V^ 1

V_|k_ [ w|D V V_|k_ (1814 1891) 1814D g| \

\V>D 7D V_ V (CLADYS) [ {_ [uD [ _ >V.
[A VVmz km VV [ _ kE>.
V D kB]_ _ kVE]_ ] gkD Vk. 16 kB]_ >[
V>B wAz m, {sBB u VV. gszB
E> u xB[V. gV_ > gsBVk k s|k>V _.
V^ k >[ M[ T_ zD Vm, >M\l_ \m
>\V kVw x\V? > V>^ kD? [V_ ]m Wu x\V?
BVEm V| l_ >D! c[ >kz A V| k|D.
V> A V| k|D. >V. 1830D g| >[ 11km kB]_
>[ z A V|>V. \KD E g|^ [ [ ]B
m s|, 19 kB]_ VV z ]D k>V. z Visitors [ ]_
m, [ z]l_ c w zw>z V>\V QVl ^
[ ] k>V. V\ (Dr.Chalmers) [k[ >V_ >V| s
aBD FB >V. [ BV[ [k[ [ t
]_ >V. A kEBD >k [ ] . gk
Az gB>\V, gD, z, , y[ \VaD uV. [
B.A _ x>_ \VkV > >\ \]l[ uV. [ t[
>V V_|k_Kz zD V|>. 1837D g| [ t
][ JD V V_|k_ [z tBVD k BV[
kVVEzD, _ [ \uVk ]kVzD WBt>. g \V>D 30D
>] k^ JkD A kB V^. > ]_ V_|k_o[ >VF tD
TD >V^. >[ >Vl[ V| xwV_lV V_|k_.
\, c[ \k\V >z A V|[ [ \M[ [_
x>t| ka V. g 30D >] \ M [ _ Am. { .
AB_Vu B\V TEBm _ >V [[ *m \V]Bm. _ >Bs_.
s> z >V[ >>m \uV o[ *m \V]l>m. > o_ k> 6
>s \u kD \V. *|D 14 V^ am BVD >V>m.
kal_ [ (C.P. Brown)(District Collector) k[ A >m, k JD
]BVk u ]D >m VV. \> \VaD u VV.
1838D g| k 8D >] \ M [ km >m. z
[kD {V| xkmD >t \VaB [z u VV. \V 3 1/2 g|^
tBV [l_ F>V. >Kz \VaD u g]V \VW][ E
z]_ aBD F>V. _zB ]\V z BV\V
[V. aBD m VzD V> gVFED >m.
1841D g| [ 30D >][ [ t >V| >VA
m. [ _ V>[ CTE MB nB x>_ _ tBV

Wku k> \mk\V BD k > kuBD ^s

V_|k_ ]_ko [ B[zl_ aB> Wku A V|
\EB>V. V_ [lo> V t \ nB ]m
\ uD aB> uD m VV. [A l_ > [v
D c>sz D u ]_ko _ k|D [ m[ x>o_
>DV [ m z V_BV [V. V\V[ # k
oBV \] V|, VlKD, \VlKD >V. s_ V\_
> VV. kal_ gu\o_ zD Vm V (Boots) wu s|
>V. mBVF mm sV; V>^ km Vl, zl_ | V^
>lm, [ V V| V| >V. V VF [ >DV
km >V. z E V^ >, [ zDVD, ]E k>V. z tBV
> VV nB (]BVD ckVBk) kD >l> V_
Vk ]l_ k^D k>m. J_ ]B m, [v
V>lo>>V_ VF k[ >lm D 19D >] 1841D
kD c>sz D uV. \om ]_koz z]l_ AV.
\mkV B> >VB z] k\V { gD>m. {V>, {V>... nBV,
OGod w s>m z]; V_|k_D w >^Bm # VF s>V B
>D [ gm? [ >D m? V VVD...
V^ 2
w s> V_|k_ B\V >D VV. z]D >D V| m
{Bm. V_|k_ VB[ z]B m, V z]B V|
VBx# k > k>V. z]B su s| m kaBV \m
k>V. \ml_ E V^ > VVz > k>V. >Vt gu
m u nB T >V. m V km >V. xuKD
>k kVD EuGV V[ x>_ ]B D [ k>V. A.F. \
nB[ 1841 kD 27D >] (km x>VD QVl) [ V_|k_ D
F>V (V\ 13:8-14) [ Vlu _ *\Vlu> ]kD z {
Wklm. Kz zs_ V|Vm. gVKD m V|
km. _ WB\V sD. k V[ cl[ _V\_ VVD. skm
WBD. [A x> [ F[ nB[ > B[zB u m VV.
m 10 \_ >Vs_ > B[zz > [V. tD gw\V
\_. zD z m ka >BV\_ | s_ B[zz km >[
gB>\Vl> Tuz^ km gkz \>V [ K]V.
V]_ g|\V| \FzD B [ \^ > _
kV>>V_ B[z [ wm. 1841 D 11 [ x>_ gV> >m.
z 512 zl>V^. k_ >k 312 , B[z ^D
JB Wl_ >m. Ek >>V. g^ ^BV[uz ]

