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High Wing
Geometry. Increases the dihedral effect.
It makes the aircraft laterally more stable. (fuselage will also make contribution) Eases and facilitates to maintenance. Rolling landing/Rolling take-off: Rotor blade and ground interactions
Cl vs alpha
Clmax: Required stall speed mainly governs the Clmax (
Clmax gives
Cd, but Clmax gives better flight envelope) s: stall angle ( : 12 - 16 flight safety ) 0: Zero lift angle of attack ( {more negative value}: Leaves the capacity for more lift at 0 AOA) Cl0: Cl at zero angle of attack ( : Implies we can create more lift at 0 AOA) Cl: Affects the transition ( : Less power used in the rotor) Cli : Ideal lift coefficient (Clcruise should be close to this to have minimum drag) Stall Behavior: An airfoil with a gentle drop in lift after the stall is more desired
Cl vs alpha (Continued)
Req & Assumption:
Cl max around 1.3
zero lift angle of attack (negative, with flag should around - 5-10 degree)
stall angle > 12 degree better around 15
stability of the airplane (a reasonable negative slope is required) Size of the tail, elevators are governed by Cm value. More negative Cm results in larger tail = Higher drag, heavier aircraft, higher costs. Req & Assumption: Cm vs alpha slope is negative Cm at AC is around -.02 to -.05
Cd vs Cl
Cd minimum as low as possible, reduce fuel required At minimum slope: (Cd/Cl)min = (Cl/Cd)max During 240 knots (Cruise): Cl should be Cl (ideal) During 180 knots (loiter): Cl should be Cl (design)
Thickness
Lift curve slope :Cla=1.8*pi*(1+0.8tmax/c) Strength to support torque by rotors Storing fuels Enough space for rotation motion of the rotor Reduce flutter
Comparison of airfoils
Airfoils Choices:
NACA 43018: Sm 701: NACA 64(4) 421: NACA 65(3) 218:
High (Cl/Cd)
Thickness Total Score
10%
15% 100%
10
9 8.74
9.5
8 7.135
8
10 8.58
6
9 7.7
NACA 43018
SM 701
Questions:
Elevator Defection
Airfoil Section Area of Elevator Deflection vs. V CL of design elevator
9%
0.04
1.2
77
13
NACA 0012
12%
0.027
0.7
34
NACA 0009
Area of Elevator
Elevator Chord
Se/Sh= .254 Assumed be/bh = 1 Ce/Ch=.254 Ce=.86 ft
Questions?