trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009

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AAHARASAZAUNG 090-5526-5507 / 03-6808-3692
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http://www.aaharasazaung.com
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trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009

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urBBm}uD;eJ@ igwdk ht=um; b,fol[m b,foleJ@wlvJ
'Dxuf rwufEdkifawmh+yDvm;? b,fol[m b,foljzpfapcsifwJhtwdkif;
vlawGaocJh jzpfvm&wmwJhvJ
vlawG&SifcJh ? igwdk huaum b,foljzpfapcsifwJhtwdkif;
igh&J@ yufvufukvm;xdkifvJ tdkrif;cJh? jzpf&rSmvJ?
rae@ursm;eJ@ w&m;rJholtwGufvJ
'Dae@rsm; w&m;&SdcJh
jcm;vJ jcm;em;cJh w&m;r&SdolawGtwGufvJ
wlvJwlcJh ? w&m;&SdcJh?
ta&;}uD;aom oHa0*rsm; w&m;eJ@rajzEdkifoluawmh
ta&;r}uD;aom ta&;}uD;r_rsm; 0Éf&Sdor#aygh?
‘aomrwfrdk;’vJ ‘aomrwfrdk;’ tav#muf ig±H_;ygap
‘*sL,Hk*sD;’vJ ‘*sL,Hk*sD;’ tav#muf w&m;uEdkifygap?
igvJightavsmuf oli,fcsif;tbdk;}uD;ESpfa,mufvdk
pOf;pm;&=uyfcJh? wa,mufudk wa,muf vufzuf&nfwdkuf=u
‘igrSm;ovm;’qdkawmhvJ 'DpmrsufESmay:u igh “jcpf”&mrsm;
rrSm;bl; / cifAsm;toHudkvJ udk,fpm;jyKEdkifygapom;?

armifacsmEG,f

11
trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009

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+rJ+rJ rSwfxm; +ynfol@v_dif;onf &mZ0if&dkif;
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qD;wm;r&Sd csDvmrpJ wdki;fESif@+ynfESH@
yuwdav woJoJESif@ aoG;&eH@ESif@
wrdepfr# t+rJx}uGcJ@}u&m æ ysH@ysH@a+rvl;
rar@av#m@ESif@ æ &ifYpl;&
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OD;wnfcsufESif@ tdk+ynfolwdk@ us$efb0wdkufyGJ
qufvufwdkufyGJ &Sifvl&[ef; ol&Jaumif;rsm;
0if&J}uavm@ zuf,rf;E_wfquf r cH pm; wwf
axmifut+yif r+yKedkifaomf tm;tifrJ@onf
wef;v#ifr&Sd q&mawmfudk +ref+ynfvGyfa&;
trdaomfvJ xkwfaz:*k%f+yK aocsma&;wGuf
om;awmfcJ. csD;r$rf;r_ESif@ 0dOmOfqufumvmyg?
wdkuf&JolwGuf wdkifwnf+zif@vS#if
atmifyGJ}udKae x,f0if@0g}u
,Hk}unfav+yD vGyfa+rmuf&csdef
a&mifeDOD;orf;cJ@avxifhæ aysmf}ucsdrf@csdrf@oJoJav æ cdkifatmifausmf (ppfawG)
12
trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009

tm&Sae0ef; q&mawmf
vl@b0Y vljzpfvmv#if
woufwcg ao=u&onf?
xHk;wrf;pOfvm "rRwmt&
aysmufaomoludk &Smv#ifawG@.
aoaomoludk =umv#ifarh.
"rRwmt& aoaomoludk
=umv#ifarhvJ &ufvESpfrsm;
=umonfhwdkifatmif igwdk@&ifxJ
qufumqufum t+rJrjywf
&SifoefEdk;x owd&onf
tm&Sae0ef; q&mawmf æ

q&mawmfum;
bk&ifcHudk rqdkxm;bd
omrefrsufESmjzL armfIr#yif
r=unhf&Jaom acwfuvwGif
set out u&ufa'guf
&J&JawmufpGm ajym=um;0Hhonf?
&JpGrf;owWd tHzG,f&Sdonf?
tm&Sae0ef; q&mawmf æ jrefrmjynfwGif EdkifiHa&;jzifh
oHCmxJwGif yxrqHk;
EdkifiH&yfjcm; wdkif;wyg;wGif axmifuscJhonf
bmompum; rsdK;pHkpGmjzifh tm&Sae0ef; q&mawmf æ
ygarmQvkyfum oif=um;Edkifonf
tHzG,fynm xl;jcm;&Sdonf &ufvESpfrsm; =umonfhwdkifatmif
tm&Sae0ef; q&mawmf æ igwdk@&ifwJ t+rJrjywf
qufumqufum &SifoefEdk;x
olwdk@jynfwGif wdkif;oljynfom;vltrsm;u owd&onf
txif}uD;I av;pm;ygaom tm&Sae0ef; q&mawmf æ
acgif;aqmifrsm;yif q&mawmftm;
txif}uD;um tm;udk;=uonf?
tm&Sae0ef; q&mawmf æ (70 )}udrfajrmuf q&mawmf OD;OwWrtm; *k%fjyKv#uf

cdkifay:xGef;

