thm xuyn nc so vi yu cu thit k;
Cng ngh dng trong kim tra cht lng t nn
sau khi ci to/gia c (ly mu, ng v phng x,
nn tnh ti hin trng, xuyn tnh/ng vv...);
o
gl
~ p
net
o
z
o
bt
N

h

h
m
b

b

EM VAT LIEU RI ( A - CAT )
NH NGHA Khi nen la at set mem hoac cat ri co sc chu tai be va bien
dang ln khong u kha nang ganh tai trong cong trnh, vung bien dang deo
di ay mong phat trien sau hn 25% be rong mong (mong be tong) hoac rong
hn 50% be rong ay cong trnh (cong trnh at ap), can phai thay lp at yeu ay
bang vat lieu ri (a, soi, cat) co hoac khong tron them vat lieu gia cng nh xi
mang, voi nham am bao kha nang lam viec cua nen va cong trnh. Lp at thay
the c goi la em vat lieu ri.

NGUYEN LY TNH TOAN ON NH
* Lp em phai u sc ganh tai cong
trnh
R
net
> p (ap lc rong ay mong)
* Lp at yeu phai u sc ganh lp
em
R
net(z)
> p
(z)
vi z = h
m
+h

o lun nen gom cua em va at yeu
phai nho hn gia tr gii han
S

+ S
y
s S
gh
* Lp em phai u sc ganh tai cong trnh
R
net
> p (ap lc rong ay mong)
N/(bl) < R
tc
(net)
=m[Ab
tc
+ (B-1)h
m

tc
+ Dc
tc
]
ac trng chong cat cua em cat phu thuoc vao phng thc thi cong em cat, co the chon s
bo
c
= 30
0
; c=0;
c
=18KN/m
3
; module bien dang E
c
= 200kgf/cm
2

* Tai ay lp em vat lieu ri, tong ap lc do trong lng ban than at nen va tai ngoai
phai nho hn kha nang chu tai cua at nen t nhien tai o sau nay.
Theo QPXD 45-70
o
bt
+ o
z
< R
tc
z
=m(Ab
z

tc
+ B(h+z)
tc
* + Dc
tc
)
Hoac theo QPXD45-78
o
bt
+ o
z
< R
IIz
=(m
1
m
2
/k
tc
)(Ab
z

II
+ B(h+z)
II
* + Dc
II
)
o
z
=k
0
o
gl
vi k
0
: he so phan bo ng suat theo chieu sau phu thuoc l/b va z/b (hoac 2z/b)
b
z
: be rong mong tnh oi quy c (ao)
vi va
a a F b
z z
+ =
2
z
z
N
F
o
=
2
b l
a

=

trong o l va b la chieu dai va chieu rong cua mong thiet ke.
m : he so ieu kien lam viec cua at nen
m
1
: he so ieu kien lam viec cua at nen
m
2
: he so ieu kien lam viec cua cong trnh trong tac dung qua lai vi nen
Cac he so sc chu tai A, B, D tham khao trong chng 1.
Be rong ay em vat lieu ri c xac nh theo gia thuyet goc truyen tai trong nen at la 30
0

se la :
b
c
= b + 2h
c
tg30
0
T th du MN
3
Thiet ke mong bang di tng day 300mm, tiep nhan mot tai ung tam N
tc
=300 kN/m dai. at
nen cat chat trung bnh, co khoi lng the tch t nhien la =1,8 T/m
3
hay trong lng n v the tch
= 18 kN/m
3
( xem gia toc trong trng g = 10 m/s
2
). Th nghiem cat nhanh khong co ket cho goc noi
ma sat = 30
0
, lc dnh n v c = 0. He so Poisson = 0,30. Mc nc ngam o sau 10m, ke t
mat at t nhien. Mong c uc bang beton mac 300, co R
n
= 13 MPa va R
k
= 1MPa. Cot thep trong
beton mong la R
a
= 210 MPa. Ket qua cua th nghiem nen co ket at nen trong bang sau:
Ap lc p, kPa 0 25 50 100 200 400 640 800
He so rong, e 0,879 0,869 0,855 0,831 0,8 0,785 0,77 0,757
Lp iem z
(m)
z/b k
0 oz
(kPa)
obt
(kPa)
p
1i
p
2i
e
1i
e
2i
s
I
(cm)
0 0 0 1 156 27
1 34,2 180,7 0.862 0.803 2,5
1 0,8 0,4 0,881 137 41,4
2 48,6 167,1 0.857 0,808 2,1
2 1,6 0,8 0.642 100 55,8
3 63 150 0,850 0,813 1,6
3 2.4 1,2 0,477 74 70,2
4 77,4 143,4 0,840 0,812 1,2
4 3,2 1,6 0,374 58 84,6
5 91,8 144,8 0,835 0,812 1
5 4 2 0,306 48 99
6 106,2 150,2 0,828 0,813 0,66
6 4,8 2,4 0,258 40 113,4
7 120,6 158,1 0,822 0,808 0,6
7 5,6 2,8 0,223 35 127,8
8 135 168 0,817 0,806 0,48
8 6,4 3,2 0,196 31 142,2
9 149,4 178,4 0,813 0,804 0,4
9 7,2 3,6 0,174 27 156,6
163,8 189,3 0,807 0,802 0,2
10
10 8 4 0,157 24 171
S=10,74cm
Trong th du nay nen a thoa ve mat ap lc nhng khong thoa lun.
De dang nhan thay neu co mot em cat soi day 4m
o lun lp em laS

=(0,8/200)80cm(1,56/2+1,37+1+0,74+0,58+0,2)=1,5cm
o lun lp nen cu trong vung nen lun la S
cl
=0,66+0,6+0,48+0,4+0,2= 2,34cm
Vay o lun cua toan bo nen se la S=S

+S
cl
= 1,5+2,34=3,58cm
Compaction at a highway off-ramp
These photos are from the construction of a highway off-ramp in Davis,
California, in 1995. This relatively small earthwork job was performed
with very few pieces of equipment (a cat, water truck, grader, and the
trucks that transported fill soils to the site).
This cat is equipped with a blade for shaping the roadway and sheepsfoot
rollers for compacting the clayey soils. Fill materials were brought to the
site by trucks that spread the materials out in roughly 6 to 8 inch thick
layers. The cat spread the material out evenly and compacted it at the
same time.
A side view of the cat.
The water truck sprays the earth during compaction to condition the
soil to near its optimum moisture content for compaction, and to
control dust at the site.
The operators of the water truck and cat sequence their
passes across the site. A grader was later used for final
shaping of the roadway surface
Roller Compactors
As soil embankments are constructed, the fill is spread in layers
and compacted in order to increase strength and reduce
compressibility of the soil. The loose lift thickness is usually 8
inches to 12 inches. These photos show four different types of
rollers suitable for compacting cohesive (clayey) soils and
cohesionless soils (sands and gravels).
Here a pneumatic rubber-tired roller is compacting clay soil. Clays are
more difficult to compact than sands and gravels, because they must be
brought to the right range of water content before they can be
compacted to high densities. Static pressure, as exerted by the wheels of
this rubber-tired roller, compacts clays well. (Photo by Caterpillar).
This photo shows a vibratory steel-wheeled roller compacting sand.
Vibration is more effective for compacting sands and gravels than static
pressure. Water conditioning is not as important for compacting sands
and gravels as it is for compacting clays. The total force applied by a
vibratory roller is equal to the weight of the roller plus the dynamic
vibratory force. (Photo by Caterpillar).
Here a vibratory padded drum roller (similar to a sheepsfoot roller) is compacting clay.
The protrusions (pads) on the drum press into the soil when it is loose, and compact the
layer from the bottom up. After a few passes, when the fill has been densified to some
degree, the roller "walks out," and the entire weight is supported on the pads resting on
top of the fill, which results in higher compaction pressures on the soil. (Photo by
Caterpillar).
This photo shows a tamping-foot roller compacting clay. Like a
padded drum roller or a sheepsfoot roller, the feet protruding from
the drums penetrate into the fill when it is loose, compacting the fill
from the bottom up. (Photo by Caterpillar).
Lo uc
trong at
Bang e
Cone
thep
Van m
Cat chuan
Lo uc
trong at
Bang e
Tui cao su
thep
Bm tay
Bnh cha nc co vach o
the tch

BAI GIANG A. Pr. Dr CHAU NGOCAN
BAI GIANG A. Pr. Dr CHAU NGOCAN
ng i cua photon

Nguon

au nhan





Cng tc nghim thu kt qu ci to t nn cn quy nh t-
ng ng vi cc yu cu ca thit k v kch thc khi t
v cc c trng ca t gia c nh cc s liu sau
y:
Mt bng v lt ct khi t ci to;
L lch k thut ca vt liu dng trong gia c;
Lng vt liu cht gia c trong 1 m
3
t gia c ( kg/m
3
);
Nht k kim tra cng vic;
Cc s liu v cng , m un bin dng tnh thm nc,
n nh nc ca t ci to.