\Vk^ k>. 1842_ ^ ^BV[D Ws. V V|m ,

V V|>V_ >V[ ^^ ^z kkV^. B[zD \u V\^
m\ T|^ _V\_ >m. Vu V t_. _
c^ \ V, >V V Vm \, > V\> \Vu \
V[, >^ V _ T|z Vu kk> _ V>VD _.
gk _VD s V| c T| W> V|]. V[ ]D
_VkuD mz x[V _VD D kV V|m > ]_ T|
l. V[ V _V>D >Vkm > T| D _VD z
V>D > V\> \V[. c Bo_ V, k>
k>V. ]_ >^, m^, T|^, Vol^ V >m. \V] T|^
Eku k \D mV cuV|]V.
gV_ kB>Vk V[ >V[ > V\mz VV [
V>k. V^ V k^V [B > ^ |m s^
[ k>V. QVl gV>z k>V_ kD z]_. >\V
kkV^. 1842-D g| El_ c>E\V luE kzA [ ]V.
\FQVA]uz z] *m [ V >V\ nBVk ]m gV u
WB VB^ F>V. V >V\ nBVs[ gV aBD F>V. z
[VKD A>[w\ B[zz km s|kV. [ xkmD c>E\V[
FkV. V B_| VlV. E k^ kl_ _KD Vm
_ >> V\_ T|_ > s|kV, aB]Mt>D
]\V QVVmz gB>\VV^, QVVD |>k^ kD
]smz gB>\V g \V>D >\V kVB zm V]m k
gB>|]V. QVVD |>> >V xBV\_ E ]#_
s] D [ [ gD>. >[ VD Bk u Vk
\>o FB k|D. c B_ >VV^. V^ _ [ _
c^ VF >k^ T| m VV^. V\V \
>VV^. >kz^ s> D sBm. > > >k^ [
|m VD \QVAD, V gB z [ \V [ >V
k|D. \>o \>V_ \V >V k|D [ ]t. > ^s
\ nB [ c>sB VV. cBV > ][ >k m
F>. BzlKD E >k^ *m VF kwz^ V.
_VkuKtm >k[ s|s>V. V_ V_|k_o[ ]\D
Wlm. 1844D kD \V 20D >] V V_|k_ vV D\V^ ]\D
VVso_ >m. V >V\ nBV ] k>V. vV D\V^ z
FB kB> ]\[ F>V. V_|k_ uF] B ys\V F>V.
B[zl_ [z > \Vk \uAV VBAD .. V k^
]B VBAD tz V. \uAz _KD \Vk^ V|
>D uV m | k JD kkV^. 1845D g| mk V>

AB_Vu, \w V\V V\ > \\V u i> u|]Bm.

B[z kV]KD >D ]D. Vm >V[ x EuVB]_
>m. zD . Vz^ cBmz >. V_|k_,
vV D\V^ [ gV^? V VVD...
V^ 3
kaBV V V_|k_KD k \sBD ] \
VVuV^. > m[D x> E V_ V_|k_ \^ c>s[
gk BV_, V\> \V] V\\V \Vu \>V (Model Village) >
\EB |zD kD \uV F]. o_ >m V_ _
[t]om w [ \M> >\l_ gl]uzD ]\V ]|
>k m[A]. T| V^l. k\V|].
>k_ mk \>o>. *|D c>s[ ^].
V>V\, ^]. \, ^]. V_|k_, ^]. V[u gBV >
BD >VV\_ >|>. \KD __ u F] ^s >[ z]
\^ ]\V gk > gD>. gB]uz V k gD>V^.
z B|D BD ]>m. > g_ (1845) \uV EA [k[V_
x>[ x>_ [v [lom B[z k>V. 1845 k 1D >]
x>[ x>_ A>D _ B[|>m. ABoV_ V] gB>
A]>V [ ]om >BV Plan (gB kD) 1848D kD
]VD m. gB |\V >VB [ z\BV B
Vk gD>V. V\ \[ y WBVB VBm
B ckVV >D gVD gkxB V_|k_ >[ m kV>
x>VB \[ \> D, zD, VVD gBku A>\V klV.
1849_ > V]o> >[ z k[ kV
x[k>uz V^ c>s^ uV. D\B u V^ kV,
A, \]BV VkD, \V>VD sDA zD. k_ uM^
c|VD [ D\V >D kVB >V. V_|k_ _s
l_ E ^s t^ B[z km Vkl| [.
zV VVm > ]l[ t E> _s \> _>V
v> B[z km > z c^ ^ VklV.
^^ ]KD EV s k>m ^ V ^B
^l[ VD [ vV D\V^ km, z lKD \Vs^ Bk^
gzD Vm _ >k z|D >sBV, >VBV s k|D [>.
]_ko \VkD k >D V_|k_ > 3 g >V kVD, t
kVD, |\BV kVD. gk |\BV k V]_ zEBV
> _ gD>. \ \V>D x>_ g| \V>D k zuV]_ >
>^ Kk_ kMm k>. \QVAD V >V\ nB k^