13
trSwfpOf-103
rarhtyfonfh Edik if o
hH m;aumif;wa,muf
(1947 - 1996)
OD;vSoef;
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf/
jynfol hv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f/ udkudk;usGef; rJqENe,f
2009ckESpf =o*kwfv (2) &ufae hqdkv#if jrefrmEdkifiH
'D r d k u a&pD t a&;awmf y k H a tmif j rif a &;twG u f OD ; vS o ef ;
(trsd K ;om;'D r d k u a&pD t zG J h c sKyf / jynf o l h v $ w f a wmf u d k , f
pm;vS,f/ udkudk;usGef; rJqENe,f) toufay;qyfoGm;cJh
onfrSm (13) wif;wif;jynfhjyDjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD &&Sda&;
wdkufyGJum; ,ae hwdkif qufvufqifE$Jae&qJ? OD;vSoef;rSm
rl ordkif;a&;wm0efudk ausyGef pGmxrf;aqmifoGm;cJhonfh Edkif
iH h o m;aumif ; tjzpf ord k i f ; pmrsuf E S m ay:wG i f ur` n f ;
wifusef&pfcJhjyD;jzpfayonf?
OD;vSoef;onf 1990 a&G;aumufyGJwGif c&D;oGm;
vma&;cufcJ&kHru pnf;&kH;a&;vkyf&efvnf; rvG,fulaom
udkudk;usGef; rJqENe,fY trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf
v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf pGef@pGef@pm;pm;0ifa&muf
ta&G;cHchJoljzpfonf? t&yf 5 ay 6 vuRcef htom;ndKndK
ydefydef yg;yg; jzpfaomfvnf; OD;vSoef;onf uspfvpf}uHh
hcdkifrSK&Sdoljzpfonf? Oya'tusdK; aqmifjzpfvmI vm;rod/
t0wftpm;udk t+rJoyfoyf&yf&yf 0wfqifwwfonf? tzGJ
hcsKyfodk@vmonfhtcgwdkif; yifeDwdkufykHtusõt+rJ0wfavh
&Sdoljzpfonf? a&S haetjzpftoufarG;aomfvnf; pum;udk
vdktyfrSom ajymavh&Sdonfudk owdxm;rdonf?
olESifh pma&;ol 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrDuyif
cifrif&if;ESD;cJhonf? 1989 ckESpf trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf
&efukefwdkif;&kH;wGif pma&;ol &kH;tzGJ hrSL;wm0ef,lcJhpOfu
jzpfonf? OD;wifarmif0if; (tif;pdefaxmif twGif; 18/1/
1991? wGif usqkH;ol trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf c&rf;
v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f) . rdwfqufay;rSKt& trsdK;
om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf =unfhjrifwdkif +rdK he,f OuUX OD;vS
oef;/ olESifhtwl ygvmol 'kwd,OuUX OD;ausmfoef;wdk hudk
pwif o d u G s rf ; cJ h j cif ; jzpf o nf ? xd k p Of u OD ; vS o ef ; onf
touftm;jzifh (42) ESpfrsSom&Sdao;onf?
xdkpOfu &efukefwdkif;&kH;onf tzGJ hcsKyfrS xkwfjyef
14
pufwifbm-2009
onfh a=unmcsufpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk ae hpOf (tcrJh)
jzef@a0ay;cJhonf/ xdkodk htcrJh jzef ha0 Edkifap&ef pma&;ol.
pm ayrdwfaqGrsm;u vdktyfaom puULrsm;udk vSL'gef;
cJ h = uIjzpf o nf / a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf . +rd K h e ,f q d k i f ;
bkwfwifyGJrsm; wGif ajym=um;onfh rdef hcGef;rsm;udk vuf
ESdyfpuf jzifh&dkufESdyfI‚if;/ uufqufacG/ AD'D,dkacG tjzpf
ul;,lI‚if;/ oufomaomaps;ESKef;rsm;jzifh &efukefwdkif;
&kH;u jzef ha0ay;cJhonf? AD'D,dkacG rdef hcGef; r0,fEdkifolrsm;udk
wdkif;&kH;u iSm;&ef;onfh pepfjzifhvn;f rsSa0onf? OD;vSoef;
onf xdk rdef hcGef;acGrsm;udk olydkifaiGa=u;pdkufxkwfum/ ykHrSef
wufwufºuºu0,f,lI =unfhjrifwdkif +rdK he,ftwGif;&Sd
vlxkxH jyefvnfjzef ha0ay;avh&Sdonf? udk,fwdkifvnf; a':
atmif q ef ; pk = unf . +rd K h e ,f &yf u G u f qd k i f ; bk w f w if
yGJrsm;wGif tcgtm;avsmfpGm vdkufyg tm;ay;wwfonf?
Todk hjzifh (1989-90) umvrsm;wGif OD;vSoef;ESifh ol h+rdK h
e,fwm0ef&Sdolrsm;rSm tzGJ hcsKyf &efukefwdkif;&kH;odk hae hpOfykHrSef
vm=uolrsm;wGif tyg t0ifjzpfonf? vmwdik ;f vnf; +rdK eh ,f
pkHrS a&mufvm=uaom tzGJ hcsKyf0ifrsm;. tvGwf oabm
xdkif=uonfh aqG;aEG;0dkif;rsm;wGif OD;vSoef; pdwftm; xuf
xufoefoef yg0ifaqG;aEG;avh&Sdonf?
&efukefwdkif;&kH;odk hvmonfh tcgrsm;wGif &Hzef&Hcg
&efukefwdkif;pnf;&kH;a&;tzGJ h0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom q&mOD;
xGef;wif (w&m;&kH;csKyfa&S hae/udkudk; uGsef; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;
om;a[mif;/uG,fvGef)/ OD;wifarmif0if;(c&rf;/ jynfol h
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f/uG,fvGef)/ OD;jrifh (1974 tvkyf
orm; ta&; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;)/ OD;odef;wif
(pma&;q&m wifodef;armif/ ZEM0g&D 18 1998 tusOf;
usaepOf &efukefaq;&kH}uD;Y uG,fvGef ol) polrsm;ESifhvnf;
rjywf x d a wG h aqG ; aEG ; ar;jref ; rS K rsm;vk y f w wf o nf ?
rodrDvdkufaom twdwfu EdkifiHa&; tjzpftysufrsm;/ t
awG ht}uHK rsm;/ t,ltqrsm;udk *&kwpdkuf avhvm rSwf
om;wwfonf? pma&;olvnf; xdkpOfu OD;vSoef;ESifh OD;
ausmfoef;wdk ESifhtwlh vufiif;EdkifiHa&; pD;yGm;a&; vlrSKa&;
tajctaersm;ud k ajymjzpf q d k j zpf y gonf ? ol E S i f h pum;
ajymjzpfaom tawG ht}uKHrsm;udk jyefI pOf;pm;=unfh rdrS
ol. EdkifiHa&; Y pdwfxufoefykH/ ynmvdkvm;ykH/ pmzwf tm;
aumif;ykH/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tm;ustwk,l wwf ykHwdk
trSwfpOf-103
hudk jyefvnf jrifa,mifvmonf?
ol@b0aemufcHudk t=urf;zsif;jyefvnf okH;oyf
=unfhvsSif olonf wyfrawmf (a&) wGif touf (18) ESpf
jynf h c sd e f (1965) rS p wif ppf r S K xrf ; cJ h o nf ? &wemyk H
a&wyfpcef;/ ppfawGa&wyfpcef;/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&kH;
(a&)/ a&wyfurf;wufwdkufcdkufa&;wyf&if;/ ppfa&,mOf
(110)/ ppfa&,mOf &ef}uD;atmif ponfhae&mXmersm;wGif
wm0ef x rf ; cJ h o nf ? od k h a omf ppf r S K xrf ; &if ; ol h b 0
wd k ; wuf r S K twG u f rem;rae }ud K ;pm; ynm&S m cJ h o nf ?
vufa&;wdkynmESifh pm&if;tif;ynmudk wyfwGif;Yyif oif
,lwwfjrmufcJhonf? twef;ynmudkvnf; wyfwGif;rSmyif
quf vuf tm;xkwf oif,lch&J m ppfouf (10) ESpfjynfhonfh
(1975) wGif wyfwGif;rSyif (10) wef;udk &lyaA'*k%fxl;jzifh
ajzqdkatmifjrifcJhonf? q,fwef;atmif+yD; aemufwGif
ynmwwfvdkpdwf ydkrdkjyif;jyxufoefvmcJhonf[k OD;vS
oef;uajymzl;onf? xdk ha=umifh touf (30) jynfh onfh
(1977)wGif wyfrS t+idrf;pm;,lI &efukefwuUodkvfY Oya'
ynm t"dujzifh ynmqufvufoif,l onf/ 1980 jynfhESpf
wGif ol Oya' 0dZ…mbGJ h &&SdcJh onf? xdk haemuf a&S haeavm
uodk ha&muf&SdcJh+yD;/ txufwef;a&S hae/ A[dkw&m;&kH;csKyf
a&S@aetjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHtESef h w&m;&kH;rsm;wGif Oya' tusdK;
aqmiftjzpf vdkufygaqmif&GufcJhonf? w&m;&kH;csKyfa±S›ae
OD;vSoef;onfynmwefzdk;udk od&Sdvmoljzpfonfhtavsmuf/
wzufwGif y&[dwpdwfjzifh &yfa&;&Gma&;vlrSKa&; udpP
rsm;wGifvnf; yg0ifulnD aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf? 1978 rS
1988 txd =unfhjrifwdkif +rdK he,f ppfrSKxrf;a[mif;tzGJ hwGif
&kH;tzGJ hrSL;wm0efESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;tzGJ htwGif;a&;rSL;
wm0ef r sm;ud k v nf ; rtm;vyf o nf h = um;rS OD ; vS o ef ;
xrf;&GufcJhonf?
1988 jynfol h'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfykHumvwGif
OD;vSoef;onf &efukefa&S haersm;tpnf;t&kH;ESifhtwl vlxk
qENaz:xkwf&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf? 1988 pufwifbm (27)
wGif trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf zGJ hpnf;ay:xGef; vmaom
tcg OD;vSoef;onf =unfhjrifwdkif +rdK he,fwGif +rdK he,faqmf
=oa&;tzGJ h0ifjzpfvmcJhonf? ol. &dk;om;rSK }udK;pm;rSK y&[d
wpdwfxm;&SdrSK vlrSKqufqHa&;aumif;rGefrSKponfh t&nf;
tcsif;rsm;a=umifh tzGJ hcsKyftzGJ h0ifrsm;u ol htm; =unfhjrif
wdik +f rdK eh ,f yxrt}udrf nDvmcHwiG f OuUX tjzpf‚if;/ Edik if H
vkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf‚if; a&G;cs,fcJh=u
jcif;jzpfonf?
Todk hjzifh ygwDpkH 'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ
aumfr&Sifu 1989 Edk0ifbm (10)&ufpGJjzifh taxGaxG a&G;
15
pufwifbm-2009
aumufyGJusif;yrnfhae h&ufESifh jynfol hv$wfawmfudk,fpm;
vS,favmif;trnfpm&if; (wifoGif;jcif;/ pdppfjcif;/ &kyfodrf;
jcif;) wdk hESifh pyfvsOf;onfh ae h&ufrsm;a=unmcJhonf? xdk
aumfr&Sifa=unmcsuf trSwf (326) t& taxGaxGa&G;
aumufyGJudk 1990 jynfhESpf arv (27) &ufae hwGifusif;
yrnf? jynfol hv$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; trnfpm
&if;rsm;udk 1989 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (28) rS 1990 ZEM0g&Dv
(3) &ufae htwGif; wifoGif;=u&rnfjzpfonf? OD;vSoef;
onf =unfhjrifwdkif+rdK he,f yxrt}udrf nDvmcHwGif OuUX
tjzpf‚if;/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mnDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ‚
a&G;cs,fcHxm;& oljzpfI =unfhjrifwdkif+rdK he,f jynfol hv$wf
awmfudk,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf aumfr&Sifodk htrnfpm&if;
wifoGif;&rnfjzpfonf?
odk haomf OD;vSoef;u &efukefwdkif;twGif; +rdK he,f
(42)ck/ rJqENe,f (61) e,f &Sdonfhteuf udkudk;usGef; rJqEN
e,fodk hoGm;a&mufta&G;cHrnfh udk,fpm;vS,f r&Sdjzpfae
onfudk owdjyKrdykH&onf? xdk hjyif udkudk;usGef;pkonf udkudk;
usGef;}uD; udkudk;usGef;i,fESifh pm;yGJusGef;[lI (3)usGef;&Sdonfh
teuf usGef;r}uD;Yom vlaersm;onf? tdENd,ork'N&m
twGif;&Sd xdkusGef;pkuav;onf jrefrmjynfr jrpf0usGef;ay:
a'o. awmifzuf rdkif 200 cef hwGifwnf&Sdojzifh oGm;vmrSK
vG,fulvSonfr[kwfay? aexdkifoltrsm;pkrSm a&wyf/
&JtzGJ hESifh t&yfzuf0efxrf;rdom;pkrsm;jzpfonf? tkef;+cH
vkyfief;vkyfol t&yfom;rdom;pkrsm;tygt0if udkudk;usGef;
+rdK he,f vlOD;a&rSm (1000) omom uav;om &Sdonf?
qENrJay;cGifh&SdolrSm (613) OD;om&SdI ppfwyf=oZm vkH;0
oufa&muf&m +rdK he,fvnf;jzpfonf?
udkudk;usGef;pkonf 1958 ckESpf ppfwyfu yxr
t}ud r f tm%mod r f ; pOf u Ed k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;rsm;ud k
tusOf;cs&mae&mtjzpf emrnfqdk;jzifh xif&Sm;cJhonf?
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;. tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJ atmifjrif
+yD ; aemuf 1971 ck E S p f w G i f xd k u sG e f ; axmif z suf od r f ; cJ h
&jcif;jzpfonf? xdk usGef;pk+rdK he,fwGif aexdkifolrsm;. 'Drdku
a&pDqENudk jznfhqnf;a&;/ tzGJ hcsKyftwGufvnf; yx0Dt&
ta&;ygonfh rJqENe,fwe,f rqkH;&SKH;a&; twGuf udkudk;
usGef; rJqENe,fodk hoGm;a&muf ta&G;cH&ef qkH;jzwfcJha=umif;
OD;vSoef;u pum;pyfI ajymzl;onf? Todk hjzifh OD;vS
oef;tm; tzGJ hcsKyfu 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om udkudk;usGef; rJqEN
e,fwGif tzGJ hcsKyftm;udk,fpm;jyK,SOf+ydKif&ef vufcHtwnf
jyKcJhonf?
1990 arv (4) &ufae hwGif OD;vSoef;ESifh trsdK;
om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf0if(4)wdkh hudkudk;usGef;pk qDodk hxGufcGm
 trSwfpOf-103
cJh=uonf? olwdk hra&mufrDuyif usGef;tm%mydkifwdk hxH tzGJ
hcsKyfudk,fpm;vS,ftm; rnfonfhtultnDrS ray;&efn$ef
=um;csufua&mufESifh+yD;jzpfykH&a=umif; OD;vSoef;u ajymjy
zl;onf? olwdk htzGJ haexdkifa&;udkyif tm%mydkifwdk hucuf
cJatmifvkyfxm;ojzifh/ udk,fwdkifopf0g;ckwf=uum ,m,D
wJaqmuf aecJh&onf? ol hudk wtdrfwufqif; rJqG,f
pnf;&kH;cGifhvnf;rjyK/ pm&Gufpmwrf;vufurf;pmapmifvnf;
a0iScGifhrjyKcJh[kajymonf? rJqEN&Sif trsm;pk rSm 0efxrf;
rsm;jzpfojzifh 0efxrf;tdrf,mrsm;odk hoGm;a&mufvnfywf
jcif;rjyKyg[kvnf; 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef OD;vSoef;udk
tm%mydkifrsm;u zdtm;ay;cJhonf? odk haomf olu vuf
rSwfrxdk;Edkif[k wif;wif;rmrmjiif;qdkcJhonf? oltm;vdkvdk
vm;vm;zdwfac:onfh tdrftcsdK hodk hOD;vSoef; oGm;a&muf
vnfywfcGifh&cJhonf/ xdk tdrfrsm;uwqifh usefrJay;rnfh
olrsm;xH/ olESifh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyfowif;rsm;
a&muf&SdcJhonf/
ol h+ydKifbufrSm a&wyfppfvufeufcJ,rf;wyf(24)
wyfrSL;(tjidrf;pm;) udkudkusGef; rqvygwD,lepf OuUXa[mif;
OD;atmifodef;(wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;ygwD) jzpf
onf? tdENd,ork'N&mtwGif;rS jynfrESifh tvSrf;a0;onfh
usGef;pkuav;rS rJqEN&Sif (613)OD;rSm OD;atmifodef;tm;
rJay;=u&ef usGef;tm%mydkifwdk hu ajymxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;
usGef;olusGef;om;wcsdK hu ajym=uonf? odk haomf OD;vS
oef;wdk h&Jabmfig;OD;tzGJ honf &ufowWokH;ywfrsS tcsdef
tawmtwGif; tuef htowfrsm;t=um;rS usGef;olusGef;
om;wdk hxH jynfrrS 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykHowif;pum;rsm;
udk ta&mufyg;cJhEdkif=uonf?
arv (27) &ufae hwGif udkudk;usGef;pk&Sd rJ&kH (2) wGif
qENrJay;cGifh&Sdol (613) OD;teuf (432) OD;vma&muf rJay;cJh
=uonf? OD;vSoef;u 246 rJ (56.94)&mcdkifESKef;/ wp
nudk,fpm;vS,fu 186 rJ (43.06)&mcdkifESKef; pDtoD;
oD;&&SdcJh=uonf? a&wyf tjidrf;pm; t&m&Sd}uD;wOD;ESifh
a&wyf tjid r f ; pm; &J a bmf w OD ; wd k h . tm;+yd K if y G J v nf ;
jzpfonf? ppftm%mjzifh csKyfudkifxm;onfh rJqENe,fjzpfI
OD;vSoef;. atmifyGJrSm 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfykHatmifjrif
rSKtwGuf xl;jcm;xif&Sm;onfh vuQ%m[kqdkEdkifonf?
olwdk h(&Jig;abmf)tm; &efukef tjyefc&D; wGif aomif;aomif;
zszs }udKqdk *k%fjyKcJh=uonf?
trsKd ;om;'Drukd a&pDtzGJ ch sKyfonf rJ qENe,f (485)
ae&mteufrS (447)ae&mwGif 0ifa&muf ta&G;cHc&hJ m/ (392)
ae&mtEdkif&cJhonf? jynfol h v$wfawmfudk,fpm; vS,frsm;
a&G ; aumuf + yD ; aomf v nf ; v$ w f a wmf a y:ayguf v mjcif ;
16
pufwifbm-2009
r&Sdojzifh/ tzGJ hcsKyfu 1990 Zlvdkifv (28-29)wGif *ENDcrf;r
Y yxrt}udrf tzGJ hcsKyfv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;.
y%mrnS d E S K d i f ; tpnf ; ta0;}uD ; usif ; ycJ h o nf ? *EN D c rf ;
ra=unmpmwrf;xkwfjyefum jynfol hv$wfawmfac:,lzGJ
hpnf;a&;oabmxm;udk jynfol odk htoday;cJhonf? *END
tpnf;ta0; rwdik rf w D &uf (27 Zlvikd f 1990)wGif e0w tzGJ
huvnf; a=unmcsuftrSwf (1/90)udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? (1/
90) . tESpfcsKyfrSm ,m,DzGJ hpnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJI
tpdk;&zGJ hpnf;jcif;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifhrsS vufrcH/ xdkodk
haqmif&Gufygu xda&muf pGm ta&;,lrnf jzpfonf[k
qdkvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk ypfy,f a=umif;?
jynf o l h q EN o abmxm;ud k Oya't&‚if ; ? usif h 0 wf
oduQmt&‚if; e0w u rav;rpm;vkyfvdkufjcif;vnf;
jzpfonf?
qufvufI 1990 pufwifbm (6)&ufae hwGif
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf A[dktvkyftrSKaqmif (,m,D)
OuU X OD ; =unf a rmif t m; (1/90) ud k qef h u sif r S K jzif h
zrf;qD;vdkufjcif;jzifh e0w u tzGJ hcsKyftm;pwif +zdKcGJawmh
onf ? a&G ; aumuf y G J + yD ; aemuf (2)ausmf v monf t xd
ppftkyfpku tm%mpGef hv$wfrnfh vuQ%m rjyawmh? odk
hjzifhtrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyfrS jynfol hv$wfawmfudk,f
pm;vS , f t csd K @onf jynf o l h ' D r d k u a&pD qEN u d k jznf h
qnf ; Ed k i f a &;twG u f }ud K wif j yif q if a qG ; aEG ; r_ r sm; vk y f
cJh=uonf?,if;odk haqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf=uonfhteuf 1990
pufwifbm (29) ae hwGif tr&yl&+rdK hrJqENe,f(2) jynfol
hv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f OD;bbGm; aetdrfY jyKvkyfaom
,m,Dtpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&; vsSdK h0Suftpnf;ta0;/ pufwif
bm(30) ref;taemufawmif+rdK he,f tzGJ hcsKyf&kH;Y jyKvkyf
aom ,m,Dtpdk;&zGJ hpnf;a&; vsSdK h0Suf tpnf;ta0;ESifh 19
90 atmufwdkbm (1) trmcH (6) OD; ,m,Dpif+ydKiftpdk;&zGJ
hpnf;a&; tpnf;ta0;rsm;vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf?
OD;vSoef;onf pufwifbm(29/30) tpnf;ta0;
rsm;wGif wufjuGpGmyg0if aqG;aEG;cJhonf? atmufwdkbmv
wGif xdktpnf;ta0; owif;rsm; ayguf=um;ojzifh tzGJ@
csKyf0ifrsm;/ jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; trsm;
tjym;udk e0w u ydkufpdyfwdkufzrf;awmhonf? xdktzrf;cHol
rsm;xJ wGif OD;vSoef;vnf; yg0ifonf?pkpkaygif; 35 OD; udk
jypfr_qdkif&m Oya'yk'fr 122(1) ESifh 124 wdk hjzifh w&m; pGJjcif;
cH&onf? 1991 ZEM0g&Dv(15) wGif pwif &kH;wifw&m;pGJqdkI
{+yDv (30) wGif pD&ifcsufcscJhonf?