Lime Treatment

These photos show the use of lime to treat expansive soils
during site work for a large retail outlet in the east Bay Area
in 1990. The building will have a slab on grade, and the
native soils are susceptible to swelling and expansion upon
wetting (high plasticity clays). Hydrated lime reacts with the
clay minerals in the soil, reducing its potential for swelling
and expansion upon wetting. A pad or layer of lime-treated
soil will be constructed over the entire building footprint
prior to construction of the slab foundation.
A truck sprays lime powder uniformly on the ground surface after it has
been graded, but before it is compacted. The area is divided into sections
by the wooden stakes to help guide the operators. The amount of lime
depends on the soil characteristics, but is typically a few percent of the
treated soil's dry weight.
This self-loading scraper is equipped with mixers inside its bucket. It
scrapes up soil that has already been sprayed with lime, mixes it within
its bucket, and then spreads it back over the ground surface.
A rear view of the same scraper. The mixing blades can be seen under
the rear end of the bucket.
The caterpillar on the left grades the treated areas and compacts the
soil with its sheepsfoot rollers. A water truck (white, distant center of
photo) sprays the soil with water to achieve the target water content
prior to compaction.
Deep Dynamic Compaction
Natural soil deposits and undocumented fills can be densified by
dropping large weights from great heights repeatedly on the ground
surface. Because the energy imparted is considerable, compaction
can be achieved at significant depths below the ground surface.
AM CHAT BANG TA RI
4. Lm cht t bng m/lu ln trn mt hoc
chiu su
C cc phng php sau:
Lu ln, m nng ri t cao xung;
Ln cht t qua l khoan (cc ct, cc dm, cc t vi ximng,
n mn..);
C kt ng (dynamic consolidation).
Cc cng ngh thi cng ni trn hin pht trin rt cao nh thit b
thi cng ngy cng hon thin v phng php kim tra ngy cng c
tin cy cao. Nhng thng s kim tra chnh nh trnh by
u mc III v chi tit th theo nhng tiu chun thi cng c th ca
tng phng php.
V nguyn tc : i vi cng trnh quan trng cn tin hnh th
nghim nn v ct cho t m cht khc nhau, trn c s
xy dng biu quan h gia:
Lc dnh v cht (thng qua
kh
hay h s m cht k);
Gc ma st v cht;
M un bin dng/cng v cht.
Khi cha c s liu th nghim c th dng cc s liu tham kho cc
bng sau y trong thit k s b khng ch cht lng.
AM CHAT BANG TA RI
This mass of concrete, weighing about 12,000 pounds, was used for deep
dynamic compaction at the site of an oil storage tank farm on Hokkaido,
in Japan.
Here the mass has been lifted to
a height of about 50 feet, and is
ready to be dropped. When it
hits the surface of the ground,
the blow will impart about
600,000 foot-pounds of energy.
These craters are the result of dropping the weight.
The craters were surveyed to determine the effects of the treatment.
Vibroreplacement Stone Columns
at MIA Dam
These photos are of vibroreplacement stone column construction at
Mormon Island Auxiliary Dam east of Sacramento, California, in 1993.
The purpose of the stone columns is to reduce the potential for
liquefaction of the subsurface soils during an earthquake.
Vibroreplacement stone columns improve the resistance of
cohesionless soils to liquefaction by several mechanisms. The primary
mechanism of treatment is the densification of the native soil.
Secondary benefits may also come from the reinforcing effects of the
stone columns (e.g.,. they are usually stiffer than the surrounding soil),
an increase in the in-situ horizontal stress (e.g., due to the packing of
stone in the column), and the drainage of earthquake-induced pore
water pressures through the stone columns.
COC VAT LIEU RI
This schematic shows the various steps in the vibroreplacement process. First, the
vibroflot penetrates the ground to the desired depth. Stone is then progressively
introduced to the hole, and the vibroflot is alternately raised and lowered to
produce a packed stone column.
A crane lifts the vibrating probe
or vibroflot. A front-end loader is
feeding coarse stone (aggregate)
in at the top of the hole around
the vibroflot.
End of vibroflot. The tube on
the right is used to deliver
stone to the tip of the probe
while it is in the ground. The
small tube on the left is a
water/air jet to assist the
vibroflot in penetrating to the
desired depth and in flushing
the hole as necessary.
Lifting the vibroflot
Vibroflot being lifted in
preparation for constructing
a stone column.
The water jet has been turned on and the vibroflot is ready to start
penetrating the ground.
The vibroflot begins to penetrate the ground. The horizontal
vibrations of the vibroflot are what cause the water to splash around.
The water jet assists the probe in penetrating to the full desired depth.
A front-end loader places stone into a hopper on the crane
The hopper on the crane
brings the stone to the top
of the vibroflot where it
can be transmitted down
a chute to the tip of the
vibroflot. The front-end
loader also dumps stone
at the top of the hole.
Soils in zones A and B can be compacted by the deep vibratory
compaction method Vibro Compaction (also called
Vibroflotation), while soils of zones C and D cannot be
compacted by
vibration alone.
Soils in zone C are often found on sites where soil liquefaction
due to earthquakes is of concern. These soils can be compacted
during the installation of Stone Columns.
Soils in zone D are not compactable by vibration, but can be
substantially reinforced, stiffened and drained by installing Stone
Columns.
Requirements for the soil to achieve good compaction by
vibration:
The soil must be permeable enough to allow rapid drainage of
the pore water during the compaction process. The permeability
is high enough for all granular soils with less than 12 % fines
smaller than sieve #200 (0.074 mm) AND less than 2% clay.
The friction angle of the soil must be high enough to permit the
passage of the compacting shear waves. This requirement is
usually satisfied if the soil is well graded.
The sand or gravel should not be easily crushable (carbonate
content in form of shells) or contain very platy mica minerals
that would increase soil compressibility.
Deep Soil Mixing for Contaminant Fixation
These photos are from a deep soil mixing (DSM) project for in-situ
fixation of contaminants at a site near San Francisco Bay, California, in
1993. The purpose of "in-situ fixation" is to bind the subsurface
contaminants within a soil cement matrix. The fixation must be
sufficiently strong to prevent the contaminants from being leached out of
the cement matrix under future possible combinations of groundwater
chemistry and hydraulic gradients.
PHAM VI NG DUNG:
* On nh va co ket mai doc co
tai ben tren; thanh ho ao
* Nen co tai phan bo eu : ng
bo; ng sat; bai cha hang; kho
cha hang
* Nen cong trnh co tai trung bnh :
nha thap tang; biet th; kho cha
hang
Nguyen ly tao COC AT- XI-MANG hoac VOI
* Hai hoac ba li khoan pha ket cau at va i xuong + ong thi phut xi mang tron vao at
* Quay ngc li khoan e tron eu at vi xi mang ong thi li khoan i len
Hai tien trnh nay c lap i lap lai tren moi oan coc nham tron eu at vi xi mang
This side view of the DSM rig shows the augers out of the ground.
An engineer directs the positioning of the augers according to the guide strings that
were established by the surveyors. Notice that there are 3 augers that overlap each other.
Successful fixation of the contaminants requires that the in-situ soil be entirely and
thoroughly mixed with the cementing admixtures
This close-up shows that the middle auger is recessed relative to the
outer two augers. The grout, which is a mixture of cementing agents
and water, is injected through ports near the ends of the augers.
Augers are being advanced into the ground
Augers continue to mix the soil. Notice that the auger flights do not
extend to the ground surface. This allows the augers to mix the soil
without carrying it upwards to the ground surface.
The H-beam is lowered to a
desired depth, and the cable is
pulled to open the trap bucket
and obtain a sample of the soil
mixture.
Proprietary admixtures for the grout at this site were delivered by tank
and in bags.
A batch mixing plant was used to mix the grout (admixtures and water) in proper
proportions and to pump it to the DSM rig. The grout was injected through the augers
and thoroughly mixed with the soil. The resulting soil mixture later hardens due to
cementitious reactions between the admixtures, clay minerals in the soil, and water.
This hardened "soil cement" binds or fixates the known contaminants against future
transport by seeping groundwater.
A backhoe raises a steel H-
beam that is equipped with a
trap bucket sampler at its
bottom end.
The retrieved sample is inspected by hand to determine if the soil has
been adequately broken down and mixed with the grout. Samples are
retained for appropriate lab testing.
Single shaft mixing are commonly employed in soil stabilizing purposes having
comparatively shallow mixing depth (10m or less). This is called as TENO-COLUMN
which a single mixing shaft provided a drilling blade C and mixing blade B, and a
stational blade of which length is longer than the other blades. While the mixing rod
rotates, two blades B and C are rotated together with the mixing shaft, but the stational
blade does not rotate with the mixing shaft. This stational blade functions to prevent soil
from turning resulting to improve [Mixing performance] remarkably.
These twin mixing shafts have each one mixing blade and one drilling
blade which are positioned at different height. Twin mixing rods rotate in
relative direction as shown in the illustration. A cement slurry injected at
their rod ends is mixedwith soil in-place. Two overlapped columns are
constructed effectively at one time which assures a wider stabilized area.
This technique is commonly employed to construct a diaphragm wall for
soil retaining walls, water tight walls, etc.
This co-axial shaft mixing technique gives a high mixing performance
even if the mixing diameter exceeds 1500mm. The inner shaft rotates
at low speed for performing a better digging performance and the
outer shaft rotates rather high speed for performing a better mixing
efficiency.
Deep Soil Mixing for Reinforcement &
Strengthening of Soils
at Port of Oakland, CA

