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PHN QUYT S 5

TRANH CHP V CCH THC KIM TRA


CHT LNG HNG HO
Cc bn:
Nguyn n : Ngi bn Thu S
B n : Ngi mua H Lan
Cc vn c cp:

Hu hp ng

Cc tiu chun nh gi phm cht hng ho khc nhau

Hu qu ca vic hiu nhm

Tm tt v vic:
Nguyn n v B n ng k ba hp ng bn cng mt loi hng
ho vi cc quy cch phm cht c quy nh chi tit.
Hng c gi i t mt cng ty Canaa v c giao theo iu kin C.I.F
cng Rotterdam. C ba hp ng c lp bng ting Php vi nhng iu kin
ging ht nhau, loi tr iu khon v s lng. iu khon trng ti quy nh
rng tranh chp s c gii quyt theo Quy tc trng ti ca Phng Thng Mi
Quc t. Tuy nhin ch c hai hp ng u tin c k v thc hin, hp ng
th ba vn cha c k v trc khi hng c gi i t Canaa, B n hu
hp ng vi l do hng c giao theo hai hp ng u khng ng vi quy
cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng.
Nh my Canaa gi mt k s sang H Lan kim tra mu hng
trong mt phng th nghim c lp. Kt qu kim tra gy ra nhiu tranh ci: khi
tin hnh phn tch theo phng php ca Bc M th mu hng c kim tra
hon ton ph hp vi nhng quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng, nhng
khi tin hnh theo phng php ca Chu u th li khng ph hp.
Cc bn kin ra trng ti theo :

Nguyn n yu cu c bi thng 55.000 USD (bao gm c 37.000


USD tr cho nh my Canaa) i vi vic hu hp ng th ba.
B n khiu ni i 181.645 florins H Lan cho nhng thit hi lin
quan ti hai hp ng ban u.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:


Trong v kin ny c rt nhiu tranh chp c nu ra nh v thm quyn

ca trng ti, lut p dng i vi hp ng, vai tr ca ngi k s c nh


my Canaa c sang tin hnh phn tch hng ho Tuy nhin, y c ba vn
cn xem xt:
Th nht, liu ngi mua c mc nhin c quyn hu mt hp
ng khi phng on rng hng c giao theo hp ng th ba c th s khng
ph hp vi cc quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng hay khng?

Th hai, quyn c thng tin v ngha v phi tm hiu thng tin


(v phng php kim tra cht lng hng ho) mt cch y ca cc bn trc
khi tin hnh k hp ng c hiu v p dng nh th no?

Th ba, vic hiu khng r v tiu chun nh gi phm cht ca


hng ho dn ti hu qu l hng giao khng ng nh ngi mua ngh v trng
i c cho php ngi mua c quyn i bi thng v l hng hay khng?

1. V quyn n phng hu hp ng ca B n:
Theo quan im ca U ban trng ti, y l mt trng hp lin quan n
mt nhm hp ng thng mi v do , nu kt lun cui cng l hng ho
c giao theo hai hp ng u khng ph hp vi quy cch phm cht quy nh
trong hp ng, v nu B n tin chc rng hng ho theo hp ng th ba s c
phm cht y nh s hng c giao theo hai hp ng trc , th B n s
c quyn t chi hp ng th ba.
Theo iu 48 ca Lut thng nht v Mua bn Hng ng sn Quc t,
ngi mua c th p dng quyn c hu hp ng thm ch trc c thi gian
c n nh cho vic giao hng nu c bng chng r rng rng hng ho c
giao s khng ph hp vi cc quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Theo
lut Thu S, nu mi bng chng u cho thy l hng ho s b h hng ti thi
im giao hng, ngi mua khng c php i ti lc mi tin hnh cc th
tc php l t chi nhn hng.
Trong trng hp c th ny, B n tuyn b rng h s khng tip tc
nhn hng ho tr khi s hng ny c quy cch phm cht ph hp vi phng
php nh gi do B n a ra. Tuy nhin Nguyn n v nh cung cp (nh my
Canaa) hin ang s dng phng php ca Bc M, khng chp nhn iu
kin ny. Nh vy, nu gi thit v s khng ph hp ca hng ho c chng
minh, B n c quyn t chi hp ng th ba.
2. V vic hiu lm:
Thc cht, c hai bn u ht sc thin ch trong vic gii quyt tranh
chp gia h. V phn mnh, Nguyn n ngay lp tc tuyn b sn sng gi
mu do hai bn cng ly ti kim tra ti mt phng th nghim c lp do hai bn
cng la chn v s chp nhn vic hu hp ng th ba nu nhng phn tch ny