OD;cspfwif (rif;vS/v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;jr
0if ; (t*F y l 1/ v$ w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f ) / OD ; vS x G e f ;
trSwfpOf-103
(=unfhjrifwdkif/ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;xGef;atmif
(a&wm&Snf 2/ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;atmifqef;jrifh
(+rdKif 1/ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;apmvSKdif (tif;awmf /
v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;jrifh=unf (uom /v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;odef;xGef; (oJukef; /v$wfawmfudk,f
pm;vS,)f / OD;&Jxw G f ('du
k Of ;D /v$waf wmf ud,
k pf m;vS,)f / OD;cif
armifodef;(cifOD; 1 /v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;aomif;jrifh
(cifOD; 2 /v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;odef;az (uef hbvl 1
/ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ a'gufwmjrifhEdkif (uef hbvl 2 /
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ a':cifpef;vSKdif (0ufvuf 2 /
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ a':pef;pef;0if; (tvkH /v$wf
awmf u d k , f p m;vS , f ) / a':pef ; pef ; (qd y f u rf ; /v$ w f
awmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ a'gufwm armifarmifvwf (omauw
/ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;ausmfoGif (c&rf; 1 /v$wf
awmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;vSoef; (udkudk;usGef;pk /v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;omqdkif (wGHaw; 1 /v$wfawmf udk,fpm;
vS,f)/ a'gufwm aZmfjrifharmif (tr&yl& 1 /v$wfawmfudk,f
pm;vS,f)/ OD;bbGm; (tr&yl& 2 /v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f)/
a'gufwmpdk;vif; (ref; taemufawmif 1 /v$wf awmf
udk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;wifatmifatmif (ref; taemufajrmuf
1 /v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f)/ a':tkef;=unf (jrpfom; 1 /
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ a'gufwmaZmfjrifh ([oFmw 2 /
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;ydkufudk (yckuUL tzGJ hcsKyf+rdK he,f
pnf;) ESifh a':0if;ar (ppfudkif;wdkif; pnf;)/ pkpkaygif; (28) OD;rSm
Oya'yk'fr 122(1) EdkifiHawmftm; opPmazgufzsuf ykefuefr_
jzifh axmif'%f (25)ESpfpD tjypfay;cH&onf?
OD;cifarmifaqG (prf;acsmif; /v$wfawmf udk,fpm;
vS,f)/ OD;Edkif;Edkif; (ykZGefawmif /v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/
OD;pdefvSOD; (tif;pdef /v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f)/ OD;apmae'Gef;
(tzG J hcsKyf aygufacgif;+rdK he,f OuUX)/ OD;wifarmif0if;
(pma&;q&m av;udkwif)/ OD;azatmifvif; ESifh a':a&$0gpdk;wdk
h(7) OD;rSm jypfrSKqdkif&m Oya'yk'fr 124 EdkifiHawmftm;
opPmazgufzsuf ykefuefr_ESifh pyfvsOf;I owif;xdefcsefrSK t&
axmif'%f (10)ESpfpD tjypfay;cH&onf?
xdk ,m,Dtpdk;&zGJ hpnf;a&; trSKudpPESifh jidpGef;ojzifh
zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifppfaq;aepOf ESyd pf ufniS ;f yrf;rSKjyif;xefojzifh
OD;armifudk (trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf/A[dktvkyform;
OD;pD;tzGJ h) onf 1990 Edk0ifbm (9) &ufae hwGif a&=unftdkif
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tcsKyfY uG,fvGefcJh onf? OD;wif armif
0if; (c&rf; 2 /v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f) onfvnf; nSOf;yef;
ESdyfpufcH&+yD;aemuf aq;0g;ESifh tpm;tpmjzwfawmufcH&
ojzifh tif;pdef wGJzufaxmif usGef;wdkufY ZEM0g&D 18 1991
17
pufwifbm-2009
wGif uG,fvGefcJh&onf?
OD;vSoef;(udkudk;usGef;rJqENe,f /v$wfawmfudk,f
pm;vS,f) onfvnf; aq;0g;ukorSK EkHcsm nH hzsif;vS&kHru/
vlrqefpGmjyKrlqufqH&mY emrnf qdk;jzifhausmf=um;aom
tif ; pd e f a xmif w G i f wcgok H ; aq;xd k ; tyf rok H ; rS K a=umif h
(HIV/AIDS) a&m*gul;pufcH&I 1996 ckESpf =o*kwfv (2)
&ufae htouf(50) wGif tcsdefrwdkifrD uG,fvGefcJh&onf?
OD ; vS o ef ; onf ol h u sef ; rma&;ud k ol tvG e f * &k p d k u f
oljzpfonf? tif;pdefaxmif/ wdkuf 4 (twdk)wGif olESifhtwl
pma&;olaecJhzl;onf? rdv†mcs cGifhay;csdef/ a&csdK;cGifh ay;csdef
rsm;wGif OD;vSoef;onf udk,fvufvSKyf &Sm;avhusifh cef;rsm;
t+rJvdkvdk vkyfavh&Sdonf? tjcm;olwdk hudkvnf; usef;rm
a&;*&kpdkuf&ef/ avhusifhcef;vkyf&efyif olu wdkufwGef;ESdK;
aqmfwwfao;onf? pma&;olrSwfrdoavmuf oabmrqdk;
aom axmif 0g'grsm;u a&csdK;+yD;aemuf wdkufcef; rydwfao;
bJ/ vGwfvGwfvyfvyfaecGifh jyKvsSif wdkufcef;eHywf (19)wGif
EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;=u+rJjzpfonf? xdkaqG;aEG;0dkif;wGif OD;vSoef;
t+rJ xufxufoefoefyg0ifwwfonfudk rSwfrdaeonf?
xdkpOfu wdkufcef;(19)wGif jynfol hwdk;wufa&;
ygwD A[dk tvkyftrSKaqmif aumfrwD0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom
OD;jrpdef (pma&;q&m pdefrif;)/ OD;av;jrifh (pma&;q&mvSuGef
h)/ OD;[efwifhESifh OD;aomif;xdkuf (uG,fvGef)wdk hae=uonf?
pma&;olu tcef;(23)wGif OD;csdK(udsKuRa&m)ESifh‚if; OD;vS
oef;u tcef;(27)wGifOD;jr0if;(t*Fyl 1/ v$wfawmf udk,fpm;
vS,f/ ,ck tar&duefwGifaeol) ESifh‚if; ae&onf? pum;
ajymcGifh tcsdef uav;&wdkif; tcef;(19) pum;0dkif;wGif OD;vS
oef ; ud k yk H r S e f a wG h & wwf o nf ? xd k h j yif OD ; vS x G e f ;
(=unfhjrifwdkif/ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ a'gufwm armif
armifvwf (omauw / v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,/uG,fvGef)/
OD;ausmfoGif (c&rf; 1 /v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f/,ck aemfa0)/
ausmif;om;rsm;jzpf=uaom udkwifhqef;(&uo)/ udk+yKH;csdK
(&uo)/ud k , Of a xG ; (vl h a bmif o pf / ,ck aemf a 0)/
udk0if;odef;ESifh udkpdefvSKdif (okH; a&mifjc,f) wdk hvnf; (4) wdk
wdkufrSmyif&Sdae=uonf? (1993-94) umvjzpfI xdkpOfu
EdkifiHa&;wdkuf0if;rsm;wGif v$rf;rdk;aeaom ta=umif; t&m
rSm trsdK;om;nDvmcH wufoifh/ rwufoifh udpPyifjzpfonf?
nDvmcHu csrSwfvdkufaom tajccHrl (6)csufteuf/ (trsdK;
om;EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmifrSK tcef;u¾wGif wyfrawmfu
yg0ifxrf;aqmifa&;) qdo k nfh eHywf (6) tcsuu f kd vufco H ifh
roifh qdkaom +y\emu t"du tjiif;yGm;p&m jzpfae
cJhonf?
OD;vSoef;onf wyfrawmf(a&)wGif 12 ESpfrsS ppfrSK
 trSwfpOf-103
xrf;cJhzl;oljzpfaomfvnf; xdkudpPudk pOf;pm;&mY tcsdK haom
yk*d~Kvfrsm;uJhodk hawGa0rSKr&Sd? ol u wyfrawmfonf um
uG,fa&;0ef}uD;. pDrHuGyfuJrSKatmufY om&Sd&rnf[k ,lq
oljzpfonf? OD;vSoef;onf wuUodkvfwGif Oya'ynm oif
,lpOfu zGJ hpnf;ykHtajccHOya'bmom&yfudk avhavm oif
,lcJh&oljzpfonf? xdk ha=umifh wdkufcef;eHywf (19) EdkifiH a&;
aqG;aEG;0dkif;rsm;Y Oya'qdkif&m udpP&yfrsm; qdkvsSif olu 'dkifcH
&Sif;jywwfonf? tzGJ hcsKyfwGif wm0ef&Sdol jzpfvm aomtcg
olonf zGJ hpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHESifh pyfvsOf;I ydkrdkzwf&SK avhvm
jzpfa=umif;vnf;ajymjyzl;onf? vGwfvyfa&; twGuf wuf
okwf&dkufaqmif&GufcJh&ojzifh 1947 ckESpf zGJ hpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya' wGif tm;enf;csufrsm;&SdcJha=umif; olu a0zefjyzl;
onf? t"dutm;enf;csurf mS wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; tm; wef;wl
tcGifhta&;ay;&ef ysufuGufcJhrSK jzpfa=umif; olu axmufjy
zl;onf? wm0ef&Sdonfh zqyv acgif;aqmif rsm;u xdk tm;
enf;csufrsm;udk tcsdefrD rjyif qifEdkidcJhonfh tjyif/ rdrdwdk
htkyfpk tm%m+rJa&;udk tm&kHpdkufaecJhojzifh wdkif;jynfz&dkz&J
jzpf&onf[laom ol ha0zefcsufudk rSwfrd aeao;onf?
OD;jrpdef (pma&;q&m pderf if;) u xdpk Ofu ta=umif;
rsm;udk jyefajymjzpfwdkif; OD;vSoef;onf ol txl;av;pm;
ol r sm;teuf w G i f wOD ; jzpf a =umif ; ajymjywwf o nf ?
txl;ojzifh jynfol hv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;taejzifh
jynfolbufu &yf&rnf/ jynfol htusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,f&
rnf qdkonfudk aumif;pGmod&dSol/ EdkifiHa&;tjrif &Sif;vif;
ol[k OD;jrpdefu OD;vSoef;tay: rSwfcsufay;zl;onf?
wdkufydwfcHxm;&onfh tcsdefrsm;wGif OD;vSoef;
onf yvyfpwpfvufqGJtdyfrsm; xdk;jcif;jzifh jiD;aiG hzG,ftcsdef
rsm;udk ausmfjzwfavh&Sdonf? rdom;pkrsm; axmif0ifpmvm
awG@onfhtcg ig;ydausmf ig;ajcmufausmftp&Sdonfh pm;
aomufp&mrsm;udk yvyfpwpftdyfrsm;jzifh xnfhay;avh&Sd
onf? xdkyvyfpwpftdyfrsm;udk oef hpifatmifaq;a=umI
0Sufxm;&onfh bvdwf"g; wjcrf;yJhav;jzifh nDnDnmnm pdyf
jzm&onf? +yD;rS pdyfjzm xm;aom yvyfpwpfjym; uav;
rsm;udk pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf &m*%ef;rsm;pGm &&Sdatmif eef;qGJ
&onf? xdk yvyfpwpf eef;}udK;rsm;udk tokH;jyKI/ 'DZdkif; vuf
&majrmufonfh vufqGJtdyfrsm;xdk;jcif;jzpfonf? OD;vS oef;
. vuf&m vufqGJtdyfrsm;rSm rnfumrwW tjzpfrSs xdk;
,ufxm;jcif; r[kwfay? pdwful;pdwfoef;aumif;aumif;
ta&miftpyft[yfnDnDjzifh 'DZdkif;vSvS tdyfuav;rsm;jzpf
vmatmif xdk;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
Tonfudk =unfhI OD;vSoef;wGif tEkvufrSKynm
Yvnf; xl;csGefonfh t&nftcsif;rsm; pdwful;pdwfoef;
18
pufwifbm-2009
aumif;rsm; &Sdaeonfudk od&onf? xdkodk holudk,fwdkif vkyf
onfh vufrSKynm ypPnf;uav;rsm;jzifh tjyifrS rdom;pkESifh
rdwfaqGrsm;udk vufaqmifay;wwfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
jyifyrS rdom;pkESifh rdwfaqG o*F[rsm;. arwWm apwem pm
emaxmufcHrSKwdk hudk ol h vufrSKynm vuf&muav;rsm;ESifh
arwWmwkef hjyefjcif; jzpfonf? ol hvuf&m wck+yD;wdkif;vnf;
&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udkjyI vdktyfcsuf&Sd r&Sd a0zefcdkif; wwf
onf? tjcm; tdyfxdk;vdkolrsm;udkvnf; olu tdyfxdk; enf;
oifay;wwfao;onf? (4)wdk wdkufwGif olESifh xdawG hquf
qH&if; OD;vSoef;onf pdwfaepdwfxm; EknHhaysmh aysmif;ol/
tEk y nm pd w f & S d o l / vl o m;qef o l j zpf a =umif ; yd k r d k e m;
vnfcJh&onf? 1994 {+yDvwGif pma&;ol(5)wdkufodk hajymif;
&aomtcgolESifh tqufjywfoGm;onf? odk haomf axmif
0ifpmxGufonfhtcg trSwfrxif awG hjzpf ESKwfqufjzpf
jcif;rsdK;awmh&Sdonf? xdkESpf atmufwdkbm avmufwGif pm
a&;ol (3)wdkufodk hajymif;&jyefonf? OD;vSoef;uawmh (4)
wdk wdkufrSmyif &SdaeqJjzpfonf?
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onfh axmifwGif;vl htcGifhta&;csdK;azgufr_tpD&if cHpmwGif
vlw&mausmfvufrSwfa&;xdk;I ukvor*~odk hvSsdK h0Sufay;ydk
hpOfu OD;vSoef;. vufrSwfvnf;yg0ifcJhonf? ol naewdkif;
zsm;ojzifh aq;xdk; aq;aomufae&a=umif; o wif; =um;&
onf? ol htzsm;udk iSufzsm;qdkum axmif aq;rSL;u aq;
xdk;ay;aeonfrSm vcsDI=umonf? aemuf raysmufawmhrS
ovdyfppf&m/ wDAD tqkwfa&m*g[kqdkum aq;ajymif;xdk;jyef
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onf ? +Ad w d o S s ud k v d k a cwf / zqyvacwf / rqvacwf /
e0wacwf tqufquf ESpfw&mausmf vlaygif;ra&rwGuf
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oef h&Sif;aom &duQmudk rrSD0J&/ oef h&Sif;onfh a& raomuf&/
avaumif ; avoef h r &S L &S K d u f & / aea&mif j cnf t vk H t
avmufr&&SdbJ/ wdkufydwfcH xm;& jcif;a=umifh a&m*gul;puf
&ef tvGefvG,fonfhae&mjzpf onf? ydkqdk;onfrSm rusef;rm
onfh tcg oef h&Sif;onfh wcg okH;aq;xdk; tyfjzifh r[kwfbJ/
+yD;pvG,f }uKH&mtyfjzifh aq;xdk;cH&jcif;jzpfonf? t&uf
jyefudkyif ususee tokH; jyKjcif;r&Sd? oufqdkif&mtdrfrsm;u
cufcufcJcJ wcgokH;tyf ydk@ay;aomfvnf; udk,fhtyf udk odrf;
xm;cGifhr&Sd/ olwdk hxHYom ay;tyfxm;&onf? wu,faq;
xdk;onfhtcg udk,ftyfESifh udk,f okH;&jcif;[kwf r[kwf pdppf
&ef r vG , f ? od k h j zif h OD ; vS oef ; rS m aemuf q k H ; td y f , m
trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009
wGifvJum aq;&kHwif&onfjzpf&awmhonf? aq;&kHwGif tcsdefrsm;udk wnfjidrfpGm&ifqdkifoGm;cJhonf? tm%m&Sif
ppfaq;csdefusrS ol hwGif (HIV/AIDS) a&m*gul;pufcHae& pepf. vlrqefrSKa=umifh axmifwGif;Y ol a&m*g &cJh&onf?
tm%m&Sifpepf. vlrqefrSKa=umifh ol aq;0g;uk ocGifh qkH;
onfudk od&awmhonf? &SKH;cJh&onf? 1996 =o*kwf(2)&ufae hY tm%m&Sif pepfu
axmifwGif;vl htcGifhta&;csdK;azgufrSKtpD&ifcHpm OD;vSoef;tm; vlrqefpGm owfjzwfvdkufonf? odk haomf
tjyifodk ha&mufoGm;cJhojzifh 1995 atmufwdkbmvxJwGif vnf; ol. oEMdÏmefESifh ,kH=unfcsufudkum; tm%m &Sifwdk
tif;pdefaxmif EdkifiHa&;wdkuf0if;twGif; ppfaxmufvSrf; haoatmif rowfEdkifcJh?
a&;u 0ifa&mufpD;eif;&SmazGcJhonf? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; OD;vSoef;um; ol hyckH;xufodk husa&mufvmaom
ordkif;a&;wm0efudk ausyGefpGm xrf;&GufoGm;cJhay+yD? ol hem
trsm;tjym; tarSmifwdkufydwfcH=u&onf? =urf;wrf;pGm rnfum; EdkifiHhom;aumif;tjzpf ordkif;pmrsufESmay:wGif
ppfa=umar;jref;cH=u&onf? q&mOD;0if;wif/ a'gufwm ur`nf;wifusef&pfcJh+yD? olum; rarhtyfonfh EdkifiHhom;
aZmf j rif h a rmif (tr&yl & 1 /v$ w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f ) / aumif;rsm;teufrS wOD;jzpfayonf?
a'gufwmjrifhEdkif (uef hbvl 2 /v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/
OD;Edkif;Edkif; (ykZGefawmif /v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/ a'gufwm OD;vSoef; uG,fvGefjcif; (13) ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf
udk;um;? ?
cifaZmf0if;/ rsdK;jrifhjidrf;/ udkxGef;0if;(rif;Asm;pD;eif;rSK) ESifh (1) ygwDpkH 'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrSwfwrf; -
pma&;olwdk hrSm ppfacG;wdkufwGif wdkufydwfcH&onf/ jrefrmhtvif; atmifoef;
xdkumvwGif OD;vSoef;onf (HIV/AIDS) a&m*g (2) ygwDpkH 'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrSwfwrf; -
ul; pufcH&I &efukefaq;&kH}uD; ajratmuftcsKyfcef;Y OD;cifausmf[ef (a&eHacsmif;+rdK he,f trSwf(2) jynfol
a&muf&Sdaeonf? aq;&kHwifxm; aomfvnf; pepfwus hv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f)/
(3) Letters from Burma – Aung San Suu Kyi
aq;0g;ukorSK &&Sdonfr[kwf? OD;vSoef;onf ,kH=unf
csuftvGef cdkifrmoljzpfonf[k olESifhtwl aq;&kHtcsKyf (q&mOD;Zifvif;. rarhtyfonfh EdkifiHom;aumif;
cef;wGif twlaecJhzl;onfh c&rf;&Jpcef;rS &Jwyfom;wOD; wa,muf aqmif;yg;tm ,ck pufwifbmvwGifrS az: jy
(trnf rrSwfrd) u jyefajymjyonf? 1988 'Drdkua&pDta&; EdkifcJhonfhtwGuf q&mOD;Zifvif;tm; tm[m&t,f'Dwm
awmfykH bma=umifh ay:aygufcJh& onf qdkjcif;udk OD;vSoef; tzGJ@rS tEl;!$wfawmif;yeftyfygonf?)
u aq;&kHtcsKyfwGif rarmEdkif ryef;Edkif&Sif;jywwfykH/ a':
atmifqef;pk=unfta=umif;/ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf
ta=umif;/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk bma=umifh twkta,mif
[k qdkEdkifa=umif;/ponfwdk hudkvnf; olwdk htm; OD;vSoef;
u&Sif;jyykHwdk@udk xdk &Jom;a[mif; vli,fu ajymjycJhonf?
&Jtxl;owif;wyfzGJ hESifh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;bufrS yk*~dKvf
rsm; ae ph OfvmI OD;vSoef;tm; Edik if aH &; rvkyaf wmh&ef/ v$wf
awmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS ESKwfxGuf&ef vmajym=uonfudk
awG h&+yD;/ OD;vSoef;u vkH;0rESKwfxGufEdkif[k jiif;qdkcJhykH wdk
hudkvnf; xdk vli,fu ajymjyonf?
aemufqkH;wGif ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u OD;vSoef;
twGuf vdktyfonfhaq;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;rS rSmxm; a=umif;/
OD;vSoef; taejzifh EdkifiHa&;rS ESKwfxGufrSom xdkaq;0g;rsm;
jzifh ukoay;rnfjzpfonf[k t=uyfudkifcJhykHudkvnf; xdkvl
i,fu ajymjycJhonf? OD;vSoef;u aq;ukorSK ray;vdkvsSif
vnf; &Sdap/ ol htaejzifh vlxku tyfESif;xm;onfh v$wf
awmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS vkH;0 ESKwfxGufrnf r[kwf/
taoomcH oGm;rnf[k cdkifcdkifrmrm wkef hjyefcJha=umif; tqdk
yg vli,frSwqifh jyef=um;cJh&onf? OD;vSoef;um; ol hoEMd
ÏmefESifhtnD ,kH=unfcsufudk rpGef h v$wfcJh? ol. aemufqkH;
19
 trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009