Deep soil mixing (DSM) was used to provide reinforcement and
strengthening of soils at the Port of Oakland, California. These
photos, from 2001, illustrate some of the equipment used and the
characteristics of the hardened soil cement as exposed in
excavations.
Two deep soil mixing rigs, one
in the foreground and one in the
background, are working
simultaneously at this time. The
rigs are constructing a grid of
soil-cement walls by
constructing overlapping
columns.
Each rig is equipped with three
overlapping mixing paddles (or
augers). The mixing paddles
are of limited length so that
they do not carry soil up to the
ground surface, but rather
continually mix the soil at the
depth to which the paddles are
lowered. Grout, in this case a
mixture of water and
cementing agents, will be
pumped through ports in the
mixing paddles, and
subsequently mixed with the
soil. In this photo, the mixing
paddles are just beginning to
enter into the soil.
The mixing paddles periodically require maintenance due to wear and
abrasion on many of the parts.
A batch plant provides
automated mixing of the
grout materials, which is
then pumped to the deep
mixing rigs. Data acquisition
and computer monitoring
systems keep detailed
records of mixing and
pumping parameters.
A coring rig is used to obtain
solid cores of the hardened soil-
cement. The cores are used in
various tests as part of the quality
control program.
The grid of soil-cement columns is exposed at this location. The piles
within the grid will support a wharf that is being constructed. The grid of
soil-cement walls extends down through soft soils into harder, competent
soils, and acts to increase the stability of the channel slope.
A close-up view of the hardened soil-cement at one location shows
pockets of clay within the soil-cement matrix. These clay pockets occur
where there has been insufficient mixing: Note that this example comes
from an elevation where the soil-cement was going to be excavated and
so it intentionally was not mixed thoroughly
Each vertical run of the mixing rig produces 3 overlapping columns, and
these columns must overlap with adjacent sets of columns to produce a
continuous wall. At this one location, there is a T-intersection of the soil-
cement columns where the desired overlap was not achieved. Accurate
positioning is a key element of quality control, but allowance must be
made for occasional defects.
The overlapping connection
between soil-cement columns
may or may not form strong
bonds depending on several
factors. At this location, a "cold
joint" at a T-intersection of
soil-cement walls has been
slightly separated. Such cold
joints are weak in tension and
will have reduced shear
resistance.
This is a side view of soil-cement columns exposed by an excavation.
Notice that the columns are horizontally stratified, reflecting the
variation in soil type with depth. The diagonal cracks that can be seen in
the columns are primarily due to impacts by the backhoe that made the
excavation.
In-situ cement mixing
of soft clay deposits
c s
s
s
A A
A
a
+
=
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
=
S
D
C a
s
3 2
1
t
= C
Ty dien tch thay the
A
s
-dien tch ngang cua coc vat lieu ri
A
c
-dien tch ngang cua at set xung quanh coc
C
1
-hang so phu thuoc dang bo tr coc vat lieu ri.
Neu coc bo tr theo li hnh vuong th C
1
= t/4
theo dang tam giac eu th
S
D
Khi at hon hp chu tai, nhieu nghien cu a ch ra rang s tap trung ng suat xuat hien tren coc vat lieu ri se
kem theo giam ng suat trong at set mem xung quanh. ieu nay co the giai thch la khi chat tai, o lun cua coc
vat lieu ri va at xung quanh xap x nhau. S phan bo ng suat thang ng trong pham vi mot n nguyen (gom
coc va at xung quanh) c bieu th bang he so tap trung ng suat n:

Vi :o
s
-ng suat tren coc vat lieu ri;
o
c
-ng suat tren at dnh xung quanh.
o ln tap trung ng suat cung phu thuoc vao quan he gia o cng cua coc vat lieu ri va cua at xung quanh.
Theo thu thap cua Barksdal va Bachus (1983), he so tap trung ng suat bien oi theo ty dien tch thay the trong khoang t
2 en 5. ng suat trung bnho tren dien tch mot n nguyen tng ng vi ty dien tch thay the a cho a
s
, c bieu
th nh sau:
o=o
s
a
s
+o
c
(1-a
s
)
c
s
n
o
o
=
| |
o
o
o
s
s
s
a n
n
=
+
=
) 1 ( 1
| |
o
o
o
c
s
c
a n
=
+
=
) 1 ( 1
Nn gia c
C CHE PHA HOAI
Trong thc te , coc vat lieu ri thng c xay dng xuyen qua toan bo lp at set yeu nam tren a tang
ran chac (gan giong coc chong). Cung co the lam nhng coc ma mui cua chung ch trong pham vi lp set
yeu (giong coc treo). Cac coc vat lieu ri co the b pha hoai rieng tng coc hoac ca nhom. C che pha hoai
oi vi mot coc n c minh hoa tren hnh.
a) phnh ra ben; b) cat qua coc ; c) trt coc
Embankment of a high-water content marine clay mixed
with a small amount of cement
1) A very soft marine clay (a water content of 49.7 %),
dredged from the nearby seabed.

2) Mixed with a small amount of cement (3.5 % in weight of clay)
to use as the backfill for a 50 m-high embankment.