zuV]_ gB]uz (tz) V>\V D kVV. V_|k_ > ]_

zzD k]^ V _ zuVD cB E>m [ V. \KD
>[ ]kV_ 3000 cB]_ c^ DA \zD _km c|.
klu |V_ k]V. B[z ciD km ~
V]>m, c z [ k]BD VzD [V. 1851D g| k
z [ V_ B[z tBV >uVo\V ^]. Vxk_
s_oBD V_ aBD F>V.
1852D g| k \V>D D u ]DV. gVKD c_ T\Vk
>m. T_ >kV t \ WkuV. V_ >V[ ]
k> ]Vs \Va[ D [ _ ] z gB>\VV.
V_|k_ BuB >t _^ kl_, u ]BV\V, >V\ >VD,
QVVD |, u |, k\VaB >kV [D >tw
V [D >V] k\VaB V>k^. >t \Val_ m >V[ >Kz,
[D, \BVD gB \Va^ > [ Vuz |m V. >ta[
\B F>>V_ V_|k_o[ \B >t cD VuD.
V_ B[z l_ A]>V A\>] m V >. 1854_
x> tBV [ nB B[zz E VD \VuV. V_|k_
x> >D kMm k>V. k tz] sBV]kVBV_, ] TD
>V. Vm _ V_|k_KD vV D\VD xk|>. gV_
\D D V|s_; Vm VVV? Vs_BV? V VVD...
V^ 4
B[z \ s| m _k> \D sDVsVKD, _ D
kB>V_ Vm A| [. | g|z s|x |m
[. _ BV]B _ D >m. Vm [ D\V V\_
SPG ] V|> aB> WkuV. V^ V\ vB [ z]l_
aB]uz [kl_ |D kD. nBV! [ kl kom. >um...
[k w s>V. g>V Wl_ \mk\ V| [V^.
gk[ BV_ cl w>V. \KD g| s|A |>V. V_|k_
s|_ >V_ [ [k B[z tBV 1855, 1856D
g|_ A>V. 30 ^, 30 c>EBV tM[ VV>V>
|k>uz kV aBD \V> D> tz VBV V|
x[k>. c>EBV[ \V>DD . 5/- _m >uz zkV. \V [
c>EBV ys\V sD sm k>V. k xBuEBV_ gzl_ E
mk uV. V_ mk uV^V> ED,
>kD B[z z]l_ >Va_ Fm k>. > VKz x[
>Va_ >Vzkm i> sszD [ DV. > J DB V
Bu swV [ >m. 1858D g| k 6D >] [ ]V^ [

gV> x>[ t _ kV V| >VaV

BV[_ >Va_ F>[ k] BVkzD >VDD >>[ >Va_
gD [. V_|k_ B[zz tBV k>[ Vxk_ [
V | kBm Ek V_|k_ >[ km V| km,
>k AD uV|>V. [ VBAD k>V. z E]
u G.U. V nB _ VV|, _ A >m kM>V. V^ Vxko[
Vm\ m ^V. m k BV kmsm. > VxkKz kVV^
xkmD Vm F> WlB >m. VBA]_ m x>[ k
c>EBVV WBt>V V_|k_. >[ >> V E>V Vxk_. 1854D g|
V_|k_ >[ V> V|z VzDVm cB_s \uD B V>
uV^ [ wm [V. 1858 k 12D >] V_|k_ >[ V>
Vom ]DADVm VxkD wm k>V. _ V_|kKz
c>sBV 1858D g| D k ms| x> tBV [V.
gm\ g>VB>B kVl[ zVV V|, \BD kVF>VKD
kVFVsVKD E[ uF]B V]m \ z w>V.
[? 1841D g| x>_ 1888D g| k 8167 E. V_|k_
nB V]_ B[z z]l_ \|D 15,000 l_ >.
kB xBuEBV_ V>VAD D A]B D ckVm. B[z
| z]Bm. wz z], \uz z]. w >k^, ^,
^^ ]\V V. \u sD V|m \m \ [
c] gV D [ ckVm. B[z s D 1858
g 4D >] ckVm. \V 600 k]>. V_|k_ kz
k\VF uVF, k\VF V| [ ko] EV. > ]_
QV [ kVo m, s> kV>lV_ kVD, uF]B
kVlV_ V|kVD, BB >\V\_, gBVB \\Vu\
>kB VB s]z ] B^m [V. > ][ JD
V\V ^^ Wk. 1861, 1862D g|_ 34 ^^. ]_
g^ 744 . ^ 287 . ku\V mk> > l_ >VF.
1862D g| [z]l_ VV VF s glV \^ >.
B[z ]_ 95 \Vk^ >. ^^ mD J.
gz V\]_ VV xDx\V >m. V_|k_ z VF >V.
>k^ z]l_ VV {F>m. >B> mk BV>k^
VD ^. gV_ k>]_ V>^. k\VVD
[. kVD V_|k_ >V. s l[ BV gz,
zD, ck, xm\V>[ \Va _ c^ \[ >B]_ cVlu.
V_ 1864 k \V>D V[ _>Vsom B[z k>V.
kB BV_ k [ V_|k_ kz \VaBA Fm k>V.
>V aB]V_ k VB VF [ >VBm. \B s>V. E kV^