f
tvGr;f rkwo
f ek /f rSKjH ym&Dtcspjf rpf
pl;epfc&hJ b0awmifwef;&Snf
vGr;f vdu k w f mudu k ?kd udu k akd exdik af umif;&J v h m;? twGuf udkukd jyifqifaeonfh a&;vufp pmrl=urf;rsm;/
rdk;uat;pdrfh/ avuokefjzL;/ t¶k%fOD;qdkayr,fh "mwfyrkH sm;/ yGiv hf suo f m; uGejf yLwm? udu k edk J t h wl wJ¶G u kd f
tvif; a&mifyg;yg;vGv G u G rkd S rjrif&? rd;k arSmif}uD; usaeovdk xm;wJ"h mwfyakH v;? ikww f w k f x xdik rf jd yefonf? ta&;}u;D wm
rsK;d vnf;r[kw/f tarSmifusu J sJ tvif;rJrG v GJ kd yh J qd&k acsrnf? u æ ta&;}uD ; w,f æ 'gta&;}uD;qHk;udpPyJ? 0rf;Adkufudk
reD;ra0;&Sd +rKd jh ytdr, f m wdu k w f mrsm;udk vSr;f ar#m=f unfah wmh vufjzift h omt,m yGwo f yf&if; udu k kd u h kd ajymjycsiw f hJ pdwu f
cJom;pdr;f a&mif vSKid ;f xae.? v,fuiG ;f pdrf ;f pdr;f awG/ awmifwef; jyif;jyif;&S&S ESK;d qGaeovdyk /J a&S t h ywfqkd 6 vjynfah wmhrmS ?
ndK ah rSmifarSmifawG/ awmcifwef;Ekjyma&;a&;awGukd rSe;f a&mfjrif · · ·
a,mif=unhrf o d nf? jywif;wHcg;udk zGiv hf ukd o f nft h cg rd;k puf udu
k k d b,f a &muf a evJ? olprd ;f awGvufxrJ mS b,f
wpuf ESppf ufu yg;jyifE&k &J u J kd vmxdreS o f nf? +rKd jh yrSm &Sm;&Sm; vdx k cd u kd af =uuJrG KS awG }uHKae&rvJ? udu k kd r&Su d wnf;u wdu k f
yg;yg; ouf&ifyh if}u;D awGvnf; aysmufq;kH oGm;cJ?h +zKd zsuw f ukd pf m; cef;rSm vmaeay;&Smonfh ararhuv kd nf; udu k ekd J yh wfoufwm
oGm;cJo h nfh rkew f ikd ;f '%f&mu tuif;raoao;/ vomnwdik ;f awG ajymrjycsi?f wvyifausm+f yaD v? udu k kd ESp&f n S f aecJx h ikd cf w hJ hJ
udu k kd ESihf vSr;f ar#m=f unfw h wfonfh uHah umfyif}uD;ESihf ukuKU yd if t&yfa’o wckc/k w+rKd +h rKd h we,fe,f/ tcef;usO;f wcef;cef;rSm
wef;}u;D vnf; r&Sad wmh+y?D ai;&D=unfah rmrdaepOf aqG;ajr w h o awmh tvGr;f awG trSw&f p&mawG atmufarhrKS awGeJ h yd0yfav;
zG,f tvGr;f oDcsi;f wyk'u f yJw h ifjyefvmovdk &ifux kd rd eS f cHpm;& vH txD;useaf erSm taotcsmygy?J b0rSm rar#mv f ifw h mawG
jyef.? taemufawmifrw k o f akH vrSm ygvmr,fh tvGr;f awGukd j z pf v mwwf o vd k ars m
S v
f ifx
h m;wmawG u vnf ; apmvs ipf mG odk
udu k kd rsaS 0cHpm;aeavrvm;? ta0;rSm æ ta0;}uD;rSm æ [dk h hr[kwf aemuftus}uD;us+yD;rSvnf; a&mufvmwwfwmyJ
ta0;}u;D rSm æ r[kwv f m;? udu k u kd ,H=k unfwmudk ar#mv f ifch suf csed cf iG v f sm
udu k kd aeaumif;ygap æ? wzufapmif;eJ hb0udkajzmifhwef;wJh jrm;wpif;jzpfatmif
“rd;k at;w,faemf nDrav;/ taEG;xnfxx l 0l wf ypfcwfaeolav? udu k u kd wdrw f u kd wf ckvakd qmufwnf&mrJh
[kwv f m;” udu k kd &h J h ylyyl efyef pum;oHu &ifxu J kd pdrq hf if;oGm; vGiahf rsmvl;vdrahf ewmrSr[kww f m? }uHK&m ajrom;rSmvnf;
cJo
h nf? “'Dw&uf ESp&f uf rkwo f akH vtm;aumif;r,fvkd h owif; &Guu f syifayguv f kd usio hf m;ruso?l yHpk cH u G x f rJ mS aeom;xdik f
a=unmxm;w,faemf”? “[kwf uku d /dk udu k kd aumfzaD omuf om;us&rSmxuf opfwyifvkd &Sio f efciG rhf &rSmudk tpd;k &dr}f uD;
OD;rvm;”? “a'gu”f “a'gu”f “a'gu”f wHcg;acguo f =H um;I pd;k &drf a=umif=h uwwfojl zpfavawmh udu k kd t h em;rSm pmemem;
wHcg;oGm;zGio hf nfh udu k dk u h kd wDA=DG unhaf e&if;rS vSr;f =unfv h u kd f vnfpw d ef J h pdwt f emawGukd ajz&majya=umif; em;cdak rS;avsmif;
rdonf? aecGifhudkyJ awmif;qdkaecJhwmygav? tdyfraysmfbl;? tdyfvdk
olprd ;f 5 a,muf wdu k cf ef;xJukd cyfaomhomh 0ifvm &bl;? odk ah yr,fh tdy&f rnf? tdyrf ufxrJ mS udu
r
h k ekd J qh EkH ikd af wG
=u+yD; wcef;vH;k [kv d eS o f nfavSm &Sm=u azG=uonf? a&tdrf Eh ikd o f nf/ qd;k &Gm;xdwv f ef zh , G af umif;onfh tdyrf ufjzpfygap
omxJudkawmif ajrvSef&Smaewmudk =unfh+yD; cg;oD;&GH&Smzdk tauseyfq;kH rufypfvu kd yf grnf?
ah umif;vdu k w f mvdk ch jH yif;aerd.? wa,mufu udu k kd h vufuikd f · · ·
zke;f udk vG,t f yd x f aJ umufxnf+h yD; “uJ cevdu k cf hJ ygt;kH ”? avS nu td y f & m0if aemuf usvdk hvm;rod? 8 em&D
um;ay:u qif;oufomG ;=uwJh wcGycf yG f w&Sy&f yS f zdeyforH sm;? ausmrf yS if tdy&f mu Ek;d onf? “&ufyikd ;f yJ vdak wmhw,faemf?
um;pufEKS ;d oHrsm;/ um;armif;xGuo f mG ;oHrsm; wdwq f w d o f mG ; usef;rma&;*¶kpdkufyg? vrf;rSefrSefavsSmufyg? aq;yHkrSefpm;yg?
awmhryS if udu k dk u h kd bmrS rjyifqifay;vdu k &f wm/ ESKwfrquf pdwn f pfp&mawG rawG;eJ ”h wJ?h udu k kd rh w d af qG q&m0efpma&;
vdu k &f wm/ bmrSrar;jref;vdu k &f wmawGukd pOf;pm;rd&if; ud, k hf q&mu n$e=f um;csurf sm; &Gwzf wfonf? 'Dtcsed [ f m udu k kd
uku d ,kd f a0cJrG &jzpfaerdonf? armyef;EGr;f vspmG jzifh tdy, f m &So d ifw h t hJ csed af yg?h udu k kd h vufarmif;udk wif;wif;&pf&pfqyk /f
xufwiG f vJavsmif;acGcsvu kd . f ? udu k kd yh ck ;kH om;ay: rSw D , G cf akd rS;+yD; r&Sad wmhwhJ uHah umfyif}uD;&Sd
ud, k u f akd pmif;iJ+h y;D udu k dk th vkypf m;yJaG v;udk vSr;f =unfh cJ w
h h J ae&mud k vrf ; av# muf&&if aumif;rSmyJ?
vdu k rf . d ? upOf u h vsm; jyef u h sv J iG uhf saeonfh 'Dwywf*sme,f
20
trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009
a[mif ; jrif ; aqG ; ajr h c J h + yD j zpf w J h ud k u d k h & J h '%f & mtem ESpaf usmf cdak tmif;aecJo h nfh rsu&f nfrsm;u wmusK;d ovdk udu k kd
w&&uf r sm;ta=umif ; yJ a jymajym/ opf v G i f a wmuf y wJ h &h ifxo J kd h oGecf saerd.? “orD;av;a&m”? “ausmif;oGm;w,f
a&$a&mifawmifyHcwfoHrsm;ta=umif;udkyJ ajymajym? tem av/ jyefvmcge;D +yD/ arar oGm;}uKdaew,f”?
*wfpw d uf ;l urÿbmta=umif; ajymajym/ ajymaemfuu kd ?kd wd;k “udu k v
kd nf;rxifxm;wJ/h rarsmS v f ifxh m;wJh tjzpf
nSi;f csr;f ajr o h nfh pum;a&pD;oHawG csKv d iG yf so H ef; pD;arsmae ygu, G /f 'DreufrmS ac:+y;D olwkd ah jymcsi&f majym+y;D jyefvw $ v f u kd f
rSmyg? wmyJ/ udu k vkd nf; em;rvnfEikd o f vdk &ifvnf;r&Si;f bl;uGm”?
“orD; rGe;f vJaG e+yDav/ xrif;pm;+yD;&if aq;aomuf “udu k kd b,fvx kd ifv[ J if”
[kwfvm;” ararjyifqifay;wJh xrif;0dkif;udk ai;ai;&D&DeJ h “trSefw&m;u }uKd;pifawGudk +zKdcsypfEdkifvdk h aygh
=unhrf &d if; udu k kd }uKduEf pS o f pfwwfonfh [if;vsmav;rsm;udk uG,”f ? “a[m orD;wdk jh yefvm+yu D ukd ”kd ? “ vmygt;kH orD;av;
awGawGa0a0 pOf;pm;aerdjyefw,fav? “uvif” “uvif” &,f/ azhazhukd rSwrf v d m;[if”? rpdr;f aomfvnf; r&if;csmonfh
“uvif”? “ æ tdru f ygvm;cifAsm” “ [kwf [kwf ygw,f”? t=unf0h ikd ;f 0dik ;f jzifh ol t h azudk orD;=unfah ewm eifu h eJ cHpm;
rwkev f KS yfayr,fh &ifcek v f KS ud af rmrdwmawmh 0efcyH gw,fuu kd ?dk &rd.? “udu k kd bmqufvyk rf vJ”? udu k u kd yufueJ orD;yg;jyifukd
“'Duae rh eufyikd ;f tif;pdet f usO;f cH¶k ;kH uae ao'%f erf;¶SKH v h ukd of nf? “ udu k kd bmqdk bmrS ajymif;vJomG ;rSm r[kwf
pD&ifcsrw S v f u kd w f t hJ a=umif; ta=umif;=um;wmyg”? “&Sif æ ovdk bmt&murSvnf; ajymif;vJatmifvyk rf &ygb;l uG,”f ?
bk&m;a& æ arar “ ? +yKdv, J rd ;f ,dik of mG ;onfh cEœmud, k u f kd udkudk ht+yHK;rSm odkufrifiSufwaumif. aw;oHjzifh pGwfpdk
xde;f rwf&if; td;k xdr;f pufE, S f oGuo f uG cf g csmvnf&rf;oGm;onhf aeawmhonf?
ESv;kH om;&yf0rS ;f wjyifv;kH wke&f aD rm[du k af eawmh.? “ orD; æ “a[haumif tdrfjyefa&mufaewm 6 vausmf+yD/
orD;av; æ owdxm;aemf/ idck si&f if ikcd sypfvu kd yf gorD;&,f”? zke;f csn;f qufraeeJ t h ;kH / igtvky&f adS ew,f”? “ 10 um; pmcsKy&f
pdk eh ifrh eG ;f usyrf KS a=umifah yyJvm;/ idv k kd rh &bl;udu k ?kd xm;w,f/ 5 um; rif; Zmwfne$ ;f a&;/ 'gyJ rif; ZmwfawG vm,l/
a=uuJGpdwfu wvdrfhvdrfh +yKdqif;vmonf? a=uuJGpdwfu ydu k q
f v H nf; }uKdxw k cf six f w k f [kw+f yDvm;”
e&Dpnf;rJh wGe;f ydk ah ea&mhovm;? rsu&f nfp;D a=umif;rsm;u yg;ay: “&Jabmf}u;D bmrS pdw”f mwfysujf ym;raeeJ /h t&ifupd P
rSm emusiaf =uuJpG w d u f kd xkqpf vdu k o f vdyk gy?J tmCmw trke;f awG aemufr&S iS ;f r,f/ *sme,ftopfwapmifvyk rf ,f/ rif; pm;yJG
yÉdyuQawGu ppfyaGJ wG }uKd;pifawGeJ h tusO;f eH&aH wGukd ydrk +kd yD; rif;jyefxikd ”f
tusn;f rwefapawmhb;l wJv h m;? rnfokd yh if&ydS gapawmhuu kd ?kd “ ig udu k Okd ;D tvkyaf wG jyefvyk /f om;trdEpS af ,muf
oef ph if ¶d;k om;wJ/h rSKjH ym&D rSKid ;f a0vJah ewJh tcspjf rpfwpif;u pD; twGuv f nf; tcsed af y;/ }uKH &if igvnf; &efuek f qif;vmcJrh ,f”?
qif;+rJp;D qif;aernfqw kd m udu k kd ,H=k unfp;l epf ygapawmhvkd h “ 3 ESpo f ufwrf;rSm ud, k w f kd *h sme,fu apmifa& wuf
qkawmif;,Hu k vJ+G yD;? vmwm apwemrSev f kd ah ygh &Jabmf}uD;&m/ rif; ,H=k unfwm rif;
· · · qufvyk pf rf;yg/ wdk +h rJxm;zdk u h t"du aomhcsu”f ?
orD;udk arG;awmh udu k kd tem;rSm r&SEd ikd cf ?hJ udu k kd u h kd “orD; 7 ESpjf ynf h arG;ae ah v; vkycf siw f ,f udu k ”kd ?
awG q h ckH iG qhf w kd m va&mifukd apmifph m;arsmS u f ;kd ae&onfh e& orD;arG;ae rh mS udu k Ekd iS ohf rD; aysm&f i$ =f unfE;l aerSKrsm;udk awG &h jrif
odeZf &mnrsm;ygy?J oH;k &moD oH;k }urd af jymif;ayr,fh udu k kd u
h kd awG &awmh qH;k ¶HKS ;cJ&h onfEh pS u f mvrsm;udk ESarsmwo rqH;k jzpf&jyef?
hcGifh&cJhwm 5 }udrfxufrydkcJh? at;pufwif;cJaewJh udkudk nDrav; aysmyf gw,fuu kd ?kd 'Dtaysmaf v;awGu =um&Sn=f um
rh su0f ef;xJrmS orD;udzk wf=um;aeayr,fh rsu&f nfeJ rh acsmjh rSLcJ?h arsm cHEikd yf gap? rdom;pktyd rf ufrsm;u nDrav;wdk . h csr;f ajr
ar#mfvifhcsufawG/ ,Hk=unfpdwfawG/ ydkifpdk;vdkpdwfawGu ah t;Ekonfh vrif;tdraf v;jzpfvu kd yf gawmh?
vrf;wckudk &SmazGawG h&SdovdkrsKd;ygudkudk? apmifh}uKdjcif;udk vltcsi;f csi;f ESyd pf ufjcif; uif;a0;=uygap? wdk ah rwœm
apmif}h uKjd cif;onfom opPmw&m;&J h teuf¶id_ ;f qH;k oauFwqdk pGr;f urÿbmv$r;f at;csr;f =uygap? yJw h ifxyfaewJh qkawmif;
wm tºuif;rJ, h u kH , kd w kH m? b0rSm rar#mv f ifw h mawG jzpfvm arwœmydk hoHawGu b,f&yfXmeDu vGifhysHvmrSef;rodbl;?
wwf ovdk arsmS v f ifx h m; wmawGuvnf; apmvsipf mG odk rh [kwf wdkufcef;eH&HawGudk yJhwifwkefcgaeawmhonf? udkudkvnf;
aemuftus}uD;us+yD;rSvnf; a&mufvmwwfwmyJ r[kwf jyefra&mufao;bl;? eD;eD;av;yJ/ wu,feh ;D eD;av;? yDyo D o
vm;vdk h udu k kd u h kd ajymjycJb h ;l w,frkd v h m;? us,u f s,af vmifavmif =um;ae&wmyJ? arara& æ
“[,f æ udu k /kd bmvdk }h uKd ta=umif;r=um;wm 0&Hwmudk ajy;xGu+f yD; vrf;rudk iHk =h unfh vdu k w
f t hJ cg æ
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21
 trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009
wdk ah rwœmpGr;f urBmv$r;f at;csr;f =uygap? rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH awGeJ yh pfciG ;f owJ?h awG o h r# vla&m&[ef;a&m rJrJ
vltcsi;f csi;f ESyd pf ufjcif; uif;a0;=uygap? jrif&m ¶du k Ef u S zf rf;qD;aeowJ?h &efuek w f +rKd v h ;kH aoewf oHawG/
wdk ah rwœmpGr;f urBmv$r;f at;csr;f =uygap? ? vltcsi;f atmif[pfoaH wG/ ajy;v$m;oHawGeJ h zke;f v$r;f aeowJ?h 0&Hwmudk
csi;f ESyd pf ufjcif; uif;a0;=uygap? xGuf+yD; rdk;aumif;uifudk armh=unhfvdkuf.? rJrSKHqdkif;a0ae
wd k @ arwœ m pG r f ; urB m v$ r f ; at;csrf ; =uygap? ? awmhonf?
&[ef;oHCmawmfawG vrf;av#muf arwœmydk o h aH wGu b0*fukd noef;acgiaf usmrf S udu k kd jyefa&mufvmonf? “&uf
nHaeyga&m v h m;? rJeufjymESr;f aeonfh uwœ&mvrf;rus,o f nf puf,kwfrmw,fnDrav;&m/ pum;vHk;udk &Smr&awmhbl;”
a&$0ga&mif zefa&ouFe;f wdk jh zifh +cKH vr$ ;f pD;arsm aeygyaum? udu k kd “em;vdu k yf guu kd dk nDrav;wdk h t&mtm;vH;k udk }uKdwifwu G f
q h D zke;f qufzkd o h wd&vmonf? udu k dk *sme,fwu kd u f zke;f awGu qxm;+yD;om;rdk v h m;” “ uvif uvif uvif” “ ajymyg “ “
vdik ;f yl;aewmawGeJ ch sn;f }uHKae&.? aemufq;kH awmh ararhukd ig uAsmq&m/ udo k &l udk qJo G mG ;+y/D rif;om;vifr,m;vJ qJo G mG ;
orD; ausmif;oGm;}uKday;zdk hajymvdkuf+yD; udkudk apmapm +yDw/hJ rif;vkypf &m&Sw d m qufvyk zf kd jh yif xm;awmh”
jyefa&mufrmS ygapvdk h pdw'f ;kH 'H;k cs&if;? udu k dk zke;f udk csvu kd +f yD; tdyaf rmusaeonfh orD;av;
udu k dk tcgwikd ;f xuf awmfawmfaemufus+yD;rS jyef yg;Ekjyifukd iHek rf;aeonf?
a&mufvmonf? udu k kd rh suEf mS udk zwf&wm t"dyg,zf iG q hf &kd t0wfb'D x kd rJ S udu k kd t h 0wftpm;wcsK@d ukd qJx G w k f