Dredging for reclamation
using sand and gravel to
support an electric
power plant
High embankment
GIA TAI TRC
Gia tai thng c dung trong ky thuat nen mong la nham lam cho nen at
yeu lun trc, at nen se giam o rong tng ng vi tai gia tang tren mat
at, sc chu ng se gia tang. Van e cua bai toan la chon gia tai sao cho phu
hp vi ap lc cong trnh tac ong len nen trong tng lai va d oan cac bien
phap thi cong gia tai thch hp.
* Vi at ri va at yeu khong bao hoa nc thi gian at o lun on nh se
ngan.
* Vi at nen yeu la at loai set bao hoa nc th thi gian lun se phu thuoc
vao toc o co ket tham va b chi phoi theo phng trnh vi phan co ket tham
Ap
z
u
o
h=2H
Ap
Hng thoat nc
2
2
z
u
C
t
u
vz
c
c
=
c
c
( )
(

=
A
=
A
= =

}
}
}
=
=

=
m
m
T M
H
H
H
t
t
z
v
e
M p H
dz t z u
dz p
dz t z u
S
S
U
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
1
2
) , (
1
) , (
1

=
=

|
.
|

\
|
=
n
n
T M
i
t z
vz
e
H
Mz
M
u
u
0
) , (
2
sin
2
2
100 4
|
.
|

\
|
=
z
vz
U
T
t
w v
z
vz
a
e k
C

) 1 ( +
=
2
H
t C
T
v
vz
=
Khi U
z
< 60%
Khi U
z
> 60% T
z
= 1,781 0,933log(100-U
z
)
Ngi ta ap mot lp cat eu kn khap tao mot ap lc nen trc Ap =
115kPa len tren lp set day 6m co cac ac trng sau:
p
0
=21 MPa; C
c
= 0.28; e
0
= 0.9; C
v
= 0.36 m
2
/thang
Nen la at set co ket thng (NC)
A/ Tnh tong o lun do co ket s cap
B/ Tnh o lun do co ket s cap sau 9 thang
A/ Tong o lun do co ket s cap

(

+
+
=
(

A +
+
=
210
115 210
log 6
9 . 0 1
28 . 0
log
1
0
) ( 0
0
) (
p
p p
H
e
C
S
p
c
c
p
= 0.1677m = 167.7 m

B/ Vi C
v
= 0.36 m
2
/thang; H=3m (thoat nc theo hai bien); t= 9 thang.

36 . 0
3
) 9 )( 36 . 0 (
2 2
= = =
H
t C
T
v
v
U
v
= 67% = S
t
/S S
t
=112.4 mm
GIA TAI TRC ket hp GIENG CAT
Gia tai thng c dung trong ky thuat nen mong la nham lam cho nen at yeu lun trc, at nen se
giam o rong tng ng vi tai gia tang tren mat at, sc chu ng se gia tang. Van e cua bai toan la
chon gia tai sao cho phu hp vi ap lc cong trnh tac ong len nen trong tng lai va d oan cac bien
phap thi cong gia tai thch hp.
* Vi at ri va at yeu khong bao hoa nc thi gian at o lun on nh se ngan.
* Vi at nen yeu la at loai set bao hoa nc th thi gian lun se phu thuoc vao toc o co ket tham va
b chi phoi theo phng trnh sau:
z
2R
Hng tham
nc
k
r
k
z
k
z
2R
2r
h=2H
Phan ap Phan ap
GIA TAI TRC
Ap
NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG GIENG CAT - BAC THAM - SAND
DRAINS
2
2
2
2
1
z
u
C
r
u
r r
u
C
t
u
vz vr
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
Phng trnh vi phan co ket tham ba chieu co dang
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
r
u
r r
u
C
t
u
vr
1
2
2
phan tham xuyen tam

2
2
z
u
C
t
u
vz
c
c
=
c
c

phan tham thang ng
Li giai cua Carillo (1942) cho o co ket tong hp U
z,r
cua tham ng Uz
va tham ngang Ur
U
z,r
= 1 (1-U
r
)(1-U
z
)
Tr U
r

n=5 n=10 n=15 n=20 n=25 n=30 n=35 n=40
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.01 0.0819 0.0494 0.0398 0.0349 0.0318 0.0297 0.0281 0.0268
0.02 0.1571 0.0964 0.0780 0.0685 0.0626 0.0585 0.0554 0.0529
0.03 0.2261 0.1411 0.1146 0.1010 0.0924 0.0864 0.0819 0.0784
0.04 0.2894 0.1835 0.1498 0.1324 0.1213 0.1135 0.1077 0.1031
0.05 0.3476 0.2239 0.1837 0.1626 0.1493 0.1398 0.1327 0.1272
0.06 0.4010 0.2622 0.2161 0.1918 0.1763 0.1654 0.1571 0.1506
0.07 0.4501 0.2987 0.2473 0.2200 0.2025 0.1901 0.1808 0.1734
0.08 0.4951 0.3333 0.2772 0.2472 0.2279 0.2142 0.2038 0.1955
0.09 0.5364 0.3663 0.3060 0.2735 0.2525 0.2375 0.2261 0.2171
0.1 0.5744 0.3976 0.3336 0.2988 0.2762 0.2601 0.2479 0.2381
0.2 0.8189 0.6371 0.5559 0.5083 0.4762 0.4526 0.4343 0.4196
0.3 0.9229 0.7814 0.7040 0.6552 0.6209 0.5950 0.5745 0.5578
0.4 0.9672 0.8683 0.8028 0.7582 0.7256 0.7004 0.6800 0.6631
0.5 0.9860 0.9207 0.8686 0.8305 0.8014 0.7783 0.7593 0.7433
0.6 0.9941 0.9522 0.9124 0.8811 0.8563 0.8360 0.8190 0.8044
0.7 0.9975 0.9712 0.9416 0.9166 0.8960 0.8786 0.8638 0.8510
0.8 0.9989 0.9827 0.9611 0.9415 0.9247 0.9102 0.8976 0.8865
0.9 0.9995 0.9896 0.9741 0.9590 0.9455 0.9336 0.9230 0.9135
1 0.9998 0.9937 0.9827 0.9713 0.9606 0.9509 0.9421 0.9341
C/ Trong th du tren, tnh o lun do co ket s cap sau 9 thang khi co bo tr
gieng cat ban knh r=0.1m, cach khoang d=3m va C
vz
= C
vr
.
Phan c
n = d/2r= 3/0.2 =15
2 2
) 3 (
) 9 )( 36 . 0 (
= =
e
vr
r
D
t C
T
=0.36

% 77
36 . 0
15
=
)
`

=
=
r
r
U
T
n
Vay theo Carillo:
U
v,r
= 1- (1-U
v
)(1-U
r
) = 1 (1-0.67)(1 0.77) = 0.924=92.4%
St = 92.4% S = 92.4% 167.7 mm = 155 mm
CAI AT BAC THAM TRONG AT YEU
GIA TAI TRC BANG HUT CHAN KHONG
o lun theo thi gian co va khong co thiet b thoat nc thang ng
Compaction Grouting
- General Information
This series of schematics
illustrates the general
procedures in the
bottom-up technique of
compaction grouting.
The first step, shown
here, is to install grout
pipes using drilling or
driving techniques.