W\ k\V m k>m. E \V>_ D uV. sBV]l[

V\V 1865 \V \V>D k >, kVE, Vm [ \mk
l>V. gV_ V_|k_ gk BV_ _VkuD F>V. .
Kz mz^ u|> z\VV y\V> >mV_ x[A z
Vxk_ V_|kKz >V. [ Vxk_ V_|kKz \V sV.
VBV>[ [ \V kV]BV B[z ]_ BVuBk. V_|k_
k tD DV. kz^ yB zD \]>m. ] kBV
]m. V_|k_ k ^ sVBkV WBt>V.
gEBz^ BkV, \BV>zBkV, ]uzBkV VV.
]\VoBV VV. ]\VoBV \|\_, ]\B km y\
FkVD >V. mD V_|kKz >BVm. 1857D g| B ]|
sA]_ >m. ]Bk VBV>M[ \m. ]_ kzD >m.
VmD _ ^BV mV>V. 1863_ V] *|D
>#Bm. B[z l_ y\B zk>uz V_|k_ tD V|V.
>V> J] z uom > \V^Vm [m
. V_|k_ nBVkV_ ]_ >lV\_ xBs_. >l|
B ym k>V. >uz [ V E ] k>V. g>
>m. ]AD >m. ]Vz g> >>k VBV>[. > >
V_|k_ km >sB >V. VBV>[ V_|koD \[MA VV.
V_|k_ \D \[M>V. gV_ >s s_ [ V]_ >[V|
E m VV. V_|k_ JVFoV_ V]| FRz
V[ > > g_ [ k^ mV. VBV>M[
>kV w > V_|k_ M kz \[MA BVm. B s|,
s| kBu k|D [ V. V_|k_ D u k\VV [
W]>. V_|k_ D uV. ]Dkm > kBuVV [
W> ]^ >V s| VFs y\VM>. Vk>uz
DV^. s| DADx[ B y F>V^. m [? V
VVD.....
V^ 5
s| DADx[ y km V> k|D [ V]_ 6 B
T|z y k>V^. \V] V\D B gD>m. _ >D. y k>m BV?
> >V^. kwz >m. VE _V>]V_ kwz >^BVm. V_|k_
B[z km V\D yz BV VE | V. E
Vz[ VBV>D km gD sVV B[zz
wmk>. [ z >V^. [D T|z y k>. |
T|^ m VDVl. zukVBV VBV>M[ kV >A VEBV
\V >> V. VBV>[, km >D, \KD k m Fm El_

>.
VBV>VKD x[V^ c>EBVVKD >V>^ >VKD, aBxD,
^D, s kD V mV>. A]>V \^
]l_ mV| k>. kV KD \^ EE V >V\V
x[km B V>[ ^VV^. 1864D g| B[z >k^
3072. > g| D \V>D VVs_ LMS ]om
zD, , BVVAAD, gkzD, V\oAD, k[zD gB
^ B[z >V| mV^. Wl_ V]_
mV> V_|k_o[ ^^ V V, v_V, FvV [
JkD xm ]BV ]D. V_ >[ ]BVs_ >
l_V> [VE kaV> \|\. V_|k_ D\V^ > kaBV [
^ wmk>V. VE k l_ BVD. m VBD k z
BVD. [ \V|kl_ VVs_ kaBV B[z km >V^.
B[zl_ VV\V kkuA V|m. v_VD, lvVD, >^
>VBV[ ^ V ^z c>s F>V^. V V B[z
tBV WBtV. V >[ >>l[ VD mD >>V,
gV>, T| ]A, s gBku ys\V F>V. EkV >VKD
z] *m BVD Fkm km kwD. x [zD V\]_ V\ \>
c>EBV[ \[ z ^ gEBV A>V. kD V V
Vk\[MA zD? > gEB m VD ~L. VtBVD m >
uV^k[ [V. c V c^ c>EBV[ 9 kBm Ek V>V.
k[ >VB Bmk skVE. Vm E|kVF [V[. V >
gEBz E u V]>V. 1866D g| V_|k_ ]B ]Vs
\Va[ > x[M| kz B > [D >
VV _ wD kwBm. >[ ]_kol_ \wzsV_ D
J[ g|^ >V>m. gVKD aBD EVF um. ^ kD
ys kEB>m. gEB uVz, V_|k_ B[z V ^l_
gEB luE V|>V. x>[x>_ 7 \Vk^ 4 \Vs^ gEB > ]
>E u. mx>_ gEB luE W>\Vm. V_|k_ s l_
] kD K]V.
>[ V [z]_ 100D \u _ 124 D mk
uV. V[ \|D kVoVl>V_ D >V_ B[zB k
tlD A V|ms|, V[ V>VA]_ km aBD Fk[ [V
g\Vm[. V>VA> tl[ >D gzkm D [
W>V. gV_ [zD u D [ m z Vxk_ nB x>_ >
tBV x>_ zkV WBtV. g* >> V_|k_o[ gV
s Fm kuuV. kl_ V_|k_KD, k BVA
[kD >[ cs gk[ ^V kzkV xB[. xBs_.