cufaeovdyk ?J udu k dk pm;vdk rh aumif;vdk v h m;/ udu k dk }uKduw f hJ vdkufrd./ aomufaq;wcsKd@udk pOf;pm;=unfhaepOf wHcg;
0ufyek ;f &nfav? acgufoHrsm;u qlemrdyifv,fvSKdif;atmfovdk atmfrnf0if
nDrav; rsuv f ;kH awGukd ai;&D=unfah eonfh udu k &kd ifukd a&mufvmonf? udu k . kd vGr;f armzG,f ESKwfquft+yKH ;udk acgi;f
xd;k cJaG erdavovm;? cGiv hf w $ yf guu kd ?kd qwfjyvdu k o f nf?
“ udu k kd bmqufvyk rf vJ”? “ apmygao;w,fu, G ”f ? b0awmifwef;&Snfay:rSm pl;epfemusifp&mawGu
ararh a=u;pnfxo k /H trsaS 0oHav;awGu udu k kd xrif;0dik ;f u udu k kd eJ h nDrav;wdk t h wGuf arG;zGm;vmcJo h nf[q k ykd g&if taus
xoGm;onft h xd vGiahf 0vSKyfcwfaeayg?h eyfq;kH axG;ayG zh kd h 0efrav;yguu kd ?kd
vltcsif;csif; ESdyfpufjcif; uif;a0;=uygap? wdk vGr;f vdu k w f mudu k ?kd udu k akd exdik af umif;&J v h m;?
ah rwœmpGr;f urÿBmv$r;f at;csr;f =uygap? ? rdk;uat;pdrfh/ avuokefjzL;/ t¶k%fOD;qdkayr,fh
vltcsif;csif; ESdyfpufjcif; uif;a0;=uygap? wdk tvif;a&mifyg;yg;vGv G u G rkd S rjrif&? rd;k arSmif}uD; usaeovdk
ah rwœmpGr;f urÿBmv$r;f at;csr;f =uygap? ? rsK;d vnf;r[kw/f tarSmifusu J sJ tvif;rJrG v GJ kd yh J qd&k acsrnf?
orD;udk csyD ;kd acsmjh rLae&if;u nDrav;udk vSr;f =unhw f hJ reD;ra0;&S+d rKd jh ytdr, f m wdu k w f mrsm;udk vSr;f ar#m=f unfah wmh
udu k kd u
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zh uf&if; avScg;wxpfcsi;f qif;avsmS ufomG ;onfh ndK ah rSmifarSmifawG/ awmcifwef;Ekjyma&;a&;awGukd rSe;f a&mfjrif
udu k kd ah usmjyifukd cHpm;em;vnfEidk pf rG ;f tjynhjf zifo h m? a,mif=unhrf o d nf? jywif;wHcg;udk zGiv hf ukd o f nft h cg rd;k puf
rae u h nuvdyk J udu k kd aemufus+yD;rS a&mufvm wpuf ESppf ufu yg;jyifE&k &J u J kd vmxdreS o f nf? +rKd jh yrSm &Sm;&Sm;yg;
onf? “udu k dk xrif;cl;&rvm;” “aeyapawmh/ udu k kd udo k &l wdk yg; ouf&ifyh if}uD;awGvnf; aysmufq;kH oGm;cJ?h jzKdzsuw f ukd pf m;
eh J h tjyifrmS yJpm;cJw h ,f”? “ udu k kd vkypf &m&Sw d mvkyyf guu kd /kd oGm;cJo h nfh rkew f ikd ;f '%f&mu tuif;raoao;/ vomnwdik ;f
nDrav;wdk u h kd bmrSrpOf;pm;eJ@aemf”/ pdwx f &J o dS nfh t¶d;k om; udu k Ekd iS hf vSr;f ar#m=f unfw h wfonfh uHah umfyif}uD;ESihf ukuKU yd if
toef ph ifq;kH pum;udk qdrk . d ? wef;}u;D vnf; r&Sad wmh+y?D ai;&D=unfah rmrdaepOf aqG;ajr w h o
“uvif uvif uvif “ “[vdk trdef &h ydS g” “a[h zG,f tvGrf;oDcsif; wyk'fu yJhwifjyefvmovdk &ifudkxdrSef
aumif iaxG; ig udo k &l ” “ajymudo k &l ” cHpm;&jyef.? taemufawmifrw k o f akH vrSm ygvmr,fh tvGr;f
“reufzefreuf rif;eJ ph ma&;q&mreJ h a&oef b h ;l awGeJ awGukd udu k kd rsaS 0cHpm;aeavrvm;? ta0;rSm æ ta0;}uD;rSm
x h rif;bl;awG o,fy@kd vyk /f rif;om;vifr,m;eJ u h Asmq&mawG æ [dk h ta0;}uD;rSm æ?
u a=u;oGe;f bk&m;}uD;rSm tm;vH;k pkqzkH kd ah jym+yD;+yD/ 'gyu J mG ” udu k kd aeaumif;ygap æ?
orD;tdy, f mrEk;d ao;cifrmS udu k kd xxGuo f mG ;onf? (udZk m*emESihf nD aZmfoufaxG;odk )h
'Dae w h ae v h ;kH pdwaf rm vlarmjzpfaeonf? qkawmif;arwœmydk
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22
trSwfpOf-103
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23
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tm%mudk a&&SnfudkifpGJEkdifzdk@eJ@ udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; u
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24
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25
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26
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28
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30
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31
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32
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33
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34
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vdrfhOD;rnfwum;?
88 ta&;awmfyHk}uD; 21ESpfjynfhodk@ trSwfw&ESifh
'drdkua&pDwdkufyGJtwGif; toufaoG;ac|;ay;qyfcJhonfh jynf
ol @ ol & J a umif ; rsm;ud k Taqmif ; yg;jzif h OD ; !$ w f * k % f j yK
vdkufonf?
armifpdk;csdef
trSwfpOf-103
yGi&hf w
J yhJ ef;
r=umrD yef;yGifhcsdef a&mufawmhr,f? tckawmif t
a&miftaoG;pHkvifwJh tzl;tiHkav;awG pD&DeJΠaea&mif
atmufrSm yef;cif;}uD;u ,drf;EGJŒvSyvkd@æ? wdk;wkd;v$v$
wdkufcwfvmwJh avnif;zGzGuvnf; &eHŒtykdif; tpav;
awGukd o,faqmif&if;æ yef;awG yGifhawmhr,fqkdwJh owif;
udk yef;O,smOfrSL;}uD;qD o,faqmifoGm;w,f?
tJ'Dvkde@J wpf&ufæ ESpf&ufæ oHk;&ufæ a&avmif;/
aygif;oif/ ydk;&Sif;æ? ol@bufu wm0efawG rvpf[if;ygbJeJŒ
bma=umifhrsm; 'Dyef;awG tckxd tzl;tiHkb0u rwuf=u
wmygvdrfh? O,smOfrSL; enf;enf; pdwfnpfvmw,f? wpfckck
awmhvGJae+yDvkdŒyJ pdwfxJuae r0Hr&Jxifaerdw,f? ol
xifovkdygyJ? yef;cif;}uD;xJrSmvJ wpfckwnf;uyfvGJ+yD; ryGihf
EdkifbJ jzpfae=uw,f? teDa&miftqif;udkaqmifxm;wJh eSif;
qDeD&JΠpum;wpfcGef;uae pwJhjy\emayhg?
“ESif;qDeDeDudk O,smOfrSL;&JŒ aumifrav;u t&rf;
}udKufwmuG? 'Dtyifu yGifhor#yef;wkdif; t&ifqHk;tcl;cH&+yD;
tJ'Daumifrav;&JŒauomudk tjrefqHk;a&mufoGm;&wm
csnf;yJ? vlwpfa,muf&JΠqHyifay:wif+yD; oGm;av&mudkyg
ae&awmh æ yef;ouf r&Snf&Smbl;ayhguGm? tJ'ga=umifh igvJ
yGifhvkdufzkdŒta&; awG;a=umufaerdw,f æ oli,fcsif;
wkdŒa&?”
ESif;qDeD&ŒJ pum;udk=um;awmhæ t&ifubmrS rpOf;
pm;rd=uwJh yef;awGtm;vHk;vJ awGa0rd_ifai;oGm;=u+yD; olwkdŒ
tyifrmS yGichf whJ hJ twdwu
f yef;awGta=umif;udk ud,
k pf uD ,kd pf D
jyefawG;rd=uw,f? udk,fhtawG;eJŒukd,f æ olwkdŒawG wdk;wkd;
av; pD;arsmae=uwkef;rSm t0ga&mif ESif;qDzl;awG rsm;pGm
xJu wpfzl;u olŒrSwfOm%fxJu pum;wpfpudk xkwfajym
jyw,f?
“raeŒwkef;u [kdbufjcHxJu tbGm;}uD; O,smOfr_;
}uD ; qD u d k reuf t apm}uD ; a&muf c svmw,f ? +yD ; awmh
t0ga&mifESif;qDawGudk b,folŒudkrS ra&mif;eJŒvkdŒ… yGifhyGifhcsif;
tukefvHk; ol,lr,fvkdŒajymwm igaoaocsmcsm}uD;udk
=um;vkduf&w,fuG”
“olu ESif;qD0gawG trsm;}uD; bmvkyfrvkdŒvJ
rodbl;aemf?”
yef;Eka&mif a&ar$;eSif;qDav;&JΠ=um;jzwftar;udk
eSif;qD0g0gav;u olŒpum;udk qufajym+yD; ajzay;w,f?
“tdrfwGif;a&;u jidrfjidrfav;jzpf&atmif eSif;qD
35
pufwifbm-2009
t0gawG bk&m;yef;wif&r,fvdkŒ olŒaA'ifq&mu a[m
vkdufw,fvkdŒ qufajymao;w,fuG ”
olŒ&JŒpum;tqHk;rSmyJ oufjyif;csoHt&Snf}uD;
wpfck eif;qD0gawG pkaewJhbufuae xGufvmw,f? pum;
wpfcGef;eJΠtwlayhg?
“[ifæ 'gqkd igwkdŒvnf; yGifhyGifhcsif;yJ tcl;cH&+yD;
tJ'DtbGm;}uD;&JΠbk&m;pif&dS&mudk wpftHkwpfr}uD; csDwuf
&rSmayhgaemf æ ryGifhbJ 'Dtwkdif; iHkaewmyJ aumif;r,f xif
ygw,fuGm æ”
ESif;qD0gawG&JΠnOf;wGm;oHoJhoJhtqHk;rSm yef;Ek
a&mifa&ar$;ESif;qDav;uvnf; olodxm;wJh t&ifu olŒ
aemifawmfyef;yGifhawG&JΠjzpftifudk 0ifajymw,f?
“u|ef a wmf h t&if u tcl ; cH & wJ h aemif a wmf
yef;yGifhawG&JŒ jzpftifuawmh pHkw,fAs? &eHŒu tjcm;olawG
xuf ydak r$;avawmh {nfch ef;xJrmS xd;k / pm=unfph m;yGrJ mS xd;k eJŒ?
tqdk;qHk;uawmh arSmifarSmifrJrJ pmtkyfawG=um;xJ tnSyfcH
&wmygyJAs? tqdk;qHk;&JŒ tqdk;qHk;u uG,fvGefolawG&JŒ
cE<mudk,ftESHŒrSm tykyfeHŒ aysmufatmifoGm;ae&wJh tjzpf
ayhgAsm? u|efawmfvJ yGihf+yD;&if b,fb0a&mufr,ff rod
ygbl;”
a&ar$ ; ES i f ; qD a v;&J Œ pum;ud k oabmusvk d Œ
tm;vHk; rcsd+yHK;av;awG udk,fpDeJŒjzpfoGm;csdefrSmyJ tjzL
a&mifESif;qDyGifhav;u olcHpm;ae&wJh a0'emudk yGifhyGifh vif;
vif;yJ zGifh[w,f?
yef;yGihfawG tm;vHk;uawmh tcl;cHvkduf&+yD; wpfae
&m&m a&mufoGm;rSmudk a=umufae=uw,f? iguawmh
wrsdK;uG æ tcl;cH&rSmudk ra=umufbl;? igyGifhvkduf+yDqkdwmeJŒ
b,f u rS e f ; rod a&muf a &muf v m=u+yD ; igh & J ΠES v H k ; om;
wnfhwnfhudk ESmacgif;c|efc|efawGeJŒ vm vmxkd;=uwJh æ ysm;
wkdŒ/ ydwkef;wkdŒqkdwJh taumifawGudk ta=umufqHk;yJ?²
ESi;f qDjzLav;&JΠpum;ukd ESi;f qDeu
D ‘'gvnf; [kwf
wmyJ’ qkdwJh tmvkyfpum;eJŒ axmufcH+yD; olb0if ruswm
wpfckudkyg xyfrHwifjyjyefw,f?
O,smOfr_;u igwkdŒudk cl;cl;+yD; olŒaumifrav;udk
ray;cifrSm ql;awGudk "m;eJŒckwf ckwfypfwmuvnf; qkd;vGef;
ygw,fuGm æ ESif;qD oduQmusw,f?²
tJ'Dvkd æ tJ'Dvkd æ wpfcGef; æ wpfcGef;eJŒ pum;vHk;
awG azmifzGJŒ ryGihf&Jjcif; jy\emwufaevkdufwm æ aerif;
 trSwfpOf-103
awmif taemufbuf,Gef;,Gef;rSm ar;wif&if; waeŒwm
twGuf aemufqHk;E_wfqufcsdefudk a&mufvmcJhw,f? xl;
jcm;wmuawmh pum;0kdif;wav#mufvHk; bmrS 0ifrajymyJæ
+idrf+idrfuav; pOf;pm;cef;0ifaewJh eSif;qDzl;av; wpfzl;
&dSw,f? olu teufa&mif? aocsmatmif xyfajym&&if ESif;
qDeuf? tjcm;ESif;qDawGtm;vHk; ra&&mwJh awG;qcsuf
awGeJŒ aocsmwJh qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckudk rcsEkdifbJ æ aemuf
wpf aeŒpDudk av;yifwJhpdwfawGeJŒ 'Dtwkdif; ul;jzwfvkduf
=uzkdŒ jyifqifaecsdefrSm æ tJ'DESif;qDeufav;&JŒ wpfcGef;wnf;
aompum;u qnf;qmeJŒtwl yDyDoo v#Husvmw,f?
‘reufjzef reuf tm&k%fusif;wmeJŒ yGifhypfvkdufzkdŒ
igqHk;jzwfvkduf+yD²
tdyfzkdŒjyifqifae=uwJh tm;vHk;&JŒrsufvHk;awG tJ'D
pum;a=umifh jyef@us,foGm;=uw,f? b,fvkdjzpfwmvJ?
yGifhypfvkdufzkdŒ olrsm;awG a=umuf&GHŒ wGef@qkwfaecsdefrSmæ
olu bma=umifh aumufumiifum &J&ifhoGm;&wmvJ?
rif;wkdŒajymaewmawGudk =um;&if; tawG;wpfrsKd;
&oGm;vkdŒyg?²
olu wnfwnf jidrf+idrfeJΠajymaeayr,fh tm;vHk;
u jymjymovJeJŒar;=uw,f?
“rif;udk wpfa,mufa,mufu cl;+yD; acgif;ay: yef
ypfvkdufrSmudk ra=umufbl;vm; ?”
“[ifhtif; æigh&JŒtvSeJŒ aygif;pyf+yD; yefvkdufwJh
ol&JŒtvS ydkvkdŒ wifhw,foGm;EkdifwmyJav æ 'DtwGuf ol
aus eyfedkifovkd igvnf; auseyfEkdifygw,f”
“bk&m;cef;usOf;usOf;av;xJrSm ndSK;EGrf;oGm;wJh
tcsdefxdae&if; b0qHk;oGm;rSmudka&m ra=umufbl;vm;?”
“bk & m;pif & J Œ cef ; em;oy` m ,f r _ u d k igwd k Œ &J Œ
vSyusufoa&&dSr_eJΠxyfqifhylaZmfcGifh&wm odyfudk auseyf
p&mayhguGm? igwkdŒa=umifh bk&m;ylaZmfolawG&JŒ pdwfrSm eJeJ
av;yJjzpfjzpf +idrf;at;r_ ydk&oGm;w,fqkd&ifæ ae&if; xkdif&if;
ukodkvfawmif ykd&oGm;OD;rSmuG?”
“yef;tdk;xJ xdk;=uwmudkawmh xm;vkdufygawmh?
cifAsm; æ pmtkyf=um; tnSyfcH&wmudka&m ra=umufbl;
vm;?”
“pmtkyf=um;xJrSm b,fvkdyJnSyfnSyf xkwferf;wJh
tcsdefrSmar$;ae&if +yD;wmygyJuGm? ta&;}uD;wmu udk,f
h&eHŒudkxdef;odrf;zkdŒeJ@/ erf;&dSKufoludk auseyfapzkdŒyg@yJ”
“tacgif;xJrSm tavmif;aumif}uD;eJŒ twlwl
ae&r,f qkd&ifaumAsm?”
“'g[m tifrwef rGefjrwfwJhtvkyfyguGm.. teHŒqdk;wpfck
36
pufwifbm-2009
udk &eHŒwpfckeJŒ zHk;v$rf;ypfvkdufEkdifwm *k%f,lp&maumif;wJh
atmifyGJwpfckyg?”
“ysm;awG ydwkef;awG E_wfcrf; c|efc|ef}uD;awGeJŒ
vmxkd;wmudkvJ rif;ra=umufbl;ayhg æ [kwfvm;?”
“igwkdŒawG tckvkdzl;iHkvm=uwm olwkdŒ&JŒ aus;Zl;
ruif;ygbl;uGm? ysm;wkdŒ ydwkef;wkdŒqkdwm olwkdŒ tvkyf
vkyf&if;eJŒ igwkdŒ&JŒ rsdK;qufjyefŒyGm;r_udk wpfbuf wpfvr;fu
taxmuftulay;aewJh owœ0gawGyg æ aus;Zl;wifp&m
aumif;ygw,f?”
ESif;qDeufav;&JΠcsufusvufus tajzawGu
tm;vHk;udk &SJceJ +idrfusoGm;apw,f? olŒ&JŒ tajzpum;awG
udk tav;teufxm;+yD; awG;awm csdefqae=uwJh oli,f
csif; ESif;qDawGudk t+yHK;wpfyGifheJΠ=unfh&if; olu pum;
qufw,f?
“tyifay:rSm 'Dtwkdif;ae&ifvJ wpfaeŒaeŒrSm
ndKS ;EGr;f a=uGus=u&rSmygyu J mG ? aES;wmeJΠjrefwmyJ uGmrSmyg?
tJ'Dawmh wpfa,mufudkyJjzpfjzpf/ trsm;udkyJ jzpfjzpfayhg æ
igwkd@ ydkifqkdifwmav;eJŒ wwfEkdifoavmufav; æ pdwf
auseyfr_awGay;&if; b0udk ukefqHk;vkduf&wm ydkaumif;
ygw,f”
olŒ&JŒpum;udk tm;vHk;u awG;awG;qqeJ@ acgif;
ndwfvufcH=uw,f? olu aemufqHk;pum;wpfcGef;udk tm;
vHk; =um;&atmif avoHud k+rSifh+yD; xyfajymw,f?
“'Dxuf ydk+yD; &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&ifawmh… yef;wpfyGifh&JŒ
t"dy`g,f[m bmvJqkdawmh æ tvSyqHk; yGifhypfvkdufzkdŒyJ
r[kwfbl;vm;uGm æ”
aeŒopfwpfck&JŒtp æ tm&k%fOD;[m vJhvJhyifyif
av;eJΠvSaew,f? yef;wpfcifvHk;vJ a&mifpHk ESif;qDyef;awG
yG i f h v k d Œ æ 0if h v k d Œ æ avnif ; av;uvnf ; yef ; awG
yGifhae+yDqkdwJh owif;udk O,smOfr_;av;udk owif;ay;zkdŒ
olŒc&D;udkESifvkdŒ æ æ?
aebke;f vwf
27.11.08
Wed.13:00
trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009