The mortar-like
grout, injected
through the pipes,
displaces the
surrounding soil.
The grout pipe is
then lifted some
distance (0.3 to 1.5
m), and the injection
process is repeated.
Injection in "stages"
continues until the
target layer has been
treated. Grouting can
stiffen and strengthen
the soil layer by
increasing its density,
increasing the lateral
stresses, and acting as a
reinforcement.
Grouting may also be
used to produce
controlled heaving of
the ground surface to
re-level a structure that
has been damaged by
differential settlements.
These compaction grout bulbs
were excavated as part of a
demonstration project by
Denver Grouting (now with
Hayward Baker).
These four grout bulbs were
from the same grout mix, and
are all relatively regular in
shape.
These four grout bulbs were
from a more "mobile" (more
fluid like) grout mix which
allowed it to form winged-
shaped bulbs.
This schematic shows six different possible applications for compaction
grouting.
Compaction Grouting
Compaction grouting was performed at a site in Sacramento,
California, in 1992, to improve the liquefaction resistance of a
underlying sand layer. Compaction grout does not permeate a soil,
but rather displaces it. The shearing of the surrounding soil as it is
displaced by the compaction grout can result in densification if the
confining stresses (depth of overburden) are sufficient. See
"Compaction grouting - General Information" for more details on
the processes involved.
At this site, an air percussion rig
was used to advance grout pipes
to the desired depth. The driller is
making sure the pipes are vertical
before starting to drive them.
Silty sand was the main ingredient in the compaction grout. The
other components were Portland cement and water.
The silty sand is placed in a hopper bin on the back of this mobile
mixing truck.
Portland cement is placed in a separate hopper bin
The truck mixes the silty sand,
Portland cement, and water (and
sometimes other additives on
other jobs) together in set
proportions. The final grout
mixture is delivered from the
truck along this screw auger
chute.
The grout is fed into a mobile grout pump
The hopper of the grout pump has rotating blades that
continuously mix the grout.
The grout pump's hopper is
filled with grout
A slump cone test, just like performed on a Portland cement concrete
mix, is usually performed on bulk samples of the grout mix. This thick
grout mixture will not permeate the pores of the soil that it is injected
into, but will rather displace it.
Grout is pumped from the grout pump (in the background) through a hose that connects
to the top of a preinstalled grout pipe (left-front of photo). The grout pipe is connected
to a hydraulic jack that progressively pulls the pipe out of the ground. Grouting is
periodically stopped to remove a segment of the grout pipe as necessary. The grout
pressure is measured by a gage near the top of the grout pipe, with pressures of 50 to
600 psi being common.
Close up of the hydraulic jack
gripping onto the grout pipe.
The pipe is usually pulled in
increments of one, two, or
three feet. This is called the
"bottom-up" method because
grouting begins at the bottom
of the hole and progresses
upwards. Measurements of
ground surface heave, grouting
pressure, and grout injection
volumes are used to determine
when the grout pipe should be
further withdrawn.
Injection for Expansive Soils

Potential damage from expansive soils can sometimes be avoided by
treating the ground using injection methods. The injected fluid may be
water (for preswelling the ground), lime, or a chemical solution (e.g.,
potassium).
An injection unit with multiple injectors.
Rigs with multiple injectors deliver the stabilizing fluid into the soil. The fluid will
prefer to travel into cracks and fissures. The extent to which the fluid permeates the soil
uniformly depends on the permeability of the soil, the nature of fissuring, and the
injection procedures. In any event, sealing fissures and cracks can be effective in
improving the volumetric-stability of the soil mass.
Jet Grouting

Jet grouting was used to reduce seepage and prevent piping erosion
of a levee in Stockton, California, in 1999. Overlapping jet grout
columns were used to form a cut-off wall in the problem sand layer.
The cut-off wall was located beneath the levee crest between depths
of 4 and 9 m and extended along the levee for about 230 m.
This schematic illustrates the jet grouting process. The jet grouting rods
are first positioned to the target depth using some boring technique.
Jets of air, water, and/or grout are simultaneously used to progressively
erode the native soil and replace it with a soil-grout (cement) mixture.
Jet grouted columns or panels can be overlapped to produce subsurface
walls of soil-cement.
The mixing plant for the jet
grouting operations was located
in an open area more than a
couple hundred meters from the
treatment zone. The rectangular
tanks on the right side are
settling tanks for the grout spoil
materials. The tall, blue tank
and other smaller tanks supply
grout ingredients, and the
yellow equipment to the left
side is for mixing and pumping.
This unit mixes the grout in
batches. The supporting legs of
the unit have been strain gaged
to measure the weight of
materials that pass through the
unit in each batch.
The jet grouting drill rig is
visible further down the crest of
the levee. The white pipe along
the right side of the levee carries
grout to the rig, and the gray pipe
beside it carries spoil materials
back to the settling tanks.
This track-mounted jet grouting rig is able to fit in the constrained area
of the levee crest. An overflow tank is position around the drill stem at
the ground surface, and catches the spoil materials that are displaced by
the grouting process. The captured spoils are pumped back to the batch
plant through the gray pipe laying to the left of the rig.
A side view of the jet grouting rig.
This is a "double-tube" jet grout monitor
with an attached drill bit. It is shown in
the upright position, standing on the drill
bit. The two concentric "tubes" at the top
are attached to the rods and allow for
conveyance of high pressure grout
through the inner annulus and high
pressure air through the outer annulus,
simultaneously. The grout and air exit
through the side jet ports (one on each
side of the monitor) with the air
"shrouding" the grout. The two side jets
usually expel grout and air at the same
time. One side jet can be blocked off, if
desired, to allow jet grouting in one
direction only.
"Triple-tube" systems allow for the
simultaneous use of water, grout, and
air. They would be characterized by
three concentric "tubes" at the top of the
monitor rather than the two tubes shown
here.
In-situ cement mixing
of soft clay deposits
1. Bc thm, vi hoc li a k thut
Hin nay nc ta ang p dng rng ri phng
php bc thm (bng thot nc) hoc vi /li a k
thut ci to v n nh t yu. y l
nhng tin b k thut trong xy dng ng v nh
t tng. V vy cn nm vng nhng hiu bit c
bn sau y:
Phm vi p dng ca phng php (bng 7.5 v bng
7.6);
La chn ng phng php;
Thit k b tr theo nhng tiu chun tng ng;
Nm c nhng yu cu c bn ca tng phng
php khi la chn cch thot nc;
1. Bc thm, vi hoc li a k thut
Hin nay nc ta ang p dng rng ri phng php bc
thm (bng thot nc) hoc vi /li a k thut ci to
v n nh t yu. y l nhng tin b k thut trong
xy dng ng v nh t tng. V vy cn nm vng
nhng hiu bit c bn sau y:
Phm vi p dng ca phng php (bng 7.5 v bng 7.6);
La chn ng phng php;
Thit k b tr theo nhng tiu chun tng ng;
Nm c nhng yu cu c bn ca tng phng php khi la
chn cch thot nc;
Kim tra cht lng vt liu bc thm theo cc tiu chun;
Thi cng bc thm ( theo TCXD 245 : 2000);
xp mao dn ( theo ASTM - D4751);
thm ca lp lc ( theo ASTM - D4491 hoc NEN 5167);
Kh nng thot nc ( theo ASTM - D4716);
bn ko ( theo ASTM - D4595 v ASTM - D4632);
Kim tra kt qu x l : h thng quan trc ln theo thi gian v
s tiu tn p lc nc l rng, chuyn v ngang ( xem hnh 7.1) ;
(cc hnh v c trnh by cui chng ny);
i vi vi a k thut theo cc tiu chun :
Ly mu v x l thng k ( theo TCN-1);
Xc nh dy tiu chun ( theo TCN-2);
Xc nh khi lng n v din tch (theo TCN-3);
Xc nh bn chu lc ko v dn di (theo TCN-4);
Xc nh bn chc thng (theo TCN-5);
Xc nh kch thc l vi (theo TCN-6);
Xc nh thm xuyn (theo TCN-7);
Xc nh dn nc b mt (theo TCN-8);
Xc nh bn chu tia cc tm (theo TCN-9).

