Daniel Chandler, Semiotics. The Basics, London & New York, Routledge, 2007, pp. 1-11 (cap. Introduction).

Marcel Danesi, Messages, Signs, and Meanings. A Basic Textbook in Semiotics and Communication Theory, Toronto, Canadian Scholars Press, 2004, pp. 3-22 (cap. What Is Semiotics?). Daniela Rovena-Frumuani, Semiotic, societate, cultur, Iai, Institutul European, 1999, pp. 59-77 (cap. Ferdinand de Saussure i modelul diadic al semnului). Daniel Chandler, Semiotics. The Basics, London & New York, Routledge, 2007, pp. 13-28 (subcap. The Saussurean Model). Daniel Chandler, Semiotics. The Basics, London & New York, Routledge, 2007, pp. 29-47 (subcap. The Peircean Model). Daniel Bougnoux, Introduction aux sciences de la communication, Paris, Ed. La Dcouverte & Syros, 1998, (trad. rom.: Introducere n tiinele comunicrii, Iai, Polirom, 2000), pp. 41- 52 (cap. A semnifica).