“'Dpmtkyfzwf+yD;&if &efol / EdkifiHwum'%fcwfta&;,lr_/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;/ t=urf;zufr_ /EdkifiHa&;tHwk

r_ / vl x k w d k u f y G J / [pf w d k i f / uG e f j rLepf y gwD / 'd k i f , mavmh / pm;yG J 0 d k i f ; wd k u f y G J / ES p f y G i f h q d k i f - oH k ; yG i f h q d k i f / trsd K ;om;nD
vmcH pwJh t,ltqrsm;eJ hywfouf+yD; tjrif&Sif;oGm;r,fvdk harSsmfvifhygw,f?

*gr%d
(bmomjyefol@ pum;rS)
&efolESifhpum;ajymjcif;

“'DrDxa&mh. ‘EdkifiHa&;tpD&ifcHpm’/ zl;cspf. ‘}udK;pifay:urSwfwrf;’/ ae&l;. ‘orD;xHay;pm’/ uufpx&dk. ‘w&m;&Hk;

avsmufvJcsuf’ rsm;udk vli,fEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;pGm pdwf0ifpm;avhvmcJh=uonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif awmiftmz&durS t
om;ta&mifcGJjcm;qef@usifa&; wdkufyGJol&Jaumif;}uD; rif'Jvm;tay: wurBmvHk;u tm&Hka&mufcJh=uonf?”
ref;&Smvm;zef; (19-3-2005)
(autJef,ltaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)
trSmpmrS

“rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh pum;ajymonfjzpfap &efolESifhpum;ajymonfjzpfap t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm ,ae@umvjynfolvlxk.t

em*wf ar#mf r S e f ; csuf r sm;ud k jznf h p G r f ; Ed k i f a &;jzpf o nf ? Tpmtk y f o nf ,if ; &nf & G , f c suf atmif j rif a pa&;twG u f
vdktyfaeaom &yfwnfcsuf/ tawG;tjrif ESifh enf;emwdk@udk azmfxkwfI ArmjynfvufawG@ESifhudkufnDapa&;twGuf
}uD;rm;pGm taxmuftuljyKonf[k ,Hk=unfygonf?
oef;xGÉf
OuUX
(jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfonfh owif;at*sifpD)19 =o*kwfv 2005 xkwfa0olapwemrS
,ckv pifwifpm
“&ef o l E S i f h pum;ajymjcif ; ”
rif ' J v m;
*gr%d bmomjyefqdkonf?
pmtkyfrSwfwrf;? ? rl&if;pmtkyftrnf - Talking with theEnemy /rl&if;pma&;ol - Nelson Mandela
bmomjyefqdkolrSm *gr%djzpf+yD; 2005 ckESpfatmufwdkbmvwGif yHkESdyf+yD; rr}uD;pmay (jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfonfh
owif;at*sifpD) rJaqmufrS xkwfa0jzef@csdonf? wefbdk; 100 bwf?
“,ck t cg jref r mjynf & S d vl r sd K ;aygif ; pH k r sm;. tm%m&S i f } uD ; pd k ; r_ zsuf o d r f ; ypf a &;/ vl r sd K ;}uD ; 0g'}uD ; pd k ; r_
zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyGJ}uD;onf tvGefta&;}uD;onfhtydkif;odk@ qdkufa&mufvm+yD;jzpfonf? TtajctaewGif rif;'J
vm;udkvnfaumif;/ attJefpDESifh tjcm;awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnfaumif;/ tmz&dujynfolrsm;udk vnf;aumif;
avhvmtwk,loifhonfh tcsufrsm;pGm&Sdygonf?
z'dkref;&Smvzef;
onfvonfrSsESifhem;ygOD;rnf?