Bng 7.5. Kh nng p dng bin php k thut ci to nn cho cc loi t khc nhau

C ch cai to
Ct
Hn hp trn
hay pht va
m
cht
Thot nc
Thi gian ci to
Ph thuc s
tn ti ca th
vi
Tng i
ngn
Lu di Lu di
t hu c
t st c ngun gc
ni la
t st do cao
t st do thp
t bn
t ct
t si
Trng thi cai to
ca t
Tng tc gia
t v th vi
Xi mang ho
Dung trng cao do
h s rng giam
(Khng thay
i trng thi
t)
(Thay i trng thi t)
bang 7.6. Lnh vc ng dng v chc nng ca vai/li a k thut
Chc nng
Lnh vc in hnh Phn
cch
Tiu Lc Gia
c
Bao
v
ng t v sn kho
ng t v bi xe
v cc cng trnh ngn nc
Gia c tng v mi dc
Tiu ngm
Lc di r
Lc qua p t
Lc qua k sng, bin
Cc cng trnh cai to t bng
thu li
-
-
-
O
O
-
O
-
O
O
O
-
O
O
-
O
O
O
O
-
-
-
-
O
O
*
-
Khp kn cc vng t cha
cht thai
O O -
Ngan chn cc vng t cha
cht thai
O O -
ng hm khng thm nc
O -
Ngan chn cc ho cht
tng hp
- -
Trm bao dng ng st
-
Sn vn ng v sn gai
tr
- O -
H thng cc san phm c
hp cht ho hc
- -
-- Chc nang chnh; O - Chc nang ph; * - ng dng tu thuc loi t
Bng 7.7. Kim tra cht lng nn t gia c ( theo SNiP 3.02.01.87)

Nhng yu cu k
thut
Sai lch gii hn
Kim tra ( phng
php v khi lng )
1 2 3
1. Kim tra s
ng n cc
thng s dng
trong thit k (
tnh ton) v
iu kin k
thut thi cng
bng cch gia c
th nghim.
Cht lng ca khi
t c gia c ( nh
s ton khi, ng
nht, hnh dng v
kch thc khi t,
c trng bn v
bin dng) phi t-
ng ng vi yu cu
thit k. Sai lch
cc i lng o
khng c ln hn -
10%.
Kim tra bng mt
v bng dng c
theo ch dn thit
k. Khi lng v
danh mc cc ch
tiu kim tra do
thit k ch nh.
Khi khng c ch
dn th khoan ly
mu 3% s l
khoan bm v 1 l
o xem bng
mt.
2. Cc c trng
ca vt liu u
vo ( mt ,
nng , nhit
..., do thit k
qui nh )
Theo ch dn ca
thit k. Khi khng
c ch dn th sai
lch khng c qu
3%.
o lng theo ch
dn ca thit k
3. p lc v lu lng
ca vt liu khi
bm p cng nh
cc thng s cng
ngh khc ... c
kim tra bng gia
c th nghim.
Nh trn, khng ln
hn 5%
Nh trn
4. Cc ch s cht l-
ng ca t c gia
c ( s ton khi,
ng nht, hnh
dng v kch thc
khi t gia c, cc
c trng bn v
bin dng ca t
vv....)
Cn ph hp vi thit k Nh trn. Khi khng c
ch dn th khoan
kim tra vi 3% s l
khoan/l cc lc thi
cng v 1 l o cho 3
ngn m
3
t gia c nh-
ng khng t hn 2 l
o cho 1 cng trnh;
i vi cng trnh c
bit quan trng v khi
lng t gia c hn 50
ngn m
3
th cn phi
xuyn tnh hoc ng
v nghin cu bng cc
phng php a vt l.
Khi gia c nn mng
ca cng trnh hin
hu cn quan trc ln
v cc bin dng khc
trc v sau khi gia c.
5. Sai lch cho
php theo chiu
di khi b tr cc
ng t ng bm
p.
Theo ch dn ca
thit k. Khi khng
c ch dn th
khng c lch hn
3% khong cch
gia cc im t
ng.
Nh trn, khng t
hn 10 im t
ng kim tra 1 ng.
6. Sai lch cho
php ca cc ng
bm so vi hng
thit k:
a) Khi su l
t ng bm
n 5m
b) Khi su ln
hn



1% su

0,5% su
o thng ng
ca l cho tng 5m
mt
7. Nhit ca
cht gia c khi
bm
Khng c thp hn
5
o
C
o nh k ( cho
tng ca lm vic )
8. Ch bm thit
k
( p lc v lu lng )
Cn ph hp vi thit k.
S thay i ch
bm ch c php nu
thit k chp nhn
Nh trn ( theo thit k ).
p lc bm nn gi
khng i.
9. Sai lch v thi
gian to keo ( to gen )
i vi loi 1 dung
dch c 2 thnh phn
l Silicat v keo
Khng c qu 20%.
Khi sai lch ln phi
iu chnh t l cc
cht hp thnh
o tng ngy
10. Ch tiu cht lng
dung dch bm xi
mng
Theo thit k Nh trn
11. Ch tiu cht lng
khi bm xi mng vo
t
Cn ph hp ch tiu
cht lng thit k
o v quan st bng
mt
( theo ch dn thit k
)
12. S lin tc khi bm
dung dch xi mng
Theo yu cu cng
ngh
Ghi li tt c l bm
s lin khi
13. Th tnh cc
xi mng t v
sc chu ti
ng vi thit k Khng sm hn 28
ngy sau khi lm
xong cc. 1% s l-
ng cc nhng
khng t hn 2
cc, hoc khoan
ly li nn
0,5% s cc nhng
khng t hn 2 cho
mt cng trnh,
hoc theo phng
php khng ph
hoi vi s lng xc
nh bi
chnh xc v
tin cy ca phng
php.
14. Ch cng ngh
khi gia c bn bng ph-
ng php khoan trn (
tn s quay, tc
dch chuyn thng, s
hnh trnh ca c cu
cng tc, s lin tc khi
bm, tng lu lng ca
dung dch xi mng v
mt dung dch)
Cn theo thit
k v theo kt
qu gia c th
nghim.
o, quan st
bng mt, ghi
chp.
15. Nhit v p lc
kh ga trong l khoan
khi gia c bng nhit
Khng c thp
hn qui nh ca
thit k
o lin tc
16. Cng , bin dng
v bn nc ca t
gia c bng phng php
nhit
Khng c thp
hn qui nh ca
thit k
o cho mi khi
t gia c
d>2/3B
B
Q
ult
B
d< 2/3B
T T
Q
ult
(A)
(B)
B
d < 2/3B
Q
ult
D
f
t
xz(max)
X
0
Zone I Zone II
B
x
z
A
A

A

A
Q
ult
F
1
F
2
S
1
= 0
F
3
F
4
S
2
T
(N=1)
= 0
* S = w = [{Bq(1-
2
)o}/E]
F
2
= F
4
T(N=1) = F
3
F
1
S
2
+ S
1
}
=
0
0
0 1
) (
X
dx q F o
}
=
0
0
3
) (
X
R
dx q F o
H q S
xz
A = ) (
0 1
t
H q S
R xz
A = ) (
2
t
x
z
X
0
F
2
F
1
S
1
D
f
q
0
B
o(q
0
)
x
z
X
0
F
4
F
3
S
2
D
f
q
R
B
T
(N=1)
o(q
R
)
AH

AH

(

+ +

=

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1
4 ) (
) ( 2
tan tan ) (
z b b z x
b z x bz
b x
z
b x
z q
q
t
o
] 4 ) [
4
) (
2 2 2 2 2 2
0
2
0
z b b z X
z bqX
q
xz
+ +
=
t
t
X
0
x
z
F
4
F
3
S
2
D
f
q
R
B
T
(N=1)
o(q
R
)
AH

L
0
F
1
= A
1
q
0
B
F
3
= A
1
q
R
B
S
1
= A
2
q
0
AH
S
2
= A
2
q
R
AH; A
1
&A
2
= f(z/B)
* b = B/2
T
(N=1)
= A
1
q
R
B A
1
q
0
B A
2
q
R
AH +A
2
q
0
AH
= A
1
B (q
R
q
0
) A
2
AH (q
R
q
0
)

) ( 1
2 1
0
0 ) 1 (
H A B A
q
q
q T
R
N
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
) ( 1
1
2 1
0
0
) 1 (
) (
H A B A
q
q
q
N N
T
T
R
N
N
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
=
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
z/B
A
1
,
A
2
,
A
3A1
A2
A3
LDR
T
tf
T
f n t
FS
N
y
N
y
B
) ( ) (
) (
= =
e

+ + =
}
0
0
) ( )] )( )( ( ) ( 2
0 0
L
X
R f a B
dx q D z X L LDR tg F o
)] )( ( )[ ( tan 2
0 0
0
0 3 f
R
a B
D z X L
q
q
Bq A LDR F + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
) (
) (
N
B
P
T
F
FS =

