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TILMAN ARETZS BLOG [www.taretz.blogspot.com]———Overview over Japanese characters
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Overview over Japanese characters
Introduction

One of the more fascinating aspects of East Asian language studies is a comparison of the Chinese and Japanese writing. Although the grammatical structures of the spoken languages in China and Japan are fundamentally different, both countries use writing systems based on Chinese characters. Today, basically three different kinds of characters are used in Japan—the Kanji漢字 (Chinese characters) plus two sets of syllabary: Hiragana平仮名 and Katakana

片仮名.

Chinese characters were introduced in Japan since the fourth century AD because Japan had no writing system of its own. Initially, classical Chinese was used for written expression in Japan. Later a process began to use Chinese characters for transliteration of Japanese sounds based on the pronunciation of the character, irrespective of its meaning. The Chinese characters used for transliteration were gradually simplified, eventually resulting in the creation of Hiragana and Katakana. The 48 Hiragana (plus variations) were developed from the fifth century on and initially used mostly by women who were not allowed access to the same levels of education as men. For this reason Hiragana are also called “onnade”女手, “women’s writing”, and today they are used for words which are not Kanji, including particles, suffixes, inflected verb and adjective endings, among others. The 48 Katakana (plus variations) were developed in the early Heian平安 period (794–1185) as a form of shorthand, and today they are used for non-Japanese loanwords, especially foreign names in transliteration, and others. Kanji are used today to write nouns, verb stems, and adjective stems.

In November 1946, Japan’s Ministry of Education formally limited the number of Kanji approved for official
use to the 1850 Tōyō Kanji当用漢字. In October 1981, the government replaced that list with the 1945 Jōyō Kanji
常用漢字which consist of the 1850 Tōyō Kanji plus 95 additional Kanji.

While the majority of the Kanji used in today’s Japan are similar to the traditional Chinese characters, some Kanji were simplified. Among these, most resemble the simplified characters used in Communist China. A few Kanji used in modern Japan have no Chinese equivalent but were created in Japan; these homegrown Kanji are called Kokuji国字 (“native script”). A comparative table of Jōyō Kanji which were simplified in a manner unique for Japan and therefore are different from traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters as used in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is shown at the end of this file (p. 15-16).

Categories of Japanese characters
• 48 HIRAGANA.......................... p. 2
• 48 KATAKANA片仮名......................... p. 2

• 1850 TŌYŌ KANJI当用.............. p. 3-4
• 1945 JŌYŌ KANJI常用................ p. 5-12
• 214 RADICALS部首............................... p. 13

TILMAN ARETZS BLOG [www.taretz.blogspot.com]———Overview over Japanese characters
2
Hiragana and Katakana
LIST OF 48 HIRAGANA
A / -a
I / -i
U / -u
E / -e
O / -o
a
~
i
~
u
~
e
~
o
~
K-
ka
~
ki
~
ku
~
ke
~
ko
~
S-
sa
~ shi
~
su
~
se
~
so
~
T-
ta
~ chi
~ tsu
~
te
~
to
~
N-
na
~
ni
~
nu
~
ne
~ no
~
H-
ha
~
hi
~
fu
~
he
~ ho
~
M-
ma
~ mi
~ mu
~ me
~ mo
~
Y-
ya
~
[yi]
yu
~
[ye]
yo
~
R-
ra
~
ri
~
ru
~
re
~
ro
~
W-
wa
~
wi
~
[wu]
we
~ wo
~
[n]
n
~
LIST OF 48 KATAKANA
A / -a
I / -i
U / -u
E / -e
O / -o
a
~
i
~
u
~
e
~
o
~
K-
ka
~
ki
~ ku
~ ke
~ ko
~
S-
sa
~ shi
~ su
~ se
~ so
~
T-
ta
~ chi ~ tsu ~
te
~ to
~
N-
na
~ ni
~ nu
~ ne
~ no
~
H-
ha
~ hi
~ fu
~ he
~ ho
~
M-
ma ~ 末 ミ mi
~ mu ~ me ~ mo ~
Y-
ya
~
[yi]
yu
~
[ye]
yo
~
R-
ra
~
ri
~ ru
~ re
~ ro
~
W-
wa
~ wi
~
[wu]
we
~ wo ~
[n]
n
~
Note: The respective Hiragana/Katakana is shown on the left in the columns; the pronunciation in the middle; the
right side displays the Chinese character from which the Hiragana/Katakana derived. Kana variations like hi to bi
or pi (Hiragana) / hi to bi or pi (Katakana) etc. are omitted here.
TILMAN ARETZS BLOG [www.taretz.blogspot.com]———Overview over Japanese characters
3
List of the 1850 Tōyō Kanji

使 便 寿 姿 婿 宿 尿 殿 沿 湿

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