AS CHEMISTRY UNIT 1 definitions

AS CHEMISTRY UNIT 1 DEFINITIONS

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Atomic Number, Z Mass Number, A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom The total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom Atoms of the same element (same atomic number) but different mass Isotopes numbers (different numbers of neutrons) Abundance (of Often quoted as % values, these are the proportions of each stable isotopes) isotope in the naturally occurring elements Relative Atomic The average mass of an atom of an element compared with 1/12th the Mass, Ar mass of a carbon-12 atom (exactly 12 units) Relative Molecular The average mass of a molecule compared with 1/12th the mass of a Mass, Mr carbon-12 atom (exactly 12 units) Avogadro Constant, The number of 12C atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 L (Can be thought of as the number of particles in 1 mole of a susbstance) The strict definition is: that amount of substance which contains the same number of entities (atoms, molecules or formula units) as The mole (mol) there are atoms of 12C in exactly 12 grams of that isotope. Think of it as Avogadros Number of particles. DO NOT CONFUSE IT WITH MOLARITY! The concentration of a solution expressed in moles per cubic decimetre Molarity (M) (litre). Units are mol.dm-3, often written as M The simplest (whole number) ratio of atoms of each element in a Empirical Formula compound The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the Molecular Formula compound. (The molecular formula is always a whole number times the empirical formula, e.g., C3H6 is 3 times CH2) The actual mass of product obtained in a reaction expressed as a % of the theoretical mass calculated from the balanced equation:Percentage Yield % yield = actual mass of product 100 theoretical mass Calculated from the balanced equation for the reaction:Percentage Atom % atom economy = mass of desired product 100 Economy total mass of reactants Can also be known as the equation of state for an ideal gas and it relates the volume, pressure, temperature and number of moles of gas: Ideal Gas Equation PV = nRT (R is the Molar Gas Constant) Remember that SI units must be used in calculations (Pa for pressure, m3 for volume and K for temperature add 273 onto OC) A giant lattice of close-packed metal ions (+ve) surrounded by a sea Metallic bonding of delocalised valence electrons. Electrostatic attraction of the cations for the negatively charged sea of electrons is strong. Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons (+ve and ve ions Ionic bonding respectively). The strong electrostatic force of attraction between +ve and ve ions is called ionic bonding. Covalent bond A pair of electrons shared between two atoms Dative covalent Sometimes called a co-ordinate bond, this occurs when both electrons bond for the covalent bond are provided by only one of the pair of atoms

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AS CHEMISTRY UNIT 1 definitions

Electronegativity Polar bond (dipole)

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Polar molecule (permanent dipole) Fractional Distillation Fraction Hydrocarbon

Homologous Series

Functional Group

Structural isomers

Chain isomers

Positional isomers Functional group isomers Cracking Homolysis (or homolytic fission) Heterolysis (or heterolytic fission) Free radical

The power of an atom to withdraw electron density from a covalent bond This is when electrons are not shared equally between two atoms with different electronegativity, so that one end of the bond has a permanent slight + charge and one end has a permanent slight - charge The molecule as a whole has a permanent uneven distribution of electrons so that one end of it is always + and one end is always -. Note that molecules with polar bonds can be non-polar overall, if they are symmetrical (e.g., CO2 is non-polar because it is linear, but H2O is polar because it is V-shaped) The physical separation of a mixture of liquids which have different boiling points. A mixture of compounds which have similar boiling points. (For hydrocarbons in crude oil, molecules with a similar number of C atoms.) A compound containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen. A family of carbon compounds with similar chemical properties because they have the same functional group. Each member of the series differs from the previous one by a CH2 unit and they all have the same general formula. There is a gradual trend in physical properties (e.g., boiling points) down the series. The part of a molecule of a (carbon) compound which is responsible for the typical reactions of the homologous series to which the compound belongs, e.g., alkenes have a C=C double bond. Compounds with the same molecular formula, but with different structural formulae, because the atoms are joined up in a different order. There are three types of structural isomerism: chain, positional and functional group. Compounds with the same molecular formula, but where the carbon backbone of the molecule is of different lengths with side branches (e.g. butane and methylpropane). Compounds with the same molecular formula and the same length carbon chain, but the substituent or functional group is in a different place along the chain (e.g., 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane). Compounds with the same molecular formula, but the molecules have a different functional group, e.g., C4H8 could be butene (alkene) or cyclobutane (cyclic alkane). The breaking up of larger (hydrocarbon) molecules into smaller, more useful ones. It is an example of decomposition and can be done either by high temperatures or using a catalyst. The equal splitting of a covalent bond where each atom in the bond receives one electron. This leads to the formation of free radicals. The unequal splitting of a covalent bond where one atom in the bond takes both electrons. This leads to the formation of ions. A species (atom, molecule or ion) with an unpaired electron.

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