1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
z/B
L
0
/
B
= 17,3 kN/m
3
; = 35
0
; E
s
= 3x10
4
kN/m
2
; = 0.35
D
f
= 1m, FS=3, s = 2,5cm, t= 50 ans
f
y
= 2.5x10 kN/m
2
;
a
=28
0
; FS
(B)
=3; FS
(P)
= 2,5.
- B=1m
- N = 5 ; AH = 0,5m, LDR=65%
q
u
= D
f
N
q
+(1/2)BN

,
Vesic(1973), =35
0
N
q
= 33,3; N

= 48,03.
q
u
= 17,3x1x33,3+(1/2)x17,3x1x48,03=922kN/m
2

Q
all(1)_
= 331 kPa

r s
s
E
Bq
S o ) 1 (
2
=
r s
s
all
B
s E
q
o ) 1 (
2
) 2 (

=
kPa
m
m m kN
427
) 2 )( 35 . 0 1 )( 1 (
) 025 . 0 )( / 000 . 30 (
2
2
=

=
2 3
3
/ 10 8 . 1
1
10 8 . 1 / 8 . 1
m kN
B
m MN
q
R
=

= =
) ( 1
2 1
0
0
H A B A
q
q
N
q
T
R
N
A
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
(

1
0
0
q
q
N
q
R
B
z
N=

z(m)

A
1
B

A
2
AH A
1
B- A
2
AH
T
N

(kN)

1

293,7

0,5

0,5

0,35

0,125

0,225

66,08

2

293,7

1

1

0,34

0,09

0,25

73,43

3

293,7

1,5

1,5

0,34

0,065

0,275

80,77

4

293,7

2

2

0,33

0,05

0,28

82,24

5

293,7

2,5

2,5

0,32

0,04

0,28

82,24

ai lng tnh

Lp gia cng N so

1

2

3

4

5

2tan
a
(LDR)
0,691

0,691

0,691

0,691

0,691

A
3


0,125

0,14

0,15

0,15

0,15

A
3
Bq
0
(q
R
/q
0
)

225

252

270

270

270

z(m)

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

z/B

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

L
0
(m)

1,55

2,6

3,4

3,85

4,2

X
0
(m)

0,55

0,8

1,1

1,4

1,65

L
0
-X
0
(m)

1

1,8

2,3

2,45

2,55

z+D
f


1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

(L
0
-X
0
)(z+D
f
)
25,95

62,28

99,48

127,16

154,4

F
B
(kN/m)

173,4

217,2

255,1

274,4

293,3

FS
(P)
=F
B
/T
(N)


2,62

2,96

3,16

3,34

3,57

) (
5
) ( ) (
) 65 , 0 )( 10 5 , 2 (
3
) (
N
y
N B
T
f LDR
T FS
t

= =
Be day thanh gia cng

Lp gia cng so

1

2

3

4

5

t (mm)

1,22

1,36

1,49

1,52

1,52

Chieu dai thanh gia
cng

Lp gia cng so

1

2

3

4

5

L
min
(m)

3,1

5,2

6,8

7,7

8,4

Ta co the chon chieu daylam viec thanh gia cng cho tat ca cac lp la 1,6mm va chieu day
b r set hang nam cua thep galvani la 0,025mm. e cho thep co tuoi tho la 50 nam, chieu
day cua thanh gia cng la 1,6 + 0,025x50=2,85mm
x
D
f
=1m
B=1m
z
0,5m
0,5m
0,5m
0,5m
0,5m
L=3,1m
L=8,4m
L=7,7m
L=6,8m
L=5,2m

H
A D
B
M
G
1
G
G
2
c
u
B A D

= o
o o
o
sin
) 2 / ( sin
3
4
3
2

= r AG
2
t
o =
r r AG 826 , 0
570 , 0
353 , 0
3
4
2
= =
3
2
2
2
3
4
1
r r AG = =
)
2 4
(
2 4
2 2
2
2
1
2
r r
AG
r
AG
r
AG + = t
t
(

+ = r r AG ) 5 , 0
4
( 826 , 0
6
2 4 t
t
3
2
33 , 0
4
sin
4
r AG
r
M
sat sat gt

t t
= =
2
2
57 , 1
2 2
r c
r
c r
r
c M
u u u ct
= = = t
t
H
c
r
c
M
M
FS
sat
u
sat
u
gt
ct

57 , 4
33 , 0
57 , 1
= = =

H
A D
B
M
c
u
T
1
T
2
T
3
d
1

+
= =
i i sat
u
gt
ct
d T H
c
M
M
FS

57 , 4

H
A E
B
c
u

|
T
1
T
2
T
3
d
1

+
= =
i i sat
u
gt
ct
d T H
c
T
T
FS

4

Nen cng
45
0
+ /2
A

Mat trt
Vai a kythuat
B

C

L
r(max)
L
e
H

S
v
L
r
L
0
Chong trt bang v tam vong - ng dung vao ng vao cau Xang Hoc Mon
(1993)
tang cng on nh cua mai doc bang v chong trt cho cac cong trnh at
ap cao trung bnh nh ng vao cau, e, ap nho, Va ng dung cua no vao
tnh toan on nh ng vao cau Xang Hoc Mon ( b pha Cu Chi), nam 1993.
W
t
neo

A B
C
O
R
d
i

D
t
WD
d L R AC
k
i i neo i neo
t

+
=
, ,
t t
Mat trt ghi nhan cua ng vao cau Xang Hoc
Mon, b pha Cu Chi
Phan ap
Vung neo
Bang trt a xuat hien
Phan ap
V tam vong
t
r

t
r

t
p
= t
neo

A
C
B
WD
d L R AB AC
k
i i neo i neo dd r
t

+ +
=
, ,
) ( t t t
k
t min
=1.21
Tai ay lp em tong ap lc do trong lng ban than at nen va tai ngoai phai nho hn kha nang chu tai
cua at nen t nhien tai o sau nay.
Theo QPXD 45-70
o
bt
+ o
z
< R
tc
z
=m(Ab
z

tc
+ B(h+z)
tc
* + Dc
tc
)
Hoac theo QPXD45-78
o
bt
+ o
z
< R
IIz
=(m
1
m
2
/k
tc
)(Ab
z

II
+ B(h+z)
II
* + Dc
II
)
o
z
=k
0
o
gl
vi k
0
: he so phan bo ng suat theo chieu sau phu thuoc l/b va z/b (hoac 2z/b)
b
z
: be rong mong tnh oi quy c (ao)
vi
trong o l va b la chieu dai va chieu rong cua mong thiet ke.
Be rong ay em cat c xac nh theo gia thuyet goc truyen tai trong nen at la 30
0
:
b
c
= b + 2h tg30
0

a a F b
z z
+ =
2
2
b l
a

=
b
dc
o
gl
o
z
o
bt
h
dc
Composite geosynthetic
for use in clayey soils

Woven geotextile
(tensile reinforcement)
Non-woven geotextile
drainage
Backfill of nearly saturated clay
3) Three failure modes:


Cross-section exposed at its demolishing;
- lines 1 & 2; critical failure surfaces by the limit equilibrium stability
analysis without and with taking into account the pore pressure in cracks.
- R & L: total deformation by the rainfall test.
- Ra; deformation only in the last day of the rainfall test.
- K; similar data for Kami-Onda embankment.
-Three failure modes;