tm[m&0dkif;awmfom;wOD;
37
trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009

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dom House ) qdkwm 1940 umv a+rmuftwœ vefwdwf
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r,f? yxrqHk;OuUX [m pDtdkifatt}uD; tuJ a[mif;+zpf
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wck&dSw,f? tJh'guawmh ta&mifawmfvSefa&;awG +zpfay:
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a&;tpD t pOf a wG u d k q if h u l ; zd k @ twG u f / ta&;ygqH k ; tcef ;
u¾m rSmyg0ifaewJht&mwck uawmhtpdk;&r[kwfaom
tzGJŒtpnf;awG ( NGOs) &JŒyg0ifrJhae&m/ +rdKŒ+yvl@tzGJ@
tpnf ; awG ( Civil Society ) &J Œ tcef ; u¾qd k w mawG
yJ+zpfw,f? 'DvdktzGJ@awGudkomuGef+rLepfygwDu xdk;azmuf
v$rf; rdk;Edkif+yDqdk&if æ
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bJvfvl; &yfpf/ um*spfpwef/ ,lu&def;/ a*smf*sD,mEdkifiHawGqD/
w &kwf+ynf e,fy,ftoD;oD;uynm&SifawGudk axmuf
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tvJawG/ tpdk;&r[kwfwJhtzGJ@tpnf; awG&JŒyg0if aewJh
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wifwnfaqmufawmhw,f? w&kwf+ynfEdkifiH+cm;a&;&m0ef
}uD;Xme vufatmufrSm txl;,lepfwckudkzGJ@pnf;cJh w,f?
“EdkifiH&yf+cm; tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pDrHuGyf
uJa&;&Hk;” ( Foreign NGOs Management Office) qdkwm
+zpfw,f? NGO awG&ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd tqufr+ywf avhvm
cJhw,f? wu,fawmh tpdk;&w&yfu EdkifiHawmf wnf+idrfa&;
twGufvkyfudkifaewm awGutqef;awmh r[kwfbl;? ol@
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wnf + rJ z d k @ twG u f ' gyJ v k y f a e&wmrd k @ vm;? w&k w f + ynf u
vk y f e nf ; vk y f [ ef a wG u d k / Armtpd k ; &u vuf q if h u rf ; &
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aEG;yGJwckrSmwHk;u æ
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axmifpk&JŒ}udK;udkifv_@Haqmfr_vdk@pGyfpGJa+ymaew,fqdkaewJh
w&kwfeJ@&k&Sm;awG&JŒt+rifudk usaemfar;cGef; wckar;}unfh
csifygw,f? usaemfwdk@ 1988 ta&;awmfyHk eJ@ 1990 +ynfol
vl x k u qH k ; +zwf a y;vd k u f w J h a &G ; aumuf y G J & v'f q d k w m/
ta&mif a wmf v S e f a &;awG + zpf w J h / bl ' d k Z mawmf v S e f a &;(
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( a*smf*sD,m/ 2003)/ vdarRmfa&mifawmfvSefa&;( ,lu&def;/
2004)/ um*spfpwef ( 2005) xufapmygw,f? 1986 rSm/
a*:AmacsmhAf &JΠyGifhvif;r_ ( Perestroika) tawG;tac:[m
qdkAD,ufuGef+rLepfygwD &JΠ(27) }udrfa+rmufygwDuGef*,uf
rSmpwifcJhw,f? a*:AmacsmhAf&JŒtawG;tac:&dkufcyfr_[m
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42
pufwifbm-2009
cJ h w ,f ? 'gawG u swck r S x k w f r a+ymyJ e J @ bmvd k @ ta&mif
awmf v S e f a &; wck w nf ; ud k o mOD ; wnf a +ymae&wmvJ ?
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tar &duef+ynfaxmifpku axmufyHhay;aew,f qdkwJh
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(y,f&DpwGdKufum) eJ@ydk+yD;eD;pyfr,fvdk@ bma}umifhrawG;
}uwmvJ?
aemuf'kwd,wckuawmh/ 1988 ta&;awmfyHk
umvrSm/ Armppftpdk;&u Arm+ynfuGef+rLepfyg wD&JΠEdkifiH
awmf t m%mod r f ; yd k u f a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;/ +ynf y tm;ud k ;
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ta&;awmfyHk}uD;wckvHk;udkpGyfpGJvkyf}uHcJhw,f? uGef+rLepf
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ta&mifawmfvSefa&;awG&JŒ*,ufawGqdkwm[m/ }uHzef
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uef@vef@+zwfwif+yD;ar;}unfhrdw,f?
w&kwfygarmuQu +yHK;w,f? “trSefyJ? qifa+cawG
vdk@pGyfpGJvdk@&Edkifwmaygh?wu,fawmh w&kwf+ynfr}uD; 'Du
ae@&ifqdkifae&wJhar;cGef;u ppfat;wdkufyGJtwGif; +zpfcJhwJh
uGef+rLepf0g'geJ@t&if;&Sif0g' +y\em +iif;ckefr_ r[kwfbl;?
tar&duef'Drdkua&pDudka}umufwmxuf w&kwf +ynfol
awG u d k b ,f v d k x rif ; au|;rvJ ? b,f v d k c srf o m atmif
vkyfrvJ?a'oqdkif&me,fa+rudkb,fvdkv$rf;rdk;rvJ? qdkwJh
t&mawGut"duawG+zpfw,f? tJh'Dar;cGef;awG udkta+z
&SmwJhtcg rdwfaqGa[mif;awGudkvnf; OayuQm +yK}u &rSm
trSefyJ? tJh'gudku 'Duae@acwf&JΠ"rR'dXmefuswJh EdkifiHa&;
( Real Politics) +zpfw,f?” wJh
oHr%duGif;qufrsm; &JΠordkif;
Real Politics wJh? 'DEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:udk *&d+rdKŒ
+yEdkifiHawGay:aeuwnf;u atoif+rdK@om;awGeJ@ pygwef
ppf o nf a wmf a wG } um;rS m wd w d u susaqG ; aEG ; +yD ; om;?
EdkifiHudkOD;aqmifcJholawGwdkif;[m vuf&dS}uHKawG@ae&wJh
EdkifiHa&;a&pD;a}umif;udkvufawG@usus&ifqdkifavh&dSw,f?
w&m;+cif;/ rw&m;+cif;qdkwJh pdwf"gwfydkif;qdkif&m wdkif;
wmr_awGxuf/ tkyfcsKyfolawG[m “a+racG;vdkvnf;aumuf
uspfwwf&r,f? +caoFhvdkvJtoJ&J&r,f” qdkwJhtawG;
tac:udkpwifwnfaqmufvmcJhw,f? b,fvdkyJ+zpf+zpf
,sxmblwuswJh Real Politics udkavhvm }unfhapcsif
ygw,f?
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1988 ta&;awmfyHkuae+yD; 'Duae@txd (21) pDtiftm;pk awGvnf; taota}uacsr_ef;cHvdkuf&w,f?
ES p f + zwf o ef ; cJ h & wJ h Arm+ynf ' D r d k u a&pD a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ u d k (1) bma}umifh ,l*sDv_yf&Sm;r_tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuftzrf;cH
oHr%duGif;quf (3) quft+zpf+rif}unfhygw,f? vdkuf&wmvJ?
yxruGif;quf[m - 1988 ta&;awmfyHkumv rS 1990 (2) rw&m;wJhtrdef@tm%m[lor#wm0eft&zDqef}u
txd udkqdkvdkygw,f? qdkwJh tm%mzDqefa&;+yD;wJhaemuf wnf&dSoGm;wJh 'Drdk ua&
'kwd,uGif;qufuawmh- 1991 Edkb,f+idrf;csrf;a&; qk pD a &;v_ y f & S m ;r_ & J Πtm;aumif ; r_ u b,f t xd
axmufcq H EN+yyGrJ o S nf- 1996 ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_/ 1998 usef&dScJhygovJ?
awGyg0ifw,f? ('DuiG ;f qufxrJ mS 1999 v_y&f mS ;r_e@J EpS u f mv (3) +ynfwGif;rSmvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udkvkyfzdk@}udK;pm;
wcsdKŒuvnf; yHko¾efenf;enf;uGJ+yD;yg0ifaew,f?) aewJ h ol a wG b ma }umif h v uf e uf u d k i f v _ y f & S m ;r_ u d k
wwd,uGif;qufuawmh- 2007 ckESpf&[ef;oHCm awmf ausmcdik ;f oGm;wmvJ?( txl;o+zift h xufArm+ynfraS usmif;
rsm;OD;aqmif v_yf&Sm;wJha&$0g a&mifawmfvSefa&;rwdkifcif (3) om;rsm;)
ESpf eJ@ a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;t+yD;umvuae æ ,ae@ (4) olykefawGudkar#mfaewJh+ynfolvlxk bmawG&cJhygovJ?
xdv_yf&Sm;aewJhyHk&dyfawG+zpfw,f? ar;cGef;awGudk aqG;aEG;}unfhapcsifygw,f?
'DuGif;quf (3) qufudkavhvmwJhtcg/ usaemfwdk@
'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;olawG}um;u vlxkv_yf &Sm;r_tay: oHr%duGif;quf-2 ( 1991 Edkb,f+idrf;csrf;a&;qk
csnf;uyfyHkcsnf;uyfenf;awG/ vkyfenf;udkifenf;awG[m axmufcH qEN+yyGJ rS 1996/ 1998/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;)
tkyfpk(3) pk }um;rSmxifxif&Sm;&Sm;uGJvmcJhwmudkawG@&r,f? a':atmifqef;pk}unf udk Edkb,f+idrf;csrf;a&;qk ay;
tJh'DtkyfpkawGu( tyfvdkufwJhtcg/ &efukef/ rEœav;eJ@e,fwuUodkvf wcsdK@rSm
(u) Arm +ynf&JŒa+ray:v_yf&Sm;r_udkcyfapmapm qEN+yyGJawGay:vmcJhw,f? 'gayrJh wuUodkvfawGudk csuf+cif;
ausmcdkif; oGm;+yD;/ rdrd&JŒ,Hk}unfr_udkyHko¾efwrsdK;eJ@ tdyfruf
ydwfypfvdkufw,f? EdkifiHwumbufudk tm&Hk vSnfhvdkuf}u
udkaz: ,lzdk@}udK;pm;cJholawG/ ayrJh/ v_yf&Sm;r_awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m +ynfy eJ@qufpyfr_
(vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tkypf ak wGt"duyg0ifygw,f?)
uif;oavmufeD;yg;+zpfcJhw,f? +ynfwGif; rSm&dSwJh'Drdkua&pD
(c) tusOf;axmifawGxJrSmaxmif'%fESpf&SnfuscJh tiftm;pkawG ol@enf;ol@[efeJ@ tzGJ@ tpnf;av;awGudk
&olawG/ pH e pf w us+yef v nf z G J @ vmcJ h } uw,f ? 1996 ausmif ; om;
(*)ykef;cdk0&rf;a+y;b0awGuae/ ausmif;om;wdkufyJG
v_yf&Sm;r_udk ynma&;pHepftay: rausreyf+zpfaecJh}uwJh
qD udkeD;eD;uyfuyfae+yD;yg0ifaecJhwJholawG/ qdkwmyJ+zpf ausmif;om;xku OD;aqmif cJh}uw,f?
w,f?( 'DtkyfpkrSm ,l*sDvkyfief;vkyfaeolawGeJ@ a+ray:wdkufyGJ xdkumvrSm-rnfonfha+ratmifv_yf&Sm;r_ tzGJ@
udkwu,fyg 0ifOD;aqmifaeolawG &JŒ+cm;em;r_uvnf;&dS tpnf;awG&JŒ OD;aqmifv_HŒaqmfr_ryg0ifcJhyg?
aeygao;w,f) t+cm;wbufrSmawmh ar;cGef;awG&dSaeygw,f?
'DvdkawG;ac:,lqr_uGJ+ym;csufawG[m/ udkrif;udk (1) 1990 umvawGrSm a+ray:udk+yefa&mufvmcJh
Edkif/ udkrif;aZ,s/ wdk@OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;cJhwJh t+zLa&mif v_yf
}uwJh qcHkwif&drf; wdk@vdk ucsif'Drdku&ufwpftkyfpkawG/
&Sm;r_u p+yD; a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;umvawGrSm odod udk;uef@/ 0 wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@awG&JΠt"du
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uvnf;wdwdususa+ymif;oGm;cJhw,f? 1989 umvawG eJ@ ua&mrSefuefyg&JŒvm;? ( e,f+cm;apmifhwyf +zpfoGm;wJhqckef
Ed_if;,SOfpOf;pm;aeolawGu'Dvdka+ymif;vJoGm;wJh yHkaqmifcJ wif & d e f ; tk y f p k [ m tJ h ' D a }uG ; a}umf oH u d k t rsm;qH k ;
t}urf;awGudkenf;enf;avmufa+ym}unfhcsifw,f? a+ymcJh}uw,f)
(2) w&kwf+ynfrSmvnf; vlrsdK;pkwpkt+zpf&dSaewJh/ Arm+ynf
oH%duGif;quf-1 ( 1986-1988 ta&;awmfyHk/ rSmvnf;vlrsdK;pkwpkt+zpf&dSaewJh bHkvlrsdK;pk vdkvufeuf
uae 1990 umvtxd) udkifwyfawGeJ@a&&Snfywfoufr_rSm b,fvdkpOf;pm;}urvJ?
Arm+ynfuGef+rLepfygwD/ rqvygwD0ifa[mif;awG/ ol w d k @ ua&m usaemf w d k @ Armvl r sd K ;pk a wG t ay:b,f v d k
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awGtm; aumif;wJhumvwck+zpfw,f? 'gayrJh 'Drdkua& ar;}unfhvdkufyg)
43
trSwfpOf-103
(3) pD ; yG m ;a&;arS m if c d k * d k % f ; awG + zpf v mcJ h w J h +rd K ŒawG r S m
cifAsm;b,fvdkEdkifiHa&;t+rifeJ@pcef;oGm;rvJ?
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oH r %d u G i f ; quf -3 ( 1999- 2007 v_ y f & S m ;r_ ES i f h
,ae@umv)
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'Duae@&ifqdkifae&wJh +y\emtm;vHk;&JŒA[dku 'DuGif;
qufrSm EGHepfaew,f? wcsdK@ta}umif;t&mawG tay:rSm
udk,fht,ltqudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; cif;+yoGm;ygr,f? tvdk
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Arm+ynfta&;udkv_yf&Sm;aeolawG&JŒo¾efawGu
wd w d u susa+ymif ; oG m ;wmud k a wG @ &w,f ? txl ; o+zif h
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ydkif; umvrSm+zpfw,f? a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;t+yD;rSm EdkifiH
wum&JŒaxmufcHr_[m trsm;t+ym;&vmw,f? EdkifiHw
umu tultnDawG ydkrdk&&dSvmw,f?
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usaemfwdk@+iif;vdk@r&ygbl;? xif&Sm;wJhOyrm wckudk a+ym&
&if/ 1988 ta&;awmfyHkt+yD; ausmif;om;wyfrawmf udk
wnfaxmifvdkufwJhtcg/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGu ausmif;
om;wyfrawmftrSwfwHqdyfygwJhpmawGudk a+ray:ausmif;
om; v_yf&Sm;r_udkOD;aqmifaewJhausmif; om;awGqD ydk@w,f?
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awGudkpGef@cGm}u&w,f? tckawmh ppftm%m ydkifawGtae
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on Flow) ay:rS m t"d u +zpf a ew,f ? uG e f , uf awG
44
pufwifbm-2009
tm;vHk;u rD'D,mudktoHk;csqufoG,f}uw,f? aemufqHk;
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jzpfyGm;cJhonfh vlom;rqefaom jypfrIBuD;rsm;twGif; yg0if
usL;vGefcJhMuolrsm;udk wdkifwef;ta&;,l tjypfay;Edkif
pufwifbm-2009
pHkprf;ppfaq;&efESifh jyif;xefpGm usL;vGefcJhol rsm;udk ,if;w
&m;½Hk;BuD;rSaeí tjypfay;ta&;,loGm;&ef 1988-ckESpf?
ZGefv-17 &ufaeYwGifoabmwlnDrI &&SdcJhMuonf/
,if;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;t& 2002-ckESpf? Zlvdkif-1
&ufaeYwGif EdkifiHwumw&m;½Hk;BuD;udk pwiftwnfjyK
wnfaxmifcJhonf/ ,if;w&m;½Hk;BuD;udk e,fomvefEdkifiH
][dwf} The Hague NrdKUwGif yHkrSefxm;&SdNyD; jypfrIBuD;rsm;
jzpfyGm;&mae&m? a'orsm;wGifvnf; oifhavsmfovdk ½Hk;pdkuf
cGifh&SdaMumif; owfrSwfcJhMuonf/
tzG J U 0if E d k i f i H r sm;
,ckvuf&Sd EdkifiHwumjypfrIqdkif&mw&m;½Hk;BuD;udk
vufrSwfa&;xdk;twnfjyKNyD;aomEdkifiHpkpkaygif;rSm (108)
EdkifiH&Sd&m tm&SwdkufrS EdkifiHaygif; (14)EdkifiH? tmz&duwdkuf
rS EdkifiHaygif; (30)? taemufOa&myrS (25)EdkifiH? ta&SUOa&m
yrS (16)EdkifiH? vufwiftar&durS EdkifiHaygif; (23)EdkifiH
yg0ifcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/
w&m;ol B uD ; rsm;cef Y t yf a &G ; cs,f j cif ;
,if;w&m;½Hk;BuD;wGif w&m;olBuD; (18)OD;udk a&G;cs,f
cefYxm;&m trsKd;orD;? trsKd;om; tcsKd;usyg0ifrIudk OD;pm;
ay;a&G;cs,fcefYxm;onf/ w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ trnf
pm&if;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\EdkifiHukd,fpm;jyKrI? urÇmh a'oBuD;rsm;
udk,fpm;jyKrIrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
Regional
No. N am e Nationa lity
G roup