> Ws_ \k>|, sBV]|, \zD kl_ kV| >

kVo_ E \D ]]. aB]_ c>s FB ]\BV c>sV >
V|]>V. vV D\BV[ BV> cwA, c>EBVVB >[ \[ V
V, \KD >[ \^^ kD kz _V klKD c>sBVl>V^.
nB[ ^^ V]o> >D >Vaz V ^^ u
skV ]. k_ oBV Bk uV[ s|xz >[
uVD VVm, k^ >Fk zD V[V_ zD\VV^.
m\|\_ kz Bku kD B ^BV \VuV^.
\KD B kzD VB|] kzD Bk >B\V V^.
kD Bs[ ^BV \VV[. m\|\_ x>_ x>_ 1864 D \V>D
]_ko \Vk]_ \ \swV VVm. ^[
[, ms[ *m V ] gBku u >mV v_V,
lvVs[ ^ >VKD VVKD g> x[k>. tz V\VF
c>s^ >VKD uVzD ^ u VA k|D [
V_|k_ >^ ^[ ^> K> ]DV. 1867D g|
V ^ \Vk^, \Vs^ 179. ^ V> ^BVk
E>. k_ ]VV [D V_|k_ z|D] ]\V Em,
\>k gEB >kV[ [kz ]\D Fm k>. 1866 [ 19D >]
>[ V> \^ ]\DV_ EV ]V V_|k_. >[[ E V_
>kV[ gEB luEV VBA]uz z|D\V [. > V_
]VVz s VF_ k>m. W\ tD \V\Vm. m B[z
V| k>V^. sBV] ]VVk s| ks_. k >[ Vs_ km
z|D\V kM>V^. [ _. >kV[ VBA]om k>V. _VD
xwVo_ W[ m V>. 12 \z 18 kBm^ >[
cl >m. t V m TV \VBm. B[z s| >m.
B[z ]_ mV[ Dk^ z s> m[ mB^ VKD,
D\[ i]_ x\BV z u k>. tB [ k
\^ Wm EV^. kB Wk sV^. B[z
\[ ^^ _s u, VV>V]_ s]Bk> | tz>
\EB>V. ovV D\V^ mkB >V (Lacemaking) >B_ ^D
sk>m. B[z z [, VV, KD
Vl>m. >^ zw>z B k]KD \VuD u. x]Bk^
\QVD, [, \B[, [Vl, \Vl, >kEBVl, V>Vl [ B
k>. >uVm s, \V, >kV[, , VV^, >, yV [ B
k gD>. wB V]_ B^ k]>. cA VBV>[, _
BVA, kl gVD, Dt \ VBD. ]KD \VuD u. V_|k_ nB[
J> \^ _V >>BV[ D, cwA, g ] ku >VD
V>V^. >^ Vz x[ > gB |\V kE V\_

> |, >[ >>lD c> u V ^z g> ]

>D ]mV_, >m x\V kB>V D\Vz >D ]V^. >
k^ > gk]>V. Vz > 500 M_ 250 [ (]B
]_ 2600/-) V. D, ]_ >D ku V> v_VzD
V_|k_ z|D]zD > \E. V_ D ]\Vl>m.
2 V E 12 V. lV Vt[ [ kVD \t[ >[ gB
B Vk]> V_|k_z [ >m? V VVD....
V^ 6
> [ [ >m? z|DD xk>uzD \Ez k
_. gB k gDm. \KD E z _V >D
]V. \KD \KD ^ km >. gB k m V> Vm,
1869 k 19D >] _Vz ]\D >m. ]^ \^, >o_ D
V>s_. tD \E[ > V_|k_ z|D]. _VkB
]\D x>m. EV_ [ \VV k B AD k
\sD B[z k>V^. >uV VzB[z B B V>
Vm. BD k \sD km gB |\V uVm,
V_|k_ V|> \ \V] [o[ s_ gVBVk \BV
Fm k]> [_ | \> k gB |\V z . 500/ R.K. ^ . 100/- V|>. B[ \s ^[
kkVFV 1000 \^ l FB c>s F>V. \KD v_VkB
kD >Vm V , s aBD Fm V| k>. Wl_
V]_ c^ k[[ (Rev. J.M. Fenton) [ zkVk[ \sD,
\D ][ m VV^. k[ kV_ mB\]> k[[
l_ _Vs[ >D >m. c >[ \s \[ WkV V
^ g> x[k>V. kB >V_ g>|D ^z
k[M[ \s \^ B k k|D [ , 100 k>V
(]B ]_ . 1060). V_|k_ > ]_ V]D ADVz
W\V[ z> sz kV zD [ k, k[[ zD [
BV. \wlV_ |m kD > ]_ m x>_ kD 3
_ l F>V. kVV k[[ ckVm. x>_ k k\V]_
g> u x>_ \Vsz \ k[[ [ B V|m. k^ [V
m, B kVm, >[ z|D> g>>V^. kB z|D]_
| zkVkV D u. m\|\_V\_ V]_ EV
BVu k> >V\ >[ nB 1869 [ \V>D m VV. Vm k
Vm k> V, VBAD, BVD, x> ^ V_|k_ nBV
V_ k>m. kB c_W l_V>>V_ kB \\[ kB nB
kMm k>V. aB >k [ c> V_|k_, V[ \FQVAD