The safety factors for all these three failure modes should be
examined in design.
4) Despite the use of so-called very extensible reinforcement (i.e., a
non-woven geotextile), no failure plane and tension cracks in the
reinforced zones, as with Chiba No. 1 test embankment.
Reinforced Soil Wall
This reinforced soil wall was constructed in 1999 using Keystone
blocks with geogrid reinforcements near Sacramento, California.
This photo shows a lower row of
Keystone blocks, with the geogrid
reinforcement extending to the right
side.
Coarse sand is packed in and
around the blocks. The top
surfaces of the blocks must be
swept free of soil before the
next level of blocks can be
placed. Dowels are placed in
the small-diameter holes in the
blocks, and connect the upper
blocks to the lower blocks in
an overlapping sequence
Sheets of geosynthetic "geogrid" are the reinforcement for the soil
backfill. The front-end loader was used to place coarse sand / pea
gravel directly behind the keystone blocks (left side of photo) to act
as a drainage layer.
The geogrid is sandwiched
between the facing blocks, and
is hooked over the dowels that
connect the blocks.
A view of the exposed face of the wall as construction progresses.
The wall is stepped-back at this location. The white PVC pipes are drain
lines that connect to the drainage layer directly behind the blocks.
Geogrids are being laid out over a completed row of blocks. The two
scrapers (earth-moving equipment in the upper left) are placing fill soils
behind the geogrids
The backhoe in the background spreads the fill materials out over the
geogrid. Care must be taken not to damage the geogrids by driving
equipment over the unprotected grid. Wood stakes are used to stretch
the geogrid flat and hold it in place while the soil is placed over it.
Another row of blocks is being placed, with the geogrid sandwiched
between the overlapping blocks. The front-end loader is placing the
drainage layer in the background.
1996 - 1997 Mercer Lecture
(Revised, August 2001)

Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil
Retaining Walls
as Important Permanent Structures


F.Tatsuoka
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tokyo
M.Tateyama
Railway Technical Research Institute of Japan Railways Group
T.Uchimura
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tokyo
J.Koseki
Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
Rapid transit trains running
on geogrid-reinforced soil
Geogrid
GRS-RWs having a full-height rigid facing
constructed by the staged construction procedure
-now supporting railway and highway embankments
with a total wall length more than 65 km; and
- one of the standard wall construction procedures
for railways and highways in Japan, replacing the conventional
wall construction procedures.
Staged construction - 1;
- the wall is first constructed with a help of gabions filled
with crushed gravel; and
6) CASTING-IN-PLACE
OF RC FACING
6) CASTING-IN-PLACE
OF RC FACING
5) COMPLETION OF
WRAPPRED AROUND
WALL
5) COMPLETION OF
WRAPPRED AROUND
WALL
4) SECOND LAYER 3) BACKFILL AND
COMPACTION
2) PLACING GEOTEXTILE
AND GRAVEL GABION
GRAVEL GABION
4) SECOND LAYER 3) BACKFILL AND
COMPACTION
2) PLACING GEOTEXTILE
AND GRAVEL GABION
GRAVEL GABION
GEOTEXTILE
1) LEVELLING PAD
DRAINAGE
A 5 m-high wall before casting-in-place a FHR facing
6) CASTING-IN-PLACE
OF RC FACING
6) CASTING-IN-PLACE
OF RC FACING
5) COMPLETION OF
WRAPPRED AROUND
WALL
5) COMPLETION OF
WRAPPRED AROUND
WALL
4) SECOND LAYER 3) BACKFILL AND
COMPACTION
2) PLACING GEOTEXTILE
AND GRAVEL GABION
GRAVEL GABION
4) SECOND LAYER 3) BACKFILL AND
COMPACTION
2) PLACING GEOTEXTILE
AND GRAVEL GABION
GRAVEL GABION
GEOTEXTILE
1) LEVELLING PAD
DRAINAGE
Staged construction - 2;
- Then, after the deformation of the backfill and supporting
ground has taken place, a full-height rigid facing is cast-in-
place directly on the wrapped- around wall.
6) CASTING-IN-PLACE
OF RC FACING
6) CASTING-IN-PLACE
OF RC FACING
5) COMPLETION OF
WRAPPRED AROUND
WALL
5) COMPLETION OF
WRAPPRED AROUND
WALL
4) SECOND LAYER 3) BACKFILL AND
COMPACTION
2) PLACING GEOTEXTILE
AND GRAVEL GABION
GRAVEL GABION
4) SECOND LAYER 3) BACKFILL AND
COMPACTION
2) PLACING GEOTEXTILE
AND GRAVEL GABION
GRAVEL GABION
GEOTEXTILE
1) LEVELLING PAD
DRAINAGE
Permanent critical civil engineering
structures
made of cement-mixed soil



Inherent problems with conventional bridge abutments
(the numbers imply the construction sequence)
(1) piles
Ground

(2) RC abutment

Inherent problems with conventional bridge abutments
(the numbers imply the construction sequence)
(1) piles
Ground
(2) RC abutment
Ground

Inherent problems with conventional bridge abutments
(the numbers imply the construction sequence)
(3) Backfill
(1) piles

(2) RC abutment
Ground

Inherent problems with conventional bridge abutments
(the numbers imply the construction sequence)
(3) Backfill
(4) Earth pressure
(4) Settlement and lateral
flow of ground; and
associated negative friction
and bending of the piles
(4) Displacement
of the abutment
due to the earth pressure
(1) piles

(2) RC abutment
Ground

Inherent problems with conventional bridge abutments
(the numbers imply the construction sequence)
(3) Backfill
(4) Earth pressure
(4) Settlement and lateral
flow of ground; and
associated negative friction
and bending of the piles
(4) Displacement
of the abutment
due to the earth pressure
As the abutment and piles
have to resist without
exhibiting large displacement
against these earth pressure
and ground movements (4),
they have to be very massive
and strong.
(1) piles

(5) Bridge girder (2) RC abutment
Ground

Inherent problems with conventional bridge abutments
(the numbers imply the construction sequence)
(3) Backfill
(4) Earth pressure
(4) Settlement and lateral
flow of ground; and
associated negative friction
and bending of the piles
(4) Displacement
of the abutment
due to the earth pressure
(1) piles
As the abutment and piles
have to resist without
exhibiting large displacement
against these earth pressure
and ground movements (4),
they have to be very massive
and strong.

(1) Cement-mixed soil
Ground

Advantages of cement-mixed soil bridge abutments
(the numbers imply the construction sequence)
(1) Backfill

(1) Cement-mixed soil
Ground

Advantages of cement-mixed soil bridge abutments
(the numbers imply the construction sequence)
(1) Backfill
(2) Settlement and lateral
flow of ground

(1) Cement-mixed soil
Ground

Advantages of cement-mixed soil bridge abutments
(the numbers imply the construction sequence)
(1) Backfill
(2) Settlement and lateral
flow of ground
(3) A FHR facing
Connected
As the FHR facing is constructed
after the deformation of ground
and backfill has taken place,
a massive RC abutment and deep
piles become unnecessary.

(4) Bridge girder
(1) Cement-mixed soil
Ground

Advantages of cement-mixed soil bridge abutments
(the numbers imply the construction sequence)
(1) Backfill
(2) Settlement and lateral
flow of ground
(3) A FHR facing
Connected
As the FHR facing is constructed
after the deformation of ground
and backfill has taken place,
a massive RC abutment and deep
piles become unnecessary.
Combined use of compacted cement-mixed gravel and geotextile-
reinforcement
Anchoring
Abutment
Bridge
cement-mixed gravel
Usual soil embankment
Geotextile
Prediction of long-term deformation !
No increase in the earth pressure during seismic loading
Simple, no need for a pile foundation.
4.0m
a
b
o
u
t

5
.
0
m

0.8m
1.6m
Asphalt pavement
sandy gravel
Estimated failure surface
5.0m
a
b
o
u
t

7
.
0
m

0.6m
0.7m
3.6m
Asphalt pavement
sandy gravel
Estimated failure surface
90
5.0m
a
b
o
u
t

7
.
0
m

0.6m
0.7m
3.6m
Asphalt pavement
sandy gravel
Estimated failure surface
90
Construction Procedure of RADISH Anchor
Guide cone
[End of work]
Reversed rotation
Cement slurry
[Setting the FRP rod]
FRP rod
[Drilling and mixing]
Cement-mixed soil
Auger
Fastening cone
Mixing blade
Reversal of rotation
and withdrawal
Stabilizing blade
Normal rotation
core rod
View of work in progress, Ikebukuro
Anchor body retrieved from the slope
Large diameter nailing versus ground anchor
Potential Slip surface
RADISH Anchor
Hbeam
RADISH
Anchor
5
.
6
m

Tension force
Earth Anchor
Hbeam
Large axial
force