&eftwGuf EdkifiHwumjypfrIqdkif&m w&m;½Hk;BuD;udk zGJUpnf; 1 . Ju d ge P hilip p e Kir sch Canada W E OG

wnf axmifcJhMuNyD;jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdwdkY\ ouf (Pr esid ent o f the ICC )
2 . Ju d ge A kua Ku enyehia Ghana A frican States
qdkif&m EdkifiHrsm;twGif;jzpfyGm;cJh? jzpfyGm;aeaom ,if;jypf (Fir st Vice- Pres id ent
3 . Ju d ge R ene Blatim ann Bo livia G RUL C
rI B uD ; rsm; ud k x d k v l Y t zG J U tpnf ; twG i f ; &S d w&m;pD & if (Second Vice-Pres id ent)
4 . Ju d ge G eor ghios M .Pik is Cyp ru s A sian States
a&;,EÅ&m;rsm;rS &SmazGaz:xkwfay;EdkifrI uif;rJhaerI 5 . Ju d ge E lizab eth O di o Benito Cos ta R ica G RUL C
rsm;twGuf EdkifiHwumjypfrIqdkif&m w&m;½Hk;BuD;wGif
wdkifwef;ta&;,ljcif;tm;jzifh epfem qHk;½Hk;cJholjynf olvl
R egional
xkrsm;twGuf w&m;rQwrIudk &SmazGaz:xkwfay;oGm;Ekdif No. N am e Nat iona lity
G roup
awmhrnfjzpfonf/ 6 . Judg e N ava net hem P illa y South A f rica A frican S tates
7 . Judg e S ang -H yun S ong Repu blic of- A sian S tat es
EkdifiHwumjypfrIqdkif&mw&m;½Hk; rdwfquf Kor ea
8 . Judg e H an s- P et er K au l Ge rma ny WE OG
EdkifiHwum jypfrIqdkif&mw&m;½Hk;udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif 9 . Judg e M a uro P oliti Ut aly WE OG
1 0 . Judg e E rkki K ou rula
&onfh t"dutajccHtaMumif;t&if;rSm tjynfjynfqidk f &m 1 1 . Judg e F at oumat a -
Finla nd
M ali
WE OG
A fr ica n Sta te s
Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh w&m;rQwrIudk w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;tajc Demv ele D iarra
1 2 . Judg e A nit a U sac ka Lat via E aste rn E urope
cHrS &SmazGomG ;&efEiS hf Edik if wH umvlom;csif;qdik &f m Oya'rsm; 1 3 . Judg e S ir A drian F ulford Un ited Ki ngd om WE OG
tm; jyif;xefpGmcsKd;azgufolrsm;udk w&m;pGJqdkEdkif&ef &nf 1 4 . Judg e S ylvia Ste iner
15. Judg e E kate rina -
Brazil
Bulg aria
G RU LC
E aste rn E urope
&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh 1998-ckESpf? ZGefvESifh ZlvdkifvtwGif;wGif Tre ndaf ilova
16. Judg e D anie l Davi d- Ugan da A fr ica n Sta te s
EdkifiHaygif; (160)rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifwufa&muf Nta nda Nse reko
17. Judg e F umiko Saiga Jap an A sian S tat es
onfhtpnf;ta0;BuD;udk tDwvDEdkifiHa&mrNrdKUwGif usif;y 18. Judg e B run o C ott e France WE OG
cJhMuonf/,if;tpnf;ta0;BuD;u wnfNrJaomEdkifiHwum
jypfrIqdkif&mw&m;½Hk;BuD;wpfckudk zGJUpnf; wnfaxmif&efESifh
vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfrI? vlom;jzpfrIudk qefYusifusL;vGef
onfhjypfrI? ppf&mZ0wfrI ponfh &mZ0wf rIcif;BuD;rsm;udk
47
trSwfpOf-103 pufwifbm-2009
WEOG - Western European and Others Group of jypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;u pepfwusESifhus,f us,fjyefYjyefY
States vkyfaqmifcJhonfudk oufaotaxmuft xm;cdkifvHkpGmESifh
GRULAC - Latin America and Caribbean Group of wifjyEdkif&efvdktyfygonf/ ,if;udpö&yf ESifh pufquf
States oHk;oyfMunfhvsif ,aeYjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; jzpf yGm;cJh jzpfyGm;
w&m;olBuD;\ t&nftcsif;rsm; qJjzpfaom BuD;rm;qdk;&Gm;vSonfh vlYtcGifh ta&;csKd;
w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ t&nftcsi;f rsm;rSm Edik if w H um vlom; azgufrBI uD;rsm;onf ½d;k ½d;k omref rIcif;BuD;rsm;r[kwb f J Edik if wH
csi;f qdik &f mOya'rsm;? &mZ0wfusix hf ;kH rsm;? trsK;d o rD;ESihf uav; umjypfrIqdkif&mOya'ESifh EkdifiHwum vlom;csif;qdkif&m Oya'
oli,frsm;udk jyif;xefpGm qefYusifcsKd;azguf aom rIcif;BuD; rsm;yg jy|mef;csufrsm;udk jyif;xefpGm csKd;azgufaeMujcif; yif
rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&mwGif txl;wvnf jzpfonf/ ,if; rIcif;BuD;rsm;ü etz ppftpdk;&tmPm
uRr;f usiNf yD; tawGUtBuHK&adS om Oya'ynm &Sirf sm;jzpf&rnf[k ydkifrsm;udk,fwdkif yg0ifcJhNyD;pepfwusESifh us,fus,fjyefYjyefY
owfrw S x f m;onf/ usL;vGefcJh aMumif;udkvnf; awGU&onf/ xdkYaMumifh etz ppf
tpd;k & tmPmydik rf sm;tm; ,if;BuD;rm; qd;k &Gm;vSonfh jypfrBI uD;
ppf a q;pD & if E d k i f a omrI c if ; BuD ; rsm;ES i f h w&m;0if u d k i f rsm;twGuf EdkifiHwumjypfrIqdkif&m w&m;½Hk;wGif pGJcsufwif
wG,pf pfaq;pD&ifjcif;/ ta&;,lEikd &f eftwGuf oufaocH csurf sm;pGmjzifh wifjywdik Mf um;
EdkifiHwumjypfrIqdkif&mw&m;olBuD;½Hk;u ppfaq;pD&if Edik &f ef vGepf mG rSta&;BuD; onf/
EdkifaomrIcif;BuD;rsm;rSm EdkifiHwumjypfrIqdkif&mw&m;½Hk;\ jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f 2002-ckEpS af emufyikd ;f jzpfymG ;cJah om etz
a&mrjy|mef;Oya' tyd'k -f 5 t&- ppftpd;k &tmPmydik rf sm;ud, k wf ikd f yg0ifusL;vGecf hJ aom qd;k 0g;vS
(1) vlrsKd;wH;k owfjzwfrI onfh jypfrIBuD;rsm;xJrS om"utcsKdUudk xkwfEkwfwifjy&vsif
(2) vlom;jzpfru I q kd efYusiu f sL;vGeaf omjypfrI 2003-ckESpf? ar-30 &ufaeYu jzpfyGm;cJhaom 'DyJ,if;vkyf
(3) ppf&mZ0wfrI wdYk jzpfonf/ BuHowfjzwfrIBuD;? 2007-ckESpfujzpfyGm;cJhonfh oHCmawmf
,if;rIcif;BuD;rsm;jzpfymG ;vsif rnforl qdk wdik Mf um;Edik f aomf rsm;OD;aqmifonfh a&T0ga&mif vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;? 2008-
vnf; w&m;0ifuikd w f , G pf pfaq;pD&if&mwGirf l enf; vrf;(3)rsK;d ckESpftwGif; jzpfyGm;cJhaom em*pf obm0rkefwdkif;BuD;aMumifh
u cGijhf yKro S m vufcpH Of;pm;NyD; ppfaq;pD&if Edik o f nf/ ,if;uJo h Ykd twd'ku©a&mufcJhMuaom jynfolvlxkrsm;tay: vspfvsL
vufcHpOf;pm;&mwGifvnf; w&m;½Hk; BuD;udk w&m;0if &IcJhjcif;rsm;tjyif e,fpyf a'o&Sd wdkif;&if;om;e,fajr rsm;ü
twnfjyKwnfaxmifcJhonfh 2002-ckESpf? Zlvdkifvaemuf ppftpd;k &\ vufeufuikd pf pfwyfrsm;u a'ocH jynforl sm;tay:
ydik ;f jzpfymG ;onfh rIcif;BuD;rsm;udo k m vufcH pOf;pm;onf/ ¤if; usL;vGefcJhrIrsm; ESifh a':atmifqef; pkMunf? OD;cGefxGef;OD;
enf;vrf;(3)rsKd;tm; Edik if w H umjypfrI qdik &f mw&m;½H;k \ a&mr tygt0if txifu& Ekid if aH &; acgif;aqmifrsm;? 88-ausmif;om;
jy|mef;Oya'tyd'k -f 13t& atmuf ygtwdik ;f owfrw S jf y|mef; acgif;aqmif rsm;? Edik if aH &;wuf<uvIy&f mS ;olrsm;ESihf tusO;f uscH
xm;onf/ EdkifiH a&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm; ESpf&Snfaxmif'PfBuD;rsm;csrSwf
w&m;½Hk;onf yk'fr-5ü az:jyxm;aom jypfrIwpfckck ESifh jcif; ponfwdkYonf EdkifiHwumjypfrIqdkif&m Oya'ygjy|mef;
ywfoufí atmufaz:jyygtajctaersm;ü þOya' \ csufjypfrIBuD;rsm;jzpfaom vlrsKd;wHk;owfjzwfrIESifh qefYusif
jy|mef;csufrsm;ESit hf nD ¤if;\ pD&ifyikd cf iG u hf kd usifoh ;kH rnf/ jzpfrIudk qefYusifusL;vGefaom jypfrIBuD;rsm;udk pHepfwus ESifh
(u)usL;vGefonf[k ,lq&aom jypfrIwpfckudk(odkY) us,fus,fjyefYjyefY usL;vGeaf eMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,if;uJo h Ykd
xdx k ufyakd omjypfrrI sm;udk yk'rf -14t& pmcsKy0f if Edik if H jyif;xefpmG csK;d azgufc?hJ csK;d azgufqjJ zpfaom jypfrBI uD;rsm;twGi;f
rsm;rS w&m;pGq J o kd x l oH Ykd vGaJ jymif;ay;onfh tajctae/ qH k ; ½I H ; epf e mol j ynf o l v l x k r sm;twG u f w&m;rQwrI
(c)usL;vGefonf[k ,lq&aom jypfrIwpfckudk(odkY) ud&k mS azGaz:aqmifay;&eftwGuf Edik if w H um Oya'qdik &f m a&mrjy
xdx k ufyakd omjypfrrI sm;udk ukvor*¾\zGYJpnf;yHk tajccH |mef;csuft& jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; jynf wGif;w&m;pD&if
Oya' tcef;-4 t& trIxrf;aeaom vHNk cHK a&;aumif a&;,EÅ&m;rsm;u rpGrf;aqmifEdkifjcif;ESifh wGefYqkwfaeaom
pDrS w&m;pGq J o kd x l oH Ykd vTaJ jymif; ay;onft h ajctae/ tajctaeudv k nf; a&muf&adS eNyDjzpf onf/ taMumif;rSmjrefrm
(*)þodYk aomjypfrrI sKd;ESiyhf wfoufí w&m;pGq J o kd l yk'rf - Edik if \
H vuf&jdS ynfwiG ;f w&m;pD &ifa&;,EÅ&m;rsm;onf etz
15ES i f h t nD pH k p rf ; ppf a q;rI p wif a qmif & G u f ppftpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm;\ xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif a&muf&Sd
onft h ajctae ponfwYkdjzpfNyD; jypfrx I if&mS ; aMumif; aejcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdYk u, kd f wdik f yg0ifusL;vGecf ahJ om jypfrBI uD;
pD&ifppfaq;awGU&SdcJhvsif csrSwfEdkifaom tjrifhqHk; rsm;udk EdkifiHwumjypf rIqdkif&mw&m;½Hk;wGif wdkifMum;ta&;
jypf'PfrSm axmif'Pf ESpf-30 (odkY) wpfoufwpf ,lomG ;&rnfjzpfonf/
uRe;f 'Pfrsm;jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdik if w H iG ;f rS BuD;rm;onfh vlom;rqefaom jypfrBI uD;rsm;
OD;atmifx;l
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wdik Mf um;Edik &f eftwGuf ,if;jypfrBI uD;rsm;udk pHpk rf; ppfaq;&mwGif a&SYv qufvufaz:jyygrnf/
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