cho thy rng nhng l do m B n a ra l c c s. Nguyn n cng


ngay lp tc thng bo v nhng vn v phm cht v gi mu cho nh my
Canaa, ng thi yu cu nh my c n mt k s.
Nh th c th thy nguyn nhn c bn lm pht sinh tranh chp trn l s
hiu lm.
"Theo kt lun chnh ca k s sau chuyn cng tc ti H Lan, hng c
gi i khng phi l hng m ngi mua H Lan ngh rng mnh mua". l
do khi cho hng ngi bn Thu S khng h cp ti phng php phn
tch phm cht cn ngi mua H Lan th li cho rng, v hng c mt cng ty
Chu u cho bn nn phng php phn tch ca Chu u s c p dng. Tuy
nhin, Nguyn n lp lun rng "T trc ti nay, phng php c p dng
phn tch l phng php ca nc xut x hng ho hoc phng php c
ton th gii cng nhn, nh phng php ca Bc M chng hn.
S khc bit c bn gia phng php Bc M v phng php Chu u l
cch biu th ho tan ca bt bng s (ch s ho tan) m tranh chp ch yu
ca hp ng ny l v ho tan ca bt (i tng ca hp ng). Chnh bi
vy phng php phn tch cn phi c xc nh r c th xc nh c
ho tan ca bt.
Tuy nhin ch mi ti khi B n khiu ni v phm cht ca hng th mu
thun v phng php s dng phn tch cht lng hng ho mi pht sinh.
V cng ch ti khi , ngi bn mi thng bo v phng php kim tra m
theo h c quc t cng nhn, l phng php Bc M.
Nh my ti Canaa ng c k s sang H Lan vi iu kin l cc
bn phi thng nht v phng php kim tra. Trn thc t, nu s dng phng
php Bc M kim tra th hng ho giao theo hai hp ng u tin c cht
lng hon ton ph hp vi miu t cht lng trong hp ng. Tuy nhin nu s
dng phng php Chu u th hng giao khng p ng c cc tiu chun
cht lng theo tho thun.
Nguyn n l ra phi bit rng vic hiu lm trong vic miu t hng
ha hon ton c th xy ra trn th trng Chu u. Thc t, ngi bn Thy S
v ngi mua H Lan cha h c mt tho thun no v phng php Bc M c.
Ngi bn, tc Nguyn n, l ra phi nu r l nhng miu t v hng ho trong
hp ng phi c hiu theo phng php Bc M nh ngi cung cp Canaa
nu rt r iu ny trong hp ng k vi Ngi bn. V phn mnh, B n
cng bit rt r rng hng c xut x t Canaa v h tng lin h vi ngui
cung cp, nh my Canaa. V vy, vic hiu lm ny cng c nguyn nhn mt
phn t s cu th ca B n v l ra B n phi hi r v nhng ch s c
s dng miu t bt.

Mi quan h qua li gia quyn c cung cp thng tin v ngha v


phi t hi thng tin mt cch c th chnh l vn c bn ca tranh chp ny.
Xt cho cng, B n v Nguyn n cng phi chia s trch nhim v hu
qu do li cu th gy nn. Tuy nhin xt v phng php Bc M c s dng
rng ri hn so vi nhng phng php khc nn li do cu th trong vic cung
cp thng tin ca Nguyn n c xt nh hn so vi B n.
Theo lut Thu S, bn c li c quyn c yu cu hu hp ng ngay
c khi li l do s cu th m mnh gy ra. Li ca mt (cc) bn trong hp
ng s c coi l nghim trng khi n dn n nhm ln c bn v phm cht
khin hng ho thuc hn v mt loi khc ca hng ho . Trong trng hp
ang xt, cch o ho tan ca bt c th dn ti hu qu l hng ho c giao
l mt loi khc so vi loi hng ho m B n mun mua.
Bn c li c th yu cu hu hp ng vi iu kin phi tr tin bi
thng. Trch nhim ny c t ra vi gi nh trc l li pht sinh t chnh s
cu th ca bn , trong trng hp c th ny, li ca ngi mua l khng
hi y thng tin v hng ho. Cn li ca ngi bn l khng cung cp y
thng tin v hng ho.
V mt nguyn tc, lut Thu S quy nh rng bn c li khng phi bi
thng cho bn i tc ca mnh nu nh i tc ny bit v li trn. Tuy nhin
nhng n l trc c xt n vic gim bi thng trong trng hp hai bn
cng c li. Xt li ring ca tng bn trong v kin ny, U ban trng ti
quyt nh rng s tin bi thng s c chia lm 5 phn, B n chu 3/5 v li
hiu nhm v Nguyn n chu 2/5.
3. V n kin li ca B n yu cu c bi thng thit hi do s
khng ph hp ca hng ho c giao theo hai hp ng trc:
Theo U ban trng ti, hai hp ng ban u khng th c coi l v hiu
na v chng c xc nhn v vic thanh ton cng c thc hin sau khi
li c pht hin, hn na khng c bng chng no chng t rng hai bn c
nhng thng lng v vn ny. Do n kin li ca B n l khng c c
s.
U ban trng ti kt lun:

B n phi thanh ton cho Nguyn n mt khon tin bi thng tr


gi 37.000 USD (trong tng s 55.000 USD m Nguyn n yu cu)
cho vic hu hp ng th ba.
Bc khiu ni i bi thng ca B n v s khng ph hp ca hng
ho c giao theo hai hp ng trc.

Nguyn n phi tr 2/5 v B n tr 3/5 ph trng ti.

Bnh lun v lu :
Trong thc t kinh doanh, vic cc bn gp g trc tip tin hnh m
phn v k hp ng khng phi lc no cng thc hin c. k kt mt hp
ng hoc thc hin mt thng v, cc bn thng ch trao i rt nhanh thng
tin di hnh thc vn bn (n cho hng, n t hng, hp ng, ti liu k
thut...) qua Telex, Fax, th tn hoc thm ch c trng hp khng c vn bn y
. Nu mi vic din ra sun s th khng c vn g ng nu ra, tuy nhin nu
c bt c mt kh khn no pht sinh th nhng thiu st, li lm hoc s h d
nh my cng c hu qu nghim trng kh lng. Chnh bi vy, trc khi tin
hnh k kt bt c hp ng no, vic son tho cht ch cc vn bn hoc hp
ng mua bn, nhng ph lc km theo nh ti liu k thut hay miu t v hng
ho... phi c c bit coi trng. Mi chi tit cha r rng cn phi c lm
sng t ngay trnh nhng thit hi ng tic khng nn c nh chng ta thy
qua v d nu trn.

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