V>V\ ]B z\V[ >VB ] DJk[ s nBV

V_kD [ Az >D ] 1869 k 31D >] z V gV>
] 15 z, 21 c>s zz D V|>V. ]B z[
Bm, _ V \V gV>, >VF\V D, QVl kzA^ >.
\KD >t k>V\> \D \Va B xB[V. x>o_ >ta_ k>>
\VaB xB[ [V_ nBV >t k>V\D \D \VaBA FB
k|D [ [ k>V\ D z \m k nB >\l_ B_
gD>m. x>_ 9 \ D VBVlKD, Vkm 9 \ D
VVoKD, 3km zuV]KD 1866 g 2D >] >V kD 10D >]
k ] 7 \ D um. x> z]^: nm g\^, >D.
[ 1868 [ 24 x>_ V 23 k zuV]_ u. k, V,
V_|k_ gB JkD ] s_ kl_ BVu.
1872_ A]B \VaBA kk>m. E\, xD >Vk\VB V_
t\V guB ^ u V VuBm. k, V^VF_,
sVF_ >VBVm V| \mk^>V[ \m V|>.
VBVl_ oi \m >m. ][ B \B VB[. m
t\Vz B^>VF >m. 1862D g| ]l_ kV VV> k^D
km B iD um. D >V[ |> |BVBm. \V
[D ]DD ]DD > VBVz m >V[ ]\V T|]Bm.
E \D F>. V_|k_KD D\VD ]\V Vm VV^. >
Wl_ B A 1870D g| \mk\ [ B[zl_ Wk
x[k>V. > \mk\ V\ \z >sBV >m. Wl_
V_|k_o[ Vkm \^ lV- ]\D 1870 k 9D >] kz
EV >m.
t aB]_ ku, >V_s, \E, \\, k, D.
>VV\ >K [k >k. 25 kBm. EkB]_ >Va] gsV.
ms[ *m ] gk_ um. km V MkVD, k \sD
V\ >k^. kV| zuVD [ >K z V_|k_ k^
>V_ >VV. (. 63:3) >K \|\_ km 14 kBm \sD c^
>FkD [ >FkD, [ >FkD c^ >FkD [V. kD VBV
y_ gB]_ QVVD |m ms[ \>l_ . >
\EB \uV VD. V\ l_ xD BV kV_ ]
. VD[ [ skVEB Bk \>ozD VB|]V^. 6\V>
VD V_|k_ nB[ {BV> D kum. E[ VD[ skV]_ c]BVF
W[V. Vm. 1871D g| mk]_ V_|k_ T\VV.
kB D, mwV_ D uV. 1872D g| A>xD, >t
k>V\xD x>[ xBV D x[VV_ B[Vuz k>m. > ]_
V_|ko[ 2km \^ lV k]uz k]>V^. 07.10.1872 [

 gzw> u|>V^. > zw>z cBV QVVD

V|m. QVVD V|m x>[ zw> V[
>m. > VD m E \_ V s_ [ 2km zw>D >m.
mD >VB , zw>^ >m >BV\_ lvV |\BV
]V_ \B Wl_ >V. |> BV F] V_|k_ z|D]z...
m [ F]? [ ? V VVD..
V^ 7
m [F].. clVF E> [A \^ lVD >[ |
^V|D s| [ sV^. km \D V_|k_
kD, D\BVD c_D z[ F>m. >V[ clz clVF E>
[A > >m v_VkD V]>m. k 1873D g| V_|k_ nBD,
D\VD, v_VD, km zw>D Vm B\VV^.
v_VB \u | zw>^ kB nB[ V\_ >m. _
BV]_ zw>l[ c_W tD \V\Vm. \o>V ys_ V_
V|zD k^V| [ kV ][ V zw>z V|>. zw>
w>m. | k^ V_|k_ >D]l V]_ >. v_V
\|D 18 \V>_ ]DsV. V_|k_ ]BV ]DADx[ M_ \Vk
\V[_ EV. Vm g>_ \VB [ \Vk A xB {V|
\|\ > Wl_ A xDx[ V_|k_K[ ]BV ]DV. >
\Vk>V[ _ t_ x>_ kl_ km VV|D \VB
gkV. 1875D g| V 26D >] V_|k_, \VVB [ km >.
ovV D\V^ zw>^ V]_ >. V_ [ Dom
\m k l_ {m. [lom \m k >m x>_ ]B l_
B> x>V. [ \mlom ]_ko k ]V^ \][
z lo_ V# k k>V. (\m ]_ko >kVD V|D k
uV>m).
V#om \V|kl_ B> >V>V. B[z swVVD
m. 1875 kD 13 ]B[sz k k>mD, \>VD xw wm
[. kV_ V_|k_ nBVz DD [D c[> k D
kwm. nB >[ \]_ > k]> s> B_|> gD>V.
cB V]lzD sD k|D [ BVV. >uV
m|]^ ] E| klV. >Vm A]B gBD xBuE |>V. kB
nB, D. Vxk_ nB tD mw>V^. gBD x| 05.01.1876 [
]i FBm. V V_|k_ ys s xBuE ]> A#_ >V
V\_ sD kV^. { z VmD gB]_ gV>, >
>Vm BV[ {]_ [ V| V|kV. Vm A\>m
\^ \V kkV^. kz m V>[ uF] sm.

[ >M^ >. B[zl_ Fm k>mV_

[zD, VBAD, BV[D, >k V[ _ ^
aBD FB gD>. kVoD nB[ aB]_ mV.
z]_ cB V] z ^D m. aB]_ >z
c>sBVl> D. Vxk_ nB[ B\[ VB]uz zD V|>V. z\V
V . > t^, VB\V. VB\V \V> DD .
20/-. > Wl_ \EBV F]BV V V_|k_ (kBm 62), V k
V [i (kBm 61) 1877 \V 11D >] _>V > _ gB]_ VB D
V|m. VBV D aBz >kBV gsl[
k_\, [A, >> QVD ku >k[ z k\V kwzV [
gk \\|]V. [ kVs_ tD s> V^ [ \EB>V.
VB ]uzx[ k ]B _ Eku u Vms|, DVF
kaBV #mz k>V. _ \V>]_ #mz km V. B[z,
V>VAD \^ k kku >BVVV^. VB V_ m mk>V.
\^, aB^, t^ VB[ \V]> x>t| kku. \]BD
#mz BV wz sm >. > gB]_
gV> >m. [ k \V|kl_ A| \V^ V
B[z km >V. V_ *|D D um. m >Vm k D
[ wm. z]l_ \w _V>>VKD, \uV z]l_ \wlVKD
u VD \m, ]_ko z]_ VVD m Vm. zD \
_. x>, B[z, V>VAD, BVD gB _ >k^
463 . V_ V], \>D VV\_ t[ [A^ k c>slV_
~| ]l_ >k^ 12,000 . 1877-79 g|_ 231 A]B ^
>V[. 1878 k 8D >] V_|k_ ]BVsuz km 40 kD g V_
EA gV> >m. B[z gB]_ . 13:8_ >V. V[ ]BVsuz
tBV k>Vm > t\V_ V[ \V]D *]BV [.
\]K^ _VD sm V[ cElK^ l_
\|D Vu_ gVm Vom m. > D Vm
swV>V B[. kV> k[ KD .
V_|k_ \VD _s\V[. kVu gVFEBV. k[ kV>l[
]_ko ] 1780_ ckVm. (V_ c^ VBV to [
gBD) > c> V_|k_, V[ kD 1880 k 20
uV| swV VV y\VMm, uV| swV VBV #B ]mk
gB]_ M> um. g|z x[ 40 V ] 1880_
59203 >k V>V k>m. B[z gB ^ xm, 1880
6 D >] u_ 11.30 \z gV>. swVVD. > ]mk gBD
[ Bm. V_|k_ > gBD x c>s F> kVkD
VVV. xB V\V v_Vz ] [ V. v_VkB

>D]l ]E, > z]_ aBD FB [. VBAD _ Wz

cB>m. m V\]_ >V_ > #mzz \Vu sDA 1883 >V]_
#mzz \Vu. V nB x>_kVD, tBVD BVu k>V.
_ #mzz \Vu[, SPG VBAD V [w _,
V_|k_ V [ \Vum. V_|k_ B[zl_ kE> s
#mzl_ kEm _m [ sD. _ kzA_ sKD,
>lKD, [\V KD, lus. 1886_ ]_ko k
>> V[v[ ]]BVs_ mV[ _ k _ [ V.
T[ \]l_ V_|k_ ]_ko V| kV, ]_ko t[
]D [D | _ ] x>V. [D _ ]V.
1885D g| B[z aB[ \] V^ u|] ^
]V. V_ z|t kmV^km >k_. m m \>][ BVD.
m [[ kV>D. z|t k>uzD m \> gV]uzD D>\ _.
m t\V[ W. > ym k V_|k_ V. [ V?
k W>m x>>V? z|t [kVlu? V VVD....
V^ 8
z|tzD m \> zzD D>t_ [ V_|k_ z|t [
] z x u|]V. V_|kD, D\VD >> >VF
[ _ V| >k^ W>. 1849D g| AmV >[
aB> mkB ovV D\V ^ V ^, >V >B_ kzA^
[D Em s. Vm kBV] >VBV, VBD\VkV #mzl_
\KD, KD _ ^ ^B WsV. ]_ cBV]
A\>]z ms[ [A[ _s u>VzD. \KD | k>V\
V| T|_ c^ zD _s u>V. xBuEBV_
#mzl_ k>V\ su WBD [D WsV^. #mz zkV
Vxk_ nB 18811891 k BVuV. \ ^_ \Vs[
]>m. V k|D [ W>V. sVBV \VVBV
ED\VD , 1887_ 50 g|^ xkm V[swV VVm. >
Wm SPG sVBV ^ \]B ^ [ B k>V.
AmVlKD V ^B WsV. 1885 11 AD D\VD \m
kaBV V\V>AD [ \z gB z]_ aBD Fm 1822 k s>
aB^ WkuV^. V\V>AD m]l[ BVV[ x[_
yk[ k\V t[ Vsuz wm [. g 9D >]
V\V>AD t[ sB> xmV| VVAD ]uz [.
V_|k_ ]BVsuz tBV km 50 g| mkswV EV #mzl_
um. V_|k_ 12 \Va^ u >k. WB g > >ta_

\VaBm^V. ku^ E l[ ]VD, >M_ g]\D, #B #BV, ^

[t> VB. \KD \VB k[ aB]uz cmBV m k>V
V_|k_. 11.10.1889 [ ]EBV F] >m. m >m cu D
c[ VB\V k V[ \>V [ F]. SPG aB]_
V_|k_o[ z >V CMS V[|B zD >. k[
\D ]_ko ]l[ ]V> ^szBVsm. BV VB
wm m>V| W[Vm, V_|k_oD V| m. Vm
k ]_koVk V[ kVms[. ]_koVk VD
>BVVl[ [V. TD ]\V>V_ #mzl_ > >[
WkuV. V_ D >B| gD>m, V\V>AD V]B]_
D ]\V >]V_ >m \\[ kB nB[ z [ g 1D >]
\mlom | s_ k_ A| \z kaBV V\V>AD k>V. z
t[ kMm, V\V>AD *[ m]B ] [V.
\>V[, ] D^ sm kkuA V|m. [ BV
VBz kkuA V|zDVm, \wV zD |V.
\wV >V. \wV z^ _V> Wl_ \w F>m.
_VD tm gk m]>. > V_ F]. m [kM_
>z B\V >[ V> zw>BV_ E> V B[zl_ B y.
61 T|^ m VDVl. \^ Vl. F] [ >V V k|D
[ W>V. c_ mws_. >[ \\[ kB nB k>V. m
T| Vm, k>V kB nB. EV^ m ^
WkuV. V[ >]o> V_|k_ [ cuVD z>m.
>[B >slom s V^ sDV. D\VD, \^ v_V
\\[ kB nB, E \^ \ V_|k_ gBV {F kEBD >k [>
c]. 1891D g| k 31D V^ x>_ V_|k_ >[ klom s
V^k>V [ _ uz >s>V. \V #mzlom
VV_ [ kEVlV. g 10D >] kwDV_ k cVk
[ k>V. kDV> t V k>V. s_ z|D\V cVm c
]. sBVw[ [ \_ ]\Vm. k^w\ \mk k>V. u D
uV. QVlu w\ VV. >Vm VF_ k>m. VF_ >m.
sBVw[ g]oBVsom >m B \[ u[ >uBV k>V. \
[ ] cuVD >V. gV_ s_ D ]>m. TD ]>m.
VuVol_ cVD ukVV. xkmD kD cs_. V [
]Ds_. _VD | V>V^. k^w\ 1891 g 28 [ [m
\z z|D>V kD u m V>. \V>V>V|
kB gs >m. k clV| > V_ sDBm B[z
>kVB][ u ]\ >[ ZD V k|D [m. k
s> WkuD z|D] VBzB g sm, kB

Z> l_ km, \m \V t > oBV^ 24 B

# V| AV^. z>V \V>. i^ \]l_ >kVM[
]\MB \zD VBD \z >m [ Wm \m k>. \BkVD
k>[ \V|kl_ km V V| k V| k>. kB nB uV[
2 l_ ^ Vm W[. k|, \]BD k> lo_ m.
(g 30) ]_ko VD [ l_ WB> k>>m. ([B [)
[ QVluw\ V]> \^, aB^ B | z]^ B V|
kl_ km VBV ]mk gB]_ 10 \ gV>. gBD
WD ka>m. |> V^ o_ m s_ kl_ B[zB V k
[m. ka |KD nBz \BV> K]. |>V^ ]Vl_
B[zB >m. V cl>>KD k\Vl[ [
m V| V z x[ [m. z^ nB[ D k>[ \^ >t|
>. > V^ xkmD B[z, V>VAD \uD uKD c^ V\ \^ km
>^ [A >>B EBV Vm [. D 2D >] V 9.30 \z
gV> >VBm. > ]_ #mz, [, V, ]E,
VV_ gB KD W gV> >m. \\[ kB nB
_D F>V.
]_ko ]l[ kA >>B, V_|k_KD V[|\. 1841_
4000g > >k^ 1891D g|z^V 40,000 g m \z m.
>t \Vaz \VD \^ > VB V V_|k_ k
VuD kl_ 1968D g| k 2D >] Q V k^ x>\V
>Vm [ u Vl_ E km E>V. \KD Q VW]
x>\V >Vm 2010D g| [ 17D >] VB V V_|k_ k^
W >V_ > klm. \KD VB V V_|k_ k^ kV> T| 18.50
D s_ >tV| V_ Am| Ws\V|^m. \BV >D,
>E! >tw u DV>_VD VB V V_|k_ B D c>|^
cm, kV gkz >V]D KmkVD.
[V >D >E, c[ kVlKD \V V kVw
AV|VBV? k]^ mD _V> Wl_ Bs[ ]E>> \|D
Wkukm [ E>m. TD >VKD |mk [D [V|
V [ >[ B_^ JD W]V. gkVF [
FBVVF?